Kuyambira kale kwambiri, nkhunda yonyamula anthu yakhala yamtengo wapatali ndi munthu. Mbalameyi idathandizira kutumiza mauthenga kwa anthu omwe amakhala kumayambiriro kwa zitukuko zakale - Aigupto, achi China komanso achi Greek. Mauthenga omwe adatumizidwa ndi makalata a njiwa adasintha zotsatira za zochitika, nkhondo, zomwe zidapangitsa mizinda. Mu Europe yakale, mtengo wa munthu wokhala ndi maonekedwe ofanana unali wofanana ndi mtengo wa buluwe wokhala ndi ma Arab. Masiku ano, pali maukadaulo ambiri omwe amalola anthu kuti azilankhula patali, koma chikondi cha mbalame zodziwika bwino zasungidwa.
Wakale nkhunda
Ndizosadabwitsa, poyang'ana mbiri, kuti mitundu ya nkhunda zonyamula ndi imodzi mwakale kwambiri. Amayi akuya azaka zambiri amakhala ndi ma genetic awo. Mpaka chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, obereketsa nkhunda amati njira zawo ndizosiyanasiyana, chifuwa chachikulu, khosi lalitali, komanso miyendo yayitali.
Amakalata okhala ndi nthenga anali onyamula zinthu zabwino kwambiri za banja la nkhunda: angagwirizanidwe ndi nyumbayo - dovecote komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba othawa. Anabwereranso kukhoma lawo, kuthana mtunda wautali - pafupifupi 200 km kuthamanga kwa 60-80 km / h osapuma komanso kudya.
Masiku ano, obereketsa ndi obereketsa nkhunda zonyamula amayesetsa kusunga zofunikira zake popanga mitundu yatsopano yokongoletsera. Kupadera kwa mbalame zoterezi kumagona pakuphatikiza kukongola ndi mawonekedwe owuluka a makolo awo akale otchuka. Mu nkhani "Mfundo za ntchito ya makola a njiwa" mupeza tsatanetsatane wa momwe mauthengawo amaperekedwa ndi mbalame pomwe anthu sanadziwe njira zina zoyankhulirana.
Amithenga otchuka kwambiri okhala ndi mapiko
Masiku ano, nkhunda zonyamula anthu zasintha kukhala njiwa zamasewera zomwe zimatha kuyenda ma kilomita 1000 patsiku. Mbalame zolimba, zamphamvu ndi zolimba izi ndi maloto a obereketsa njiwa ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ochita nawo masewera othamanga, kuphatikizira omwe aku Russia, amatenga nawo mbali paziwonetsero, mpikisano, mpikisano ngakhale padziko lonse lapansi.
Tsopano pali mitundu 10 ya mbalame zamtundu (zamtundu). Omwe adayambitsa ndi akatswiri otchedwa nkhunda za ku Antwerp ndi Lutih zochokera ku Belgium. Zodziwika kwambiri ndizoyambira:
- Russian
- Chingerezi (machira),
- Wachijeremani
- Belgian
- Czech
- Swiss
- Waku America (wamkulu).
1. Kodi njiwa zidatulukira liti?
Ma njiwa amakhala zaka masauzande limodzi ndi anthu. Zithunzi zoyambirira kwambiri za nkhunda zidapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja ku Mesopotamia (dera la Iraq wamakono) komanso kuyambira zaka za m'ma 2000 mpaka chisanu BC.
Kubwezeretsa nkhunda kunachitika pakati pa kupangidwa kwa gudumu ndi Sumerians ndi kupangidwa kwa Aiguputo a kalendala yoyambira.
Achi Sumerian anali oyamba kubala nkhunda mu ukapolo. Awa anali anthu omwe anali ndi maula oyera. Nthawi zambiri timawona mbadwa zawo m'mizinda ndi m'midzi yosakanikirana ndiimvi.
M'masiku amenewo, nkhunda imawonedwa ngati mbalame yopatulika. Iye anali kupembedzedwa. Adalemekezedwa. Anali m'modzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazachipembedzo chachipembedzo cha Enki, Anna, Inanna pakati pa Asumeriya.
Pambuyo pake, nkhunda zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Aigupto, Afoinike, Agiriki akale, Aperisi kutumiza maimelo pamaulendo ataliatali komanso maulendo apanyanja.
2. Tchulani za m'Baibulo
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa Baibulo kwa nkhunda:
Pambuyo pa kusefukira kwamadzi, madzi adayamba kuchepa ndipo nsonga zoyambirira za mapiri a Ararati zidawonekera. Poyamba, Nowa adatulutsa khwangwala, koma sanapeze malo ndi kubwerera. Pambuyo pa masiku 7, Nowa anatulutsa nkhunda kangapo. Kairi nkhunda idabweranso. Ndipo kachiiri ndinabweretsa mtanda wa tsamba la mtengo wamafuta. Kachitatu nkhunda sikubwerera - dziko lapansi litauma ndipo Nowa adatha kupita kumtunda, kusiya chombo.
Chipangano Chakale, Genesis, Chigumula (Genesis 7: 1 - 8:17)
Nowa. Mose ku Basilica di San Marco, Venice.
Nowa amatulutsa nkhunda. Basilica ya San Marco, Venice
Njiwayo imapezekanso mu Chipangano Chatsopano, monga Mzimu Woyera. Paubatizo wa Yesu, Mzimu Woyera adatsika ngati nkhunda.
Chizindikiro cha Mzimu Woyera potengera nkhunda, pambuyo pake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zaluso zachikhristu - kupenta, chosema, mabuku.
Zonsezi zinasiya chidwi chamakhalidwe a azungu okhala ndi mizu yolimba ya Chikhristu. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona kudyetsedwa kwa nkhunda m'mabwalo, mabwalo, komanso kunja.
Zizindikiro zakunja za nkhunda zowala
Nkhunda yamawangamawanga imakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 32 -41. Mchirawo ndi wautali wa 15 cm. Khosi lokhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira - mphete yakuda yonyezimira yakuda ndi mawanga oyera. Mutu, pamphumi - imvi yopepuka. Nape ndi banga la matte laini-yofiira. Throat, chifuwa ndi nthenga zakuda pinki. