Aphid - Wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi izi - zimapweteketsa mbewu, ndikuchititsa kuchepa kwa zokolola, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimalimbana ndi nkhondo yosavomerezeka. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuyang'ananso zachilengedwechi ndikuwona ngati ili ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa, momwe imakhalira - makamaka popeza itithandizanso pomenya nkhondoyi.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Nsabwe za m'masamba - kwambiri mwa gulu la tizilombo. Siziwululidwa modalirika kuti ndi liti ndipo tizilombo tinayambira kuti - palibe mndandanda wazinthu zakale zambirimbiri wowulula izi. Pali ma hypotheses odalirika komanso ambiri, koma amatha kutsimikizidwa pakapita nthawi. Chifukwa chake, m'mbuyomu tinkakhulupirira kuti amachokera ku milion, koma tsopano malingaliro akuti ali pafupi kwambiri ndi otumphuka ndipo achokera kholo limodzi kapena mwachindunji kuchokera ku crustaceans ndiofala kwambiri.
Mitengo yakale kwambiri idapezeka m'mbuyomu yaku Cambrian yoposa zaka 510 miliyoni, ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tapangidwa zaka zana miliyoni pambuyo pake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti poyambira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizingonongeke kwambiri kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi, ngakhale sizingatheke kudziwa kuti mabowo akale sanapezeka kapena sanasungidwe nkomwe.
Kanema: Ma nsabwe
Mapangidwe abwinobwino a Phylogenetic nawonso amagwirizana ndi mtunduwu. Amaganiziridwa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tithandizire kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Silurian. Koma nthawi yomwe nsabwe za m'masamba zimachitika sizikudziwika. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zotsalira zake zimasungidwa kawirikawiri, pafupifupi njira yokhayo - ngati akadakhala mu amber. Koma njirayi ili ndi malire, popeza amber yakale kwambiri ndi zaka 120 miliyoni. Mapeto ake, zopezazi ndizochepa kwambiri kuti tingafotokoze, koma osachepera amatilola kukhazikitsa nthawi yomwe nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhazikika padziko lapansi - chiyambi cha nthawi ya Paleogene.
Ndizotheka kuti adakhala amodzi mwa mitundu yomwe idawonekera pakutha kwa Cretaceous - Paleogene, ndikuti adayamba kale kwambiri. Kuwunika kwa zomwe zikupezeka komanso ma morphology a aphid okha sikulola kuti munthu azitsamira imodzi mwazosankha izi: tizilombo nthawi zonse timapitiriza kupanga mitundu yatsopano, yomwe imapangidwa ndikuwoneka ngati yakale.
Mwachitsanzo, anjoka ndi maphemwe amawonekera ngakhale mu nthawi ya Carboniferous, hymenoptera mu Triassic, agulugufe mu Cretaceous, dipterans apamwamba okha mu Neogene, ndi mbewa ku Pleistocene, ndiko kuti, posachedwa ndi miyezo ya Paleoanthology. Aphids amatha kusintha mwachangu ndikusintha mbewu zatsopano zikaonekera - izi zimakondedwa ndi njira yawo yoberekerera yomwe ikutsatirana mosiyanasiyana ndi mibadwo yambiri. Zotsatira zake, adapanga gulu lophatikiza, kuphatikiza mabanja khumi ndi mitundu masauzande.
Malongosoledwe ake asayansi adapangidwa ndi P. Latrey mu 1802, dzinalo m'Chilatini ndi Aphidoidea. Koma ziyenera kudziwika kuti pali njira zina zosankhidwa: nthawi zina kuwonjezera pa zomwe zafotokozedwazo, wina wapamwamba kwambiri wa Phylloxeroidea amasiyanitsidwa, ndipo nthawi zina awiri - Adelgoidea amakhala womaliza. Palinso njira ina yomwe Aphidoidea imakhalira banja laling'ono, lomwe limaphatikizapo mabanja angapo abwino kwambiri. Ofufuzawo sanapeze malingaliro amodzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi ma aphid akuwoneka bwanji?
Mawonekedwe, thupi la nsabwe za m'masamba layandikira mozungulira, kutalika kwa mitundu yambiri yosaposa 3 mm, ngakhale ilinso yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka kukula mpaka 8 mm. Mawonekedwe a mutu ndi trapezoidal, kutsogolo kwa mawonekedwe amaso ndi tinyanga tating'ono, timene timagwira. Masomphenya ndi abwino kwambiri, koma mawonekedwe a nsabwe za m'masamba sawasiyanitsa bwino, nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa mithunzi. Yokha imatha kukhala ndi mtundu wina - nthawi zambiri imakhala yobiriwira, kuti isayime pachomera pomwe imadyetsa, koma ikhoza kukhala yosiyana: bulauni kapena imvi yakuda, mtundu wa nthambi, zoyera, zofiira. Phidayo imakhala ndi khungu loonda, mothandizidwa ndi lomwe limatulutsa timadziti kuchokera ku mbewu: ndi lakuthwa ndipo limatha kuboola tsamba kapena tsinde kuti lifikire madziwo.
Thupi la nsabwe za m'mimba limaphimbidwa kokha ndi chipolopolo chofewa komanso chowoneka bwino - mosiyana ndi tizilombo totetezedwa ndi chivundikiro chofiyira, chimakhala chosatetezeka chikamagwidwa ndi adani. Mbali zopumira zimapezeka pazigawo zakutsogolo. Ngakhale aphid ali ndi miyendo yayitali, nthawi zambiri imayenda movutikira komanso pang'onopang'ono. Oimira ena mwa mitundu ina amakwawa pamera mbewu, ena amatha kudumpha, kukankha ndi miyendo yawo yakutsogolo, koma njira yosavuta ndiyosavuta kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mapiko. Anthu oterowo amatha kuuluka mtunda wautali, kuti ana awo abalalike mofulumira. Chochititsa chidwi, ndi akazi okha omwe amatha kukhala ndi mapiko. Nsomba zopanda mapiko zokhala m'malo ochepa, ndipo ndi momwe alimi ndi olima mundawo amayenera kumenyera nkhondo.
Chosangalatsa: Ma nsabwe za Mitundu ya Stomaphis ndizomwe zimagwira kutalika kwa phenoscis. Amapitilira kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha: aphid wamkulu wamtunduwu amafika 5-6 mm, ndipo proboscis imatha kupitirira 10 mm.
Kodi aphid amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Aphids ku Russia
Amatha kukhala pafupifupi kulikonse komwe kuli mbewu. Nyengo zomwe zimakonda kwambiri zimakhalapo m'malo otentha - chipendacho sichimakonda kuzizira kwambiri, komanso sichimalola kutentha. Komabe, mitundu ina imatha kuzolowera moyo wam'malo otentha. M'madera otentha kwambiri, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya zinyama imawonedwa konse. Aphid amakonda madera okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, osakondedwa ndi madera onse omwe amakhala komanso chinyezi - koma amapezekanso m'malo mwake.
Tizilomboti timatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana - kumapiri, m'matanthwe, m'minda, m'nkhalango, m'mapaki, ndipo pamapeto pake, m'minda. Ngati chilimwe chimakhala chozizira komanso chamvula, ma aphid ndi ochepa kwambiri, koma nyengo zabwino sizibwera pomwe zimachulukana mwachangu. Mazira ake amafa pamtunda wotsika madigiri 25-30, koma ngakhale kumpoto ndi nyengo yake yozizira, nsabwe za m'masamba zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pansi pa zinyalala zazisanu ndi chipale chofewa, m'miyala ya anthill kapena m'malo ena, komwe kumatentha kwambiri kuposa kunja.
Nthawi zambiri imatha kuwoneka pafupi ndi anthill - imapanga ubale wofananira ndi okhala nawo. Ma ecid niche a nsabwe za m'masamba ndi ochulukirapo, mutha kukumana nawo onse pamwamba panthaka - imakwera pamazomera ndikuyamwa madzi kuchokera kwa iwo, komanso mumlengalenga ndi m'nthaka - mitundu ina imayamwa madzi kuchokera kumizu.
Kodi aphid amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Aphid Tizilombo
Amadya timadziti tam'mero, komanso zosiyana kwambiri. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi zokonda zapadera, koma ma aphid ambiri amatha kumwa misuzi yazomera zosiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zimakhudzanso udzu, zitsamba, ndi mitengo. Pafupifupi dimba lililonse kapena chomera chilichonse chitha kugwidwa ndi ma aphid, chifukwa chake, ndizosathandiza kuti asalembe mndandanda onsewo, m'malo mwake, kuchokera pamndandanda wazinthu zomwe sakonda - ngakhale oyandikana nawo angamuwope. Zomera zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kwa wamaluwa, zimaphatikizapo adyo, anyezi ndi Dalmatia chamomile. Pali njira ina yolimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba - kugawa malo pamalowo makamaka kwa iwo ndikubzala mbewu zomwe zimawakopa kuposa ena.
Zotsatira zake, mbewuzi zimaperekedwa kwa nsabwe, ndipo zimaganiziridwa kuti tizirombo sitisokoneza ena. Koma pa izi amafunika kubzalidwe patali, motero malo ambiri amafunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu a aphid ayenera kuwongoleredwa osaloledwa kuchulukitsa kwambiri - mankhwala oopsa angafunike kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, njira yofananira, koma yosiyana nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito - mbewu zokopa nsabwe za m'masamba zimabzala mu mphete mozungulira zomwe zimayenera kuteteza, ndipo nsabwe za m'masamba zikaberekedwa, zimatchela mbewu izi ndikuwononga dera lonse.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Yellow aphid
Ma nsabwe za m'masamba amadya ambiri amoyo wawo. Kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku, amatha kuyamwitsa zipatsozo kuchokera pachomera, nthawi ndi nthawi kumakwawa tsamba lotsatira, chifukwa m'mbuyomu zidatha. Amakhala wowonda kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa chakuti amabala nthawi zonse, ndipo izi zimafunikira michere yambiri. Nthawi zina nsabwe za m'masamba zimalowa muubwenzi wapadera ndi nyerere, zimakonda maswiti awo. Aphid amatulutsa mawonekedwe okoma, ndipo nyerere zimasamalira izi: zimasunthira kuzomera zina zikafunika, zimateteza, kusamalira mazira ndikupanga malo omwe amawateteza ku nyengo.
