Dzina lasayansi Littoralis lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Latin kuti "ikupezeka, itakula kapena pafupi ndi nyanja", kapena ngati cholengedwa. Chilumba cha pachilumba Urocyon littoralis wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wamitundu yonse ya nkhandwe imvi (Urocyon cineroargenteus).
Kugawidwa kwa nkhandwe yachilumba chaimvi kumakhala malire a zisumbu zazikulu zisanu (Channel Islands), yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 19-60 kuchokera pagombe lakumwera kwa California, USA. Izi zikuphatikizapo zilumba za Santa Catalina, San Clement, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, ndi Santa Rosa.
Zomera Zachilumba Zachilumba (Urocyon littoralis) ndi mtundu wocheperako kwambiri wa nkhandwe wochokera ku United States. Mpaka posachedwa, nkhandwe ya pachilumbachi inkadziwika kuti ndi nkhandwe ya nkhandwe. Ndi yaying'ono ndipo imakhala ndi mchira wamfupi, momwe ma vertebrae awiri ndi ochepa kuposa nkhandwe zaimvi kuchokera kumtunda. Mwana wobadwa kwa nkhandwe yaimvi, phokoso la pachilumbachi lakhala mtundu wina wapadera zaka zoposa 10,000, likusunga mawonekedwe a kholo lawo, koma popanga chisinthiko, kukula kwake kwatsika ndipo pakadali pano ndi magawo awiri okha mwa kukula kwa kholo.
Chidwi chosawoneka bwino ndi chisumbuchi chimapangidwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, pachilumba chimodzi chilichonse chomwe amakhala. Ankhandwe ochokera kuzilumba payekhapayekha amatha kubereka, koma pali kusiyana kosiyana kwakuthupi ndi ma genetic komwe kumakhala kokwanira kuti azindikire kudziyimira pawokha. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ma caudal vertebrae kumasiyana kwambiri pachilumba kupita pachilumba. Mapulogalamu onse amatchedwa chilumba chomwe amakhala: Urocyon littoralis littoralis - nkhandwe wa chisumbu cha San Miguel, U. littoralis santarosae - nkhandwe ya chisumbu cha Santa Rosa. U. littoralis santacruzae - nkhandwe ya chisumbu cha Santa Cruz, U. littoralis dickeyi - nkhandwe ya chisumbu cha San Nicholas. U. littoralis catalinae - nkhandwe ya chisumbu cha Santa Catalina, U. littoralis clementae - nkhandwe ya chisumbu cha San Clemente.
Mawonekedwe
Ubweya wa nkhandwe ya chilumba cha imvi ndi yoyera ndi utoto wakuda wa tsitsi komanso sinamoni undercoat kumbali yaku dorsal, komanso yoyera ndi yofiirira yofiirira poyera. Chibwano, milomo, mphuno, ndi malo amaso ndi zakuda, pomwe mbali za masaya zimachita imvi. Makutu, khosi ndi mbali za miyendo ndi zofiirira. Mchira wake umakhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakatundu chakumanzere mbali yakumaso ndi tsitsi lakumaso. Kunja kwa mchira wake ndi dzimbiri. Mtundu wa chovalacho ungakhale wosiyana pakati pa nkhandwe pazilumba zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale utasintha kwambiri pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kutuwa kwathunthu mpaka bulauni ndi kufiyira.
Chilumba cha pachilumba molt kamodzi pachaka: mu Ogasiti ndi Novembala.
Ankhandwe achichepere amakhala ndi chovala chakumaso koma chokulirapo cha kumbuyo kwawo kuposa achikulire, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, makutu awo amakhala amtundu wakuda.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira mwa amuna ndi 716 mm (kuchokera 625 mpaka 716 mm), mwa akazi 689 mm (kuchokera 590 mpaka 787), pomwe mchirawo umakhala wa masentimita 11 mpaka 29. Kulemera kwa nyamayi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1.3 mpaka 2.8 kg, Amuna ndi olemera pang'ono.
Moyo
Ankhandwe achilumba, monga makolo awo akuluakulu, ikwera mitengo bwino kwambiri.
Ali mu ukapolo, nkhandwe zitha kuwonetsa kuti zikuchitira anthu nkhanza, koma posachedwa zimachepetsa. Ochenjera, odekha, osewera komanso achidwi amakhala obadwa ndi nkhandwe omwe amakhala mu ukapolo.
Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo ndichazaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma nkhandwe zina zimakhalabe ndi zaka 15.
Zilumba zomwe nkhandwe zokhala ndi imvi zimakhalamo nyengo yotentha ndi kuzizira kwa chilimwe, komanso kuzizira ndi chinyezi (chinyontho) nthawi yozizira. Ngakhale kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe ndi kosinthika komanso komwe kumakhazikitsidwa, palibe malo omwe angatchulidwepo. Pamene kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kunali kwakukulu, nkhandwe zimatha kupezeka ndikuwoneka pafupi ndi malo okhala pachilumbachi, kupatula omwe anali osauka kwambiri chifukwa chosokonezedwa ndi anthu. Ankhandwe amakhala m'mipata komanso m'minda yopanda pansi, m'nkhokwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'misipu yamchenga, zisumbu zamitengo yaminga, nkhalango za mitengo ya oak komanso nkhalango zamapine, m'madambo.
Mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu a nkhandwezo ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Ziwombankhanga zagolide sizimakhala pachilumbachi nthawi zonse, koma zinkakopeka ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zakutchire kuzungulira 1995, pamene chiwombankhanga chimafa kuno. Kutha kwa chiwombankhanga kunapangitsa kuti malo abwino azikhala pachilumba chakumpoto ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chagolide. Chiwombankhanga chagolide chinayamba kusaka nkhandwe bwinobwino ndipo patatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri nkhandwe ija idawonongedwa. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti podzafika 2000, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kuzilumba zitatu zakumpoto kudachepetsedwa ndi 95%.
Urocyon littoralis (Baird, 1858)
Zoyambira: Santa Catalina Islands (194 km²), San Clemente (149 km²), San Nicolas (58 km²), San Miguel (39 km²), Santa Cruz (243 km²) ndi Santa Rosa (216 km²) pagulu la Channel Channel lomwe lili mphepete mwa California (USA).
Mbidzi ya pachilumbachi, wachibale wocheperako wa nkhandwe yotuwa (U. cinereoargenteus), ilinso ku Islands Islands. Ankhandwe a pachilumba amakhala pazisumbu zisanu ndi zitatu za Channel Channel ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi okhazikitsidwa pachilumba chilichonse, monga zikuwonekeranso ndi kusiyana kwachilengedwe komanso kubadwa.
U. l. Catalinae - Chilumba cha Santa Catalina, U. l. clementae - Chilumba cha San Clemente, U. l. dickeyi - Chilumba cha San Nicholas, U. l. littoralis - Chilumba cha San Miguel, U. l. santarosae - chilumba cha Santa Rosa ndi U. l. santacruzae - chilumba cha Santa Cruz.
Mbawala ya pachilumbachi ndi yosiyana ndi nkhandwe yaimvi ndipo ili pafupi kwambiri ndi nkhono zamakono za nkhandwe ku California, osati kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe kum'mwera kwa Mexico kapena Central America.
