Makoswe am'munda ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya makoswe. Ngakhale zili zokongola, ndizilombo zomwe zimawononga mbewu komanso zimasokoneza mbewu. Komanso nyamazi ndizonyamula matenda ambiri owopsa. Chifukwa chiyani mbewa imatchedwa vole? Amawoneka bwanji? Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mbewa ya kumunda ndi mbewa ya bulauni? Ndi ma voo angati omwe amakhala? Kodi amatchera khutu?
Chithunzi ndi kufotokoza kwa mawonekedwe a mbewa ya kumunda
Vole ndi nyama yochepa kwambiri ya banja la a murine (onani chithunzi). Amakhala ndi thupi lodzaza ndi kutalika kwa 6 mpaka 15 cm, kutalika kwa masentimita 10 mpaka 12. M mbewa imalemera 15-50 g. Kupukutira kwace ndi kotakasa, komaso, ndi khutu laling'ono lozungulira. Maso a mphuno ndi pinki, maso ndi ozungulira, amdima. Mchirawo ndi wautali, wofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi, wokutidwa ndi mamba a fluff ndi mphete.
Chophimbacho ndichachifupi, chosalala, cholimba, chosawoneka bwino - kumbuyo komwe kuli mzere wakuda kapena woderapo womwe mbewa imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi nthumwi zina za banja la mbewa. Mtundu wa chovalacho ndi wa imvi kapena wa bulauni, kumachitika ndi mawanga kapena mikwingwirima, mthunzi pamimba ndi wopepuka. Mtundu umasintha mtundu kutengera zakunja ndi malo okhala - munthawi yotentha, chovalacho chimakhala chakuda kuposa kuzizira, pali kusiyana kwa mitundu ya nyama yomwe imakhala kumadera akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa. Ndi m'badwo, chovala cha ubweya wa mbewa chimawala.
Ma mbewa kumunda
Kodi ndingadziwe bwanji kuti mbewa ya kumunda ili kutsogolo kwanu? Onani nsana wake: ngati pali mzere wopyapyala m'mbali mwake, ndiye nyama yomweyo.
Thupi la nyamayo limakula mpaka masentimita 12 kutalika. Mchira wa mbewa zamtunduwu sizitali kwambiri.
Mtundu wa chovalacho ndi wakuda: ochen grey, brownish. Koma m'mimba mwa mbewa ya kumunda ndikuwala.
Kumbuyo kwa mbewa, chingwe chakuda ndicho chisonyezo chake.
Moyo wam mbewa zam'munda ndi chakudya
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa izi, nthawi yayitali, nthawi yamadzulo komanso nthawi yamadzulo. Masana, amakhala ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri - kubisala kwa adani, kuti asakhale chakudya chamasana. Ndi kusangalala ndi mbewa yolima osaka - zoposa zokwanira!
Ndipo kodi mwana uyu angabisike pati kuchokera kwa chidwi ndi osaka achilengedwe? Inde, kulikonse: mumulu wazithunzi, khola la udzu, kapena mutha kukwera pamizu ya chitsamba ndi mtengo. Mapeto ake, pankhaniyi, mbewa zakutchire zimapanganso ngalande zamkati mobisa zomwe zimafanana ndi maze.
Makoswe am'munda ndi nyama zambiri.
Ndipo nyama zazing'onozi zimadziwa kupondaponda mosamala "njira zobwerera" pansi, zomwe ndizovuta kuzindikira ndi maliseche. Amachita izi kuti abwerere kumalo kwawo mwachangu zikafuna ngozi.
Chakudya cha mbewa kumunda chimaphatikizapo zinthu zonse zomwe zimachokera ku mbewu ndi nyama zina. Zakudya zamafuta zimadya zonunkhira kuchokera ku mbewu, zipatso ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana, mbewu, kuphatikizapo mbewu monga chimanga, komanso tizilombo.
Kuti adyetse nthawi yozizira, mbewa zam'minda zimayesa "kuchuluka" pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Nthawi zina zimakhazikika m'khola, m'chipinda chapamwamba, kapena zimatha kuyang'ana kukhitchini.
