Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Kusintha kwakukulu: | Rodent |
Subfamily: | Magulu agologolo |
Jenda: | Gophers |
Gopher (lat.Spermophilus kapena Citellus) - mtundu wamakedzana apakatikati a mabanja agologolo (Sciuridae).
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 14 mpaka 40, mchira 4-25 masentimita (nthawi zambiri osachepera theka la kutalika kwa thupi). Miyendo ya kumbuyo ndi yayitali pang'ono kuposa kutsogolo. Makutu ndi amfupi, pang'ono pang'ono. Utoto wammbuyo umasiyana kwambiri - kuyambira wobiriwira mpaka utoto. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala chakumaso chakumbuyo kumbuyo, mikwingwirima yayitali yakuda, mitsitsi yopepuka kapena madontho ang'ono. Kumbali zonse za thupi kumatha kudutsa mikwingwirima yopepuka. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera chikasu kapena yoyera. Pofika nthawi yachisanu, ubweya wa gopher umakhala wofewa komanso wokulirapo, nthawi yotentha imakhala yocheperako, yochepa komanso yofupika. Pali matumba andaya. Nipples from 4 to 6awiri [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 446 ] .
Kugawa
Akatswiri azachipembedzo ali ponseponse pamalo otsetsereka, m'nkhalango, malo otetezedwa komanso nkhalango zachilengedwe zotentha za kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Khalidwe la malo otseguka. M'madambo amphepete mwa mitsinje amapita kudutsa Arctic Circle, ndipo m'magawo a kumapiri - kumapeto kwa mapiri ndipo ngakhale m'zipululu, m'matanthwe a mapiri amakwera kumapiri mpaka 3500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Njira ya moyo ndi yapadziko lapansi, amakhala m'makoloni, m'maenje omwe amadzimba okha. Kutalika kwa dzenje ndi kapangidwe kake zimatengera mtundu wa gopher komanso mawonekedwe ake. Pamadothi amchenga, ndiwotalikirapo - mpaka 15 m kutalika ndi 3 mita, kutalika kwa dothi loumbika silikupita kutalika kwa mamita 5-7.Mkati mwa dzenje nthawi zambiri mumakhala chipinda chodzala ndi udzu wouma. A Gophers amadziwika kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choyimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo pachiwopsezo ndikupanga mawu oyimba kwambiri.
Agologolo agalu amadya pamtunda ndi mobisa zamera, nthawi zonse pafupi ndi kamakumba. Mitundu ina imadya chakudya cha nyama, nthawi zambiri zimakhala tizilombo. Chakudya chofunikira kwambiri chimapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu za herbaceous ndi mbewu monga chimanga. Kugwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo, tsiku limagwiritsidwa ntchito pobisalira. Munthawi yozizira, amadzalowa m'malo obisika, nthawi ndi nthawi yake zomwe zimatengera malo. Pamodzi ndi kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira, mitundu yambiri ilinso ndi hibernation yotentha imayenderana ndi kusowa kwa chakudya.
Kukutana kwa gopher kumayamba masiku angapo pambuyo poti wapepuka. Wamkazi amabweretsa ana 1 pachaka. Chiwerengero cha ana amuna mkati mwake kuyambira 2 mpaka 12. Kutalika kwa pakati ndi masiku pafupifupi 23- 28. [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 93 ]
Mitundu yayikulu ya agologolo pansi ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakugulitsa ubweya. Amathanso kukhala zinthu zosakira zapadera zamasewera - kutentha.
Mitundu yambiri ndi tizirombo tambiri ta mbewu za chimanga komanso zonyamula zachilengedwe za matenda angapo (mliri, tularemia, brucellosis). Zotsatira zakufa zakale zimadziwika kuchokera ku Miocene.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Gophers amakhala gulu la nyama, magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu makumi awiri kapena kuposerapo, awa ali amayi osakwatiwa omwe ali ndi ana, okonzeka kupulumutsana wina ndi mnzake. A Gophers amakhala m'malo otalikirana ndi mita omwe amadzimba okha, makomo a mabowo onse ali pafupi.
Burrows imakhala ndi timiyala tating'ono. Zingwe zoterezi zimatha kudutsa pansi pa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Mnyumba momwemo, adapangamo chipinda chochezera, chokutira ndi udzu wouma. Mu chisa chotere, gofu amagona nthawi yonse yozizira ndipo nthawi yambiri ya chilimwe, amawononga mafuta omwe amapezeka ndikulota.
Nthawi yachisanu, amadya nthanga ndi udzu womwe umasungidwa. Nyama zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo otetezeka, mitengo, mapiri, m'chipululu ngakhale m'chipululu. Makoswewa ndi amtunda ndipo sakonda kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi makampani, anthu awiri pazenera limodzi.
Pokhala m'matanthwe otentha, nyamayo imabisala kumbuyo kwa mchira wake, ngati ambulera, kuti isatenthe kwambiri. Madzulo, dzuwa litayamba kucha, gophersest suesta mumakola ozizira. Popeza agologolo ochokera ku banja la agologolo, amakwera mitengo mwangwiro.
Gopher - malo okhala, moyo wawo, kadyedwe kake komanso zinthu zosangalatsa zokhudza gopher (zithunzi 90)
A Gophers ndi abale akutali komanso akulu a agologolo. Mitundu yawo ilinso mitundu khumi ndi iwiri, ina mwa iyo imakhala ku Russia. Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi nyamayi polumikizana, ndipo adatipatsa dzina - "susati" potanthauzira kuchokera ku Old Slavonic limatanthawuza "hers".
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nyama za Gophers wanzeru kwambiri komanso waluso. Ali ndi adani ambiri, monga mbidzi, ziwombankhanga, njoka, malamba, nthangala, ankhanira, coyote, mbira, mimbulu ndi nkhandwe. Onsewa samakhala ndi chidwi chodya munthu wabwino wodwala.
Amathanso kusakidwa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusoka ubweya. Ndi kukaikira kulikonse, wolumayo amayimirira miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikuyang'ana mozungulira. Nyamazo zimalira pangozi, kutulutsa kokweza kapena kumenya mluzu, ndikuchenjeza banja ndikuwalimbikitsa kuti athawire kwawo.
Mverani gopher
Komanso, munthu akafika, nyama yolusa kapena mbalame imamveka mosiyanasiyana, mosazindikira kuti ndani akubwera. Chimodzi mwa paketi chimakhala pa ntchito nthawi zonse chithunzi cha nyama yazinyama Mutha kuwona momwe iye akuyimira akutambasulira pa positi.
Nyamazo sizimawona bwino chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwawo mobisa, motero zimakwera m'malo okwezeka kuti ziwone bwino kuyenda kwa adani. Nthawi ndi nthawi, kadzidzi wa mphanga amawathandiza, omwe amakhala m'gulu la akatswiri othamanga.
Njoka zimatha kulowa mumakola ndikudya ana. Kuti ateteze ana ake, mayiyo amawoloka dzenjelo ndikugwedeza mchira wake kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti awonekere kuti siwabwino kwenikweni. Njokayo ndi wobwerayo zikalowa, amayi sabweza ngakhale kulumidwa ndi njoka zapoizoni.
A Gophers ali ndi mankhwala ochepetsa kuluma kwa njoka, omwe sakupha. Gophers nthawi zambiri samachoka pamabowo awo opitilira mamita zana kuti akakhale ndi nthawi yobisala.
Zimayenda bwino m'mbali mwa mbali kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo, chifukwa cha mchira wawo, womwe umasanthula makoma a ndima. Ngati yamphongo idadya mafuta ambiri, ndiye kuti imayamba kumayambiriro kwa Juni, kenako akazi achikulire, ndipo m'masiku 10 oyambirira a Julayi komanso koyambirira kwa Ogasiti hibernates ndi achinyamata. Pambuyo pa hibernation, gopher amadzuka pambuyo poti chakudya choyamba chawonekera, kumapeto kwa March.
Tcherani khutu!
Nyamazo zimakhala m'magulu a anthu 20 okhala munjira zazitali zam'nyanja, zomwe iwonso amafukula. Munthu aliyense amakumba mbewa ina, koma mayi ndi ana ake.
Kutalika kwa mabowo kumatengera dothi: mu dongo silidutsa 8 m, mumchenga nthawi zina limafika mamita 16. Mutha kumvetsetsa kuti akatswiri ofufuza amakhala pano, ndizotheka pamapiri a mchenga pamwamba.
Khomo lolowera kumaenje sili kutali ndi mzake ndipo limayang'aniridwa ndi anthu angapo. Pakachitika zoopsa, amasaina abale: Amakweza miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndi mluzu.
Nyama zobisika pansi panthaka, nyamazo zimadzaza ndi udzu. Apa amayenera kudikirira nthawi yachisanu.
Moyo wa alumali ndi kubereka
Kuthengo, njira yamoyo ya gopher ndi zaka 2-3, monga ziweto - zimakwera mpaka 8.
Chapakatikati, podzuka, nthawi yakukhwima imayamba, imatha pafupifupi sabata ndi theka. M'mwezi wa Meyi, atakhala ndi pakati masiku 29, ana amphongo ogontha ndi akhungu amabadwa.
Pakupita mwezi umodzi, gopher wachichepere akuyamba kufunafuna nyumba yatsopano. Chaka chimodzi adzatha kutha. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali polera.
Chakudya
A Gophers amakonda zakudya zomwe zimachokera ku mbewu. Chifukwa cha zokonda zawo, asankhana anthu: alanda zaulimi mwachinyengo.
Pafupifupi aliyense amadya: maluwa, mbewu, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba - kaloti, radishes. Gophers sadzakana bowa, tizilombo, tinsalu touluka ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Amathanso kuluma.
Nyama zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri, mwachitsanzo, kasupe amadya mizu ya dandelions, tulips, ndi mphukira zam'mwamba zamitengo. M'chilimwe, dandelions, buluu, geranium imagwera mu chakudya.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Komwe amayambira adakhala foggi kwa nthawi yayitali. Iwo adadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali m'mabanja osiyanasiyana, mitundu, kapena maudindo.
Pakadali pano pali mitundu 38 ndipo mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi iyi:
Zotsatira zake, ali ndi kholo limodzi lomwe limakhala posachedwa. Izi zidawululidwa chifukwa cha akaidi aku Gulag omwe adapeza amayi angapo ogwidwa mumtsinje wa Yakutia pakuya mamita opitilira 12. Pambuyo pofufuza mtundu umodzi wamtundu ndikuphunzira njira yama genulesi, zidapezeka kuti mtundu wa Indigir ndi wazaka 30,000 zapitazo.
Panthawi ya Oligocene, kusintha kwatsopano kunachitika, chifukwa cha zomwe mabanja atsopano adawonekera, makamaka agologolo, omwe mitundu yakale kwambiri ya agologolo, mitundu ya Indigir, ndi yawo. Zotsatira zake ndizakuti gopher ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a marmots, ochepa okha komanso ofooka. Komanso agologolo, agologolo owuluka ndi agalu odyetsa.
Banja la agologolo, nalonso ndi lakale kwambiri. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti adayamba zaka 60-70 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe ena ali otsimikiza kuti ndikupitilizabe kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous. Koma, mulimonsemo, titha kunena kuti ndi amodzi mwa nyama zakale kwambiri zomwe zatsala ndi moyo mpaka lero.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Gopher ndi zingwe zazing'ono, chifukwa kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 38 masentimita, ndipo mchirawo umachokera masentimita asanu mpaka atatu.Akhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono okutidwa pansi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kumbuyo imachokera ku mtundu wobiriwira mpaka utoto. Mphepo zamdima kapena nthambo kumbuyo. Mimba imakhala yopepuka kapena yachikasu. Pofika nthawi yachisanu, ubweya umakhala wokulirapo komanso watali, chifukwa kuzizira kukuyandikira.
Akatswiri azachipembedzo aku Europe ndi ocheperako pang'ono malinga ndi muyezo. Thupi limakhala lalitali kuyambira masentimita 16 mpaka 22, mchirawo ndi waufupi: masentimita 5 mpaka 5. Kumbuyo kuli utoto wonyezimira ndi ma chikasu achikasu kapena oyera. Mmbali zake ndi zachikaso ndi tint yowala ya lalanje. Maso azunguliridwa ndi mawanga owala, ndipo tummy yokhala ndi maso achikasu.
Nyani waku America ndi wamkulu kuposa mzake waku Europe. Anthu okhala ku Chukotka 25-32 masentimita kutalika, America kuchokera 30 mpaka 40 cm. Uzani magalamu 710-790 magalamu. Kukula kwa amuna sichimasiyana ndi chachikazi, koma amayeza zochuluka. Ali ndi mchira wowoneka bwino komanso wokongola kutalika kwa 13 cm. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kowoneka ngati bulawuni ndipo kumutu kwake ndi kofiirira. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wopepuka, ndipo achinyamata amatuluka.
Gopher wamkulu ndi wamkulu kwenikweni ndipo kukula kwake kwachiwiri ndikutalika kokha. Amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 25-25 cm komanso mchira wa masentimita 71. Kulemera kumafika kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda nthawi zambiri, kofiirira nthawi zambiri, kosiyana ndi mbali zofiira. Kumbuyo kumakutidwa ndi mawanga oyera, ndipo m'mimba ndi imvi kapena chikasu. Akuluakulu a gopher ali ndi ma chromosome 36 mu karyotype, mosiyana ndi achibale, mwina ndichifukwa chake amayamba kulima ubweya wozizira mu Julayi.
Gofu wocheperako ndi 18-25 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake sikufika ngakhale theka la kilogalamu. Mchirawo ndi wocheperapo kuposa masentimita anayi. Anthu akumpoto ali ndi utoto wonyezimira kumbuyo, kum'mwera amasintha kukhala imvi. Pazonse, pali ma subspecies mpaka 9 omwe amasiyana maonekedwe awo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa kumayendedwe akum'mwera chakum'mawa.
Woyendetsa mapiri amafanana ndi gologolo wocheperako, ngakhale asanatchulidwe anthu ochepa. Kukula kwa thupi sikufika masentimita 25, ndipo mchirawo sufika mpaka 4 cm. Kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi ndi mtundu wachikasu. Pali mawanga amdima kumbuyo. Mmbali ndi m'mimba ndi zopepuka kuposa msana, zokutira zachikasu. Achichepere amakhala amdima ndipo ali ndi malo akulu kuposa akulu.
Kodi kholo limakhala kuti?
Wofufuza waku Europe adayamba kukhala wopalapakati komanso wokhalitsa kumapiri, ngati marten, ngakhale pakadali pano ndizosowa. Imakhala kum'mawa kwa pakati komanso kum'mawa kwa Europe. Nthawi zambiri ku Germany, ku Poland ku Silesian Upland. Amakhazikika ku Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova. Komanso monga gawo lakumadzulo kwa Turkey ndi Slovakia. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Ukraine, imapezeka kokha m'malo a Transcarpathia, Vinnitsa ndi Chernivtsi.
Wofufuza waku America samangokhala ku North America kokha, komanso kum'mawa kwa Russia. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, kumakhala ku Chukotka, Kamchatka ndi Kolyma Highlands. Chiwerengero cha Yang ndi Indigir chilipo mosiyana ndi ena onse. Kumpoto kwa North America, kuli ambiri ku Alaska ndi Canada. Wodziwika bwino amakhala m'mbali mwa mapiri a Kazakhstan ndi Russia. Malo okhala amayamba kumtsinje wa Volga kumadzulo ndipo umatha kumapeto kwa Ishim ndi Tobol kum'mawa. Kummwera, malirewo akudutsa pakati pa mitsinje ya Bolshoi ndi Maly Uzen, ndipo kumpoto, motsatira beseni lamanja, Agidel.
Olemba mapiri nthawi zambiri amagawidwa pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Kuban ndi Terek, komanso dera la Elbrus. Amakwera kwambiri: 1250 - 3250 m kumtunda kwa nyanja. Dera lokhalamo anthu okhala mahekitala zikwi mazana atatu, lomwe ndilambiri ndipo likuwonetsa chiwerengero chabwino. Amakhala kwambiri momwe angathere: komwe zimatha kumera zomwe mumadya.
Kodi azitsamba amadya chiyani?
M'mbuyomu, akatswiri azamba aku Europe ankadziwika kuti anali anthu wamba azomera zamasamba, chifukwa zakudya zazikulu zimakhala ndi zomera. Pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamagulu. Chifukwa chodzuka, amadzisintha ndi mababu a mbewu, kenako amasinthana ndi mbewu za chimanga. M'chilimwe, makamaka muzidya zipatso za zitsamba ndi zipatso. Kutha kuminda yopanda kanthu.
Ndi chakudya chochepa chomwe chimapezeka m'malo omwe agologolo aku America amakhala, kotero amakhala okonzeka kudya chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda. Asanakhale hibernation, amadzaza ndi ma rhizomes ndi mababu a mbewu, kuwonjezera zipatso ndi bowa zomwe amatha kukumana nazo. Chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, ndikofunikira kudya mbozi, kafadala pansi, ziwala, ndi zina zotentha. Popita kumaderamo amapeza chakudya m'matumba, nthawi zina pamakhala zochitika zina. Moyo wamtundu waku America ndiwowopsa: mutha kufa ndi njala kapena kudyedwa ndi wachibale.
Akuluakulu otchuka amakhala m'malo abwino ndipo amadya chimanga ndi maluwa azitsamba. Chapakatikati amakonda kupeza mababu ndi mizu yazomera, kutembenukira ku maluwa ndi masamba. Pafupi kugwa, zakudya zosiyanasiyana zimawonjezera rye, tirigu, mapira ndi oats. Kwa nthawi yozizira, chakudya sichikhala. Agalapi ang'onoang'ono amadya pamizu, masamba ndi maluwa azitsamba. Nthawi zina samanyoza chakudya chanyama. Chakudya chopatsa thanzi chimakhala cholemera kwambiri chifukwa chodya mbewu zomwe zimalima anthu. Chimatulutsa ngakhale acorns ndi mbewu za mapulo, hazel. Kuchokera pa zipatso monga apricot.
Akatswiri akulu azachipembedzo ali ndi pafupifupi chakudya chochuluka kwambiri, Amereka ayenera kukhala ndi moyo, ndipo olemba mapiri samangoganiza kuti lero akuyembekezera chakudya cham'mawa, nkhomaliro komanso chakudya chamadzulo. Makamaka kumapiri simumayenda mozungulira. Pafupifupi mbewu zonse zam'mlengalenga zimadyedwa, nthawi zina zimapaka zakudya za nyama, koma osowa.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Wofufuza zaku Europe amakonda kwambiri zigwa zomwe zili kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa nkhalango, kukhazikika pamalo omwe ng'ombe zimadya, ndipo zosayenera kufesa mbewu. Sakonda madambowa, mitengo ndi zitsamba. Amakhala m'madera a 7000 anthu. Burrows ndizokhazikika komanso zosakhalitsa, zimakhala zingapo. Mulinso makamera angapo okhala nesting.
Zambiri za atsotsi aku America zimafika anthu 50! Ziwerengero zamunthu aliyense zimafika pa 6 ha. Pamadothi amchenga, kamakumba kumakhala kosakwana 15 m ndi 3 mita.Pamene masamba abata sakhala ozama kupitirira 70. M'nthawi yozizira, amawotcha nthaka ndi dothi. M'madera okhala amakhala ngati maziko a nyumba ndi nyumba zosanja. Kugwira ntchito kuyambira maola 5 mpaka 20 patsiku.
Wodziwika bwino amakhala m'madambo akuluakulu, okhala ndi mabowo 8-10, malo omwe amagawidwa mozungulira gawo loyandikana nalo. Hibernation yozizira imakhala mpaka miyezi isanu ndi inayi, amuna amabwera woyamba, kenako akazi. Amakhala ndi pakati pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, amabadwa ana atatu mpaka 15. Mwezi umodzi pambuyo pake, ali okonzekera moyo wodziyimira payokha, pazaka ziwiri amatha kubala mwana watsopano.
Akatswiri ang'onoang'ono amakhala otetezeka mpaka miyezi isanu ndi inayi ndikudzuka matalala atasungunuka.M'nyengo yotentha, mbewu zimafa, nyamazo zimasowa madzi, zimatha kugwera nthawi yozizira, yomwe imasandulika kukhala hibernation yozizira. Sipangokhala zaka zopitilira 3 zokha.
Akatswiri a mapiri amakhala movutikira kubisalira, kutalika kwake komwe kumatengera kutalika komwe amakhala. Nthawi ya ntchito ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Zimatengera kuchuluka kwa kunenepa. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mwake okalamba amatha kubisala m'mbuyomu, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zimayenera kudya kuti zizipulumuka nyengo yozizira.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Amuna a agologolo a ku Europe atadzuka ayamba kudikirira zazikazi, pambuyo pake mpikisano uyambika. Nthawi zambiri amuna amamenyera akazi. Mimba imakhala pasanathe mwezi, ndipo zatsopano zimawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo. Pazonse, amatha kubadwa kuyambira 3 mpaka 9. Amalemera pafupifupi 5 g ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 4. Pakatha sabata, maso amatseguka, ndipo pambuyo 2 tsitsi limakula. Pakati pa Juni, akazi amakumba mabowo omwe ana awo amakhalamo.
Akatswiri aku America amaberekanso kamodzi pachaka. Zachikazi zimadzuka mu Epulo-Meyi, pambuyo pake masewera a mating amayamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'makola. Mimba ndi yocheperako pang'ono kuposa ya agologolo a ku Europe, ndipo agologolo ang'onoang'ono amabadwa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, koma ochulukirapo: kuyambira 5 mpaka 10, ndipo nthawi zina 13-14.
Amuna akuluakulu a gopher amayembekezeranso akazi ndipo akadzuka amayamba kuthana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti zazikazi sizikukumba mabowo patali, koma zimanganso zokhazokha. Bowo lotere limakhala ndi zipinda zingapo zosanja kuyambira theka la mita mpaka kuya kuya. Kuyambira ana atatu mpaka 16 atabadwa! Mimba imatha kupitilira masiku 20 kapena mwezi.
Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono timabereka pambuyo masiku 20-25 kuchokera ku 5 mpaka 10 cubs, pomwe tili ndi mazira 15. M'mikhalidwe yovuta, gawo lina la mluza limaleka kukulira ndi kutsimikiza. Kwa milungu itatu amatha kulemera mpaka 25 g, kuphimbidwa ndi ubweya wakuda ndikusiya dzenje. Mwana akamazolowera izi - mayi amakumba mabowo, kenako nkuwasiya ana.
Olemba mapiri ali ndi mayendedwe osiyanasiyana obereketsa, chifukwa zimatengera kutalika kwawo ndikukhala nthawi yodzuka. Mimba imachitika mkati mwa masiku 20-22, ndi ochepa gophers omwe adabadwa: kuyambira awiri mpaka anayi. Amabadwa akhungu, ogontha komanso opanda ubweya. Kwa mwezi wathunthu, zazikazi zimawasamalira, pambuyo pake zimapita kukayera ndikukhala m'malo ena oyamba.
Adani Achilengedwe
Wofufuza zaku Europe posachedwapa wachepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha anthu chifukwa cha adani omwe amazungulira mozungulira ndipo zilibe chidwi ndi chilengedwe. Kwenikweni, anagwidwa ndi ziweto zodyera. Awa anali mbalame: chiwombankhanga cha kumapiri ndi mwezi, pakati pa osaka pamtunda ndikofunika kuwonetsa steppe ferret.
Akatswiri aku America ali ndi vuto. Pazovuta zonse ndi zovuta, olusa amawonjezeramo mawonekedwe a skuas, mimbulu, zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino ndi kadzidzi wa polar, yemwe samayamikira konse kuphatikizidwa kwa agologolowa pansi pokonza tundra. Woyang'anira gofu wamkulu amawonekeranso nyengo zosiyanasiyana zosakwanira. Itha kuwumitsa nthaka, kukoka pachaka, kapena kuvulaza munthu. Ponena za agologolo a ku Europe, zitsulo za steppe ndizowopsa kwa zazikulu, zomwe zimadya chaka chonse, ngakhale panthawi yovuta.
Komanso, Korsaks ndi nkhandwe sizimadana ndi nyama zosavuta, ndipo ang'onoang'ono amadyanso zolakwika. Kuchokera kumwamba ndingathe kulimbana ndi chiwombankhanga, malo oyikidwa m'manda, nkhokwe zazikulu, ndi mbewa zakuda, ndipo kumpoto ndimakhalanso ndi kadzidzi. Atsamba ang'onoang'ono amasakidwa ndi nyama zomwe zimakonda kuderako. Nthenga zimatha kuphwasula nkhandwe, mapiri ndi zala. Zowopsa zochokera kumwamba zimayimiriridwa ndi ankhandwe ndi ziwombankhanga zozama. Anthu ocheperako kapena osakhwima amawukiridwa ndi wobaya, akhwangwala kapena matsenga.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Akatswiri aku Europe amakhala kumadera akutali. Ikuphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of mayiko akum'mawa kwa Europe, ndipo m'maiko oyandikana amatetezedwa mosamala. M'zaka zana zapitazi, panali kulimbana kwenikweni ndi iwo, kusaka ndi kuwononga. Adawakakamiza alimi kupha agologolo, kugwiritsa ntchito tirigu wapoizoni, ndikukakamiza ana asukulu kumenya "tizirombo".
Ngakhale kuti amakhala movutikira, kusowa kwa chakudya komanso nyama zomwe zimawakwiyitsa, ma gopher aku America amamva bwino. Nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi mwayi wopindulitsa chilengedwe. Nyama zambiri zimakhala m'makola awo, ndipo zikafukuta, zimanyamula mbewu kumtunda. Chifukwa cha kubereka kwabwino kwa gologolo wamkuluyo, sizikhala mbali zangozi. Koma m'malo ena amachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kulima kwina kwa malo opanda anamwali komanso kuwonongedwa mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kazakhstan amaonedwa ngati tizilombo. Ndiwothandizanso wa matenda ndi matenda ena osasangalatsa.
Gopher wocheperako ndi tizilombo tambiri, kudya mbewu zobzalidwa m'minda ndi minda ya anthu, komanso kuwononga mbewu zabwino kwambiri pabusa. Nthawi yomweyo, imadwala mliri ndi matenda ena angapo. Koma chifukwa cha kubereka kwambiri komanso zakudya zosiyanasiyana, sizikhala zamtundu womwe umateteza. Wodziwitsa zaanthu amayambitsa mantha pang'ono pokhudzana ndi kupulumuka. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa amakhala komwe ena sakhazikika, amadya kena kake komwe oyandikana alibe chidwi nawo, pomwe osavutitsa wina aliyense, mosiyana ndi atsikana ang'onoang'ono.