Kupezeka kwa nkhandwe kuzilumba zisanu ndi chimodzi zakutali komanso kutali ndi gombe lakumwera kwa California kudadzetsa mikangano yambiri pazomwe zidalola nkhandwe kuti zisaonenso kuzilumba izi ndi momwe zidachitikira. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, kuchuluka kwamakono ndi mtundu wina wakale wa mpikisano wocheperako, womwe udafikira kuzilumba kudzera milatho yomwe idayambika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mafunde panyanja pa Pleistocene. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina lodziwika bwino, oyambitsa nkhandwe zoyambirira anali ofanana kukula ndi kumtunda. Ankhandwe amtundu mwina poyambirira adafika pachilumba chimodzi chakumpoto kwa Channel pakati pa Late Pleistocene, pomwe nyanja zamchere zinali zotsika komanso mtunda waufupi pakati pa mainland ndi zilumba anali pafupifupi 8 km. Pakutalika kwakutalika, amakula thupi lawo laling'ono. Kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka nyanja nthawi ya Late Pleistocene kudatsogolera kugawa kwa nkhandwe zazing'ono za pachilumbachi kudzera pazomangira kumpoto kwa zilumba za Channel kudutsa pamilatho. Mbidzi ya pachilumbachi inakhala ndi nzika za ku Chumash pafupifupi zaka 1000. Amakhulupirira kuti a Chumash adanyamula nkhandwe kuchokera kuzilumba zakumpoto kupita kuzilumba zazikulu zitatu zakumwera kwa Channel (San Clemente, Santa Catalina ndi San Nicholas). Mwina izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zikopa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pamiyambo yamtundu kapena nkhandwe zinali ngati nyama zapakhomo.
Zambiri zam'mero ndi zofukula zakale zikuwonetsa kuti nkhandwe zimakhala pazilumba zakumpoto zaka 10-16 zaka masauzande, komanso kum'mwera - zaka 2000 - 3,4.3. Posachedwa, zomwe akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja adaziyanjananso, zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe aposachedwa a nkhandwe pazilumba zakumpoto zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo.
Island Fox ndi nkhandwe yaying'ono kwambiri ku North America. Chimawoneka ngati nkhandwe yaimvi, koma yaying'ono komanso yamdima. Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi ndi 48-50 cm, kutalika kwa phewa ndi 12-15 masentimita, kutalika kwa mchira ndi 11-29 masentimita, kukula kwake ndi kocheperako kuposa amphaka ambiri apakhomo. Mchira wa nkhandwe wachilumbachi ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi, ndipo miyendo ndiyifupi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi kuposa nkhandwe zaimvi. Nkhandwe zazikulu zimalemera pakati pa 1.1 ndi 2.8 kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono komanso olemera kuposa zazikazi. Pafupifupi, nkhandwe zazikulu kwambiri pachilumba cha Santa Catalina komanso zazing'ono kwambiri pachilumba cha Santa Cruz.
Mitundu ya dorsal imakhala yoyera ndi yakuda, m'munsi mwa makutu ndi m'mbali mwa khosi ndi miyendo imakhala utoto wa sinamoni. Mosakhulupirika ndi zoyera.
Kusiyana kwakhalidwe pakati pa nkhandwe za pachilumbachi sikuwonekera kwambiri, koma mitunduyi imasiyana kwambiri ndi nkhandwe imvi. Kuyandikira kwa taxonomic ndi nkhandwe imvi, komanso kusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zilumba za pachilumba, sizimamveka bwino. Kupatula zomwe tafotokozazo, palibe zoyesera zam'mbuyomu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira ubale wa biiogeographic ndi taxonomic wa Urocyon littoralis. Posachedwa, kusintha kwamtundu wa nkhandwe za pachilumba kwawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito karyology komanso kuwunika kwa majini. Morphologically, nyamazo zinaulula kusinthasintha kwapakati kwa chilumba kukula, mawonekedwe amphuno ndi kuchuluka kwake, komanso kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya caudal vertebrae. Zotsatira zamtunduwu zatsimikizira kugawa kwa mitunduyi m'magulu asanu ndi amodzi ndikutsimikizira njira yogawikidwira.
Zowonetsedwa Pano 6 ma subspecies.
Monga canins ambiri, nkhandwe zimatha kuthamanga kwambiri ndikugwira nyama yaying'ono pamatanthwe otseguka. Ankhandwe ndi mafoni kwambiri ndipo amatha kukwera mitengo ndi miyala mosavuta. Amakhala ndi phokoso lopapatiza, lomwe limawalola kuti agwidwe ndi ming'alu ndi mabowo, komanso mawonekedwe abwino. Kutha kuwona nyama yolusa kumatheka chifukwa cha masinthidwe a dichromatic ndi ausiku, chomalizachi chimalimbikitsidwa ndi gawo lapadera lowunikira mu chigoba cha diso (tapetum lucidum).
Ankhandwe a pachilumba amalankhula ndi manja ndi mawu. Amalembanso madera awo. Ndowe zimatha kupezeka m'misewu, m'njira, ndi malo ena otchuka.
Mbidzi ya pachilumbachi ndi nyama yokhazikika, nthawi zambiri anthu amawopa pang'ono. Maganizo a anthu amasiyanasiyana pakati pa zilumba. Pazilumba zomwe nkhandwe ndi anthu ndizofala, nkhandwe zikuwoneka kuti sizikhudzidwa kwenikweni. M'malo ngati mumisasa, nkhandwe zimatha kulimba mtima kwambiri.
Nyengo za kuzilumba za Chennal ku gombe la California ndizopanda chilala. Mvula imagwa mosiyanasiyana pakati pa zilumba, koma ndizosakwana mainchesi sikisi pachaka. Zilumba zikuluzikulu (Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina ndi San Clemente) zili ndi mitsinje yosatha yomwe imathandizira masamba azomera zam'madzi ndi mitundu ya mitengo. Ankhandwe amapezeka m'malo ambiri, koma amakonda zitsamba kapena malo okhala ndi mitengo monga chapparaly, zitsamba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi nkhalango za oak. Zomera zachilengedwe zakutchire zimakhala malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma malowa adasinthidwa kwambiri chifukwa cholowetsa nyama zodyetsa kuzilumba ndi zina za anthu. Zilumba zakumpoto (San Miguel, Santa Rosa ndi Santa Cruz) ndi chilumba cha San Nicholas (kumwera) ali ndi madera ambiri omwe amalamulidwa ndi mitundu yazomera, monga udzu ndi zomera za ayezi pachaka. Kubwezeretsa kwa Habitat ku Santa Rosa ndi Santa Cruz kwathandiza kwambiri kubwezeretsa nkhandwe. Zilumba zakumwera (Santa Catalina, San Clemente ndi San Nicholas) ndiwopangidwa bwino: mabwalo oyendera pansi ndi mzinda wa Avalon.
Ndikofunika kulingalira zakusiyana kwachilengedwe pakati pa zisumbu poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe. Zilumba zakum'mwera zimakhala ndi malo okhala komanso nyengo yofunda ndipo, chifukwa chake, zitsamba zowala kwambiri komanso zam'chipululu. Zilumba zakumpoto zili ndi malo osyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo zimagwa mvula yambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti mitsinje yachikale izituluka yomwe imathandizira masamba azomera zam'mphepete komanso malo okhala nkhalango omwe samapezeka kuzilumba zakumwera. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri okhala nkhandwe zakumwera sanazunzike kwambiri chifukwa cha chiwombankhanga chagolide. Kuphatikiza pakusiyana kwachilengedwe, chilumba chilichonse chili ndi mbiri yosiyana ndi momwe anthu amakhalira ndikusintha kwa malo okhala. Koma kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe zakutchire kuyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe, kusiyana pakati pa zilumbazo kumakhala kopanda ntchito.
Mbawala ya pachilumbachi posankha malo okhalamo ndi chilengedwe chonse chomwe chimapezeka m'malo onse achilengedwe ku Channel Islands, ngakhale imakonda madera okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso masamba.
Malo okhala nkhandwe za pachilumbachi ndi monga malo odyetserako ziweto, zitsamba zaminga za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nkhalango zam'mphepete, mapiri, nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nthawi zambiri, zilumba zakum'mwera zimakhala ndi malo okhala pang'ono chifukwa nyengo yotentha. Zilumba zazikulu zakumpoto, makamaka Santa Cruz ndi Santa Rosa, zili ndi malo osiyanasiyana, komanso mvula yambiri pachaka. Malo okhala Shrub ndi nkhalango ndi malo okhala kwambiri ndipo amakonda kukhala ochulukitsa a nkhandwe kuposa malo okhala msipu.