Chakudya chachikulu cha mbewa kumunda ndi masamba.
Ngakhale kuchepa kwakanthawi kochepa, mbewa zam'minda sizitaya chonde. Kutha kwawo kuswana amathanso kusilira nyama iliyonse.
Zokhudza kubalana mbewa zam'munda
Mbadwa za makokozi zimawonekera pafupifupi kasanu pachaka. Ndipo nthawi iliyonse mayi m'modzi amatha kubereka pafupifupi 6 - 7 mbewa. Ndiye chonde!
Ana a mbewa amabadwa ali khungu, koma chifukwa cha chakudya chamkaka chamkaka, amatha kulemera msanga ndikukula. Pakupita milungu iwiri chibadwire, mbewa zimawonedwa, ndipo masabata angapo pambuyo pake zimadzilamulira.
Mbewa Zakumunda ndizodzuka chaka chonse; sizichita hibernate.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza mbewa kumunda
Ambiri anganene - chabwino, ndikugwiritsa ntchito chiyani? Amangoluma ndikuwononga chilichonse! Koma m'chilengedwe, sizili choncho. Nyama izi ndi gawo lofunikira munyolo. Popanda kupezeka kwa prankster yaying'ono iyi, mbalame zambiri ndi zinyama zikadasiyidwa popanda chakudya choyambirira, mwachitsanzo: nkhandwe, kadzidzi, marten, amphaka.
Zachidziwikire, kuti mbewa zam'munda zitha kuwononga kwambiri mbewuyo, komanso ngakhale kukhala chofalitsa cha matenda opatsirana owopsa - palibe amene angatsutse izi. Chifukwa chake, oyandikana nawo awa ndi makoswe ndiopewedwa kwambiri, ngati zingatheke. Aloleni akhalebe azikhala mwachilengedwe, osati kunyumba.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Thumba mbewa: malongosoledwe
Chingwe chaching'ono chimatha kutchedwa mosiyana: mbewa ya kumunda, mbewa yolowera, mbewa yolimira, mbewa ya ana, ndi mbewa yoluka. Nyamayi imadziwika bwino ndi anthu ambiri, chifukwa moyo wa munthu ndi makoswe nthawi zambiri umagwirizana. Ndikayamba kuzizira kwenikweni kwa nyengo yozizira, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayandikira pafupi ndi munthuyo, kuwonekera mnyumba zosungiramo zinthu, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu, ma sheds ndi malo ena omangira, komanso m'nyumba ya anthu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'm dachas, m'minda kapena m'malo.
Mbewa ya kumunda sivuta kusiyanitsa ndi makoswe ena pazinthu zingapo. Mwachitsanzo:
- Imakula motalika mpaka 12 cm, osatinso, pomwe kukula kwa makulidwe ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10. Mchira wa nyama ndi wochepa thupi ndipo umakhala pafupifupi 70% kutalika kwa thupi lake.
- Kapangidwe ka thupi kakhala kena pang'ono ndi mapazi kumbuyo. Mbewa ikasuntha, amabwera kutsogolo.
- Tizilombo ta pakamwa ndi pakamwa, ndi mphuno yayitali, ndipo makutu ndi ang'ono koma ozungulira.
Poganizira mawonekedwe, ndi nyama yokongola komanso yopanda vuto. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mphuno yofiira ya mbewa. Kapangidwe ka mbewa ndi kakang'ono, komwe kamasiyana ndi kapangidwe ka thupi ka mitundu yambiri ya makoswe.
Thupi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lomwe limadziwika ndi utoto wosasinthika, pomwe pamimba nthawi zonse zimakhala zowala poyerekeza ndi thupi lonse. Vole ikhoza kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mitundu ina ya makoswe ndi chingwe chakuda chomwe chili kumbuyo kwake. Mtundu wa chovalacho ungasinthe malinga ndi momwe akukhala. M'nyengo yotentha, vole imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri, koma pofika nyengo yachisanu, mtunduwo umasintha kukhala mtundu wowala. Pazithunzi pansipa, mutha kudzionera nokha momwe mbewa ya mbewa imasiyanirana ndi makoswe ena.
Chochititsa chidwi! Mano a makoswewo ndi apadera chifukwa amakula moyo wawo wonse. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa zofunikira zazitali zomwe zimayamba kale mwezi wachiwiri wa moyo ndikukula tsiku lililonse ndi 1.5 mm. Kuti mano asakule mopitirira muyeso, nyamayo imafunikira kumang'ung'ina china chake chilichonse kuti chizikwinya. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa zimaluma ngakhale zinthu zomwe sizimayimira phindu lathanzi.
Kulemera kwakukulu kwa mbewa ya vole sikuposa magalamu 20, ngakhale anthu akuluakulu amapezeka, olemera mpaka 30 g.
Zomwe zimadya
Kodi zilakalaka zapakudya ndi chiyani, chifukwa zimatafuna chilichonse chomwe chimachitika munjira yake? Amatha ngakhale kuchita izi, zomwe ndizovuta kuziyerekeza. Amakata mabowo mumatabwa, konkriti kapena njerwa. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo zinthu zopangidwa ndi polystyrene, pulasitiki kapena mphira, komanso zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi zinthu zina.
Ndiosavuta kuganiza kuti chidwi choterechi chimalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwa mano a kutsogoloku. Monga chakudya, zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa zimakonda mbewu, mbewu ndi zina zabwino za mbewu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizira mphukira zazing'ono, mbande, masamba ndi zipatso. Nthawi zambiri amachepetsa zakudya zawo ndi mphutsi, tizilombo, mazira ndi anapiye.
Mnyumba ya munthu, mbewa yowononga imawononga zakudya zilizonse, pomwe sizipeputsa zakudya kapena zakudya zochuluka, masamba, zipatso, nyama, mafuta anyama, masoseji, ndi zina zambiri.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Munda wam'munda wopanga mbewa umasungiramo nyengo yachisanu, ngati ili m'munda, pomwe imadya chilichonse chomwe chikanatha kuphunzitsa nthawi yotentha nthawi yachisanu. Ponena za oyimira ena a banja lino omwe adatha kupeza masheya amtundu wa anthu, sasamala masheya nthawi yachisanu. Makoswe amadzisungira okha zakudya zomwe zimatha kudya nthawi yachisanu. Kuchuluka kwa masheya kumatengera kukula kwa mink.
Masana, mbewa imadya osaposa 5 g ya chakudya ndi zakumwa 20 ml zamadzi. M'malo mwa madzi, makoswe amadya zipatso zamasamba. Pakati pa chilimwe, nyamayi imayamba kusungitsa nyengo yachisanu.
Makhalidwe
Makoswe a mbewa ndi zolengedwa zambiri zogwira ntchito, chifukwa njira yawo ya metabolic imathamanga kwambiri. Amayenera kudya pafupipafupi, popeza amatha nthawi yambiri mphamvu zawo. Makoswe sangathe kulekerera njala, makamaka kusowa kwa madzi. Popanda chakudya ndi madzi, makoswe a mbewa sangathe kupitilira sabata limodzi.
Ngakhale zili ndi izi, mbewa yolumikizira mbewa imasinthasintha nthawi yomweyo. Zovala zonunkhira zimayenda m'njira zina, pomwe zimayang'anira gawo lawo ndi mkodzo. Ntchito yayikulu ikuwonetsedwa ndikusamba kwa nthawi yausiku. Nthawi zina, makoswe amayamba kugwira ntchito masana.
Makoswe ndi zinthu zachilengedwe mosamala. Amachitanso phokoso laling'ono kapena dzimbiri, amathamangira kuthawa kwawo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti makoswe ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe ndipo ngozi zawo zimangodikirira nthawi iliyonse.
Tizilombo timayesera kukhala pafupi ndi bowo momwe tingathere, ndikuchokapo ndi iyo patangotsala mamita ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe amayenda mu udzu wautali, pansi pa tchire kapena pamthunzi. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lake. Amakonda kukhala pagulu loyendetsedwa ndi amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Kutalika kwa moyo wa anthu omwe ali mu vivo sikupitilira chaka chimodzi, ngakhale asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mbewa imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 7. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbewa zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. M'mikhalidwe yopanga, nthawi yayitali ya makoswe ndi zaka zitatu.
