Mitundu ya purimu yachikhalidwe, gommentation (kwawo, 'mentation,' mentation - amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchulira, umodzi gomentash, Yiddish), ma payi atatu ndi mbewu za poppy - uku ndi miyambo yozunza. Kungoyenera kuchita mafunso.
Tilembapo mafunso akulu:
1. Kodi mawu oti "galamash" amatanthauza chiyani?
2. Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani purse ndi ma poppy mbewu?
3. Chifukwa chiyani ma pie awa ali atatu?
4. Pomaliza, funso lovuta kwambiri: chifukwa chiyani kusinkhasinkha nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa "makutu a Hamani"? Kodi Hamani anali munthu wanzere m'makutu?
Kuphatikiza apo, munthu amatha kuwerenga nthawi yonse kuti liwu loti "gamentash" litanthauza chiyani potanthauzira "Makutu a Hamani." Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mawu oti "tashn" amatanthauza "makutu"?
Timayamba kuyankha mwadongosolo.
"Gomen" - iyi ndi dzina la villain Aman matchulidwe a Ashkenazi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kukongola kwa Hamani ndikwabwino kwambiri: kuchuluka kumeneku kumadzetsa chidwi pakati pa Ayuda. Ndizosadabwitsa kutchulidwa konseko pa dzina lake pomwe amawerenga Megila (Esther Scroll) amaperekezedwa ndi kugogoda mluzu m'sunagoge. Pa konsati ya rock, zimawoneka ngati zovomerezeka. Ngati tiona zomwe zalembedwa pachikhalidwe cha purimshpil "Ahashveiresh-spire (Artaxerxes action)", tiwona kuti Aman mosakayikira ndiwofunika kwambiri. Purim Theatre ndiyopangidwa monse a Baroque aesthetics, ndipo lingaliro lakukweza ndi kufa kwa okondedwa, okondedwa komanso ofunikira chikhalidwe cha nthawiyo, silingathandize koma kukhala chimake cha Purimshpil.
Koma kubwerera m'mapia athu. About "Gomen" ndizomveka, koma "tash" ndi chiyani? Mwachionekere, izi si "khutu". Ndiye, mwina, gomentash imatanthawuza "Amanov pie"? Ayi konse. Mchihebri, ma pie amatchedwa zowawa ndi dzina lodziwika bwino "pirezkes". Mawu oti "tash" matanthauzo a "pie" samadziwa ngakhale dikishonale yotchedwa Stuchkova.
Koma liwu loti Tasche lili mu Chijeremani, ndipo limatanthawuza "thumba, thumba", ndipo limatanthawuzanso "pie yodzaza". Tanthauzo lomaliza ili, lomwe liyiwalika, lidalipo nthawi zakale kwambiri pomwe amuna adavala mathalauza oyenera: kunalibe matumba, ndipo mmalo mwake mumatumba panali thumba lodzaza ndi zinthu zamtundu uliwonse. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi kusintha kwa tanthauzo, mawu akuti "Tasche" m'zaka zamakedzana za Germany adapeza tanthauzo "pie ndikudzaza."
Ma pun ofunikira oterewa ali kwambiri mu mzimu wa chikhalidwe cha Ashkenazi. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena achijeremani ku Sukkot (Kushchy) chinali chizolowezi kudya supu yotsika kabichi, popeza gawo loyambira ndi mawu akuti "Kol mevaser (Kulengeza mawu)" likuphatikizidwa m'mawu a Sukkot. Ndipo mawu awa, akugwirizana ndi "Kohl mit Wasser" waku Germany, ndiye kuti, "kabichi ndi madzi."
Chifukwa chiyani gomentash ndiwotatu? Achibadwa amatauni, omwe adawona oyambilira kuti asakhale m'dera lachiyuda, koma mwa amayi awo omwe ali kukhitchini zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo, adandiuza kuti chitumbuwa chautatu chikuyenera kundikumbutsa za chipewa chofiyira chomwe Aman the villain.
Makina ena azikhalidwe amagwira ntchito pano, omwe amapezekanso kwambiri m'gulu lachiyuda. Ayuda amakonda kwambiri kufotokozera zinthu zofunikira zomwe poyamba sizinali ndi vuto lililonse, malingaliro "Achiyuda". Fty eology yotere. Mwachitsanzo, mwina ambiri adamva kuti nsomba zoyikika zidapangidwa kuti Loweruka asatulutsirepo nsomba. Ngati mukuganiza za izi, zikuwonekeratu kuti, choyambirira, palibe chiletso chotere, ndipo chachiwiri, nsomba zodzala zokha ku Slavic Europe zimawoneka ngati chinthu chachiyuda kwambiri, ku Germany mbale iyi idadziwika ndi aliyense kuyambira nthawi yakale.
Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani ma pie omwe ali ndi kudzazidwa kulikonse amakhala opindika patatu? Funso ndilosangalatsa, koma tsopano tili ndi chidwi ndi chinthu china. Ayuda adamva dzina la Aman mu "Mohn" waku Germany, ndipo momwemonso adawona chithunzithunzi cha chipewa chake mumtengo wamatumbo atatu. Ndipo zikuyenda bwanji kuti Aman amayenda ngati Napoleon - atavala chipewa?
Kufotokozera kwamavalidwe azovala a purimshiler, ndiye kuti, omwe atenga nawo mbali mu Ahashveiresh Spire, omwe amatoleredwa ndi akatswiri am'magulu omaliza a zaka zapitazi, akuwonetsa kuti zovala za Aman nthawi zonse zimakhala yunifolomu yachikulire ndipo ali ndi chipewa pamutu pake. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo kuchokera pagulu lapa purimspiers, lomwe linapangidwa ndi katswiri wazodziwika bwino wa zamatsenga komanso katswiri wa zaumoyo M. Ya. Beregovsky. Nazi zomwe zovala za Aman zimawoneka:
Amavala mkanjo yayitali, riboni pamapewa ake (ofiira ndi chikasu). Mathalauza akuda, wowombera pambali, chipewa chakuthengo pamutu (mzinda wa Kolomyia, Galicia).
Yunifolomu yankhondo yokhala ndi mizere iwiri ya mabatani achikasu. Ma epauleete opendekera okhala ndi mphonje - kuchokera ku garus yachikasu. Pamapewa ake ndi nthiti yofiira kwambiri. Pali mendulo ziwiri pa chifuwa. Mathalauza ofiira okhala ndi mikwaso yakuda. Mbali ili ndi saber pa lamba (ngati gendarmes). Maboti a Spur. Pamutu pa chipewa chamadona (Dera laulimi lachiyuda Novozlatopol, Lower Dnieper).
Zokhala chinsinsi kwambiri: "makutu." M'zaka za m'ma 1800, panali mawu achi Russia akuti: "makutu". Zimatanthawuza ma pie ang'ono ndi kudzaza. Dahl amatsimikizira: makutu ndi mtundu wa dumplings kapena dumplings wokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ma pimu a Purim adayamba kutchedwa Russian "Aman makutu." Tikupeza kuti dzinali ndi chilankhulo cha Ayuda aku Russia, omwe ndidalemba nawo mawu osangalatsa akuti "hamanushki" m'mudzi wa Privolnoye (kumwera kwa Azerbaijan).
Kutembenuka kwa zaka za XIX-XX, zosavuta, ndiye kuti, olankhula Chiyidi, Ayuda aku Russia sanapite ku Palestina. Iwo adapita ku America. Achichepere, otanganidwa kwambiri, kutanthauza, ophunzira, dzulo la ophunzira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ophunzira adapita ku Palestina. Mwanjira ina, "Halutzim (apainiya)", omwe amapanga Chihebri cha Israeli, anali anthu olankhula Chirasha. Kutanthauzira kuchokera ku Chirasha, adadza ndi dzina lachihebri lamakono (Baibulo silinenapo chilichonse chokhudza ulemu): "wa Aman" - "makutu a Haman."
Zaka zana limodzi zidadutsa, ndipo Ayuda aku Russia adalandira mwambo wachiyuda kuchokera kwa otanthauzira achiheberi kuchokera kwa nthumwi zaku Israeli, kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chakuti Ayuda amadya "makutu a Hamani" ku Purimu. Ndipo tsopano, kuchokera ku Kaliningrad kupita ku Vladivostok, akuganiza kuti Aman anali ndimakutu atatu komanso chifukwa chake amayenera kudyedwa mwamwambo.
Izi, kwenikweni, ndizo zonse. Tikungokumbukira nyimbo yakale ya Purimu yomwe ili ndi mawu oseketsa: "Hop, Maine Homination, Hop, Maine Weiss, / Hop, mit Maine Hothouse Passert Meisse". Ndiko kuti, "Gop, kudzimva kwanga, gop, azungu anga, / Hop, nkhani idachitika ndi chizolowezi changa." Zowonadi, nkhaniyi.
Zvina V.A. Chiyuda chobwera kwachiyuda ndi zisudzo zachiyuda. // Chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe. Sakani. Kutanthauzira Zipangizo SPb., RIIII, 2006.S. 140-151.
Kodi chipewa choluka ndi chiani?