Pofikira nsabwe za adani, nyerere zimawateteza mpaka pomalizira ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa pomwe likuyembekeza kuyembekezera kuti abalewo afikire. Kuti izi zisakhale zachilendo, nsabwe za m'masamba zitha kuyikidwa mu anthill, momwe zimakhala zosavuta kuonetsetsa kuti zili zotetezeka, koma zimadyetsedwa. Njira yopezera zokometsera zotsekemera imatchedwa kuti kuyamwa, chifukwa kunja ndi kofanana kwambiri ndi kuyamwa ng'ombe - nyerere zimasokoneza m'mimba za aphid, ndikuti zimayambitsa gawo lamavuto amitsempha, kenako nyerere zimangodya nthawi yomweyo.
Tsiku kuchokera ku aphid imodzi kuti mupeze chinyezi chambiri, nthawi zina limafanana ndi kulemera kwake. Ma aphid okhala ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri amafa masiku angapo atabadwa, ena amatha kukhala ndi milungu ingapo. M'nthawi yozizira, nthawi yotalikirapo imakhala miyezi iwiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kupanga mbewu zokhala ndi ziphe kapena njira zotchingira mabakiteriya kuti tisalimbane ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndizofunikira kuchita pakuwala bwino kwa dzuwa. Nyengo ikakhala yotentha, masamba amatha kupindika, ndipo mkati mwake tizirombo tina titha kukhalabe ndi moyo, ndipo ngakhale ochepa adzakwanira kudzaza chiwembu chonse mwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kukonza madera onse omwe aphid adakhazikika, ndibwino kuti muzigwirizana pasadakhale ndi anansi, ngati ali nayo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Aphid pamasamba
Nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhala m'magulu akulu, pomwe zimatha kutuluka kuchokera kwa munthu m'modzi ndipo zimachulukana kwambiri. Zimachitika motere: bambo wothira feteleza amaikira mazira, nthawi zambiri amasankha malo osakhazikika komanso otetezedwa bwino pamenepa. Zomangirazo zitha kukhala pafupi ndi mizu ya mbewu kapena makungwa a mitengo, anthill. Mazira amakhala nthawi yachisanu kumeneko, ndipo kutentha kukabwera, anthu atsopano amawonekera kuchokera kwa iwo. Awa ndi akazi opanda mapiko, omwe amatha kubereka ndi parthenogenis, ndiye kuti, popanda kutenga amuna. Akakhala pamalo abwino, amazichita mofulumira. M'mibadwo yotsatira ya mitundu ina ya nsabwe za m'masamba, zazikazi zimabadwa kale ndi mazira mkati, ndipo posakhalitsa iwonso amatulutsa ana.
Izi zimathandizira pang'onopang'ono njirayi ndipo nsabwe za m'masamba zimayamba kuchulukana exponentially. Sabata iliyonse, zazikazi zimatha kupanga mphutsi makumi angapo, ndipo zimakula mwachangu ndikuyamba kubereka masiku awiri atabadwa mitundu yochepa, kapena masabata 1-2 kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi yonseyi azimayi opanda zingwe amawoneka. Koma ngati aphid colony ikukula mopitirira muyeso, ndikuyamba kusowa m'thupi m'deralo, zazikazi zamapiko zimayamba kubadwa. Amathawa kuchoka koloni ndikupeza zatsopano, zomwe zimachulukirachulukira ndi parthenogeneis. Mkazi wotere amatha kuuluka makilomita 20-30.
Mitundu ina imakhala yofanana: zazikazi zokhala ndi mapiko zisanawoneke, zimakhala pazomera zina, pambuyo pake zimaleka kubereka, ndikusamukira kwa zina. Pomaliza, pakugwa amabwerera kumalo awo oyambirirawo. Pakatikati pa chilimwe ndi chilimwe, mibadwo 10-16 ya nsabwe za m'masamba imatha kusintha, ndipo ngati simukulimbana nayo, ndiye kuti nthawi iliyonse imakhala yayikulu. Pomaliza, nyengo ikamakula ndikuyamba kwa yophukira, amuna ndi akazi amawoneka omwe amatha kubereka. Zikatero, umuna umachitika, ndipo mphutsi sizimawoneka, monga kale, koma zimapangidwa zomwe zingathe kupulumuka kuzizira. Pali ochepa kwambiri a iwo - zonse zomwe zimafunikira ndikupanga mwanjira iyi omwe amayambitsa azimayi, omwe angayambe kubereka mu gawohenogenis kumapeto, ndipo ntchito yonse iyambanso.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi ma aphid akuwoneka bwanji?
Nsabwe za m'mimba zimadya tizilombo komanso mbalame. Mwa tizilombo, awa ndi:
Mwa zonse pamwambapa, zosavulaza kwambiri m'mundamo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zothandiza kwambiri kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ndimaso amiyendo ndi ma ladybugs. Kwa iwo ndi ena, imatha kukhala gwero lenileni la zakudya, ndipo mazira a tizilomboti akhoza kugulidwa m'masitolo apadera. Pambuyo kuchuluka kwa anthu kuchokera kwa iwo, ma aphid amatha kuiwalika. Zomera zomwe zimakopa tizilombo izi zimathandiziranso: maambulera, nyemba ndi zokometsera. Mwachitsanzo, katsabola wamba, clover kapena timbewu timawatsogolera kumunda. Ndipo pogula mazira kuti mubereke, musayiwale za mbewu izi, pokhapokha ana atangotuluka amachoka, koma aphid amakhalabe. Tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono timatha kukopeka ndi solanaceae, ntchentche zazikazi zimawuluka pa daisies, ndipo kwa mitengo yamakutu mumatha kuyika miphika yamaluwa m'mundamo ndikuyika zokhota. Mbalame zazing'ono zimalimbananso ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, koma sizothandiza kwambiri, komanso zimatha kuwononga minda iwowo.
Chosangalatsa: Mavu a parasitic amakonda kuyikira mazira awo mu zobiriwira zobiriwira, ndipo ma ladybugs nthawi zambiri amasaka ofiira. Aphid amasinthana ndi iwo - ngati pali mavu ochulukirapo pafupi, ndiye kuti kufiyira kubadwa, ndipo ngati ma ladybugs ndi obiriwira.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungachotsere nsabwe za m'masamba pamalopo. Tiyeni tiwone momwe tizilombo timeneti timaberekera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pali mitundu yambiri ya nsabwe za m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana; Amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse komwe anthu amakhala, ndipo amafesa pamizimba, kuphatikizapo yolimidwa. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe awo ndi tizilombo tomwe titha kufafaniza momasuka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za izi, ngati kuli kotheka kusawopseza zamoyo zina. Ndipo ngakhale aphid ndi kachilombo komwe kali kofooka kwambiri komanso komwe kali kovuta, kotero ndikosavuta kuwawononga, koma vuto polimbana nayo ndikupanga kwake msanga. Vuto lachiwiri ndi nyerere. Ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti nsabwe zonse zomwe zili patsamba lino zawonongeka, zitha kupezeka kuti anthu ena akhala akusungidwa ndi nyerere, kenako zidzachulukanso patatha masiku angapo.
Pali njira zingapo zothanirana ndi tizilombo:
- ziphe - zimachita zinthu mwachangu komanso moyenera, zina zimatsutsana ndi nyerere. Zovuta zake ndikuti nthawi ya maluwa, momwe amagwiritsira ntchito akuwononga njuchi, pali zoletsa zina zingapo zomwe zimatengera momwe mankhwalawo amagwiritsidwira ntchito - ayenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti poizoni asalowe muzomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chakudya,
- mabakiteriya omwe amapatsira nsabwe za m'masamba. Kuphatikiza kwakukulu ndikutetezeka kokwanira, chifukwa mabakiteriya amatero amapangidwira ma aphid ndikuvulaza iwo okha. Koma zochita zawo sizikhala motalika, kotero kukonzaku kumayenera kuchitika nthawi zambiri,
- Njira zina, monga kufalikira kwa nsabwe za m'masamba obwezeretsanso, kuchiza masipini ndi sopo, chitsamba, anyezi ndi singano, zitha kukhala zothandiza kapena zosagwirika, kutengera mtundu wa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zidabzala.
Aphid - kachilombo komwe kali pachiwopsezo chambiri ndi adani ambiri, koma zonsezi zimakhudzidwa ndi kubereka mwachangu, chifukwa, anthu khumi ndi awiri atsopano amabwera pamalo a aliyense wakufa. Koma musaiwale kuti nsabwe za m'masamba sizingokhala tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, timakhalanso ndi ntchito yofunikira: imayamwa shuga wambiri kuchokera kuzomera, zomwe zimathandizira pa photosynthesis, ndipo mawonekedwe ake okoma amapangitsa nthaka kukhala yachonde.
Khalidwe
Aphid ndi nthumwi yoyimira wamphamvu kwambiri wa tizilombo ndipo ndi wa gulu la mapiko osakhazikika. Nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, adatumizidwa ku unit ya Equine. Mokwanira pali mitundu yoposa 4,000 ya tizilombo ndipo 1 miliyoni yaiwo amakhala ku Europe. Mitundu yambiri imamera pamizimba yobzalidwa ndipo imatha kufalitsa matenda oyambitsidwa ndi majeremusi omwe amachititsa kukula kwa anomalies, makamaka, mawonekedwe a gallop.