Kapangidwe ka mkati ka mbewa ya kumunda
Kapangidwe ka mkati ka vole sikosiyana ndi mtundu wina wamakedzedwe. Mafupa ake ndi olimba, koma opepuka komanso otanuka. Chigoba chimakhala chachitali, malo opaka mafupa amawonekera pa iye. Nsagwada yakumtunda sinasunthike, mosiyana ndi nsagwada yakumbuyo, yomwe imatha kuyenda mbali zosiyanasiyana. Iliyonse imakhala ndi zofunikira ziwiri. Alibe mizu, amakula nthawi yonse ya moyo pakadutsa 1 mm patsiku.
Mphuno imazindikira fungo, imakupatsani mwayi wopeza chakudya komanso abale, kuti mudziwe kuyandikira kwa adani. Pafupi naye amakula masharubu - vibrissae, omwe ndi gawo logwira. Chifukwa cha iwo, makoswewo amawongolera bwino malo, ngakhale mumdima.
Msana umakhala ndi zigawo 5 komanso ma vertebrae makumi angapo. Chifuwa chimatulukira m'mimba ndikuteteza ziwalo zamkati kuti zisavulale. Matambalo ake ali afupikifupi kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Poyamba pali zala 5, chachiwiri - 4, kumapeto kwake - zikhadabo zazitali.
Kodi nkhwangwa imasiyana bwanji ndi mbewa yamtchire ndi mbewa yakunyumba?
Achibale apafupi kwambiri a vole ndi nkhalango (European) ndi mbewa nyumba. Oyimira mitundu iyi yonse ya mabanja aubongo amakhala ndi moyo wamasiku obisika, osamadzinamiza, ali ofanana pakufotokozera maonekedwe awo, koma kusiyana kulipo. Mundawo ndi wawukulu pang'ono, wodziwika ndi chovala cha bulauni, kupezeka kwa lingwe lakuda kumbuyo kwake komanso ma auricles opangidwa bwino. Mtundu wa brownie uli ndi mawonekedwe osalala, mtundu wake wamtundu wakuda, nthumwi zoyimira zimasungidwa ngati chiweto. Forest - mbewa yofiyira yokhala ndi makutu akulu ozunguliridwa ndi mchira wautali (itha kupitilira kutalika kwa thupi). Khosi limakhala lopepuka komanso kachidutswa kofiyira.
Malo okhala
Makoswe amtunda amatha kuzolowera nyengo zakunja, motero amapezeka paliponse, kupatula mapiri a mapiri, matalala, malo otentha. Pali malo awiri okhala ndi makoswe - kuyambira ku Central Europe kupita ku Lake Baikal komanso kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Amur kupita ku Yangtze river. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha makoswe chimawonedwa m'chigawo chawo chakumpoto, komwe kuli mvula yambiri.
Mbewa yamtunda imakonda kukhazikika kumundako (dzina la rodent limalumikizidwa ndi izi) ndi malo ena otseguka. Amafunikira chinyezi chambiri, motero amasankha malo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi - madambwe, madambo, zitsamba, minda ndi madambo pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, nthawi zambiri - zonyowa zowuma komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana, makamaka zopanga.
Mbewa imakhalanso m'mizinda - imatha kupezeka m'mapaki, mabwalo, m'manda. Nthawi zambiri makoswe amakhala m'nyumba zanyengo zam'makomo, ma cellars, ma cellars, m'malo opezeka anthu m'nyumba, m nkhokwe, nkhokwe, nyumba zosungiramo nyumba ndi nyumba zina zomwe sizikhala. Nthawi zambiri amasamukira kumakomo a anthu nthawi yozizira ikayandikira, kukafunafuna kutentha ndi chakudya.
Khalidwe labwino: Kodi limadya, limapanga bwanji, kodi limakhazikika nthawi yozizira?
Mbewa imadya chakudya chochepa cha 5 g patsiku ndi 20 ml ya madzi patsiku. Popeza palibe kumwa ndi chakudya, amwalira mkati mwa sabata limodzi. Kutalika kwa moyo m'chilengedwe ndi 1-1.5 g M'mikhalidwe yabwino, nyama imatha kukhala nthawi yayitali mpaka zaka 2-3. Mbiri yayitali yakhazikitsidwa ndi mbewa ya labotale mu 2005 - masiku 1819 (pafupifupi zaka 5).
Zodzikongoletsera ndizaconde kwambiri, gawo lokonzekera kubereka limayamba kasupe, ndikayamba nyengo yozizira, njira yoberekera imachepera. Nthawi yomweyo, ana amisala a 5-8 osawona amabadwa. Kulemera kwa mbewa kumakhala kokha 1-2 g. Akazi amadya ofooka komanso osagwira ntchito. Tsoka limodzimodzi limadikirira mbewa zobadwa munthawi yanjala, pomwe palibe njira yowadyetsera. Kubala kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 20. Makoswe amabadwa nthawi 3-5 pachaka ndi miyezi iwiri. Amakhala okhazikika pazaka zitatu ndi zitatu.
Makoko amakhala kumayiko okhala akazi ndi mibadwo ingapo ya ana. Amuna amakonda kukhala pawekha. Makoswe am'minda ya Holes nthawi zambiri amakonza mobisa mozama pafupifupi 10-20 cm (nthawi zina mwakuya - mpaka theka la mita). Amakhala ndi timinda tomwe timayang'ana kumadzi, malo ogona ndi kusunga zinthu. Burrows zotuluka zingapo pamwamba. Makoswe amathanso kukhala pansi pa udzu, masamba angapo, pakati pamiyala, nthawi zambiri amakhala amabisala. M'madambo, nyama zimapanga zisa udzu ndi nthambi.
Ntchito zapamwamba za mbewa zimachitika usiku. Amafunikira chakudya chochuluka kuti apereke mphamvu kwa thupi, popeza amagwira ntchito kwambiri. Nyama zimakonda kumatafuna kanthu. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya wamba, zinthu zolimba zosiyanasiyana ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito - nkhuni, njerwa, konkriti, pulasitiki, mphira. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma voles azikukuta mano awo, omwe amakula moyo wonse.
Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, ntchito za nyama zimachepa, koma sizimazizira, zimapanga malo okhala mu chipale chofewa kapena udzu. Kuti mukhale ndi moyo nthawi yozizira, mbewa zochuluka kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe. Makoswe okhala pafupi ndi anthu samasungira chakudya, chifukwa nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi vuto la chakudya.
Kodi maubwino a mbewa zam'munda ndi ati?
Makoswe a mbewa ndi gawo lofunikira pakatundu. Zikho, njoka, amphaka, nkhandwe, martens, nkhandwe za arctic, zonyansa, zankhondo, ndi nyama zamitundu ina zimazidya ndikudya. Kupereka kwa makulidwe odalirika a sayansi awa ndi kopindulitsa. Chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo kwa DNA ndi DNA yaumunthu (yoposa 97%), amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zothandizira ntchito. Chifukwa cha mbewa, zinthu zambiri zokhudzana ndi chibadwa cha anthu zinapangidwa, zinali zotheka kupanga maantiacote, katemera, mankhwala a matenda ambiri ndikuphunzira momwe amagwiridwira ntchito pamibadwo yamaphunziro oyesera.
Zowopsa kwa anthu
Makoswe amawononga kwambiri, kwinaku akukumana ndi chilichonse chomwe chingachitike mwa iwo. Vutoli limasokonekera chifukwa chakuti amasinthana mwachangu. Ma voles ndi mabingu opanga zokolola. M'malo awo, kumera kumachepera ndipo zipatso za zipatso, zipatso ndi mabulosi zimacheperachepera.Makoswe ayenera kutayidwa mwachangu - njira yokhayo yopulumutsira mbewu. Ma Voles amanyamula tiziromboti ndi matenda ambiri, ena omwe ndi owopsa kwa anthu ndi ziweto.
Kodi mbewa imawononga bwanji ulimi?
Chovulaza chachikulu ma voles amayamba chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu. Choyamba amadya mbewu, kenako mphukira zazing'ono, kenako nkucha. Makoswe zana okha ndi omwe amatha kuchepetsa zokolola m'munda kukula kwa mahekitala pakati. Amawononga m'matumbo a mbewu, mbatata, beets, phwetekere, kabichi, kaloti posungira. Mukakhala m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, pansi kapena potentha, mbewa zimadya chilichonse mosasamala.
Vole amadya mizu, maluwa a bulabu, khungwa, mizu, mphukira, zimayambira, masamba a mbewu, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kufa kwawo, kubwezeretsa kukula ndikuchepetsa zipatso. Nyama zimameta mitengo ikuluikulu ya zipatso ndi mitengo yokongoletsera. Popanda makungwa, omwe amatulutsa zinthu zabwino ndi chinyezi kwa iwo, amafota kapena kufa ngati awonongedwa mozungulira. Makoswe ndi zosangalatsa zapadera amadya hawthorn, apulo, chitumbuwa.
Ndimatenda ati omwe makoswewo amakhala?
M mbewa kumunda --onyamula matenda otsatirawa:
- Leptospirosis. Matenda ofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi omwe amathandizira nyama. Zimakhudza chiwindi, ndulu, mapapu, mitsempha yamagazi, dongosolo lamanjenje, koma milandu yambiri imachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa impso komanso kukula kwa impso. Njira yayikulu yodutsira kudzera pakhungu lowonongeka.
- Salmonellosis. Pachimake komanso koopsa matumbo. Amadziwika ndi kufooka, kuzizira, kutentha thupi, nseru, kusanza, kuledzera ndi kusowa kwamadzi.
- Hemorrhagic fever. Matenda a viral chikhalidwe. Wothandizirana ndi causative amawononga mitsempha, imayambitsa kutupa, chifukwa cha komwe hypoxia imayamba, mtima, mapapu, ubongo, impso zimavutika. Imakhala yonyansa ndikutuluka kwamatumbo, kulephera kwa impso, chikomokere, komanso kuwopsa kwa poizoni.
- Brucellosis. Matenda a minculoskeletal nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma amatha kuthana ndi machitidwe ambiri ndi ziwalo. Matendawa amatha kudwala. Zizindikiro zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo omwe matenda atenga. Zodziwika kwambiri ndi kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa minofu ndi kupweteka.
- Tularemia. Matendawa amapezeka pafupipafupi - osaposa mazana mazana angapo pachaka ku Russia. Amakhudza mucous nembanemba, ma lymph node, khungu, mapapu. Amayambitsa kutentha thupi, kuledzera, kufooka, minofu ndi mutu, kumatha kupanikizika ndi chibayo, nyamakazi, meningitis.
- Mapazi ndi pakamwa. Matenda a viral okhala ndi njira yovuta, Zizindikiro zake ndi kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa mutu, kupweteka kwamkodzo, zotupa zamitsempha, malovu, kukokoloka pa mucous nembanemba.
Matenda sikufalikira kokha chifukwa chakuluma. Mutha kudwala ndikupumira m'mweya wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ubweya ndi ndowe za nyama, ndikuchotsa mitembo ya mbewa popanda zoteteza. Ma virus ndi mabakiteriya amatha kupezeka mu mbewa zomwe zidadyedwa kenako kudyedwa ndi anthu, ndiye kuti ngati mbewa zakupezeka m'midzi ndi malo ena osungira, masheya otsalawo akuyenera kuwonongeka.
Pathupi la mbewa mumakhala majeremusi oyamwa magazi - utitiri ndi nkhupakupa, zomwe zimakhalanso zonyamula matenda. Encephalitis ndi matenda oopsa omwe amakhudza ubongo ndi mitsempha. Amadziwika ndi kutentha kwambiri, kupweteka mutu kwambiri, kusowa tulo, komanso kufiira khungu kumutu ndi khosi. Nthaka ndizomwe zimanyamula makoswe (endemic) typhus, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tiziromboti tizitha kugwira ntchito. Amakhudza mitsempha yamagazi, yomwe imakhudza ntchito ya ziwalo zambiri ndi machitidwe.