Chipewa chokhala ndi ngodya zitatu ndi chovala kumutu komwe minda imagwada kotero amapanga ngodya zitatu. Chipewa ichi chimapezeka kwambiri pakati pa ankhondo komanso oyendetsa sitima. Idawonekera m'zaka za XVII ndipo idatchuka mpaka m'zaka za XVIII, pambuyo pake idasinthidwa ndi imodzi yamiyala iwiri.
Pakubwera kwa nkhumba zazikulu, chipewa choluka chinayamba kugwira ntchito yokongoletsa pakati pa anthu wamba. Sanamvekedwe ngakhale pamutu pake, koma kumangovala m'manja kapena pansi pa mkono wake.
Tanthauzo la mawu. Kodi chinanso chomwe chimatchedwa chipewa choluka?
Nthawi zambiri chipewa chofewa chimalumikizidwa ndi chipewa chokhala ndi ngodya zitatu. Ichi ndiye chovala chamutu wapamwamba chomwe asilikari ambiri adakongoletsa mitu yawo. Chipewa chakhala chizindikiro cha zaka, chivalry, ulemu. Malamulo ambiri okondera amakhudzana ndi chipewa chapatatu. Chizindikiro ichi chaulemu chimachotsedwa kuti apange uta.
Mawu akuti "hat hatti" adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Leonid Myasin kuti atchule ballet. Chiwembu cha nthano ndi Pedro Antonio de Alarcon chinatengedwa ngati maziko. Pablo Picasso ndiye adayang'anira zokongoletsera.
Kodi mawu oti "chipewa"
- m'mabuku polongosola zovala, nthawi zina ngakhale sanakhalepo ndi mbiri yakale, ndi mwayi wanganso wotsimikizira kutsika kwa amuna,
- mu sinema mu mafilimu aku France, makanema okhudza ma pirates, ankhondo,
- m'maseweredwe, m'masewera, ndi zopanga, ngwazi za m'zaka za zana la 17-18 zimavala zovala zazovala zamasiku amenewo.
Kufotokozera kwa Mutu
Chipewa chofewa ndi chipewa chomwe m'mphepete mwake mumawukanso.. Chifukwa cha izi, ngodya zitatu zimapangidwa. Kuti mupeze chovala chamutu waluso, ingokwezani ndi kumangitsa minda kumtengo yayitali.
Zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito nsalu:
- Poyamba ndinamverera kuti ndi wakuda, ndipo pogwira ntchito, njira yothanirana idagwiritsidwa ntchito,
- mutha kutenga zovala zaubweya
- Chofunikira pazinthuzi ndikusowa kwa gloss,
- kwa owongolera, chipewacho chidapangidwa ndi bulosha ndi satin, kutengera zomwe zovalazo,
- mukamagwira ntchito ndi nsalu yopyapyala tengani zigawo ziwiri,
- zosakhala nsalu zingalowe m'malo mwa bando-pro (ichi ndi zinthu zofananira, zolimba kwambiri).
Anthu wamba anayesera njira iliyonse kukongoletsa chipewa. Kwa izi, nthenga, galoni, ubweya ndi zina zokongoletsera zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Galoon ndi kuluka kapena riboni mu golide kapena siliva mithunzi. Tepiyo idapangidwa ndi ulusi, ikhoza kumakulungidwa ndi ulusi wokongola.
Mbiri yakale
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XVII, chipewa chomwe chinali ndi mkombero wokwera chidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chovala chamutu. Anali iye yemwe adakhala gawo la chifanizo cha otchulidwa kwambiri mu buku la "Musketeers Atatu". Koma sizinali zophweka kuponya mutu wake ndikunyamula mfuti. Kuti awongolere izi, mwapang'onopang'ono asitikali adayesetsa kuwombera m'mbali. Kotero mtundu watsopano watsopano udawonekera - chipewa chamadona.
Ku France, chipewa chomwe chimakhala ndi ngodya zitatu chinadziwika kwambiri muulamuliro wa Louis XIV. Pang'onopang'ono, mafashoni amtunduwu adafalikira ku Europe. Poyamba, chovala chamutu chinali gawo la yunifolomu yankhondo, koma pang'onopang'ono zovala ndi anthu wamba zimabwezeretsa izi. Inakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga, galuni. Izi zidapitilira mpaka ma wigs a voluminous amawonekera. Kenako zipewa zokhala ndi ngodya zopindika sizinafunikenso.
Anthu wamba ankakonda kuvala chipewa pansi pa chapondera. Adagwiritsa ntchito ichi monga chinthu chofunikira pakugwada, kuwafotokozera mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana mlengalenga. M'gulu lankhondo, chipewa chokhala ndi tambala chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali asanaonekere chipewa chamaso awiri.