Zojambula
Tsopano tiwone momwe ma aphid amawonekera. Ichi ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kamene thupi lake limakhala milimita angapo.Kutengera mtundu, thupi lidzapakidwa utoto. M'minda yakunyumba, nsabwe za zobiriwira, zoyera, zofiira ndi zakuda zimapezeka kwambiri. Tizilomboti timatha kukhala opanda mapiko komanso opanda zingwe. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko amafalikira mwachangu m'gawo lonse ndikuthandizira kusintha kwazomera, zomwe zilibe mapiko - zimaswana makamaka.
Zida zapakamwa za aphid zimayimiridwa ndi proboscis lakuthwa, mothandizidwa ndi izo zimaboola pamwamba masamba ndi mphukira ndikuyamwa mankhwalawo kuchokera ku mbewu. Zakudya zoterezi zimakhala ndi zakudya zamagulu omwera komanso ma amino acid, ndipo ndizinthu izi zomwe zimathandizira kuti magawo azizilombo azikhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mafinya.
Zindikirani! Kutengera zomwe nsabwe za m'masamba zimadya, ndikosavuta kulingalira momwe zingawonongere nthaka yaulimi!
Makhalidwe ndi malo a nsabwe za m'masamba
Ma nsabwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, osapitilira mamilimita ochepa kutalika. Thupi la aphid limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owundana, limakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chofewa. Mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yayitali yokwanira, tizilomboti tizilomboti timatha kukwawa kuchokera pachomera chimodzi kupita kwina mpaka kumadumpha.
Mu dera lililonse la aphid, mumakhala anthu opanda mapiko komanso mapiko, omwe ali ndi gawo limodzi mwa anthuwa. Komanso, kupezeka kwamapiko sikumatsimikiziridwa ndi jenda - amuna ndi akazi amatha kukhala ndi mapiko.
Mbali yakutsogolo ya mutu wachikulire, tinyanga tating'ono timakhala, tomwe timayang'anira kukhudza ndi kumva. Maso ali ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana; mwa anthu opanda zingwe, pamakhala maso atatu osavuta.
Mtundu wa maso aphid ovuta umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi kufiyira mpaka kutuwa. Modabwitsa, mawonekedwe a nsabwe za m'masamba ndi dongosolo la kukula koposa, mwachitsanzo, njuchi. Ma nsabwe amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu ina.
Chiwalo chakumapeto cha nsabwe za m'mimba chimayimiriridwa ndi kakang'ono ka phenoscis, kamene kali ndi magawo anayi. Ndi phenoscis iyi, aphid imabowola chomeracho ndipo imatulutsa timbale ta michere. Padziko lapansi pali mitundu yoposa 4000 ya nsabwe za m'masamba. Tizilombo timakonda nyengo yotentha yokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Aphids amamva bwino mu greenj m'nyumba.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Tizilombo timeneti timatha kuchita zinthu zambiri mochititsa chidwi. Mithunzi yawo imakhala ndi mitundu yazomera zomwe zimamera. Ma aphid obiriwira pa maapulo, mphesa, manyowa, nsabwe zakuda zimayang'aniridwa pamatcheri ndi ma cherries, nsabwe zofiira zimadya ma currants ndi gooseberries, kachilombo kachikasu ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira zimatulutsa nkhaka ndi mavwende.
Mwambiri, aphid imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Nthawi zina tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapezeka ngati dontho, mpira, dzira kapena llipse. Kukula kwa nsabwe za m'masamba ndi zazing'ono, koma ndi maliseche kumatha kuganiziridwabe. Kutalika kwake kumafika mpaka 0,7 mm. Nthawi zina, zimphona zingapezeke pakati pawo, ndizokulira pafupifupi 7 mm.
Tizilombo toyamwa ndi amodzi mwa omwe amadya zakudya zamasamba. Amakhala ndi pulogalamu yapadera, yoboola tinthu timene timatulutsa timadziti tonse timatulutsa. Amatha kubereka modabwitsa mwachangu, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za ma aphid. Tizilombo timakhala ndi zipata.
Dongosolo losangalatsa limachitika m'chilengedwe, lomwe silinganyalanyazidwe. Ma nsabwe okhala ndi madzi a chomera amalandira mapuloteni ena ndi ma amino acid omwe ndi ofunikira kuti chitukuko ndi moyo ukhale. Kuyimitsidwa kwamphamvu kosasunthika, komwe ndimakonda kwambiri ntchentche ndi nyerere, kumatulutsidwa pokonza zinthu zofunikirazi.
Asayansi awona zodabwitsa zakugwirizana pakati pa nsabwe za m'masamba ndi nyerere, zomwe zikuyesayesa m'njira zonse kuteteza namwino wawo pamavuto omwe angakhalepo. Komanso, nyerere zimanyamula nsabwe za mitengo kuchoka pachomera chimodzi kupita kwina, ndipo zazikazi zimabisidwa m'nyumba zawo kuyambira nthawi yozizira komanso chisanu. Pambuyo powonera izi, wina samenya nkhondo ndi nsabwe za m'masamba zokha, komanso ndi omwe amawasamalira.
Thupi la aphid silitetezedwa ndi chipolopolo, monga tizilombo tambiri, limakhala lofewa ndikuwululidwa kuchokera kunja - litha kuphwanyika mosavuta ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Tizilombo timakhala ndi miyendo yayitali, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti aphid imatha kuyenda mwachangu. Amachita pang'onopang'ono.
Tizilombo touluka tosiyanasiyana timasiyana mosiyana ndi tizilombo tokhala ndi mapiko. Jombo woyamba amakhala wautali komanso wokulirapo. Phiko la mapiko limakhala ndi mapiko awiri, mothandizidwa ndi lomwe limayenda mosavuta m'malo.
Pamavuto am'mapiko, phokoso la moyo limasiyana mosiyana ndi mapiko. Mu nthawi yophukira, kuyikira mazira a mkazi wokhala ndi mapiko osapezekanso kumachitika. Mazira samayikidwa m'malo aliwonse.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakonda zokolola zamtchire, colza, mapesi a kabichi. M'nyengo yozizira yonse, mazira amapezeka pazomera izi. Pofika kumapeto kwa masika, amasintha mphutsi zomwe zimamera ndikupezeka chifukwa chamadzimadzi ochepa okhala ndi malo obiriwira.
Kenako kusungunuka kumachitika, pambuyo nsabwe za aphid. Mwa njira, amachita izi popanda kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Zotsatira zake, unyinji wa mphutsi zazikazi zimabadwa. Asayansi omwe adaona izi adachita mantha. Pakangotha mwezi umodzi, mkazi m'modzi amatha kubereka tizilombo 10,000.
Mphepo yopanda mapiko imakhala moyo wongokhala. Kuyambira kubadwa mpaka masiku awo omaliza amakhala pamalo amodzi. Mothandizidwa ndi proboscis wake, aphid amadyera pazomera zamasamba, amalandila zinthu zonse zofunikira pamoyo, ndikukula bwino.
Ngati simuulimbana nawo ndipo musayese kuiwononga, ipitilira kufalikira, kuchulukana ndikuvulaza mbewu yadzomera. Komanso, kupezeka kwa amuna sikofunikira kwenikweni.
Pakati pa chilimwe, nthumwi zoyimira nthawi ndi nthawi zimawonekera pagulu la akazi opanda mapiko. Iwo, nawonso, popanda mavuto amasamukira kumalo obiriwira atsopano ndipo ali ndi chisangalalo chachikulu kumeneko.
Ma aphid okhala ndi mapiko amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupitiliza mtundu wawo wonse. Kupatula apo, nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe sizitha kuyenda kwakanthawi zimatha kutha chakudya ndipo zimafa. Kusamukira nsabwe za m'masamba nthawi yomweyo m'malo atsopano kumakhala zigawo zazikulu za zofanana.
Kutha kwa chilimwe ndikofunika kwa tizilombo chifukwa chakuti pakati pawo pamapeto pake pali zolengedwa zomwe zimasiyana pakati pawo. Kuyambira pomwe nyengo yozizira imatha, tizilombo timafa, ndikusiya mazira, omwe atabwera masika adzadutsa m'moyo womwewo ndikumwalira nthawi yozizira.
Momwe mungadziwire mawonekedwe a nsabwe za chomera? Ngati malo obiriwira pang'onopang'ono atayamba kutaya mawonekedwe ake okongola, ndikofunikira kuti muwasanthe.
Nthawi zambiri nsabwe za m'mphepete zopanda mapiko zimapezeka pansi pa masamba azomera. Zambiri zokulitsidwa kale popanda zopinga ndi mantha kuphimba malo onse obiriwira. Atalumikizana kwakanthawi ndi tizilombo, masamba amafota, ndipo atapotoza amafa pomwe.
Mitengo yonse yazipatso imabala zochepa. Nthawi zina zipatso zawo zimabereka zisanakhake. Zowombera ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mbewu ndizowerama. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zonse zowonongeka zimakutidwa ndi zotsekemera za aphid, zomwe wamaluwa amazitcha mame a uchi.
Osamadya mame a uchi ndi nyerere zimatsogolera mbewuyo ku matenda oyamba ndi bowa. Izi zikuchokera pamenepa kuti kuwoneka kwa nyerere zochulukirapo nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa kuti nsabwe za m'masamba zimafalikira kwinakwake pafupi, ngakhale zipatso za machitidwe ake sizikuwoneka.
Nyengo yabwino kwambiri kwa tiziromboyi ndi yotentha komanso yotentha. Pokhapokha ngati zoterezi zimatha kubereka ma aphid. Itha kupezeka m'malo ambiri, kuyambira ku Europe kupita ku Siberia.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa nsabwe za m'masamba
Aphid amakhala m'madera akuluakulu, amakhudza, choyambirira, mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba. Mtengowo umafooka, masamba a curls ndipo posakhalitsa amawonongeka. Nthawi zambiri aphid madera omwe amakhala ndi anthill.