Mitundu yonse ya akatswiri amtunduwu ndiofanana, chifukwa:
- Idyani zakudya zofananira
- Muzikhala moyo wosiyana ndi ena
- Ali ndi zilombo zomwezi
- Amawoneka pafupifupi ofanana.
Ena mwa iwo amavutitsa anthu, ena amangopindulitsa chilengedwe. Wina ali pafupi pafupi kutha, akukhala m'malo abwino, pomwe wina ali moyo ndipo ali bwino. At anzeru zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana, koma zambiri zofanana.
Chakudya cha Gopher
Nyama za Gophers herbivores amadya masamba, masamba, maluwa, nthangala, zipatso ndi zipatso, monga kaloti, radives, ndi masamba ena amphaka. Zofanana ndi mbewa sizimadana ndi nyongolotsi, mphutsi, tizilombo, zomwe zimabwezeretsa chakudya chawo ndi mapuloteni.
Zochitika pamoyo wa gopher ndizosamalitsa, nthawi zonse amadyanso kawiri patsiku: kadzutsa m'mawa ndi chakudya chamadzulo chamadzulo. Gophers amadya, kudya mofulumira kwambiri masaya awo posungira, ndi kudya m'malo mwawo.
Masaya amakhala ngati matumba, mothandizidwa ndi omwe amasamutsa zisa m'matumba awo. Kwa anthu, makoswe awa amatha kukhala vuto lenileni, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amawononga mbewu m'minda.
Pazifukwa izi, alimi m'malo omwe makoswe amakhala, amawombera kapena poyizoni nyama izi. Palinso ntchito ina yomwe imachita ndi kuwononga tizirombo izi.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi. Mukangokhala hibernation, agologolo a pansi okonzeka kubereka, amatha kubereka kangapo pachaka. Nyama izi zimacha msanga kuchita zachiwerewere, pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ali okonzeka kukhwima.
Njira ya umuna ndi Canine-ngati. Yaikaziyo imanyamula anyaniwo kwa milungu inayi, anthu omwe ali m'mabodzawo amachokera awiri kapena eyiti. Steppe nyama ojambula wobadwa wogontha, wakhungu ndi wamaliseche. Pakupita sabata limodzi, achinyamata amalima chovala chaubweya waubweya, awiri akutsegula maso awo.
Miyezi yoyambirira, makanda amadalira mkaka wa amayi awo ndi chisamaliro chake. Zinyumba zimatuluka mumgodi pakatha mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri. Pazaka ziwiri zokha, nyama zazing'ono sizinapangitse mankhwala othandizira kupha njoka, motero zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Mayi wosamala amakumba dzenje laling'ono la ziweto zazing'ono ndikuzikoka kuti zikhale padera.
Gophers amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka zitatu, mitundu ina ya anyani amtchire amakhala mpaka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Ziweto zanyumba zanyumba zimatha kukhala ndi zaka zisanu. Mitundu yambiri siyidera nkhawa za kutha kwawo.
Makonda a Gophers m'chilengedwe
Mosiyana ndi agologolo, anthu okhala m'nkhalango yolimba yamtchire, yaying'ono, yocheperako, yofanana ndi dothi lotentha, agologolo pansi amakhala ngati phale lotseguka dzuwa. Zimapezekanso m'malo opezeka udzu wochepa, m'mapiri opanda kanthu, kunja kwa minda. Amakonda malo otseguka ndi owuma ndi udzu wowerengeka, momwe zimakhala zosavuta kuti nyama zosamala zizindikire kuopsa kwake nthawi. Pewani nkhalango, malo okutidwa ndi zitsamba kapena maudzu, komanso madambo. Kwa nyumba zawo amayesa kusankha malo okwezeka.
Wopangirayo amadziwika kuti amakonda kuyimilira pamzere; ichi ndi kafukufuku wachilendo. Wojambulidwa ndi wopenyerera akuyang'ana zowzungulira.
A Gophers amakhala ndi moyo wapansi pansi ndipo pangozi pang'ono, amabisala m'makola, omwe, monga onyamula mwachilengedwe, amadziimba okha. Nthawi zina kuya kwakuya kwa dzenje kumatha kufika mamita atatu, ndipo kutalika kumakhala pafupifupi mita 15! Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthambi zambiri zopota. Pamapeto pa nyumbayo, nyamazo zimadzipangira malo opumira masamba ndi udzu wouma.
Nyama zimakhala zokhazokha kapena m'magulu. Mkulu aliyense amakhala ndi kabowo kakekake ndi gawo laling'ono lakelo.
M'dzenjemo, gofu amakhala usiku wonse ndikupumula kwa maola angapo masana. M'mawa, nyamayo imasiya bowo pokhapokha ngati mame atuluka. Dzuwa litalowa dzuwa kulowa dzenje usiku.
Nora amagwira ntchito yolosera komanso pothaŵirapo mdani kwa adani, momwe mbedza zimakhalira: akambuku, ziwombankhanga, njoka, nkhandwe, nthomba, nkhandwe, mimbulu, nkhandwe, mbendera. Komabe, maulendo angapo apansi panthaka, kusamala kwachilengedwe ndi ulesi, nthawi zambiri amakulolani kusiya omwe akukutsatani ndi mphuno. Koma steppe polecat ndi bandeji zimayimira chiopsezo chachikulu kwa nyamayo, yomwe, chifukwa cha thupi lawo lalitali komanso lopendekera, imatha kulowera molunjika m dzenje.
Wodziwika bwino aliyense amadziwa bwino bowo, koma nthawi zina, kuthawa mdani, pang'onopang'ono amathawira kukabisala. Pankhaniyi, mwiniwake amateteza nyumba yake modzipereka: choyamba amenya mwachangu mlendo wosadziwika ndi manja ake akutsogolo, ngati kuti akupereka mbama kumaso, kenako amayamba kukukuta mlendoyo ndikumupangitsa kuti atengere ntchito. Komabe, misonkhano ngati imeneyi siyikhala pafupipafupi.
Monga makoswe ambiri ofanana maonekedwe ndi njira ya moyo, makoswe, omwe otchuka kwambiri ndi marmot - zazikulu ndi zowoneka bwino okhala kumapeto, ndi hamsters - makulidwe ang'onoang'ono owoneka bwino a malo otentha, akatswiriwo amakhala nthawi yayitali atagona nthawi yayitali popanda chakudya komanso kuyenda. kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo kuyambira kugwa. Pochita hibernation, machitidwe onse a moyo amayenda pang'onopang'ono: mtima umagunda kwambiri, kupuma kangapo, ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika. Pokhapokha kutenthaku kukayamba kutentha, gofu amayamba kudya.
Amakhulupirira kuti kugona kwa gopher panthawi ya hibernation ndiko kwamphamvu kwambiri. Nyamayo ikhoza kutulutsidwa mu dzenje, ndikuchepetsa monga mungafunire, ndipo sidzuka. Nthawi yomweyo, asayansi aku America adapeza kuti nyamayo imadzuka ndikuchepa kwambiri kutentha kwa mpweya (mpaka -26 ° C).
Mitundu ina itha kubisalanso nthawi yotentha. Izi mwina zimachitika chifukwa cha nyengo yamdambo, yomwe imapangitsa kuti mvula iziyaka kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake, nyamazo sizidyetsedwa mokwanira.
Pazinthu zachilengedwe, gopher samakhala moyo woposa zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi.
Kulankhulana
Monga asayansi azindikira, pakati pa nyama, akatswiri a gopher ali ndi chilankhulo chovuta kwambiri kulankhulana. Kuphatikiza pa kuimba mluzu ndi kunong'ona, nyama zimalankhulirana wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha akupanga. Nthawi zina amaliza mokweza, ndipo nthawi zina amalira ndi kulira. Koma Wheezing ndi gawo laling'ono la chizindikiro chomwe munthu kapena nyama iliyonse imamva. Zambiri mwa siginecha zimayenda pamaulendo amtundu wa akupanga.
Ndi "kuyankhula" kwawo mosiyanasiyana, mtundu wake komanso matayala, nyama zitha kufotokozeranso molondola za nyama yomwe imayandikira, mawonekedwe ake, kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kake, ndikufotokozerani momwe ngoziyo iliri.
Kodi agologolo pansi amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za agologolo pansi ndizomera zambiri, komabe, zikavuta, zimadya tizilombo, nthawi zambiri ziwala, komanso nsikidzi zosiyanasiyana, dzombe, mbozi. Nthawi zina anyani amatsutsa ngakhale mbewa zam'munda ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Chomera cha nyama chimakhala ndi mphukira zazing'ono, masamba ndi masamba, komanso mbewu. Mitundu yazomera zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama ndizosiyanasiyana: knotweed, yarrow, clover wokoma, mbola yolusa, njere zosiyanasiyana, etc. Zodzikongoletsera nthawi zambiri zimadya chakudya chomwe chili m'gawo lomwelo, zomwe zimakhazikitsa.
Mitundu ya Gopher
Mitundu 38 ya makoswe amadziwika, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi gopher. Ndi 9 okha mwa iwo omwe amakhala ku CIS: ang'ono, achikasu, amawangamawanga, Caucasus,-ofala-thunzi, Daurian, Beringian, wamkulu, wamtali. Zomwe zaphunziridwa kwambiri zimaphatikizapo mitundu ili:
- European. Chinyama chachikulu komanso chautali ndi mchira waufupi komanso thupi lotalika masentimita 25. Kumbuyo kuli ubweya wa bulauni wokhala ndi madontho, mphete zowala zimawonekera bwino kuzungulira maso. Kugawidwa ku Turkey, amatetezedwa, popeza akuwopsezedwa kuti atha.
- Waku America Gopher wamkulu, yemwe kulemera kwake kumatha kufika magalamu 800, ndi kutalika kwa thupi - 39 cm. Mchira wake ndiwofewa, pafupifupi masentimita 12. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala bulauni, kumakhala malo akulu owala. M'nyengo yozizira, khungu limawala. Amakhala kudera la North America ndi Eurasia. Amakhala m'mabanja. Ziwetozi zimatha kufikira anthu 50.
- Chachikulu. Thupi limakhala ndi kutalika kwa 31 cm, mchirawo ndi masentimita 9. Mmbali ndi miyendo zimakhala zofiira, kumbuyo ndi kofiirira, mutu ndi imvi. Imakhazikika kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango. Dothi louma limapewedwa, chifukwa ndikovuta kukumba mabowo.
- Wamng'ono. Thupi silidutsa masentimita 22. Msana umakhala wopepuka, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi ma slots. Border ikuwonetsedwa pang'onopang'ono pamchira. Chimakhala mdera la Lake Balkhash (East Kazakhstan) komanso ku Dnieper. Panthawi yachilala komanso kutentha, imatha kubisala.
- Zamapiri. Kunja kumafanana ndi gologolo waung'ono ndipo ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 20 mpaka 23. Kumbuyo ndikumdima, kopanda mawonekedwe ochepa. M'mimba ndi m'mbali mwake imvi. Imakhala m'mapiri a kumapiri a Caucasus.
- Wotsukidwa. Thupi la makoswe limakhala lotalika masentimita 25. Kuchokera mitundu ina, mawanga ofanana ndi blush amawasiyanitsa. Amakhala ndi mtundu wa ocher ndipo amapezeka m'dera la ziphuphu zazikulu ndi masaya. Kugawidwa ku Siberia, Mongolia, Caucasus, Kazakhstan. Wotsogola womwe amakhala ndi nkhwangwa yofiira amakhala kukhomalo. Zimbudzi zimabisala kwambiri kawirikawiri.
- Wachikasu. Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wake. Thupi limafika kutalika kwa 3840 cm, mchira 11 cm. kumbuyo kulijambulidwa ndi utoto wokongola wachikaso, koma pali tsitsi lakuda pang'ono. Mimba ndi yopepuka. Fur mu nthawi yozizira imasiyana kwambiri ndi chilimwe: imakhala wandiweyani, fleecy. Midzi m'magawo okhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana - kumapiri, kumapiri a mitsinje, zipululu zamchenga. Samwa madzi, kukhala wokhutira ndi madzi omwe ali mu chakudya.
Mitundu yambiri ya agologolo amtunda adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la Russian Federation ndi Mabuku a Red Red. Mitundu yamtundu, waung'ono, wachikasu, wokhala ndi tchire, mitundu ya Daurian ili pafupi kutha. Cholinga chake ndi kuchuluka kwa makoswe ndi anthu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mbewu zawo.
Habitat
Komwe kholo limakhala, phukusi lapadera liziuza. Nyama zinkadalira dera la Europe ndi North America. Amatha kukhala kudutsa Arctic Circle komanso m'mapiri., koma nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo a steppes, nkhalango zopondera, tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra, kusankha malo otseguka. Nyama zimasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (zolinga 30 mpaka 35) chilichonse, zomwe ndi gawo lalikulu. Nthawi yomweyo amapangira zingwe zomangira ndi maukono mpaka mita 15. Kukula kwa malembedwe apansi panthaka, malinga ndi ofufuza, kufikira 1.5 m.
Gophers ndiwogwira masana. M'madera omwe amakhala, amakhala mosiyana, anthu 1−2 m'dzenje. Kusunthira kunsi kulikonse kumakhala pafupi, ndipo nyama, ngati zingafunikire, zithandizane. Kutalika kwa nyama kumakhala zaka zitatu. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, nthawi imeneyi imapitilira zaka 5. Zaka zodziwika bwino ndizo zaka 8.
Kutetemera kumawonedwa osati nthawi yozizira, komanso m'chilimwe, panthawi yachilala posowa chakudya. Kutalika kwake kumatengera dera lomwe akukhala komanso nyengo yomwe ili. Madera akumpoto, agologolo pansi amatha kugona mu nthawi yozizira kwa miyezi ingapo. Madera akumwera, kugona kwawo kumakhala kochepa.
Gologolo wamtchire (miyala yamchenga) (Spermophilus fulvus Lichtenstein)
Agologolo achikasu makamaka amakhala m'madambo komanso zipululu, komabe, zimapezekanso kumapiri a Lower Volga.Pakati pa abale ake, amawoneka bwino, choyambirira, ndi kukula kwake komwe kumayandikira kukula kwa mitundu yaying'ono yazinyama (kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kufika 38 cm), ndipo mawonekedwe ake amafanananso ndi mikwingwirima. Amasiyana ndi katswiri wamkulu wokhala ndi mtundu wautali wamiyala yamtundu wamtambo wachikasu wokhala ndi zizindikiro zakuda.
Wokonda chikasu ndiye wamanyazi kwambiri pa mtundu wonse wa Spermophilus. Asanatuluke m'dzenjemo, amadzuka mutu ndikuyang'ana, ndipo atakhala nthawi yayitali, akuwayang'anira chigawo. Ngakhale amadyetsa, nthawi zonse amayang'ana uku ndi uku. Mu udzu wamtali, amadya mzati, koma ngati mbewuzo zili zochepa, amadya atakhala pansi kapena ngakhale atagona, akumamatira pansi ndi thupi lake lonse. Mwinanso chifukwa chomwe chimakhalira tcheru ndi moyo wamtendere momwe nyamayo imakakamizidwa kuti idziyang'anira payekha popanda ngozi. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi chiwembu chaching'ono (mpaka 0,1 ha), chomwe chimateteza molimba mtima kuukira kwa achibale. Ngati zoopsezo sizikhudza mlendo, mano amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kubisala kumtundu wamtunduwu ndi chimodzi mwakutali kwambiri pakati pa agologolo onse amtunda - miyezi 8-9.
Zizolowezi zakudya
Chomwe chakudya cha oimira amtundu uliwonse ndi chakudya chomera. Komabe, menyu umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dera lomwe mukukhalamo. M'mapiri, nyama zimadyera pachaka komanso maudzu osatha, zitsamba. Chapakatikati, tubers wa tulips ndi anyezi a Tien Shan, mizu ya dandelion, malo okwezeka, mphukira zobiriwira zamasamba zimapita kukadya. M'chilimwe, makoswe amadya nthangala za bluegrass, geranium, Mountaineer, ostracis.
Pamaziko a zakudya za steppe pansi agologolo - tulip, chowawa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyezi, oonda miyendo. Pofufuza chakudya, safuna kuchoka m'mayimbidwe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali chitsamba chapafupi ndi burashi wak kucha, gopher samayang'ana china chilichonse. Mukamadya nyama, kumakhala kosangalatsa komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Nyama sizidzikana yokha chisangalalo chodya zipatso, bowa, achinyamata nthambi za msondodzi, yernik. Ma Voles, mbalame zazing'ono ndi tizilombo komanso amapita kukadya. Akatswiri a Gopher samanyoza kunyongedwa, komabe, zidapezeka kuti ngati pali chakudya china chokwanira, azimayi oyembekezera okha ndi omwe amadya mitembo ya nyama.
Nyamazo zimadya kawiri pa tsiku. Chakudya choyamba chimachitika m'mawa, chachiwiri - kumapeto kwa usiku. Amadya mwachangu mokwanira, akusenda masaya awo. Musanayambe kutafuna, ikani chakudya m'mbale mkamwa, chomwe chimakhala ngati matumba oyambirirawo. Nyama yokhala ndi masaya athunthu imatha kuwoneka yoseketsa kwambiri. Akatswiri a Gophers amabweretsa mbewu za mink, herbaceous, mbewu zamphesa zokulitsidwa ndikupanga masheya. Nthawi zina amamwa madzi. Makamaka makoswe oyembekezera ndi amayi oyamwitsa amafunikira.
Wofiyira, kapena gopher wamkulu (S. chachikulu Pallas)
Gopher wamkulu amapezeka mu ma forbs ndi ma fusi-a nsonga za steppes kuchokera pakati pa Volga mpaka Irtysh. Kukula kwake, gopher wofiira amakhala wachiwiri kwa chikasu, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kufika 33 cm, mchira - 6-10 cm.
Mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa nyama ndi wakuda, wowoneka ngati bulauni, wopanda malo oyera oyera, pamimba pakepo ndimaso kutuwa. Pamwamba pamutu pali imvi yasiliva, yosiyana ndi mtundu wa kutsogolo kumbuyo. Pamasaya ndi m'maso akummawoneka matuwa ofiira kapena otuwa.
Kuchokera ku mitundu yina, gopher wofiira ndiwachiyenda kwambiri: kukafunafuna chakudya kuchokera ku dzenje lake, makokowo amatha kuyenda mtunda wa mamita mazana awiri, ndipo ngati udzu uzikauma, umasunthira kumalo olemera kwambiri kuti mukadye.
Akuluakulu otchuka amatha kudutsa mitsinje yambiri!
Zambiri Zofalitsa
A Gophers amadzabereka atagona nthawi yozizira. Chaka chilichonse, chachikazi chimasiya mwana m'modzi yekhayo. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Kubala kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi, pambuyo pake ana a 5-7 amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Amayi awo amakhala ndi mwezi.
Ana amatsegula maso awo patatha milungu itatu atabadwa, ndipo patatha milungu 4 amasiya dzenje ndikuyamba kudya udzu. M'masabata awiri otsatira, amafunabe mkaka wa amayi. Zotsatira zake, amayi amasiya mwana wamwamuna wokhala ndi mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Amakhala m'mabowo oyandikana, amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Kukula muzochitika zamtundu uliwonse kumachitika panthawi yake. Mitundu yaying'ono ya makoswe omwe amakhala kumwera amayamba kubereka atabereka koyamba. Okhala m'zigawo zakumpoto - mchaka chachiwiri. Pafupifupi 70% ya akatswiri a gopher amwalira mchaka choyamba cha moyo. Zomwe zimayambitsa imfa zimatha kukhala anthu, adani ochokera kudziko lanyama, nyengo yamvula yayikulu (nthaka yozizira, kumapeto kwa masika).
Wocheperako Gopher (S. pygmaeus Pallas)
Gopher wocheperako amakhala m'matanthwe kuchokera ku dera la Volga, Dnieper ndi mapiri a Caucasus, kupita kugombe la Nyanja Yakuda, Azov ndi Caspian. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupita masentimita 24, mchira suupitilira masentimita 4. Colouring ndi chosagwirizana - imvi kapena bulauni, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mayimidwe ambiri.
Zotsatira pa moyo wa munthu
Gophers amanyamula mliri wowopsa, tularemia ndi matenda ena akuluakulu omwe angayambitse kulemala kapena kufa. Ochakudya chachikulu cha nyama - chimanga ndi zipatso za zomera, chifukwa chomwe famu imakhala malo oyendayenda pofunafuna zinthu zabwino. Izi zimakhudza zokololazo ndipo zimakwiyitsa anthu kuti achitepo kanthu kuti awononge makoswe (amatchera misampha, agwiritse ntchito mabowo, asiye ziwopsezo zapoizoni).
Anthu ena ali ndi azamba ngati ziweto. Mwa kuphunzitsidwa mwaluso, amatha kuchita zanzeru zosiyanasiyana ndi eni kusangalala. Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zawo, asayansi akufufuza chodabwitsa monga kuyimitsidwa kwamphamvu (kuchepa kwakanthawi machitidwe ofunikira m'thupi motsogozedwa ndi zinthu zakunja). Zopindulitsa zimapatsidwanso mafuta a gopher, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu cosmetology ndi mankhwala pochizira chimfine ndi mabala.
Palibe zizolowezi kapena chikhalidwe cha akatswiri ofikira kuti azikhala kunyumba. Zodzikongoletsera zimakonda malo. Ndizovuta kuti azolowere khola kapena ndege. Sadzakhala onenepa, ngati nkhumba yosanja kapena chinchilla. Komabe, izi sizimayimitsa mafani azokongoletsa omwe akuyesera kuwasokoneza m'njira iliyonse yomwe angathe.
Mukakhazikitsa gopher, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nyama sizoyenera kukhala m'nyumba. Ndikosatheka kubereka zinthu pafupi ndi zachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe adzalemba gawo, ndipo kununkhira kwa mawonekedwe awo ndi achindunji.
Mutha kuyesa kusunga amuna ochita ma gopher m'nyumba zosungira m'nyumba, pokhapokha ngati atha kukwaniritsa kufunikira kokumba mabowo. Ayeneranso kusuntha kwambiri - kuthamanga, kudumpha, kudumpha. Kukula kwa khomo la agologolo a pansi kuyenera kukhala osachepera 1.5x1.5 mita. Mkati, muyenera kuyika zida zogona - mabokosi, nyumba, zidutswa zamapaipi.
Zakudya za ziweto zimatha kusiyanasiyana. Ayenera kupatsidwa zosakaniza za tirigu, zakudya zopangidwa ndi makoswe, zukini watsopano, mbewu za mpendadzuwa, nthochi, maapulo, mapeyala. Musaiwale zomwe pansi gologolo amadya m'chilengedwe, ndikuwapatsa udzu wobiriwira - letesi, nyemba, clover, plantain, dandelion. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mumafunikira chakudya chama protein - mphutsi za ufa, ziwala, zitini. Dyetsani nyama kawiri pa tsiku. Madzi odetsedwa ayenera kupezeka kuti azimwa.
Madzulo a hibernation (kumapeto kwa Ogasiti), nyamazo zizibweretsa udzu watsopano, masamba, ndi udzu. Zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito izi kukonzekera kama wogona. M'nthawi yozizira, nyama zimasungidwa nthawi imodzi. Anzanu okhala ndi miyendo yaing'ono amakhala bwino kuti azisungidwa. Amayambira m'magulu kapena awiriawiri. Ali mu ukapolo, nyama zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza.
Caucasian gopher (S. musicus Menetries)
Magulu agologolo a ku Caucasian (kumapiri) amapezeka m'chigawo cha Elbrus, m'malo opezeka kumapiri ndi kumapiri. Kukhazikika kwa nyundoyi kumatha kukhala pamtunda wa 1000 mpaka 3200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zikuwoneka ngati wachinyamata wazaka. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 24, mchira - 4-5 cm. Mtunduwu ndi wokonda mtendere: umadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa malo omwe munthu amadya. Nyamazo zimangotchinga mabowo awo okhawo, ndipo ziweto zimagawidwa.
Zosangalatsa
Gophers nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa pazithunzi muma magazine ndi mabuku achikuda. Komabe, kuwawona m'chilengedwe kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri. Nyama zokongola izi zimadabwitsidwa ndi machitidwe awo ndi moyo wawo. Kuphunzira makoswe kunalola akatswiri kuti awulule zinthu zosangalatsa izi za agologolo pamiyala yotsala:
- Kugona kwa nyengo yozizira kumakhala kolimba kwambiri. Nyamayo imatha kuchotsedwa mu dzenje ndikuchepetsa momwe mungafunire, koma sidzuka. Nthawi yomweyo, asayansi adapeza kuti kutentha kumatsika mpaka madigiri 26 pansi pa ziro, gopher amadzuka.
- Akatswiri azachipembedzo pano ali ndi adani ambiri. Kwenikweni, awa ndi olusa - nkhandwe, maula, maula, zala, amphaka am'makomo ndi agalu. Kusaka kumachitika makamaka mu nyengo yotentha. Komabe, zimbudzi zimatha kukumba agologolo pansi muzibowo nthawi yawo yayitali. Mwa mbalame zowopsa - kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, agulugufe, mbewa, nkhanu zakuda.
- Njoka ikalowa m'matope, njokayo imadzuka pabowo ndikuyamba kuwopsyezanso nyama ija ndi mchira wake. Sadzasiya mbadwa zake ndi kumteteza kufikira chomaliza, ngakhale atalumidwa ndi njoka.
- Kuyankhulana pakati pa nyama kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ultrasound. Munthu amadziona ngati kunong'ona kopusa.
- Dera la koloni limayang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ndi akatswiri. Pakakhala ngozi, amapanga mawu ofanana ndi kufinya. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chomwe mamembala onse a paketi amayambirapo.
Zomwe zaperekedwazo zikuthandizira kuphatikiza uthenga wathunthu komanso wamfupi wonena za gofu.
Mtundu
Kumbuyo kumakhala kobiriwira, kofiirira, nthawi zambiri ndimiyala yakuda, mikwingwirima yakuda yakutali, mivi kapena kuwala pang'ono. M'mphepete mwa thupi muli mikwingwirima yopepuka. Tummy ndi yakuda yachikasu kapena yoyera. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalacho chimakhala chofewa komanso chosalala, nthawi yotentha chimakhala chochepa, chaifupi komanso choperewera. Pali matumba andaya.
California Gopher (Spermophilus beecheyi)
Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 30 cm.Muchira mpaka 18 cm, kutalika. Ubweya wake ndi wowala. Kumbuyo ndi kumtunda kwa mutu kumawumbidwa, ndimtundu wa imvi komanso wopepuka komanso wamdima wakuda. Tummy ndi yopepuka. Ubweya wozungulira maso ndi woyera, ndipo makutu ake ndi zakuda.