Nkhandwe za pachilumbazi zimapezeka zigwa ndi mapezedwe a piedmont, mapiri am'mphepete mwa kumwera, malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso zosakanikirana, malo obisika a cactus, chaparral, nkhalango yam'madzi yam'mwera, nkhalango yakum'mwera, nkhalango za paini, ndi malo osambira.
Ankhandwewa amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yaying'ono yolimidwa kuposa malo ena, ngakhale kuti tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tambiri timakhala tambiri mu udzu. Nthawi yomweyo, meadipu amakhala wandiweyani ndipo amatha kupangitsa kuti chakudya chichepere. Kuphatikiza apo, madera okhala ndi masamba otsika, monga madambo, amachititsa nkhandwe za pachilumbachi kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha omwe amadana ndi ndege.
Ankhandwe a pachilumbachi nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka ndipo amadya nyama ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zamnyengo zosiyanasiyana. Zakudya zawo zimatengera kupezeka kwa zinthu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo makoswe, tizilombo, abuluzi, mbalame, zipatso, nkhono, ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zakudya zimatengera malo, chilumba ndi nyengo. Zomwe zimapangira zakudya pazilumba zakum'mwera ndi kafadala (Coleoptera spp.), Deer hamsters (Peromyscus maniculatus), nkhono (Helix aspera), carp carp (Carpobrotus spp.), Zipatso za cactus za peick prickly (Opuntia spp) ndi crickets (Stenopalmat. Zofunikira pazakudya pazilumba zakumpoto zilinso ndi nyama zam'mera, kafadala, ma cickets ndi kafadala-carp kuwonjezera pa abuluzi ndi zipatso za toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) ndi bearberry kapena manzanite (Arctostaphylus spp.). Zina zomwe sizili kwambiri pamadyedwewa zimaphatikizapo crustaceans, mazira a mbalame, carrion of unulates ndi zoweta zam'madzi.
Amathanso kusaka mbewa zoweta (Mus musculus) pachilumba cha Santa Catalina ndi makoswe (Rattus rattus) kuzilumba za Santa Catalina, San Miguel ndi San Clemente. Nyama za Reindeer ndizofunikira kwambiri makamaka pa nthawi ya kubereka, popeza ndizambiri, zakudya zopatsa mphamvu ndi nkhandwe zachikulire zimatha kubweretsa ana awo akakula. Kuphatikiza pa zinyama zazing'ono, nkhandwe zimadya mbalame zodyera kumapeto kwa mbalame monga mitengo ya nkhonya (Eremophila alpestris) ndi meadow cadavers (Sturnella oblia). Zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'zakudya ndi ma amphibians, repitles ndi carrion zam'madzi za m'madzi.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhandwe zomwe zimadya zilumba zazing'ono (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) - zilombo zomwe zimakhala kuzilumba za Santa Rosa ndi Santa Cruz.
Ankhandwe a pachilumbachi amadya mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo bearberry (Arctostaphylos), udzudzu (Comarostaphylis), heteromeles (Heteromeles), prickly peari (Opuntia), zitsamba (Prunus, Rhus, Rosa), nightshade (Solanum) ndi mabulosi a mabulosi (V). Ankhandwe a San Miguel Island amadalira kwambiri zipatso za mkuyu wam'nyanja (Carpobrotus chilensis).
Gawo lililonse la gawo lililonse la zakudyazo limasiyanasiyana nyengo ndi nyengo kutengera chilumbachi. Pazilumba zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu yambiri, nkhandwe za pachilumbachi zimadya zipatso zochulukirapo ndipo zimakumana ndi nyengo yabwino yachilala. Zilumba za San Miguel ndi San Nicholas ndizomera zazing'ono kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa nkhandwe kudalira kwambiri mitundu yobadwa nayo. Ndianthu awa omwe avutika kwambiri pakupitilira kwa chilala chachitali. Ankhandwe a pachilumba omwe amalandila chakudya kuchokera kwa anthu mwachangu amatha msanga ndipo mwina sangaphunzitse ana awo momwe angasakire ndi kupeza chakudya chachilengedwe.
Ankhandwe amatha kugwira ntchito kwa maola 24, koma chakudya chimakonda kugwidwa nthawi yamadzulo (ntchito zamadzulo). Zochitika za nkhandwe ya pachilumbachi ndizofanana tsiku lililonse kuposa nkhandwe yayikulu, mwina chifukwa cha mbiri yakale yolusa kuzilumba ndi kuzunzidwa kwa anthu.
Nthawi zolimbikira za nkhandwe za pachilumbachi zimatchulidwa, ngakhale kuli ntchito ya masana. Poyerekeza ndi msuweni waukulu, nkhandwe imvi, zomwe zimapezeka mkati zimawonetsa zochitika zazikulu tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chosowa zilombo zazikulu. Kafukufuku pachilumba cha Santa Cruz adawonetsa zochitika ndikuyenda mosiyanasiyana nyengo, kugonana ndi mibadwo ya nkhandwe pogwiritsa ntchito kolala ya telemetric. Zochita zapamwamba kwambiri zinali nyengo yozizira, zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku - 64%. M'chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku kunatsikira mpaka 36,8%, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Amuna anali ndi malo akuluakulu akunyumba ndikuwonjezereka kuyenda kwakanthawi yobereketsa (Disembala -February) chifukwa chosaka zazikazi.
Zotsatira zakuwonera zidawonetsa kusankha kwa ntchito usiku m'malo okhala malo abata komanso udzu. Mitundu yayitali kwambiri yogwirira ntchito usiku imatha chifukwa cha nyama zomwe zimadya usiku umodzi, monga mbewa ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo. Ngati ntchito ya usiku ndigwiritse ntchito malo otseguka, izi zimathandizira kuyenda kwa nkhandwe. Kuwona nkhandwe zikuyenda usiku m'misewu yamdothi, yomwe imadziwika kuti malo otseguka, akuti.
Monga lamulo, nkhandwe za pachilumbazi zimakhala ndi madera ocheperako, zimakhala malo okhala kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi mtunda wamfupi kuposa nkhandwe zazikulu za imvi. Kukula ndi kusanjika kwa malo am'nyumba zimatengera mawonekedwe, kugawa kwa zinthu, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe, mtundu wa malo, nyengo ndi kugonana kwa nyama. Makulidwe olembedwa azinyumba kuyambira pa 0,24 km² kukhala malo osakanizika mpaka 0.87 km² m'malo okhuthala a Santa Cruz Island, mpaka 0.77 km² m'matumba a San Clemente Island. Kukula kwa nkhandwe ku Santa Cruz Island kudachokera pa 0.15 mpaka 0.87 km² ndi kukula kwa 0.55 km² nthawi yayitali komanso yayitali kwambiri ya nkhandwe (7 nkhandwe pa km 1).
Kafukufuku ku Santa Cruz Island adapeza kuti nkhandwe zakomweko, monga nkhandwe zambiri, zimakhala m'mabanja omwe amakhala ndi mabanja omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa magawo kunasinthidwa pambuyo pa imfa ndikusinthidwa amuna awiri, koma osati pambuyo pa imfa ndikusinthidwa m'malo awiri akazi kapena mwana. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti abambo akuluakulu amatenga nawo gawo pakukonza ndi kukonza gawo. Ngakhale pali nkhandwe yolumikizana komanso malo okhala, nkhandwe za pachilumbachi sizimangokhala zachilengedwe. Pachilumba cha Santa Cruz, ana anayi mwa atatu alionse omwe makolo awo adadziwika ndi kuwunika kwa makolo awo ndi omwe adachitika chifukwa cha ubwamuna. Maubwenzi onse ophatikizidwa kwambiri adachitika pakati pa nkhandwe m'malo oyandikana nawo.