Nsabwe za m'masamba mu moyo zimatulutsa madzi amchere otsekemera, omwe amawonedwa ndi nyerere ngati chithandizo. Nyerere zimadyera nsabwe za m'masamba, kudya pakama ndikuthamangitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe ndi adani achilengedwe a nsabwe za m'mimba (ma ladybugs, kafadala, ndi zina).
Mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba
Mwa mitundu ikuluikulu ya nsabwe za m'masamba, mitundu ya anthu imasiyana mosiyanasiyana monga momwe thupi limapangidwira - imatha kukhala yopanikizana, yopanda mawonekedwe, ellipsoidal. Zingwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 0,5 mm mpaka 8 mm.
Mtundu wa kachilombo kakakulu nthawi zina zimatengera mtundu wa mbewu yomwe aphid imamera. Ma aphid oyera ili ndi chipolopolo chowoneka bwino ndipo ndimadziwika bwino ndiokonda maluwa apanja. Kuphatikiza pa izi, mtunduwu umakhudzanso mbande za mbewu zamasamba.
Nsabwe za pea zimapaka utoto wonyezimira wobiriwira, amakonda kusankha kubzala nyemba, makamaka nandolo. Ma aphid wakuda amakhala pamatcheri, yamatcheri ndi mitengo ina ya zipatso. Inde, nsabwe za m'masamba sizitha kuwononga mtengowo, koma zimachepetsa kukula kwake ndikusokoneza kukula kwa zipatso.
Kufiyira nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo currants, gooseberries, mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu zina zobzalidwa. Chifukwa cha mtundu wofiirira wofiirira, ndikosavuta kuzindikira ndipo munthawi yake kuyambanso kulimbana ndi tiziromboti. Zoyenera kuchita ngati aphid akuwonekera pamasamba chomera chomwe mumakonda? Kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba kumachitika ndi njira zingapo: kwachilengedwenso, mankhwala, mankhwala wowerengeka.
Ma aphid wakuda
Njira yachilengedwe imakopa kukopa chiwembu kuwongolera nsabwe za m'mimbaolusa. Adani achilengedwe a nsabwe za m'masamba akupemphera zovala, ma ladybugs, kafadala, zingwe, masikono ndi ena ambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, mbewu zimabzalidwa pafupi ndi chikhalidwe chovuta, kukopa adani a aphid. Komanso, kuti tiwononge kuchuluka kwa aphid, mbewu zobowoleza (adyo, katsabola, fodya, mankhwala a ndimu, marigold) zimabzalidwe. Mbalame zimathanso kupangitsa kuti ma aphid azikhala ndi vuto lalikulu, komabe, munthawi iyi, zokolola za mabulosi zimathanso kukhudzidwa.
Menyani ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, tizilombo touluka, yodziwika ndi voracity yayikulu, imachitidwanso ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Njirayi ndi yabwino akafika kumtunda waukulu waulimi. Musaiwale za kuwopsa kwa njirayi - mankhwala omwe amakhala ndi chomera ndipo amatha kupeza chakudya patebulo lathu.
Njira za anthu nkhondo nsabwe za m'masamba kuyimira kupopera mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana azitsamba, yankho la sopo ochapira ndi phulusa. Zabwino kwambiri nsabwe za m'masamba ndi Coca-Cola wanthawi zonse. Pambuyo kuthirira masamba, zakumwa zotchuka za aphid izi, monga lamulo, zimazimiririka.
Aphid kudya
Nsabwe - Tizilombo pafupifupi omnivorous, zimakhudza zomera zilizonse. ndipo okhawo oimira boma latsopanoli amakonda mitundu ya udzu, zitsamba kapena mitengo. Zimalowa mu tinthu tofewa tomwe timagwirira mbewuyi kudzera mu phenoscis, ma aphid amadya ma amino acid omwe ali mumadzimadzi.
Kubalanso ndi kutalika kwa nsabwe za m'masamba
M'dzinja, njere zazikazi zimayikira mazira pamalowo. Pofika nyengo yotentha, mphutsi zimaswa, zomwe zimakula mwa anthu akuluakulu omwe amabala popanda umuna (parthenogeneis). Zotsatira za kuswana kumeneku kudzakhala nsabwe zazimayi zopanda mapiko.
Mkazi m'modzi mwezi uliwonse amatha kubala mazana mazana a mtundu wake. Dambalo likadzaza, toyesa zam'mapiko zimayamba kuwoneka m'mbewu zomwe zimatha kuuluka chomera china ndikukhalamo.
Pafupifupi kugwa, abambo amawoneka pakati pa nsabwe za m'mapiko ndipo kubereka kumakhala kumayenderana. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa mazira kumakhala kotsika, koma ndi okhawo omwe amatha kupulumuka nyengo yozizira. Mwa mitundu ina, nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhalira mazira osati mazira, komanso mphutsi.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'masamba amatengera mitundu ndi nyengo. Pafupifupi, amayambira masiku angapo mpaka mwezi. M'malo ozizira (8-10 ° C), nsabwe za akazi zimatha kukhala ndi masiku 60.
Momwe mungachotsere nsabwe za m'masamba
Nsabwe za m'masamba zimavulaza mbewu, osati kumayamwa ma juices ofunikira, komanso kuwasamutsa ndikumazipatsira ndi ma virus ndi bowa. Koma majeremusi oterewa samangokhala pa oimira maluwa, alipo ambiri a iwo m'thupi la munthu. Tiyeni tiwone zithandizo zingapo zomwe zimathetsa nsabwe za m'masamba.
1. Dandelion - iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi aphid madera, osati kokha, komanso ndi nkhupakupa ndi ma teets. 300 g ya masamba osweka ndi ma rhizomes amathiriridwa ndi madzi (10 l) ndikuumirizidwa kwa maola atatu. Pambuyo kulowetsedwa, muyenera kupsyinjika ndipo nthawi yomweyo muthane ndi mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa.
2. Celandine. Dulani bwino (3-4 sing'anga tchire) ndikuthira madzi ofunda (1 ndowa), onjezani 20 g a sopo wosungunuka kapena chowisira, mwachitsanzo, Fairy. Njira iyi iyenera kupukutidwa ndikusefa pambuyo maola atatu. Kuwaza malo omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka mankhwala omwe adakonzedwa kale, kotero kuti imalowera tizirombo tokha, kutanthauza kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba. Mutha kuthira mwachindunji mphukira zomwe zakhudzidwa.
3. Pamwamba pa tomato. 500 g wosankhidwa bwino ndikudzazidwa ndi ndowa imodzi, zonsezi zimaphikidwa kwa theka la ola. Njira yotsirizidwa imasungunulidwa mu madzi okwanira 1 litre. Mutha kuthira mbewu chilichonse. Matako a phwetekere amatha kusinthidwa ndi mbatata. 1.5 makilogalamu a nsonga za mbatata zosemedwa amathiridwa ndi malita 10 a madzi ofunda ndikuumirira kwa maola atatu, kenako osasankhidwa. Kenako mutha kupopera.
4. Makhorka. 100 g ya fodya ayenera kuwiritsa mu 1 lita imodzi ya madzi kwa ola limodzi, ndiye kupsyinjika. Musanagwiritse ntchito, chifukwa msuzi uyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi: 300-400 g msuzi pa ndowa imodzi.
5. yankho la Soda. 1 tbsp. l soda iyenera kusungunuka mu madzi okwanira 1 litre ndikuwonjezera ziwiya zochapira - kotala la chidutswa.
6. Tsabola wowawa. Mu lita imodzi yamadzi muyenera kuphika nyemba zingapo za tsabola. Kenako msuzi umalimbikitsidwa kwa masiku awiri. Musanagwiritse ntchito, yankho liyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi: 1 chikho cha kulowetsedwa mu 1 ndowa.
7. Kulowetsa phulusa. Amamuwona ngati mankhwala othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi aphid. 200-300 g phulusa limathiridwa ndi madzi otentha, njira yothirayo imasefedwa ndipo sopo ndi zotsekemera za mbale zimawonjezeredwa.
Kuti mankhwalawa abweretse phindu loyenera, mankhwalawo amayenera kukhala ndi tizilombo. Ndipo komabe, ma aphid onse sakonda potaziyamu yambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuvala bwino pamwamba pamera phulusa ndi kuthirira yambiri kungawononge kukoma kwa nsabwe za aphid. Potaziyamu ndiyofunikira chomera, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kumabweretsa zabwino zokha.
Koma omwe salimbikitsa kudalira njira za wowerengeka zothanirana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba popanda mankhwala, nditha kulangiza mankhwala angapo ogulitsidwa m'masitolo athu. Actofit - ya njuchi, ndiyopanda vuto, koma yopha ma aphid.
Zipatso, mutatha kupopera mankhwalawa ndi mankhwalawa, zitha kudyedwa pambuyo pa maola 48. Mankhwalawa amatha kusinthana ndi mankhwala okhala ndi bitoxibacillin. Mphamvu zowononga zazikulu zili ndi "ACTAR 25WG".
Ndipo malingaliro omaliza: mbewu zosabzala pamunda, monga mbewa, lavenda, thyme ndi zina. Ndiponso, muyenera, ndithudi, kuchotsa nyerere zomwe zimasokoneza nsabwe za m'masamba ndikudya mkaka wawo, apo ayi kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba sikungathandize.