Mitunduyi imapezeka ku Mexico komanso kumadzulo kwa United States.
European kapena Western kapena Grey Gopher (Spermophilus citellus)
Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 17 mpaka 23 cm, kutalika kwa 55 cm.Msana wake ndi wakuda komanso wamtambo. Mmbali ndiwotuwa wachikasu, mtundu wake ndi wachikasu. Kuzungulira maso ndi mphete zowala. Mchira wokhala ndi malire amdima kumapeto.
Imapezeka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Central ndi Eastern Europe, ku Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, mpaka ku Europe gawo la Turkey ndi Moldova, ku Ukraine. Mtundu wachilendo, watetezedwa m'maiko ambiri ku Europe.
Daurian, kapena Transbaikal gopher (Spermophilus dauricus)
Mitundu yaying'ono yazitali zazitali yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 18 mpaka 23 cm, mchira wa 4-6,5 cm. kumbuyo kwake ndi kopepuka, koduwa kasooka ndi utoto wosakhazikika, wopanda mawanga. Pamwamba pamutu ndi mawanga pansi pa maso ndi amdima. Khosi ndi loyera, tummy ndi chikasu chachikasu, mbali zake ndi zachikasu.
Mtunduwu umapezeka ku Transbaikal Territory. Imapezekanso kum'mawa kwa Mongolia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Gopher wokhala ndi masaya ofiira (Spermophilus erythrogenys)
Dzinali linaperekedwa kwa amtunduwu chifukwa cha mawanga pamasaya amtambo kapena ofiira. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 24 mpaka 28. Mchira wake ndi waufupi. Kumbuyo ndi mutu kumachokera ku mtundu wa brownish kukhala wamtundu wa ocher.
Wogawidwa kum'mwera kwa Western Siberia, Mongolia ndi China, amakhala m'malo owoneka ngati zipululu komanso udzu wofanana ndi nthenga.
Gologolo wamtchire kapena miyala yamchenga (Spermophilus fulvus)
Chimodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu yotalika masentimita 23 mpaka 38. Kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 6-12 cm.Unyinji wa amuna ndi 700-900 g, akazi 600-800 g, hibernation isanafike 1.6 kg. Amatchedwa wachinyamata wachikasu chifukwa cha monophonic, mtundu wamchenga wachikasu kumbuyo. Mmbali ndi yopepuka, m'mimba muli buffy-chikasu. Mchira wake ndi wachikasu mopepuka komanso wamdima mkati.
Malo okhalamo akuphatikizapo dera laling'ono la Volga, Kazakhstan ndi madera ambiri a Central Asia.
Agologolo akulu kapena ofiira (Spermophilus great)
Kuwona kwakukulu ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 24 mpaka 33, kutalika kwa mchira 6-10 cm, kulemera pamaso pa hibernation mpaka 1.4 kg. Kumbuyo ndikuda, kofiirira. Kumbuyo kuli chizungu choyera. Mutu pamwamba ndi siliva imvi. Pamwamba pa maso ndi masaya pali mawanga ofiira kapena a bulauni. Tummy ndi imvi yachikasu.
Mitunduyi imapezeka kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa Russia komanso kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan.
Mountain kapena phiri Caucasian gopher (Spermophilus musicus)
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mpaka 24 cm, mchira kutalika pafupifupi 5 cm. Kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi. Mmbali ndi tummy ndi opepuka kuposa msana, wamtundu wamtundu wakuda ndi hue wachikasu chachikasu.
Adagawidwa mdera la Elbrus, m'malo a Kuban ndi Terek.
Waku America, kapena Beringian, kapena Gopher waku Long-tailed (Spermophilus parryi)
Mtundu wawukulu wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 25 cm mpaka 33. Kulemera ndi 700-800 g. Mchira wake ndiwofewa ndipo umafika kutalika kwa 13 cm. Kukula ndi kulemera kwa mitunduyi kumakula kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira. Mtundu wake umakhala wowoneka bwino, mutu ndi wakuda bii. Tummy ndiyowoneka bwino. Chovala chachisanu chimakhala chopepuka, cha imvi.
Miyoyo ku Eurasia ndi North America.
Wocheperako Gopher (Spermophilus pygmaeus)
Mawonedwe ang'onoang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 19 mpaka 24 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 450 g. Mchirawo ndi waufupi. Kubwerera kuchokera ku imvi zadzuwa kutuwa imaso zachikasu, kwamawanga kapena kwamiyendo. Mutu ndiwosalala, wamdima kuposa msana. Tummy ndi imvi, pakhosi ndiye koyera. Mmbali ndi yofiyira, yotuwa komanso yotuwa yachikasu.
Mitundu imakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri kumapiri ndi kumapiri a Dnieper, Ciscaucasia, Lower Volga.
Guzani, kapena Tien Shan gopher (Spermophilus relictus)
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 20-28 cm, mchirawo ndi wautali, kuyambira 5 mpaka 8 cm. Kunja, kumawoneka ngati imvi komanso ma gopher a Daurian. Kumbuyo kuli mtundu wa bulauni, wokhala ndi miyendo. Malo apakatikati ndi mbali za imvi.
Imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Tien Shan ndi Pamir-Alai, pamtunda kuchokera 500-800 mpaka 3000-3300 m pamwamba pamadzi.
Cascading Mountain Gopher kapena Cascading Gopher (Callospermophilus saturatus)
Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira masentimita 29 mpaka 32. Kulemera kuli m'mitundu yama 200-350 g. Ubweya wopaka utoto wonyezimira wakuda. M'mphepete mwake muli mikwingulo yoyera yoyera ndi wakuda.
Imapezeka m'mapiri a Cascade aku Britain (Canada) komanso m'chigawo cha Washington (USA).
Gologolo wamabala ozungulira (Spermophilus suslicus)
Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 17 mpaka 26 cm, wamfupi mchira, 3-5,5 cm, kulemera mpaka 500. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, maso ndi akulu. Makutu amachepetsedwa. Matenda aafupi. Ubweya ndi wamfupi komanso wocheperako, womwe umangokhala mchira. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kowala, kwamiyala: malo oyera kapena achikasu amabalalika pamaso amtundu kapena bulauni. Pamwamba pamutu pali utoto ngati kumbuyo. Pali mphete yowala kuzungulira maso, mawanga a bulauni pansi pamaso. Khosi ndi mutu zoyera pansipa. Tummy kuchokera ku imvi kuwala mpaka chikasu.
Amakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa nkhalango kum'mawa kwa Europe, kuyambira ku Danube ndi Prut mpaka kumapiri kwapakati pa Volga.
Gopher wautali wamisala, kapena gopher wa Eversman (Spermophilus undulatus)
Kuwona kwakukulu ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 20 mpaka 32, wolemera 300-500 g. Mchira wake ndiwofewa. Kukula ndi kulemera kumawonjezera kummawa ndi kumpoto kwa mtunduwo. Kumbuyo ndiko brownish-buffy, mbali ndi mapewa ndizofiyira. Tummy ndiyowoneka chikasu.
Malo okhalamo akuphatikizapo Eastern Tien Shan, Dzungarian Alatau, mapiri a Tarbagatai, South Siberia, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, China.
Khalidwe
A Gophers amakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'makoloni, m'ma mink, omwe amadziimba okha. Kutalika kwa mink ndi kapangidwe kake zimasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana a agologolo pansi ndipo zimadalira malo awo. Pamadothi amchenga, mabowo amatalika, mpaka 15 m, ndi mainchesi atatu. Pa dothi lomata sikhala osaposa mamita 5-7. Mkati mwa burawo muli chipinda chocheperako, chomwe akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndi udzu wouma. Pali chizolowezi cha akatswiri azitsogozo pangozi kuti adzuke ndi miyendo yakumbuyo kwawo ndi mluzu.
Kukula kwachinyamata kumagwira ntchito kuyambira 9-10 mpaka 15-16 maola, anthu akuluakulu amasiyapo mabowo kawiri pa tsiku: maola awiri kuchokera nthawi ya kucha, ndipo kuchokera maola 14 mpaka 15 dzuwa lisanalowe. Amuna akuluakulu komanso osabereka achikazi amabereka hibernate koyambirira kwa Julayi, azimayi atabereka - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, kukula kwachinyamata kumakhalabe kosagwira ntchito mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala.
Gologolo wamabala ozungulira (S. suslicus guldenstaedt)
Gologolo wamabala ndi amodzi mwa oimira ang'ono kwambiri pamtunduwu: kutalika kwa thupi - 17- 26 cm, mchira - 3-5 cm.Malo okondedwa ndi malo okwezeka a nkhandwe, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi msipu. Miyoyo m'malire.
Monga nthawi yayitali masana komanso makoswe am'chipululu, agologolo aamawangamawanga nthawi yotentha amatha kugwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo. Nyama sizimakonda dothi lonyowa, chifukwa chake m'mawa zimangosiyira mabowo pokhapokha ngati mame utaphwa kale, ndipo nyengo yamvula sinawonekere pansi. Amakhala mu hibernation kuyambira miyezi inayi mpaka isanu ndi itatu pachaka, kutengera malo ndi nyengo.
Masiku ano, gologolo wamangamanga ndi nyama yosowa yotchulidwa mu Red Book of Bryansk ndi madera ena. Nyamazi zikangokhala zambiri, zinkamenya nawo nkhondo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi tizirombo taulimi. Koma m'zaka zaposachedwa, malo omwe ali ndi malo okhala paphirili achepa kwambiri. Pamapu, malo omwe amakhala kuchokera kumizere yosinthika asintha kukhala zisumbu zosowa, ndipo akuyamba kuchepa.
Daurian Gopher (S. dauricus Brandt)
Daursky, kapena monga amatchedwanso, girala wa Transbaikal, amakhala m'malo ophwa a Transbaikal Territory, komanso ku Eastern Mongolia ndi Northeast China. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumapiri, msipu, m'mbali mwa njira, m'mbali mwa njanji, ngakhale m'minda yamasamba.
Uwu ndi mtundu wocheperako: thupi lake ndi lalitali 17.5-23 masentimita, mchira wake wa 4-6.5 cm. kumbuyo kwa Transbaikal gopher ndi wopepuka, wamchenga wotuwa wokhala ndi kuwala kosalala, m'mimba ndi wachikasu wachikasu, mmbali ndimaso achikasu.
Makolonu nthawi zambiri samapanga, koma amakhala okha.
Long-Tailed Gopher (S. undulatus Pallas)
Kugawidwa ku Eastern Tien Shan, ku Central ndi Western Mongolia, kumwera kwa Central Siberia, Altai, kumapiri a Transbaikalia, ku Central Yakutia. Nyumba zokhala mitundu iyi ndizosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapezeka kumapiri owuma ndi nkhalango, m'malo opezeka mapiri komanso mapiri.
Gopher wautali wazitali - mtundu wawukulu kwambiri, wamtali mpaka 31. Mbali yodziwika bwino yamtunduwu ndi mchira wofiyira komanso wautali (kupitirira 16 cm).
Mtundu wakumbuyo wam'mbuyo umachokera ku bulauni wonyezimira mpaka kutsitsi, kumbali yakuthengo imakhala yowala kwambiri, mutu umakhala wakuda pang'ono. Kumbuyo, imvi kapena zoyera zimawoneka bwino.
Izi zimabisala pambuyo pa mitundu ina, nthawi zina chipale chofewa chimagwa.
Bering Gopher (S. parryi Richardson)
Bering gopher (yemwe amatchedwanso Arctic, American and American long-tailed gopher) amakhala ku Eurasia ndi North America. M'dziko lathu, limapezeka ku Chukotka, Kamchatka, ndi North-East Siberia. Imakhazikika m'malo owonekera - madera ndi malo opondapo, pamtunda uliwonse wamtunda, womwe umapezeka kumapeto kwa midzi.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri: kutalika kwa zifaniziro za Chukchi ndi 25-32 masentimita, Achimereka ndiokulirapo - matupi awo amatalika mpaka 40. Mchira wa nyama ndi wautali komanso wosathina. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kwamtundu wa brownish wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino owoneka bwino, mutu ndiwotuwa.
Udindo wofunikira pakudya kwamtunduwu umaseweredwa ndi chakudya cha nyama (kafadala, mbozi, ndi zina). Mawonekedwe a chakudya chifukwa cha kuzizira.
Gopher yemwe anali ndi masaya ofiira (S. erythrogenys Brandt)
Amakhala kumwera kwa zigawo za Ural ndi West Siberian, zomwe zimapezekanso ku Mongolia.
Uku ndi ndodo yaing'anga pakatikati, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupita masentimita 28. Mchirawo ndi wafupikirapo kuposa wa abale - 4-6 cm.Ukhala ndi dzina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a bulauni kapena mawanga ofiira pamasaya. Kumbuyo kwa chinyama kuli mchenga-wachikasu wokhala ndi miyendo yakuda bii, m'mimba mwake ndi lakuda, mbali zake ndizotupa. Pali malo oyera pachimacho. Mchira wopanda nsonga wakuda, wakuda pansi.
Mtunduwu umakhala m'makoloni, koma nyama iliyonse yachikulire ili ndi bowo lina lake ndi gawo lawung'ono.
Kuchokera pa nkhondo mpaka kutetezedwa
Gophers ndi gulu la makoswe omwe munthu amakhala akumenya nkhondo mwamphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali, monganso tizirombo ta mbewu ndi onyamula matenda oopsa oyambira (mliri, tularemia, ndi zina). Ndi zinthu izi, komanso malo okhala mitundu yambiri yomwe ili m'malo anthropogenic, omwe adakhala maziko a nkhondo ndi anthu. Kuteteza zachuma ndi ntchito zachipatala adakumana nazo ndikupitilizabe kuthana ndi mavuto oletsa kuchuluka kwa makoswe, pogwiritsa ntchito poizoni poizoni.
Mukaganizira za mtundu wa Spermophilus, womwe ambiri mwa iwo akhala akuchulukitsidwa kwazaka zambiri, wina sangathe kuzindikira udindo wawo m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lovuta la mabowo limapereka mwayi woti pakhale zamoyo zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'makungwa a gofu wocheperako samakhala mochulukirapo kapena mochepera - mitundu 12,000 ya zinyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amadziwikanso kuti ndi kutha kwa agologolo a pansi, kuchuluka kwa olamulira padziko lapansi komanso mbalame za nyama zatsika kumachepera kwambiri (kuwala, kulemera, steppe kestrel, saker, falcon, etc.)
Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka mwachindunji kwa agologolo a pansi, pali njira yochepetsera ndi kusintha malo awo achilengedwe chifukwa cholima ndi chitukuko cha madera akunja komanso kusintha kwanyengo.
Posachedwa, nkhani yoteteza nthumwi zingapo za banja lino yakula kwambiri. Masiku ano, akatswiri a matsenga ofiira, amawangamawanga, achikasu, ofiira komanso amtundu wa Daurian adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation ndi / kapena m'mabuku a Red Red.
Kuchuluka kwa nkhaniyi ndikuti akatswiri osamalira zachilengedwe amapereka njira zodzisamalira, pomwe ntchito zachipatala komanso chitetezo zikuyendetsabe kuchuluka kwa ziweto pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala mwamtendere komanso kuti mbewu zisatayike.
Gopher monga chiweto
Mwazowona, akatswiri azachipembedzo siabwino kwambiri kuti azikhala kunyumba. Ngakhale kuti moyo wachilengedwe wachilengedwe uli ndi zoopsa, sizokayikitsa kuti kuthambo lachitetezo cha nyama yopanda phokosoyo lingasangalale ndi chiyembekezo chokhazikika m'khola kapena ngakhale bwalo lalikulu. Gopher si nkhumba ya pachilala kapena chinchilla, yomwe imatha kuzolowera moyo kundende ndikuzolowera munthu, mawonekedwe a gopher ndi malo ndi ufulu, koma sadzakhala buku, tsoka ...
Komabe pali okonda zotengera zakunyumba zomwe akufuna kuyesa kulenga izi. Tiyenera kudziwa apa kuti nyumbazi ndizosayenera kuti azisunga gopher - sadzakhala pano kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa ndizovuta kuti pakhale zovomerezeka kwa iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazo zizizindikiritsa gawo, komanso kununkhira kwa mawonekedwe awo, kuti ayike modekha, ndizotsimikizika.
Ndizovomerezeka kuti azisunga ma gopher mumakola otseguka pabwalo la nyumba yapadera, momwe nyama zimatha kupezera zosowa zawo - kukumba ngalande, kuthamanga, kudumpha ndi kudumpha. Kwa ma squogrel pansi, pamafunika avient pafupifupi 150 x 150 cm.Mkati mwa nyumba za gopher mumayikidwa, mabokosi, mitengo ikuluikulu yamapaipi - yosungirako nyama, mitengo, - yodulira. Madzulo a hibernation (kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala), makoswe amapatsidwa zinthu zogona - udzu, udzu, masamba, kuti ziweto zikonzekere malo oti hibernation. Zomwezi zimakonzanso ma aviary onse. Pakutalika kwa hibernation, gophers imasungidwa nthawi imodzi.
Maziko a chakudya cha gopher ndi kusakaniza kwa mbewu, oats, tirigu, barele, mbewu za mpendadzuwa, chimanga, chakudya chopangidwa ndi makoswe. Amapereka masamba - kaloti, beets, zukini, nkhaka, ndi zipatso - nthochi, mapeyala, maapulo, komanso chakudya chobiriwira - saladi yamutu, nyemba, masamba a dandelion, plantain, clover, ndi zina. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zakudya zimasinthidwa ndi zakudya za mapuloteni (ma nyongolotsi, ma crickets, ziwala). Chakudya cha ng'ombe kawiri pa tsiku.
Simungapatse chakudya cha gopher kuchokera pagome la munthu, komanso kabichi, chestnuts, acorn, nthambi za oak. Nthawi zonse pakhale madzi abwino omwe amamwa.