Ngakhale nkhandwe zakuzilumba zimatha kubereka kumapeto kwa chaka chawo choyamba, ambiri amayamba kubereka atakula. Akazi amatha kukhala ndi pakati mchaka choyamba, koma nthawi zambiri amalephera kulera ana. 16% yokha mwa akazi azaka 1 mpaka 2 wazaka ziwiri zomwe amakhala pachilumba cha San Miguel, mosiyana ndi 60% ya akazi achikulire. Akazi achichepere ali ndi mitengo yotsika pobereka kuposa akuluakulu pachilumba cha Santa Cruz. Komabe, akazi omwe adangobadwa kumene kuchokera ku ukapolo pachilumba cha San Miguel adatulutsa zinyalala ali ndi zaka 1. Zisanachitike kuchuluka kwa anthu mu 1990s, nkhandwe za pachilumba chachikulu zidakhala zaka pafupifupi 4-6. Pachilumba cha San Miguel, anthu 8 adalembedwa kuti akhala zaka 7 mpaka 10 kuthengo. Pali chizindikiro chakuti anthu angapo olusa adakhalako zaka 12.
Ubwenzi ndi kuwongolera nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuyambira mu Disembala mpaka Febere, kuswana kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Marichi. Akazi amakhala mu estrus kwa maola 40, kamodzi pachaka, komanso pokhapokha wamwamuna ali pafupi. Maanja pachilumba cha San Miguel adawonedwa pamasabata awiri oyambilira a Marichi 2000, ndipo maubwenzi ambiri opambana mwina zinachitika pakati pa Okutobala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Pambuyo pathupi, pafupifupi masiku 50-53, nkhandwe zimabadwa. Izi zimachitika kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo, nthawi zina mpaka pakati pa Meyi. Mu 2015, ana agalu adalemba pa zilumba zakumwera mwezi waFebruary. Kuyambira pa Epulo 1 mpaka Epulo 25, kubadwa kwa anthu kunalembedwa ngati nkhandwe.
Ankhandwe a pachilumba amabereka ana m'malo osavuta, pansi pa zitsamba kapena m'mbali mwa mitsinje. Kupezeka kwa chakudya kumakhudza zinyalala, zomwe zimasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5, pafupifupi 2-3. Wamkazi wokhala ndi zakudya zambiri amapezeka ndi ana agalu osakwana asanu, ndipo kusowa kwa zinthu pa San Miguel Island mu 2013 ndi 2014 kudapangitsa kuti pachilumba chonse chisaberekane. Kukula kwakukulu kwapakati pa ana 24 obadwa pa Santa Cruz Island ndi 2.17. Mwambo utali wonse wa nkhandwe zapachilumba zomwe zidagwidwa kuchokera mu 1999 mpaka 2004 (wazaka 51) ndi nkhandwe 2.4. Monga mitundu ina ya nkhandwe, makolo onse awiri amawonetsa chidwi ndi ana a nkhandwe. Wamphongo amadyetsa mkaziyo kwa nthawi yoyamba, kenako amathandizira kudyetsa nkhandwe zomwe zimachoka kuphanga mu June.
Pobadwa, ana agalu amakhala akhungu, ndipo khungu lawo limayamba kutuwa mpaka lakuda. Pakutha kwa Julayi kapena koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, mtundu woyambirira umasinthidwa ndi wachikulire wokhala ndi dzimbiri yambiri, ndipo ana agalu amakhala pafupi ndi akulu. Kusamalira makolo kawiri kumawonjezera kupulumuka kwa ana, komanso kumathandizira malo ochulukirapo a mabanja. Mosatalikirana, zikuwoneka pokhapokha pakubala. Sizikudziwika ngati dera ili likuwonetsedwa pa nkhandwe zochepa.
Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, nkhandwe zazing'ono zimakhala nthawi yayitali kunja kwa khola, koma zimakhala ndi makolo awo nthawi yonse yotentha. Ana agalu amayamba kusaka m'derali ndi makolo awo limodzi koyambirira kwa chilimwe, ndipo kubalalika kumayambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala ndikumaliza komaliza kwa dera la makolo pofika Disembala. Ana agalu ena amachoka kumagawo lawo nthawi yachisanu, ngakhale ena atakhala m'gawo lawo chaka chachiwiri.
Mitundu yotsalazika imafuna kufufuza kwina. Zinapezeka kuti makolo amawonjezera madera awo kuchokera kwachibadwa pakugwa, pamene ana agalu amakhala otakataka. Ana agalu amakhalabe komweko kufikira Disembala, pambuyo pake kubalalika kumachitika. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere kupulumuka kwa ana agalu chifukwa cha kusaka koyambirira kudera lodziwika. Zowunikira m'munda zawonetsa kuti akazi azaka zoyambirira amakhala ndi malo awo pafupi ndi abambo, pomwe amuna nthawi zambiri amadzabalalanso kuchokera ku zibadwidwe, mwina kuti athetse mwayi wokwatirana ndi akazi. Maulendo obalalika wamba olembedwa pachilumba cha Santa Cruz anali ochepa kwambiri (1.39 km) kuyerekeza ndi nkhandwe zaimvi ndi mamembala ena am'banjali. Chifukwa cha kukula kochepera kwa zilumbazi, kufalitsa mtunda wautali sikungatheke.
Kuwongolera kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide kunapangitsa kuti kutha kwa zaka zomaliza za 1990s zamasamba a nkhandwe za zisumbu kuzilumba za San Miguel, Santa Cruz ndi Santa Rosa. Kusaka kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide kukupitirizabe kukhala chinthu chachikulu pakufa kwa nkhandwe kuzilumba zakumpoto kwa Channel.
Kuwonongeka kwa chiwombankhanga chakumtunda (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) ku Channel Islands chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) mwina kwathandizira kuti dera lino ligwirizane ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Ziwombankhanga zam'mphepete mwa phokoso zidayambira kuzilumbazi komanso kuzunza kwawo, makamaka nyengo yakubzala, zidathamangitsa chiwombankhanga chagolide ndipo sizinawalole kuti azikhala pano. Komabe, izi zinali mpaka 1960, pomwe chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi DDT, chiwombankhanga sichinawonongeke kuzilumba zakumpoto. Zakudya za chiwombankhanga zamadazi zimadalira chuma cham'madzi, ndipo chiwombankhanga chagolide pachikhalidwe chake chimangoyang'ana pa zapamtunda zokhazikika pamtunda. Kuphatikiza apo, kuzilumba zambiri zakumpoto, msipu wa nkhosa unasinthiratu maluwa oyamba kukhala zitsamba kukhala masamba obiriwira, omwe anasiya nkhandwe m'malo obisalako nyama zokhala ndi mbewa.
Wina amene amangoyendetsa nkhandwe za pachilumbachi ndi akambuku owoneka ngati ofiira (Buteo jamaicensis), omwe nthawi zambiri amawadyera ana agalu osati nkhandwe zachikulire. Pakhala pali malipoti osatsimikizika okhalapo a nkhandwe zapambali, koma palibe umboni waposachedwa kapena waposachedwa wotsimikizira kuti nkhandwe ndizopambana.
Zowonjezera zomwe zimafa ndi nkhandwe za pachilumbachi ndi kufa m'misewu, matenda ena ndi majeremusi. Pafupifupi mlandu umodzi wokhudza kufa kwa nkhandwe chifukwa chosaka ndi anthu osadziwika (omwe adadziwika) adatsimikiziridwa mu 2007 pachilumba cha Santa Catalina. Kuphatikizana ndi magalimoto kumakhalabe chowopsa kwa nkhandwe za pachilumba pazilumba za San Nicolas, San Clemente ndi Santa Catalina. Pachilumba cha Santa Catalina kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2007 pafupifupi nkhandwe 4 zimaphedwa chaka chilichonse panjira. Ankhandwe oposa 30 amafa ndi magalimoto pachaka pachilumba cha San Clemente. Pachilumba cha San Nicholas kuyambira 1993 mpaka 2013, nkhandwe 17 zimamwalira kuchokera kunyamula chaka chilichonse, mu 2013 22 nkhandwe zinafa. Chiwerengerochi chimaphatikizapo nkhandwe zokha zomwe zidaphedwa pomwepo. Zikuwoneka kuti nyama zina zidavulazidwa kenako ndikufa, kapena kuti panali ana agalu omwe sanapulumuke amayi awo atamwalira. Chifukwa chake, chiwopsezo chomwalira pachaka cha magalimoto mwina ndichokwera.
Ngakhale pakhala palibe zoopsa zakufa, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe za pachilumba kumasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Anthu okhala pachilumba cha Santa Cruz nthawi zina adawona nthawi zosowa komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe. Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe za Santa Catalina Island chinali chotsika mu 1972 ndi 1977. Komabe, podzafika 1994, nkhandwe zazikulu za Santa Catalina Island zidakhala zopitilira 1300. Koyambilira kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe za San Nicholas kudawonedwa kukhala kotsika kwambiri, koma pofika 1984 adafika pa anthu pafupifupi 500.
Magawo anayi a nkhandwe ya pachilumbapo (nkhandwe za zisumbu za San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz ndi Santa Catalina) adatsika mofulumira kuchuluka kwa theka lachiwiri la 1990s. Kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe kuzilumba za San Miguel, Santa Rosa ndi Santa Cruz kwatsika ndi 90-95%. Pofika chaka cha 1999, anthu amakhulupirira kuti nkhandwe za zilumba za pachilumba cha kumpoto kwa Channel zidali zangozi, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi Santa Catalina pofika chaka cha 2000.
Mu 2004, mabungwe anayi mwa asanu ndi amodzi adaphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wa mabungwe aku US chifukwa kuchepa kowopsa kwa anthu awo. Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe za chisumbu cha San Miguel (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) chatsika kuchokera pa anthu 450 kufikira 15, zisumbu za Santa Rosa (U. l. Santarosae) zatsika kuchoka pa anthu oposa 1750 kufikira 15, zisumbu za Santa Cruz (U. l Santacruzae) kuchokera ku pafupifupi anthu 1,450 adatsika mpaka pafupifupi 55; zisumbu za Santa Catalina (U. l. catalinae) zidatsika kuchoka pa 1300 kufika pa 103. Ankhandwe za chisumbu cha San Clemente (U. lmentmentae) ndi chilumba cha San Nicholas (U. dickeyi) sizinatero. adaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wamabungwe, popeza anthu awo sanakumaneko. Komabe, mabungwe onse 6 amawerengedwa kuti ali pangozi m'dera la California.
Ziwopsezo ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zigawo zinayi za nkhandwe zomwe zili pangozi zisakhale pangozi:
1) kulosera kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide (Aquila chrysaetos) (zilumba za San Miguel, Santa Rosa ndi Santa Cruz),
2) kufalitsa kwa virus ya canine distemper (Santa Catalina Island).
Kuphatikiza apo, popeza chiwerengero chilichonse cha nkhandwe za pachilumba ndizochepa, zimakhala pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha mitundu yocheperako. Ziwopsezo zina zomwe zathandizira kuchepa kwa nkhandwe za pachilumbachi kapena kupitilizabe kukomoka nkhandwe za pachilumbachi ndipo malo okhala ndikuwonongeka kwadera komwe kumadyetsa msipu, matenda, komanso majeremusi.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu olembedwa kuzilumba zingapo, njira yochotsera anthu pantchito inakhazikitsidwa kuzilumba zakumpoto. Gulu lenileni la awiriawiri 20 lidapangidwa kuti likhale gawo la pulogalamu yobereketsa.
Podzafika mu 2003, ntchito yozunza anthu anali atatsala pang'ono kukwaniritsa cholinga cha anthu awiriawiri. Kukula kwa pachaka kwa anthu ogwidwa kuchokera kuzilumba za Santa Rosa ndi San Miguel kufikira 1.2 ndi 1.3, motsatana.
Ntchito yobwezeretsa anthu ku zilumba zakumpoto inatha kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2008. Kuchokera pa anthu 10 mpaka 20 omwe adatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo amasulidwa chaka chilichonse.
Ntchito yobwezeretsa inali kuphatikiza kuwerengera akapolo (kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2008), kuchotsedwa kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide, kutumiza nkhumba zakuthengo, mbuzi zamtchire ndikulowetsa agwape ndi mbewa (zonse - kusaka chiwombankhanga chagolide), komanso kubwezeretsa ziwombankhanga zazipangiri. Chiwerengero chonse cha nkhandwe chimayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchitoawayilesi komanso kuwerengera pachaka. Ankhandwe achilumba pachilichonse kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo amaikidwa ndi zodziwika koyamba kugwidwa. Ankhandwe ena pachilumba chilichonse amapatsidwa katemera pachaka kuchokera ku ma canine distarrer ndi matenda a chiwewe.
Anthu okhala pa nkhandwe za pachilumbachi amapezanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso kupulumuka pazilumba zambiri, ndipo ena mwa njira zawo zayamba kuchira. Njira zachilengedwe zobwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu azilumba za San Miguel, Santa Cruz ndi Santa Catalina zitha kukwaniritsidwa pofika 2013, Santa Rosa - makamaka pofika chaka cha 2017.
Pofika chaka cha 2013, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe za pachilumba kwawonjezeka mpaka anthu 1000 kuzilumba za Santa Catalina ndi Santa Cruz, mpaka pafupifupi 900 pachilumba cha Santa Rosa komanso pafupifupi 600 pachilumba cha San Miguel. Kuphatikiza apo, padakali pano mitundu yonse ya nkhandwe yachilumbachi ilinso ndi moyo wopitilira 80%.
Mkhalidwe wamtchire zamtchire mu 2015: khola (San Clemente), lobwezeretsedwa (Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina), labwezeretsedwa (Santa Rosa). Zotsatira za chilala zidapangitsa kutsika pang'ono kuzilumba za San Nicholas ndi San Miguel, koma onsewa amakhalabe okhazikika.
[Sinthani] Gulu
- Urocyon littoralis catalinae - chilumba cha Santa Catalina.
- Urocyon littoralis clementae - chilumba cha San Clemente.
- Urocyon littoralis dickeyi - chilumba cha San Nicholas.
- Urocyon littoralis littoralis - chilumba cha San Miguel.
- Urocyon littoralis santacruzae - chilumba cha Santa Cruz.
- Urocyon littoralis santarosae - chilumba cha Santa Rosa.
[Sinthanitsani] Khalidwe
Ankhandwe a pachilumba ndi nyama zayekha. Dera la gawo la amuna limakwirira magawo angapo achikazi ndipo ndi 0.5-1 mile 2. Amphongo amadzaza gawo, kusiya mkodzo ndi ndowe pansi. Nkhandwe za pachilumba zimakhala usiku kwambiri, koma zimawonedwa masana. Nyama zimatha kubindikira usiku. Kulumikizana kumachitika wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana, zopangidwira komanso mawonekedwe.
Ankhandwe achilumba ndi ochezeka kwambiri, omvera, osewera komanso achidwi. Samaopa anthu. Kukwiya kwa anthu kumatha kuwonetsedwa kuthengo kokha.
Ankhandwe a pachilumba ndi omnivores; chakudyacho chimakhala makamaka ndi tizilombo komanso zipatso. Zipatso ndi zipatso zimaphatikizapo manzanites, toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), quinoa (Atriplex) ndi ngaleWophunzira) Zakudya za nyama zimakhala ndi mbewa zam'madzi ndi mbalame zingapo, nthawi zina abuluzi, amphibians, nkhono za pamtunda, ndi zinyalala zomwe anthu adasiya.
[Sinthani] Kubweretsanso
Mu nkhandwe za pachilumbachi, kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi sikufotokozeredwa bwino ndipo ubale wofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi umawonedwa, zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti tinene kuti ndiamwano.
Nthawi yakukhwima imatenga nthawi ya Januware mpaka Epulo ndipo zimatengera kutalika. Mimba imatenga masiku 50-63, pambuyo pake 1-5-5 ana obadwa. Kubala mwana kumachitika mdzenje, komwe kumatha kukhala dzenje m'mitengo, mabowo pansi, mulu wa miyala, zitsamba, matako ngakhale zida zopanga. Phirilo limateteza nkhandwe kuti zisagwidwe ndi nyengo yoipa, zilombo zolusa ndi zoopsa zina.
Ankhandwe obadwa kumene amakhala akhungu, olemera pafupifupi g 100. Kuchepetsa kumatenga milungu 7 mpaka 9. Pofika nthawi yozizira, achinyamata amakula akamakula. Ankhandwe amakhala ndi makolo awo nthawi yonse ya chilimwe, kudzipatula kwa iwo pofika Seputembala.Kutha msambo kumachitika pazaka 10, ndipo kuyambira pachaka, nkhandwe za pachilumbazi zimatha kubereka kale.
[Sinthani] Magawidwe ndi chitetezo
Mtundu wa nkhandwe ya pachilumbachi umakwanitsa zisumbu zisanu ndi zitatu mwa Channel Archipelago. Malo okhala, nkhokwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, zitsamba za m'chipululu, chaparral, mitengo ya paini ndi oak.
Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe zachilumba kuyambira 2002 zidali pafupifupi anthu 1,500, pomwe mu 1994 zidali pafupifupi 4,000. Pa zilumba zinayi mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi, chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika mofulumira pazaka 4 zapitazi. Pazilumba za San Miguel ndi Santa Cruz, kuchuluka kwa anthu kunatsika ndi 90% pakati pa 1995 ndi 2000. Kutsika kofananako kumawonedwa pazilumba za Santa Rosa ndi Santa Catalina. Chiwerengero cha San Miguel tsopano ndi nkhandwe 28, ku Santa Rosa - nkhandwe 45, nyama zimasungidwa kuzilumba zonse ziwiri. Pachilumba cha Santa Cruz, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe za pachilumbaku kudatsika 1312 mu 1993 kufika pa 133 mu 1999. Ziwerengero za 2001 zimawonetsa kuti pazikhalidwe zachilengedwe pachilumbachi ndi nyama 60-80 zokha zomwe zasungidwa, kuyambira 2002 zimasungidwanso mu ukapolo. Anthu okhala ku Santa Cruz ndi San Miguel amafunikira kutetezedwa mwachangu. Pachilumba cha Santa Catalina, nkhandwe za pachilumbachi zimakhala ndi mbali yake yakum'mawa, zomwe ndi chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mliri wa canine mu 1999. Chiwerengero cha San Clement chikuyembekezeka ndi nkhandwe zazikulu za 410. Chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu kwambiri chimapezeka pachilumba cha San Nicholas - anthu pafupifupi 734 okhala ndi wandiweyani (5.6-16.4 foxes / km 2).
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza kwambiri nkhandwe ya pachilumbachi ndi kulosera kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide (Achila chrysaetos) Matenda osiyanasiyana agalu nawonso ndi oopsa. Anthu onse ndi ochepa, ena ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa chake ngozi iliyonse yakufa yomwe ikuopseza nkhandwe, kaya ikhale chiwombankhanga chagolide, matenda agalu kapena tsoka lachilengedwe. Posachedwa, ku San Clemente, chifukwa chakusaka kwa nkhandwe za pachilumba, amodzi mwa boma la American Julan (Lanius ludovicianus) Ankhandwe a pachilumba adawonongedwa kuti asungire mbalameyi. Ndipo ngakhale kuwomberako kunatha, nkhandwe zimagwidwabe ndikugwidwa ukapolo nyengo yamadzi ya Zhulan yaku America. Kuphatikiza apo, malo okhala malo okhala amatetezedwa ndi mipanda yamagetsi yomwe imamangidwa mozungulira iwo, yomwe imawopseza nkhandwe.
International Union for Conservation of Nature imafotokoza kuti nkhandwe ya pachilumbachi ili “pangozi kwambiri”. CR) Maganizo ake sanaphatikizidwe ndi Mapulogalamu a CITES.
Mitundu: Urocyon littoralis Baird, 1858 = Island Gray Fox
ISLAND FOX, ISLAND FOX
Dzina lachi Latin: Urocyon littoralis littoralis. Dzinalo lasayansi Littoralis limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Latin kuti "likupezeka, limakula kumtunda kapena pafupi ndi nyanja", kapena monga cholengedwa pachilumba. Mbawala ya pachilumbachi Urocyon littoralis ndiye wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa mitundu yonse ya nkhandwe yotchedwa Urocyon cineroargenteus.
Mayina ena: ISLAND GRAY FOX, ISLAND GRAY FOX
Kugawidwa kumalire ndi gawo la zisumbu zazikulu zisanu ndi chimodzi (Channel Islands), lomwe lili pamtunda wa makilomita 19-60 kuchokera pagombe lakumwera kwa California, USA. Izi zikuphatikizapo zilumba za Santa Catalina, San Clement, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, ndi Santa Rosa.
Ankhandwe amtundu wa pachilumba ndi mtundu wocheperako wa nkhandwe wochokera ku United States. Mpaka posachedwa, nkhandwe ya pachilumbachi idawonedwa ngati subspecies ya imvi nkhokwe (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), yaying'ono, komanso yokhala ndi mchira wamfupi, momwe mumakhala ma vertebrae awiri ochepera kuposa nkhandwe zaimvi kuchokera kumtunda. Mwana wobadwa kwa nkhandwe yaimvi, phokoso la pachilumbachi lakhala mtundu wina wapadera koposa zaka 10,000, limasunga machitidwe a kholo lawo, koma posintha, kukula kwake kwatsika ndipo pakadali pano magawo awiri okha a kukula kwa kholo.
Kuwona kwathunthu kwa nkhandweyo kumapangidwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, chimodzi mwa zilumba zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe amakhala. Ankhandwe ochokera kuzilumba payekhapayekha amatha kuphatikizana, koma pali zosiyana zingapo zakuthupi komanso zamtundu zomwe ndizokwanira kuzindikira magulu awo kuti adziyimire payokha. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ma caudal vertebrae kumasiyana kwambiri pachilumba kupita pachilumba. Mapulogalamu onse amatchedwa chilumba chawo komwe adachokera.
Island Fox subspecies:
Urocyon littoralis littoralis - nkhokwe ya San Miguel Island
U. littoralis santarosae - Santa Rosa Fox
U. littoralis santacruzae - Fox wa chisumbu cha Santa Cruz
U. littoralis dickeyi - San Nicholas fox
U. littoralis catalinae - Fox wa chisumbu cha Santa Catalina
U. littoralis clementae - Fox wa chisumbu cha San Clemente
Mtundu: Ubweya wake ndi wonyezimira ndi maupangiri wakuda wa tsitsi komanso mkati mwa sinamoni ku dorsal side, komanso yoyera komanso yofiirira pamaso pabwino. Chibwano, milomo, mphuno, ndi malo amaso ndi zakuda, pomwe mbali za masaya zimachita imvi. Makutu, khosi, ndi mbali za miyendo ndi zofiirira. Mchira wake umakhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakatundu chakumanzere mbali yakumaso ndi tsitsi lakumaso. Kunja kwa mchira wake ndi dzimbiri. Mtundu wa chovalacho ungakhale wosiyana pakati pa nkhandwe pazilumba zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale utasintha kwambiri pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kutuwa kwathunthu mpaka bulauni ndi kufiyira.
Mbawala ya pachilumbachi imawongola kamodzi pachaka mu Ogasiti ndi Novembala.
Ankhandwe achichepere amakhala ndi chovala chokhala ndi ubweya koma chokulirapo pamapewa awo poyerekeza ndi achikulire, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, makutu awo amakhala amtundu wakuda.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira mwa amuna ndi 716 mm (625-716), mwa akazi 689 mm (590-787). Kutalika kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi: 48-50 cm, kutalika kwa mchira: 11-29 masentimita. Kutalika pamapewa kumayambira 12 mpaka 15 cm.
Kulemera kwake: Kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa thupi kuyambira pa 1.3 mpaka 2.8 kg (2.2-4.4 mapaundi), amuna amuna olemera pafupifupi makilogalamu awiri, komanso zazikazi zolemera 1.9 kg.
Kuyembekezera Moyo: Nthawi yayitali yomwe amakhala m'chilengedwe inali yotalikirapo kwa nkhandwe chifukwa inkakhala yopanda zidole komanso matenda. Pakadali pano, zimakhala zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma nkhandwe zina zimakhalabe ndi zaka 15.
Mawu: Kulankhulana momasuka pakati pa nkhandwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kuluma komanso nthawi zina kubangula.
Habitat: Zilumbazi zimakhala ndi nyengo yotentha ndi kutentha kwa chilimwe, komanso kuzizira komanso chinyezi (nyengo yonyowa) nthawi yozizira. Ngakhale kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe ndi kosinthika komanso komwe kumakhazikitsidwa, palibe malo omwe angatchulidwepo. Pamene kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kunali kwakukulu, nkhandwe zimatha kupezeka ndikuwoneka pafupi ndi malo okhala pachilumbachi, kupatula omwe anali osauka kwambiri chifukwa chosokonezedwa ndi anthu. Ankhandwe amakhala m'mipata komanso m'minda yopanda pansi, m'nkhokwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'misipu yamchenga, zisumbu zamitengo yaminga, nkhalango za mitengo ya oak komanso nkhalango zamapine, m'madambo.
Adani: Mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu a nkhandwe za pachilumbachi ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Ziwombankhanga zagolide sizinakhale nthawi zonse kuzilumbazi, koma zidakopeka ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zakutchire kuzungulira 1995, pamene chiwombankhanga chidatha apa. Kutha kwa chiwombankhanga kunapangitsa kuti malo abwino azikhala pachilumba chakumpoto ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chagolide. Chiwombankhanga chagolide chinayamba kusaka bwino nkhandwe ndipo patatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri nkhandwe ija idawonongedwa. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti podzafika 2000, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kuzilumba zitatu zakumpoto kudachepetsedwa ndi 95%.
Choopsa chachikulu pachilumba chonse cha nkhandwe ndi chiopsezo cha matenda oyambitsidwa ndi matendawa, monga leptospirosis, matenda a chiwewe, omwe amatha kuthana ndi nkhandwe. M'chaka chimodzi chokha, pafupifupi 90% ya nkhandwe za Santa Catalina Island zidawonongeka chifukwa cha virus ya canine yomwe imapangitsa ziwindi ndi kufa. Kuchuluka kwa anthu, monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa, kukupitirirabe mpaka pano.
Chifukwa chakukhala kwawo kwokhachokha, nkhandwe za pachilumbazi sizitha kuteteza matenda achilengedwe ndi matenda omwe amabwera kuchokera kumtunda, ndipo zimakonda kwambiri zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi agalu am'deralo. Ankhandwe ochulukirapo amafa pansi pa matayala agalimoto ku zilumba za Santa Catalina, San Clement ndi San Nicholas. Chiwerengero chonse cha nkhandwe za pachilumbachi chatsika kuchokera pa anthu 6,000 mu 1994, mpaka osachepera 1,500 mu 2002. Pazilumba zakumpoto, komwe zochulukazo zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kulumikizidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, nkhandwe ndizochulukirapo m'malo okhala otetezedwa kuchokera kumtunda, kuphatikiza m'nkhalango zaminga zaminga ndi mitengo. Katsabola wokoma (Foeniculum vulgare) ndi madera ena okhala zitsamba za mitengo.
Mbidzi za pachilumba zimasaka usiku, komanso zimagwira ntchito masana. Zakudya zambiri zimatengera komwe nkhandwe zimakhala ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi ya chaka. Koma maziko azakudya zawo, choyambirira, mitundu yonse yazipatso ndi zipatso (kuphatikiza thumba labala, toyoni, quinoa, zipatso zamtundu wa phula ndi zina), kuphatikiza ndi nyama zazing'ono, mbalame, repitili, nkhono za pamtunda, mazira ndi mitundu yonse ya tizilombo, ndi zotsalira za zinyalala za anthu.
Zikafika pokhwima, nkhandwe za pachilumbazi zimapanga buluzi lomwe limatenga nthawi yayitali komanso kubereka ana. Mu nthawi ina ya moyo, amadzitsogolera okha usiku ndipo nthawi zina masana moyo wokondweretsa mpaka nyengo yotsatira ya kubereka. Mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi kuchokera pagulu nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magawo oyandikana ndi malo opitilira 0.5-1 mamailosi, ngakhale magawo awo, atha, pang'ono pang'ono, atha kubisidwa pakati pawo ndi magawo a awiriawiri oyandikana. Kulumikizana pakati pa nkhandwe ndi kudzera m'masomphenya, mamvekedwe ndi kununkhira. Usiku wonse, munthu amatha kumva kulira kwa nkhandwe pakati pawo. Kuyankhulana momasuka mwa njira yolira komanso kuwawa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, zimathandiza kuzindikira otsogola kapena ochepetsetsa. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kugonjera kumatha kufotokozedwa mukakumana ndi kutsika kwa mutu, kuwongola makutu, kuwerama, kunyambita mnzanu komanso kusapezeka kwa maso ndi maso achindunji. Fungo lakuthwa limagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuwunika madera, omwe amachitika ndi mkodzo ndi zinyalala, omwe ali m'malire a ziwembu ndi njira zazikulu zoyendetsera nkhandwe.
Ankhandwe a pachilumba, monga makolo awo akutali, amakwera mitengo bwino.
Pakakhala ukapolo, nkhandwe zitha kuwonetsa kuti zikuchitira anthu nkhanza, koma posachedwa zimasungunuka ndikugonjera. Ochenjera, odekha, osewera komanso achidwi amakhala achilengedwe ankhandwe.
Mapangidwe a anthu: Ankhandwe a pachilumba amakhala pamtunda wambiri kuposa nkhandwe imvi, ndipo pafupifupi mita imodzi pa nkhandwe. Dera la malo amodzi limasiyanitsidwa ndi loyandikana nalo ndi milu ya zinyalala ndikulemba ndi mkodzo. Malire a gawo la amuna amasintha pafupipafupi kuposa achikazi, pomwe dera la akazi, ndikupanga banja nthawi yakuberekana, limapanga malo wamba abambo ndi aamuna ndipo amatetezedwa palimodzi.
Kubalanso: Amaganiziridwa kuti, mwa kuchuluka kwa ankhandwe palinso kuchuluka komwe kumagwirizana pakati pa amuna, amakhala oponderezana.
Zipinda zopezeka pansi ndizopondera, mitengo yopanda pake, milu yamiyala, tchire, mapanga ndi zida zina zokumbira. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri samadzimangira okha pazokha, koma posakhala ndi khola loyenerera, amakumba payekha mu mawonekedwe a dzenje laling'ono pansi. Ana agalu amabadwira mu khola lomwe limatetezedwa bwino komanso lololedwa mosamala ndi zinyalala zouma zomera.
Monga ma canins ena, amuna amatenga gawo lofunikira polera achinyamata. Ana a nkhandwe, atachoka kuphanga ndi kudzipatula, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi khola, pamalo a makolo awo kwakanthawi kochulukirapo. Amafika msinkhu wathunthu wazaka kumapeto kwa chaka chino, koma nthawi zambiri amasiya makolo awo kumapeto kwa Seputembala.
Nyengo / nyengo yakukuswana: Nthawi yakukhwima ndi kukhwima ikutha pa Januware - Epulo ndipo zimatengera kutalika kwa malowa.
Kutha msinkhu: Ankhandwe amayamba kudzilamulira pofika nthawi yophukira, amafika kutha msinkhu pafupifupi miyezi 10, ndipo akazi amabereka ali ndi zaka pafupifupi chimodzi.
Mimba: Mimba: masiku 51-63.
Kubzala: Kukula kwakanthawi pakati pa ana ndi ana agalu, koma kuyambira 1 mpaka 10. Ana agalu sakhala akhungu ndipo alibe chithandizo pakubadwa ndipo ali ndi magalamu pafupifupi 100. Amayiwo amamuyamwitsira ana agalu ndikuwadyetsa mkaka m'masabata oyamba 7-16, ngakhale amawonekera kuchokera kuphanga ndikuyamba kuthira chakudya chomwe makolo amabweretsa, kuyambira ali ndi zaka pafupifupi mwezi umodzi.
Phindu / kuvulaza anthu:
Zowopsa zitatu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhandwe zikhale pachilumbachi ndizowononga malo, mpikisano ndi amphaka amtchire pachakudya, komanso kuopseza matenda omwe abwera kuchokera kumtunda. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe pachilumba cha San Miguel kwatsika kwambiri zaka zisanu zapitazo: ngati mu 1994 kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe akuyerekeza nyama 450, ndiye pofika 1998 zidali nyama 40 zokha.
Zing'onozing'ono sizodziwika bwino pa zilumba za Santa Rosa. Amakhulupirira kuti ndizosowa, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ziwombankhanga zagolide zimachita mbali yayikulu pakutsika kwawo. Kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe pachilumba cha Santa Cruz kuli nyama pafupifupi 100 mpaka 133. Choyambitsa chachikulu chaimfa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Pachilumba cha Santa Catalina, nkhandwe zambiri zidamwalira mu 1999 kuchokera ku chiwewe chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi agalu. Kutemera kwa nkhandwe kwadzetsa kubwezeretsa pang'ono kwa anthu am'deralo ndipo tsopano alipo ochulukabe. Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe pachilumba cha San Clemente ndichokwera, ndipo ku San Nicolas anthu akuchulukirachulukira. Zonsezi pamwambapa zadzetsa mfundo yoti pakadali pano nkhandwe yotuwa pachilumba imatetezedwa kwathunthu kuzilumba zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Ankhandwe achilumba amasaka makamaka usiku, koma amakhalanso achangu masana. Zakudya zawo zimadalira komwe nkhandwe zimakhala ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi ya chaka. Koma maziko azakudya zawo, choyambirira, mitundu yonse yazipatso ndi zipatso (kuphatikiza tannic bearberry, quinoa, peick prickly ndi ena). Inde, nyama yolusa imeneyi singachite popanda nyama mapuloteni, imayang'anira zinyama zazing'ono, mbalame, zokwawa, nkhono za pamtunda, mazira ndi mitundu yonse ya tizilombo, komanso zotsalira za zinyalala za anthu.
Zochita Pachikhalidwe ndi Kubereka
Ankhandwe achilumba ikafika kukhwima, nkhandwe zimapanga ziwiri yomwe imatenga nthawi yayitali komanso kubereka ana. Chaka chonse, nkhandwe zimatsogolera nthawi yobisalira usiku, ndipo nthawi zina masana, zimakhala mpaka nyengo yotsatira yobala. Mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi kuchokera pagulu nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magawo oyandikana ndi malo opitilira 0.5-1 mamailita, ngakhale magawo awo, atathekera pang'ono, wina, atha kuvekedwa pakati pawo ndi magawo a awiriawiri oyandikana nawo. Ankhandwe a pachilumba amakhala malo okhala kwambiri kuposa nkhandwe imvi, ndipo pafupifupi mita imodzi pa nkhandwe. Malire a gawo la amuna amasintha pafupipafupi kuposa achikazi, pomwe gawo la mzimayi limapanga pang'onopang'ono nthawi yakubereke limaphatikizidwa kuti likhale la banja limodzi ndi wamphongo ndipo limatetezedwa palimodzi.
Kulumikizana pakati pa nkhandwe ndi kudzera m'masomphenya, mamvekedwe ndi kununkhira. Usiku wonse, munthu amatha kumva kulira kwa nkhandwe pakati pawo. Kuyankhulana momasuka mwa njira yolira komanso kuwawa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, zimathandiza kuzindikira otsogola kapena ochepetsetsa. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kugonjera kumatha kufotokozedwa mukakumana ndi kutsika kwa mutu, kuwongola makutu, kufuula, kunyambita mnzanu komanso kusapezeka kwina kwamaso. Fungo lakuthwa limagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuwunika madera, omwe amachitika ndi mkodzo ndi zitosi, zomwe zili m'malire a ziwembu ndi njira zazikulu zoyendetsera nkhandwe.
Nthawi yakukhwima ndi mating ikutha pa Januware - Epulo ndipo zimatengera kutalika kwa mtunda. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu za pachilumba zimapanga zodzaza dziko lapansi, mitengo ikuluikulu yamiyala, milu yamiyala, tchire, mapanga ndi zida zina zokumbira. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri samadzimangira okha pazokha, koma posakhala ndi khola loyenerera, amakumbamo okha mwa bowo laling'ono pansi.
Mimba imatenga masiku 51-63. Ana agalu amabadwira mu khola lomwe limatetezedwa bwino komanso lololedwa mosamala ndi zinyalala zouma zomera. Monga ma canins ena, amuna amatenga gawo lofunikira pakudyetsa, kuteteza ndi kuphunzitsa. Kukula kwakanthawi pakati pa nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe zinayi, koma kuyambira 1 mpaka 10. Makanda obadwa kumene ndi khungu ndipo alibe thandizo pobadwa ndipo ali ndi magalamu pafupifupi 100. Amayi amawadyetsa mkaka m'masabata oyamba 7-16, ngakhale amawonekera kuchokera kuphanga ndikuyamba kuyamwa chakudya chomwe makolo awo amabwera ali ndi mwezi umodzi. Ana a nkhandwe, atachoka kuphanga ndi kudzipatula, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi khola, pamalo a makolo awo kwakanthawi kochulukirapo. Amafika msinkhu wathunthu wazaka kumapeto kwa chaka chino, koma nthawi zambiri amasiya makolo awo kumapeto kwa Seputembala. Ankhandwe amafika paunyamata ali ndi miyezi pafupifupi 10, ndipo zazikazi zimabereka zaka pafupifupi chimodzi.
Zowopsa zakupezeka
Zinthu zitatu zazikulu zikuopseza chilumba chaimvi - kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kupikisana ndi amphaka amtchire pazakudya, ndikuwopseza matenda omwe abwera kuchokera kumtunda. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe pachilumba cha San Miguel kwachepa kwambiri pazaka zisanu zapitazi: ngati mu 1994 kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe akuyerekeza nyama 450, ndiye pofika 1998 zidali nyama 40 zokha. Zochepa ndizodziwika bwino za nkhandwe pazilumba za Santa Rosa. Kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe pachilumba cha Santa Cruz kuli nyama pafupifupi 100 mpaka 133. Choyambitsa chachikulu chaimfa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Pachilumba cha Santa Catalina, nkhandwe zambiri zidamwalira mu 1999 kuchokera ku chiwewe chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi agalu. Kutemera kwa nkhandwe kwadzetsa kubwezeretsa pang'ono kwa anthu am'deralo ndipo tsopano alipo ochulukabe. Chiwerengero cha nkhandwe pachilumba cha San Clemente ndichokwera, ndipo ku San Nicolas anthu akuchulukirachulukira. Zonsezi pamwambapa zapangitsa kuti pakadali pano nkhandwe yaimvi pachilumba imatetezedwa kwathunthu kuzilumba zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Chifukwa chakukhala kwawo kwokhachokha, nkhandwe za pachilumbazi sizitha kuteteza matenda achilengedwe ndi matenda obwera kuchokera kumtunda, ndipo zimakonda kwambiri zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi agalu am'deralo. Ankhandwe ochulukirapo amafa pansi pa matayala agalimoto ku zilumba za Santa Catalina, San Clement ndi San Nicholas. Chiwerengero chonse cha nkhandwe za pachilumbachi chatsika kuchokera pa anthu 6,000 mu 1994, mpaka osachepera 1,500 mu 2002. Pazilumba zakumpoto, komwe zochulukazo zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kulumikizidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, nkhandwe ndizochulukirapo m'malo okhala otetezedwa kuchokera kumtunda, kuphatikiza m'nkhalango zaminga zaminga ndi mitengo. Katsabola wokoma (Foeniculum vulgare) ndi madera ena okhala zitsamba za mitengo.