Aphid moyo
Aphid tizilombo imakonda kukhala m'midzi yayikulu. Malo omwe amawakonda amakhala pamasamba obiriwira komanso mphukira zazing'ono. Mabwenzi pamoyo wawo wonse amakhala nyerere. Malingaliro amenewo amapindulitsa onse a iwo. Phwete limatetezedwa ndi nyerere, yomwe imadya mame ake.
Ndizosangalatsa kuwona kuyankhulana kwawo. Nyerere imayandikira aphid ndipo ikamalankhula mofatsa imapeza gawo lokoma la madzi. Kugudubuza kumeneku kumalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi unyolo kupita kunyumba ya nyerere, momwe imakonda kupezamo aphidu nthawi yachisanu. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhala ndi adani, pomwe nyerere imayesera kuteteza mosamala. Ma Ladybugs ndi zingwe zowotcha zimatha kuwononga aphid madera osiyanasiyana.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati aphid akuwonekera pamasamba?
Kwa okonda m'maluwa ambiri ndi m'maluwa okonda ichi ndichimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri. Izi zikuchokera pachiyambi pomwe, ndipo zitha kuwoneka kwa anthu omwe sanakumane ndi vutoli kuti izi sizovuta.
M'malo mwake, yankho wamba la sopo ndilovulala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Vutoli limayamba chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa nsabwe za m'masamba zimasinthanso mawonekedwe ake.
Tizilombo timene timayamwa timadziti tonse, tomwe masamba ake amapukutira kukhala chubu. Pano mumasamba opota ndipo mumapeza malo a nsabwe za m'masamba. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuthana nawo ngakhale masamba asanaphuke pamitengo.
Ndikwabwino kuwagwira mchaka, kutupa kwa impso kumaonekera. Polengeza nkhondo ya nsabwe za m'masamba, munthu asayiwale za nyerere komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Palibe zovuta kuthana ndi nyerere. Izi zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi nyengo yozizira yopanga, momwe mtengo wokutira umakutidwa. Sintepon ayenera kuthandizidwa koyamba ndi mankhwala kukonzekera nyerere. Pakadali pano, pali kusankha kwakukulu kwa zida zotere. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito amati "Anteater."
Omwe alimi ena amayesa kuchotsa ma aphidala mwaukadaulo. Amachichotsa mothandizidwa ndi manja, ndege yamadzi mokakamizidwa kwambiri. Munjira imeneyi mungachotse tizirombo tomwe tili pamizere yolimba.
Mutha kuwonetsetsa kuti iwo omwe amatha kuthana nawo mosavuta amawonekera patsamba lomwe lili ndi nsabwe zofunikira zambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza ma ladybugs, mitundu ina ya mavu, ntchentche zazikazi, ndi zingwe zazitali. Kwa mbalame zambiri, aphid amachita ngati mankhwala. Amatha kukopeka ndi nyumba za mbalame ndi mbalame zodyera zapadera.
Nsabwe za m'masamba sizimva zonunkhira za mbewu zina. Mutha kubzala timbewu totsalira pamalowo, marigolds ndi ma aphids pang'onopang'ono ayamba kutuluka m'gawoli. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sakonda kununkhira kwa adyo, cilantro, fennel, basil.
Pali mankhwala ambiri omwe ali othandiza pakuwongolera ma aphid. Mwa izi, titha kusiyanitsa izi nsabwe za m'masamba ngati Fitoverm, Aktofit, Jaguar. Iliyonse ya mankhwalawa imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake ochita ndi malangizo kuti agwiritse ntchito.
Kupewa kwa Aphid
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba - sizovuta. Ndikwabwino kuyiyambitsa pokhapokha atazindikira zizindikirochi pakuwonekera.
Ndikofunika kwambiri nthawi yophukira kuti ayeretse dimba, dimba la zonse zotsalira. Zonsezi ndibwino kuzimasulira. Izi zitha kupewa kuyamwa kwa nsabwe za m'masamba ndi kuwonekera kwa tizirombo tayamba kupezeka kwa masika.
Onetsetsani kuti mwathira nyemba zonse zomwe zawonongeka ndi nsabwe za m'madzi zomwe zimakonzedwa ndi mafuta amchere. Nthawi yochepa kwambiri yapatsidwa kuti achite mwambowu.
Izi zikuyenera kuchitika masiku osapitilira atatu. Simungapereke mwayi kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiziberekera kubadwa ndikuwonongeka kwa mbewu poyamwa mazere awo.
Kukonzanso kuyenera kubwerezedwa pambuyo pa masiku 14-21. Nyengo yonse yolima iyenera kutsagana ndi kuyendera mbewu. Ma aphid opezeka amafunika kuchizidwa mwachangu ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Njira yothetsera sopo, phulusa ndi sopo-alkaline imagwirizana bwino ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Ndikofunika kuti musalimbane ndi tizilombo pa nthawi ya zipatso. Mankhwala onse akhoza kulowa chipatso.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino
Monga tanena kale, pali mitundu pafupifupi 4,000 ya nsabwe za m'masamba. Sizingatheke kulingalira zonsezo, chifukwa chake tidzalipira zomwe ndizofala kwambiri.
- Nyemba aphid, kapena beetroot - parates pa beets, katsabola, nyemba ndi tsabola. Zitha kukhala zamkaka, koma mutadya ndi timadziti timafa. Chifukwa cha parasitization m'minda, njira za metabolic zimasokonekera ndipo zokolola zake zimachepa. Beet aphid imatenga gawo lonse la chikhalidwecho, ndikupanga gulu lambiri. Tizilomboti timakhala mtundu wobiriwira, wakuda kapena bulauni, miyendo yopanda utoto, maso ndi wakuda, proboscis ndi wautali ndi nsonga yakuda.
- Acacia, kapena alfalfa aphid amawononga kumtunda kwa nyemba, komanso masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono. Ndiwonyamula ma virus ndi matenda ena a chomera ichi. Mutha kukumana naye theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, komanso nthawi yovuta kwambiri. Izi aphid hibernates mu mawonekedwe a mazira alfalfa, pomwe mphutsi zimatuluka masika ndikupita ku acacia ndi thonje.
- Nsabwe za pea - parasitisi pa nandolo, clover, mphodza, melilot, ndi mbewu zina zopindika. Tizilombo ta mtunduwu timasiyana ndi ena kutalika kwa matupi awo: zazikazi zopanda mapiko zimatha kufika 4,5 mm, ndipo zamapiko - 5 mm. Thupi lopaka utoto wakuda, maso ndi a bulauni, miyendo ndi yopepuka ndi miyendo yakuda.
- Ma Elm-sedge aphid - kasupe amafalikira mpaka masamba a elm, pambuyo pake amasamukira ku mizu ya sedges. Chifukwa cha matenda ndi tizilombo, kukula kwa zokongoletsera kumakhala kolepheretsa.
- Aphidous aphid - akuwukira duwa, komwe amakhala ndi magulu ambiri. Amayambitsa gawo lam'munsi la tsamba, masamba, zopondera ndi timitengo tating'ono.
- White aphid - ili ndi thupi lotulutsa ndipo ndi maliseche imatha kulakwitsa ngati dontho la mame. Mitundu yake ndi yopanda tanthauzo - zosaposa 1 mm. Nthawi zambiri parates pamimba mbewu.
- Aphid wakuda si banja losiyana, koma mitundu ingapo yomwe anthu adagwirizana pagulu limodzi, kuyambira mtundu. Tizilombo timene timakhala makamaka kabichi, tomato, nkhaka ndi yamatcheri.
- Cherry nsabwe za m'masamba - imodzi mwazipatso zazikulu zamiyala yamiyala yazipatso. Parasitize makamaka yamatcheri ndi yamatcheri. Kugawidwa m'madera onse omwe mitengo ya zipatso iyi imadzala.
- Ma aphidere am'munda - amawononga madambo, udzu, minda yomwe mbewu za phala zimalimidwa. Mbalame zokhala ndi zotsekemera ndi zamtunduwu - zimakhudza barele wam'madzi ndi chisanu, tirigu, chimanga, oats ndi rye. Tizilombo tating'onoting'onoyu ndi amitundu yambiri ndipo timatha kuwononga mbewu paminda yayikulu.
Habitat
Aphids amakonda malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, yopanda chinyezi - m'malo otere amatha kupezekanso nthawi zonse komanso mwachangu kubereka. Malo omwe amagawilidwa ndi tiziromboti ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo amatenga gawo lomwe limachokera ku Siberia kupita ku Western Europe, ndipo limangokhala osati m'minda, m'mapaki ndi m'minda, komanso m'mapiri ndi m'nkhalango.
Kuopsa kotani?
Zowonongeka kuchokera ku nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri, makamaka ngati simukuwona izi munthawi ndikuyamba kulimbana nayo.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakoka mbewu, zomwe pamapeto pake zimafooka ndipo zimalephera kutulutsa ndi kubereka. Makamaka omwe ali pachiwopsezo ndi mbewu zakunyumba ndi mphukira zazing'ono. Popeza sizitetezedwa, mbewu zotere zimayamba kufooka, masamba ake amapindika, ndipo tsinde limayamba kuwonda.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe wamba
Nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta Hemoptera. Amadziwika ndi sayansi kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, pali mitundu pafupifupi 4,000, pafupifupi chikwi imakhala ku Europe. Kukula kwa nsabwe za m'masamba sikapitilira mamilimita angapo, ngakhale kuli zitsanzo zaumunthu zomwe zili ndi kukula kwa 5-7 mm.
Mitundu yonse ya nsabwe za m'masamba imakhala ndi mapiko (yomwe imayambitsa kubereka) ndi mapiko (yomwe imayang'anira kufalitsa ndi kusintha kwa mitundu) yazomera.
Maonekedwe a nsabwe za m'masamba ndizosiyanitsa kwambiri (zakuda, zobiriwira, zofiira, komanso zowonekera). Pamutu pali maso akuda ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono. Ma aphid okhala ndi mapiko ali ndi awiri mapiko owonekera, awiri owala kumbuyo nthawi zonse amafupikira kuposa amodzi. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhala ndi phenoscis yapadera, yomwe imaboweka masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono.
Ena mwa iwo aperekedwa mu chithunzi.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo ndi mawonekedwe a chitukuko
Chapakatikati, mphutsi zimatchinga dzira. Dzira limayikidwa ndi ma aphid pamsika wolandila mu kugwa (mizu yamitengo, ming'alu mu khungwa, etc.). Mphutsi zachisanu zimakhalako, mwachitsanzo, mu phylloxera (aphid mphesa). Kumayambiriro kasupe, mphutsi zimadyanso timadziti tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timayamwa, ndipo titatha kusungunuka, timayamba kubereka mwa mtundu wina, ndikupanga akazi osafota okha.
Kwa mwezi umodzi (Epulo kapena Meyi, kutengera dera), mzimayi wopanda phokoso amatha kuoneka mpaka mibadwo itatu ya tizilombo tili ndi anthu mazana chikwi chimodzi .
Pambuyo poti mphukira yaying'ono idayamba, kubadwa zazikazi zamapiko zomwe zimayamba kusamuka kwa mbewu yoyandikana nayo ya mtundu wina, kufalikira m'mundamo ndi m'munda. M'nyengo yotentha, mibadwo yoposa 10,000 ya akazi opanda mapiko ndi mapiko imawoneka. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tomwe tangotuluka kumene kumakhala kwa anthu mabiliyoni.
Mukugwa, chilengedwe chimawoneratu kubadwa kwa amuna amuna okhala mapiko Zomwe zimawulukira kumalowo, pomwe zazikazi zimayikira mazira awo nthawi yozizira.
Nsabwe za m'mimba zimayikira mazira, ndi mitundu ina ya nsabwe za m'masamba kubadwa kwamoyo ndi chibadwa . Mbadwo wa nsapato za mapiko amabadwa mosiyanasiyana, ndipo popeza ndiwo amachititsa kusamuka, kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndikupanga madera atsopano.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano, kubadwa kwa nsabwe za mapiko kumathanso kuchitika chifukwa cha zinthu zonunkhira zapadera zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba zikaukiridwa ndi adani, monga ma ladybugs. Zinthu zodzisungira izi zimayambitsa nkhawa m'midziyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsabwe za m'mapapo zisathe. Umu ndi momwe lamulo loteteza chilengedwe limagwira ntchito.
Zosangalatsa
Ndipo, pamapeto pake, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muphunzire zambiri zosangalatsa za nsabwe za m'masamba:
- Nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo tosavomerezeka, koma tili ndi oyang'anira akuluakulu. Awa ndi nyerere zomwe zimakonda kusangalala ndi chakudya chokoma chomwe chimasungidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, chifukwa chake chimayikanso mazira awo pachikondwerero chawo kuti azitha kupulumuka nyengo yozizira.
- kufalikira m'malo otentha, tizilombo timatha kubereka mibadwo 30 yatsopano mchaka chimodzi,
- Asayansi aku America amawerengetsa kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimapanga mahekitala awiri a mabulosi a shuga - kulemera kwawo kunali 25 kg,
- Ma nsabwe za m'mimba zimathanso kukhala zopindulitsa - mu misuzi ya mbewu zina mumakhala shuga wambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa kusokonezeka kwa njira ya photosynthesis. Tizilombo timayamwa timadziti, timachepetsa shuga, ndipo pedi, yomwe imagwera pansi, imadzaza ndi nayitrogeni.
Kufalitsa
Kodi nsabwe za m'mimba zimapezeka pati? Poyamba, amachokera kumalo achilengedwe momwe muli mitundu ya nyama. Pambuyo pake, atatha kukonza mundawo, adakhala pamenepo mosakhalitsa chifukwa nyengo yabwino.
Nthawi zambiri, nsabwe za m'masamba zimagwera m'malo olimidwa ndi mbewu zatsopano zomwe sizinayesedwe matenda. Khonza kukhazikika ndikusintha madera oyandikana nawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyerere zimathandiza nsabwe za m'masamba kukhazikika - zamakhalidwe Symbiosis ya nsabwe za m'masamba ndi nyerere . Nyerere "zimadya" nsabwe za m'masamba ndikupeza zabwino kuchokera kwa izo - paddy (ma secretions okhala ndi shuga) pobwerera. Nyerere zimathandizira kusunga ndikuteteza nsabwe za m'masamba kwa adani komanso majeremusi. Amatha kuzisunthira kuzomera zina, ndipo nthawi yozizira amadzikonzera okha mu anthill.
Zowopsa
Zowonongeka zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndizokwanira zokwanira. Zithunzi zili pansi pamasamba, ndipo sizingazindikirike nthawi yomweyo. Mukukonzekera ntchito yofunika ya nsabwe za m'masamba poizoni , zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a ziwalo za mbewu. Izi zimawonekera makamaka pamasamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono.
- Masamba amapota, masamba amatota, asanatsegule, zipatso sizimanga.
- Madontho kapena mawonekedwe a pigment amatha kuwoneka pamasamba.
- Kubwetuka ndi kutulutsa masamba kuoneke - uku ndiko kupangika kwa ma CD, pakapita nthawi amakhala zilonda zam'mimba.
- Pakhoza kukhala wokutetezera masamba, awa ndi omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matenda ndi bowa.
- Kuphatikiza pa zonsezi, masamba amakhala omata komanso omata chifukwa cha wowonda mnzake.
Ndi matenda akuluakulu a nsabwe za m'masamba, kukula kwa mbewu kungathetsedwe kwathunthu. Zomera zofooka, kapena mbali zina za mbewu, sizitha kupirira nyengo yachisanu ndipo afa .
Pazonse zomwe tafotokozazi, mitundu ina ya nsabwe za m'masamba imanyamula ma virus osachiritsika zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Pankhaniyi, ndizosatheka kupulumutsa mtengo wa apulo kapena chitsamba chopotera; muyenera kukumba ndi muzu ndikuutaya.
Udongosolo mwadongosolo
- Gulu - Tizilombo
- Gulu - diptera
- Suborder - Aphidina (Aphidinae)
Oyimira ma aphid suborder:
- Cherry Aphid
- Elm ndi pewa aphid
- Helichrysum aphid
- Nsabwe za peyala ndi phala
- Colour peyala ndi ambulera aphid
- Peyala-ambulera yobiriwira ya aphid
- Peach wobiriwira (greenhouse, fodya)
- Ma aphid obiriwira a Apple
- Aphid aphid apulosi
- Aphidirant aphid
- Aphid
- Gooseberry aphid
- Pulamu yosalala
- Hop hop
- Thistle aphid
- Apple ndi udzu aphid
- Apple ndi Plantain Aphid
- Tsamba la peyala aphid
- Phyloxera (mphesa ya Aphid)
Kuphatikiza:
- superfamily - Hermes (Adelgoidea) akuphatikiza mabanja:
- Phylloxeridae (Phylloxeridae)
- Hermes (Adelgidae)
- superfamily Aphids (Aphidoidea) akuphatikiza mabanja:
- Real Aphids (Aphididae)
- Gall kupanga nsabwe za m'masamba (Pemphigidae).
Kukula (kuzungulira kwa moyo)
Aphid ndi amodzi mwa madera akulu kwambiri omwe amapezeka mu Equine Wing Detachment, kuchuluka kwawo, kuchuluka kwake, komanso kutukuka kwa chilengedwe kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chakutha kubereka ndi kusinthanitsa mibadwo yakugonana komanso yogonana. Zomwe zimachitika pakumayenda kwa moyo zimadalira mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba - zosasunthika (zosasunthika), zosunthika (zolemba), zosakwanira, zina. Poyerekeza ndi ena omwe akuyimira, ma aphid amasiyanitsidwa ndi ma polymorphism ogonana komanso gawo.
Nthawi yozungulira ya aphid yosasamukira
Zamoyo zomwe sizimasamukira kumadera ena zimangokhala pazigawo zotsatirazi:
Gawo mazira Zomera nthawi yozizira; nyengo yozizira imachitika nthawi zonse pamizere yachilengedwe kapena. Chapakatikati, otchedwa oyambitsa: Anamwali achikazi. Alibe mapiko ndipo motero amakhalabe moyo pachomera chomwechi chomwe adawonekerako, akudya zipatso zake. Pa moyo wa aliyense wa iwo, mwanjira ya ma phenomugenetic, amapatsa mphutsi pafupifupi makumi asanu zomwe zimamera patapita nthawi yochepa.
Awa ndi otchedwa anamwali opanda zingwe. Ntchito yawo ndi kubereka mibadwo ingapo ya anthu ofanana. Pakati pa mibadwo yachilimwe yomwe idawoneka kuchokera kwa anamwali opanda zingwe, tizilombo woyamba ali ndi mapiko, omwe amatchedwa Anamwali okhala ndi mapiko, kapena okhazikika. Amapereka mayendedwe ndi kukhazikikanso kwa khola.
Popeza mitundu ya aphid yosasamukira imavomereza chakudya chimodzi chokha, okhalamo amawuluka kupita ku chomera cha mtundu womwewo kapena kwa mitundu ina. Momwemo mwa kubadwa kwamoyo amapanga ndikukulitsa magulu atsopanowo. Ndipo pokhapokha kuyambira nthawi yophukira pakati pa mphutsi zawo amawoneka oimira amuna ndi akazi onse: zazikazi zabwinobwino ndi abambo wamba. Kubzala kumachitika, ndipo mkazi aliyense amaikira mazira angapo nthawi yozizira.
Chifukwa cha njirayi, nsabwe za m'masamba zimafalitsa mbewu zoyandikana, zomwe zimathandizira kuletsa kwawo komanso kufalikira kwa tizirombo.
Ma aphid amonoecious omwe amakhala ndi chitukuko choterocho akuphatikizapo kabichi aphid, Green aphid apid, mapira aphid ndi ena. (Chithunzi)
Nthawi yamoyo yosamukira kumutu
Ngati mungayimire mozungulira moyo wa heterophthous aphid, ziziwoneka motere:
dzira → woyambitsa → namwali wopanda zingwe → wokhala ndi mapiko (osamukira kumapiko) → namwali wosamukira → mikwingwirima → wamkazi wabwinobwino (ovipositing) komanso wamwamuna wabwinobwino → dzira.
Tizilombo timeneti timasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa chomera chimodzi chazakudya, zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha komwe kumagwirizana, zomwe ndizovuta zina poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa mitundu yosasamukira.
Zamoyo zimayambiranso ndi umuna ndikusachedwa kugwa. maziranyengo yozizira pa oyambira wamkulu. Chapakatikati, chimawoneka ngati chopanda woyambitsakumenya mbadwo umodzi kapena iwiri opanda zingweanamwali. Potsirizira pake aonekera Anamwali okhala ndi mapiko, kapenaosamukira okhala ndi mapiko (osamukira)kusiya chomera choyambirira ndikusamukira kudera lachiwiri. Mmenemo amadzabereka ngokwapadera (parthenogeneis), ndipo mibadwo ingapo yachilimwe imawonekera anamwali osamukira kudziko lina (mayesos.mlendo). Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yophukira, zazikazi zamapiko zimapezeka pakati pawo.zingwe. Amabwereranso ku chomera choyambirira, pomwe parthenogenetically achulukane ndikubereka abambo wamba komanso achikazi. Kutembenuza kumatha motere monga momwe zidalili kale: kukhwima pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi kuyikira dzira.
Mitundu yosamukira imaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo: Ma aphid am'madzi amtunduwu, momwe magawo oyambira azungulira amayambira pamtengo wamtchire, ndipo mibadwo ya chilimwe imawonekera pamapira. Ma nsabwe za Beetroot amakula motere: oyambitsa amabadwa pamtengo wotchedwa viburnum ndi spindle, ndipo mibadwo yam'mbuyomu yachilimwe imakhala moyo wawo wonse pa beets kapena nyemba za mahatchi, nsabwe zauthengo zimasinthidwa kuchoka ku chitumbuwa kupita pabedi. (Chithunzi)
Phenology ya kukula kwa nsabwe za m'magazi
1 - Woyambitsa, namwali wopanda mnzake, 3 - namwali wopanda mapiko,
4 - polonoska, 5 - wamwamuna, 6 - wamkazi woyikira dzira, 7 - mphutsi yozizira, 8 - dzira.
Mivi imvi imakulitsa kukula kwa zolengedwa mdziko lakwawo (monga zosamukasamuka), mivi ya lalanje imawonetsa kukula kwa mitunduyi posakhalapo kwa woyamba host (monga analogocyclic).
Magetsi ozungulira a aphids omwe si a cyclic (acyclic)
Gululi likuyimiriridwa ndi ma aphid osamukira, omwe sangathe kukulira pamtengowo. Nthawi yomweyo amagwera pa wolandila, komwe amaberekanso kokha.
Chithunzi chozungulira:
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha analogocyclism ndi magazi Aphid ochokera ku America. Mwini wake wamkulu ndi American elm - mbewu yomwe ilibe "abale" m'dziko lathu. Chifukwa chake, ku Russia, nsabwe za m'magazi zimangokhala pa mitengo ya maapulo (chomera cham'madzi chachiwiri), pomwe oyambitsa mazira sangakhale kumeneko, amafunika Elm kudyetsa. Amwalira mwachangu, ndipo mbadwa zawo zikupitilizabe kutulutsa mibadwo ya anamwali omwe sangathe kuyikira mazira. Amitundu omwe adapangidwa amamwalira kumapeto. (Chithunzi)
Fodya (pichesi) ma aphid ali ndi zofananira, momwe pichesi ndimamwini wamkulu, ndipo fodya ndi zitsamba zina ndizomwe zimabweretsa. M'njira yapakati komanso kumpoto, komwe kulibe peach, amangokhala pazomera za herbaceous.
Malware
Oyimira ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda ndi oopsa kwambiri tizirombo. Zowopsa zawo zili motere.
- Nsabwe za m'masamba zimawononga mbewu zam'madzi pomamwa misuzi yake; zimakhala pamlengalenga kapena pamizu. Izi zimabweretsa kutsika kwawo, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa msipu wobiriwira, kuperewera kwa zipatso, kugwa masamba asanakwane, mapangidwe a ndulu (mapangidwe a ndulu), mitundu ina ya kuwonongeka ndi kusinthika kwa magawo; nthawi zina, kudya nsabwe za m'masamba kumabweretsa kufa kwa mbewu pachimphindi zingapo. Kubwereza kuzungulira kwatsopano kwa moyo wawo, ma aphid amatha kukhala kosatha pamtunda womwewo, kupangitsa kuti iume. Nthawi yomweyo, kudya kwa nthawi yayitali kwa tizilombo timene timakhala ndi timadziti tokhala ndi mapuloteni pang'ono sikumawalepheretsa kukula ndi kuchuluka: safunikira zinthu za mapuloteni, chifukwa, chifukwa cha vuto la bacteriosis la bacteria, amatha kuyamwa nitrogen mwachindunji kuchokera kumlengalenga.
- M'moyo, nsabwe za m'masamba zimabisala zotsekemera - mame a uchi, omwe amapendekeka ndi nyerere. Chifukwa chake, “pamaso” pa nyerere, zimakopa malo ena olimidwa ndi tizirombo tina touluka. Tizilombo timeneti tili ndi njira zosamalirana wina ndi mnzake. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimapereka chakudya kwa nyerere, ndipo pobweza zimawateteza ku zilombo, kuzisintha kuti zikhale ndi mphukira zazing'ono komanso ngakhale kunyamula zazikazi kuzomwe zimakonda nyengo yozizira. Kuwona zomwe zidapezeka kale - zidutswa za amber, momwe nyerere zimapezekera ndi nsabwe za m'masamba - kupezeka kwake kopindulitsa kuli ndi mbiri yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuthana ndi izi ndikuthamangitsa tizirombo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zotetezera mbewu. (Chithunzi)
- Aphid amakhala ndi ma virus a phytopathogenic, pomwe mitundu imodzimodziyo ya tizilombo imatha kufalitsa tizilombo toyesa matenda zana limodzi - monga Peach (fodya) nsabwe za m'masamba.
Chonde ndi Kufalikira Kwa Aphid
Kuvulaza kwa omwe akuyimira gawo lino kumawonjezereka chifukwa chakuti amadziwika ndi kuthekera kwambiri kopatsa. Pakati patali, woyamba wa aphid (woyambitsa) pa "kusintha" kwathunthu kwa moyo akhoza kupereka chiyembekezo ku mibadwo yotsogolera yomwe yatuluka makumi masauzande a tizirombo. Pakati kapena kumapeto kwa nyengo, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo pa chomera chimodzi kumatha kuwonjezeka kwambiri kotero kuti pafupifupi amaphimba mbali zake zonse zoyenera kudya. (Chithunzi) Ndipo uku sikumakhala malire: madera otentha, kumene kuli masiku ofunda 300 pachaka, kuchuluka kwa mbadwa za aphid imodzi ndi 10 13 tizilombo.
Kuphatikiza pa kusuntha kuchoka pamtengo wina kupita kwina, womwe nsapato za mapiko zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala "zofunikira", kukhazikikanso kumachitika modzidzimutsa, komwe kumathandizira kuvulaza kwa zinthuzi. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo tokhala pamizu ya mbewu zomwe zimafalikira ndikutsuka ndi madzi ndikudutsa munthaka zothirira, ndipo mitundu yapansi panthaka, kuphatikizapo yopanda mapiko, chifukwa cha kulemera kwake pang'ono, imatha kuwuka ndi mafunde amlengalenga ndikuwuluka m'malo okwera kwambiri amlengalenga.
Kufotokozera zamitundu ndi zomwe zidachitika
Ma nsabwe - imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa tizirombo tina tambiri timene timasokoneza mbewu zosiyanasiyana zam'munda. Nthawi zambiri, tizilombo timatha kupezeka m'malo azotentha, makamaka masamba a currant ndi rasipiberi amakhudzidwa.
- Kukula - Equine-mapiko,
- kalasi - tizilombo,
- mtundu - arthropods,
- zapamwamba - nsabwe za m'masamba,
- mtundu - Osasunthika, osamuka, osakwanira.
Kufunika kwa nsabwe za m'masamba mu biogeocenosis ndi chilengedwe
Aphid ndiwonyamula majeremusi ambewu ndi majeremusi. Imakonzanso njira ya photosynthesis - ikamayamwa juwiti kuchokera ku mbewu zazing'ono, nsabwe za m'masamba zimachotsa shuga yowonjezera, yomwe imachotsedwera mawonekedwe a madontho otsekemera ndikulowa pansi, ikudzaza ndi nayitrogeni. Kuphatikiza apo, nsabwe za m'masamba ndizothandiza kwa nyerere zomwe zimatola madontho okoma ndikudyetsa chiberekero, ana. Chifukwa cha kudya bwino kwa mame, nyerere zimatha kuteteza nsabwe kuti zisawonongedwe ndi tizilombo toopsa, monga ma ladybugs.
Chifukwa chiyani aphid amakhala a mapiko? Tizilombo timeneti timakhala ndi phenoscis, pomwe timagwira ntchito pakamwa. Ngakhale kuti palibe mapiko, aphid ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana obisika, momwe mawonekedwe osakanizira a kachilombo amapeza mapiko okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi kukula kwake.
Maonekedwe - chithunzi choyandikira
Maonekedwe a tizilombo komanso mawonekedwe a thupilo ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Thupi limatha kukhala ndi ovoid, oblong, kapena ellipse. Zingoyambira kuchokera pa 0,3 mm mpaka 0,8 mm. Mitundu ina ya nsabwe za m'masamba yoposa millimeter kukula, koma izi zimapezeka mwa omwe adayambitsa madera. Chingwe cha mtondo nthawi zambiri chimawonekera, ndipo mtunduwo umatsimikizika ndi kapangidwe ka hemolymph, makulidwe amtundu wa khungu ndi kupezeka kwa zokutira kwa waxy.
Utoto wam'mimba umatha kukhala osiyanasiyana - wobiriwira, imvi, wakuda, wofiira, bulauni, beige. Kwenikweni, mtundu wake ndi wofanana ndi mbewu yomwe kachilombo kamadya. Pali ma tubercles ndi fluffs pamwamba pa thupi; mu mitundu ina, fluffs imatha kufika 4 mm kutalika.
Tizilomboti tili ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, itatu mbali iliyonse. Mphutsi ndi mtundu wochepetsedwa wa munthu wamkulu, nthawi zambiri phula limakhala lalitali kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi. Mchira sukula bwino. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna.
Habitat
Tizilombo timakonda nyengo yotentha komanso yanyontho, yomwe imalimbikitsa kubereka ndi kukhazikika. Malo omwe amakhala ndi Western Europe ndi Siberia. Mazira samalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa madigiri oposa -25. Kubalanso kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa kutentha, mvula kapena chilala. Ma nsabwe za m'masamba zimapezeka m'malo a zomera kapena mobisa, ngati chomeracho chimamatirira kumizu. Itha kupezeka m'malo obiriwira komanso udzu.
PAKUFUNIKIRA: Ndikofunikira kuyendera nthawi ndi nthawi kuti mbewuzo zizindikirika ndi nthawi yake.
Ndani amadya nsabwe za m'masamba - adani
Adani achilengedwe ndi tizilombo komanso mbalame. Makamaka nsabwe za m'masamba monga ma ladybugs, omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera tizirombo. Adani amaphatikizanso mavu.
Ndikwabwino kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi nyerere nthawi imodzi, chifukwa nyerere nthawi zambiri zimateteza chomera momwe nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhalira.
Aphid amadya:
CHIYAMBI: Mazira a ladybug amatha kugulidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa maluwa.
Mbatata
Mtundu wa anthu opanda mapiko okhala ndi thupi lopanda mawonekedwe, nthawi zambiri thupi limakhala lofiirira kapena lobiriwira. Anthu amafikira kutalika kwa 4 mm, okhala ndi tinyanga ndi mchira. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mtunduwu umasinthika kukhala kutentha pang'ono. Amadyetsa zakudya zamasamba: mbatata, tomato, beets ndi kabichi. M'nyengo yozizira amasamukira kuma nyumba.
Nkhaka kapena mseche
M'mawonekedwe, kachilombo ndi kofanana ndi koyamba, kamakhala ndi tulo ndi njira zake. Mtundu wa thupi ndi wobiriwira. Amadyetsa mavwende, mavwende, maungu, nkhaka, amakhudza nthangala za sesame, mtedza ndi beets. Tizilombo tamtunduwu timakonda kutentha, motero timatha kupezeka m'malo obiriwira.
Tsamba la ndulu
Mtunduwu umatchedwanso zitsamba. Matendawa amathandizira nthawi yotentha komanso youma. Yokhazikika pazomera zazing'ono. Akazi okhala ndi mapiko ndi chikasu cha mbewa pamtundu ndipo opanda mapiko ndi a bulauni. Amakondedwa kwambiri ndi nyerere zakuda. Kuphatikiza pa mbewu zazing'ono, nsabwe za m'masamba zimakonda maluwa amkati ndi udzu.
Beet kapena nyemba
Mazira amunthuyo ndi amodzi komanso amtundu wakuda. Akazi amakhala ndi thupi lopanda mafuta, lokhala ndi mbali. Mtunduwo ndi wodera, wakuda kapena wobiriwira. Thupi limakutidwa ndi zokutira lofanana ndi phula. Imakhala pa beets, jasmines, ma legamu, ma poppies, viburnum kapena mpendadzuwa. Mitunduyo imanyamula matenda osiyanasiyana a virus.
Kabichi
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tating'ono kuposa 2,5 mm. Thupi lophimbidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe opakidwa ndi utoto wachikasu. Mazira amawaika m'mbale kabichi zomwe zimatsalira pamalowo. Pakati pa masika, mphutsi zimawoneka kuti zimadya chakudya chomera. Izi zikulepheretsa kukula kwa mutu wa kabichi.
Mphesa
Dzina lachiwiri la mitunduyo ndi phylloxera. Thupi limakhala ndi chowulungika, chikasu kapena zofiirira. Tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, monga phenoscis, tifupikitsa kwambiri. Chimakhala pamasamba a mphesa, koma sichikhala pamitundu ya mphesa yamphongo. Wamkazi mmodzi amatha kupatsa mazira 500, ndipo mpaka mibadwo 9 amasinthidwa nyengo iliyonse. Zimatanthauzanso kupatula tizirombo.
Rozannaya
Chimodzi mwazirombo wamba pa maluwa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi ovoid body yobiliwira timayambitsa zowononga zazomera. Aphids nthawi yozizira mu gawo la dzira pazomera za pachaka. Mphutsi kuyamwa madzi kuchokera masamba, masamba, mphukira ndi masamba.
Wowonjezera kutentha
Ma aphid amtunduwu amatha kupezeka pamasamba a fodya, pichesi, apricot ndi amondi. Nsabwe za m'masamba kukhazikika kumayambiriro kasupe. Poyamba, imadyera msuzi wa udzu, pambuyo pake imasunthira ku fodya ndi mbewu za zipatso. Mtundu wa khungu ndi wachikasu wobiriwira, chifukwa umatha kuzimiririka pazomera. Kusamutsa matenda ambiri ku mbewu.
Mealy kapena shaggy
Thupi lozungulira lamtunduwu lili ndi mabulamu ang'onoang'ono ambiri. Utoto wake ndi zonona, wokutidwa ndi mipango yoyera pamwamba, yomwe imafanana ndi ufa. Aphids amakhala pa mphesa, zipatso ndi nyumba. Imaswana mwachangu ndipo imakhala m'madera akuluakulu.
Ma aphid oyera
Ma aphid oyera amakhala pazomera zamkati. Ndi mipira yaying'ono yokutidwa ndi sera, miyendo imakhala yosaoneka. Amakonda mpweya wofunda komanso wowuma. Kuphatikiza pa kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa mbewu, tizilombo amafalitsa ma virus angapo.
Ma aphid obiriwira a Apple
Amakhudza kwambiri mtengo wa apulo, koma amapezeka pa cotoneaster, peyala, phulusa la kumapiri kapena hawthorn. Mazira a kuwala kubiriwira, komwe pang'onopang'ono kumada. Yaikazi imakhala ndi chowoneka ngati chowoneka ndi mphiri lakuthwa kumbuyo. Matanga, mchira, chifuwa ndi mutu ndi zakuda. Pakati pa nyengo, mibadwo ingapo ya tizilombo imasinthidwa. Munthu m'modzi amapereka mpaka anamwali opanda zingwe 120. Kukwatirana ndi mazira kumachitika mu Okutobala.
Kuvulala kwa nsabwe za m'masamba
Nsabwe za m'masamba zimavulaza kwambiri. Ziphuphu zatsopano zimapanga pansi pa mbewu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa tochi, timene timayambitsa kusintha kwa ziwalo zathupi. Choyamba, mphukira zazing'ono, masamba ndi maluwa zimakanthidwa.
Ngati dera la aphid ndi lalikulu, ndiye kuti mbewuyo imayima. Masamba achikasu kapena ukonde amapangika pamasamba, makungu amadetsa mbewuzo ndikusokoneza mayamwa. Mafangayi akuda kapena mitundu ina ya nkhungu imatha kupanga. Mphukira zomwe zimagunda nsabwe za m'masamba zimafooka ndipo zimafa nthawi yozizira.
ZOTHANDIZA: ndikofunikira kuwunikira momwe masamba awonekera, kapangidwe ka zotupa kapena zilonda.
Kupewa
Ma nsabwe za m'masamba simalola fungo la mbewu zina. Izi zimaphatikizapo anyezi, adyo, chamomile. Mlimi atha kubzala mbewuzi ngati njira yolepheretsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kuyendetsa zinthu zosokoneza. Kuti muchite izi, dzalani pamalowo mbewu zomwe zimakopa nsabwe za m'masamba: nasturtium, cosmea, poppy, mallow, viburnum ndi linden.
Pali njira zingapo zopewera:
- kuyeretsa nthaka kuchokera kwa masamba ndi udzu m'malo ozungulira kuchokera nthawi yophukira,
- kudula nsonga za nthawi ndi masamba oyambira,
- kuwononga pang'ono nthano nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe. Chiwonongeko chotheratu sichingachitike, chifukwa nyerere ndi amodzi mwa okhawo amene amapangitsa kuti mungu ukhalepo munthawi yozizira komanso yamkuntho,
- gwiritsani mitengo yoyera ya mitengo,
- kusamalira bwino mbewu ndi mabulosi,
- chifukwa m'nyumba zam'mlengalenga mumagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zonse chimakhala chosasangalatsa m'mundamu. Ma nsabwe ali ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu yawo. Ubwino wa mtundu uliwonse ndi kubereka mwachangu komanso kukula msanga kwa anthu okhala m'midzi.