Kukula kwa chipewacho kunali kopatsa chidwi. Chovala kumutu chinali chokongoletsedwa ndi nthenga, mauta, galulo, kuluka.. Popita nthawi, miyala yamtengo wapatali inatha. Chipewacho chinayamba kuvala cholinga chokha chokongoletsera ndipo chinayamba kuvalidwa m'manja kapena pansi pa chopondera. Pamutu pake malonda adangovalidwa ndi asitikali ndi asodzi okha.
Zosangalatsa! M'zaka za XVIII, atsikana amavala chipewa. Mitundu ya abambo ndi amayi idayamba kutembenuka mwachangu, kotero mu maubulogu a amuna ndi akazi amuna akhoza kukumana zofanana.
Chipewa ndi ngodya zitatu sichinali chopindika. Anasinthidwa ndi wina wamaso awiri. Imapindidwa mosavuta ndikutenga malo pang'ono. Tsopano, pamaphwando azikondwerero, panalibe chifukwa chobweretsa chipewa.
Kodi chipewa chokhala ndi tambala amatanthauza chiyani ku Russia?
Ku Russia, zipewa zokhala ndi tulo zidawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za XVII. Mafashoni adatha pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi. Kenako chovala kumutu chomwe chimakhala ndi ngodya zitatu chinasinthidwa ndi mutu wammbali. Izi zidachitika muulamuliro wa Catherine. Chipewacho chimawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo la yunifolomu ya usanachitike Peter A.
Ndi chiyani?
Chipewa choluka sichongolipira chiphaso. Chipewacho chinali ndi ntchito yothandiza. Headgear adawonekera pakati pa ankhondo ndipo panali zifukwa za izi. Panthawiyo, aliyense anali kuvala zovala zazingwe. Ndipo kunapezeka kuti pakuwombera ndi mfuti, minda imasokoneza kwambiri. Amatha kuyambitsa kuvulala.
pakuwombera, minda ikhoza kuphimba nyumba yachifumu ndipo zonyezera zonse zimayendetsedwa kumaso, ndipo m'mphepete zikakwezedwa, zotulukapo zotere siziperekedwa.
- poponya mutu, chipewacho ndi ngodya zitatu sichinagwe.
Poyamba, mbali imodzi yokha inali yokhotakhota. Koma zodzikongoletsa, adaganiza zopanga zofanana. Nthawi yomweyo, mphepo imagwedezekanso pamaso. Vutoli linali mu tsitsi lokha lomwe limawoneka kuchokera pansi pa chipewacho. Amatha kugwira moto ukawombedwa. Kuti tipewe izi, tinayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawigi. Adaledzedwa ndi njira zapadera, zomwe sizongoteteza ku moto, komanso kwa nsabwe.
Tricorne limodzi ndi tsitsi limawonedwa ngati gawo lamatsenga. Chipewacho chinagwira ntchito yoteteza. Pang'onopang'ono, adakhala munthu wankhondo wankhondo yemwe adamenya nawo nkhondo. Koma popita nthawi, zida zinayamba kuyenda bwino. Zinali zotetezeka, ndipo ma wigs osavala ndi zipewa sankafunikiranso.
Zosangalatsa
Pafupifupi zaka zana, mafashoni amakanema atatu anapitilira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngakhale amunawo atasiya kuvala chipewacho pamutu pawo, amakhalabe nacho m'manja. Mtunduwu adakondedwa ndi akatswiri ambiri, olamulira komanso anthu otchuka.
M'moyo wake wonse Napoleon adavala chipewa cha mtundu umodzi - chipewa chakuda chosakhala chokongoletsera,
- zimadziwika kuti Napoleon anasintha zipewa zoposa 170 zokhala ndi mbali zokutira kwa moyo wake wonse,
- chifukwa chachikondi cha wamkulu wodziwika chifukwa cha zovala zapakhosi, omenyera ufulu waku Russia adapanga keke yoyang'ana pang'onopang'ono,
- Kwa nthawi yayitali, akatswiri anali atavala chipewa m'manja, ngati chiphaso cha mafashoni, chifukwa pamenepa panali mikanda yowuma pamutu pawo.
- Zovala zamakona atatu zidalowa muchipinda cha azimayi chifukwa cha masuti akukwera, chifukwa amatsata zosankha za amuna, m'malo mwa azimayi a pantalon ovala masiketi,
- kukula kwa chipewacho kumakhala kosinthasintha malinga ndi mafashoni: amatha kukhala opindika kapena ocheperako (pang'onopang'ono chipewa choluka chimakhala chopondera tsitsi pang'ono),
- Chipewa chomwe Baron Munchausen ankakonda chinali chipewa (kaputeni wa ntchito yaku Russia ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino).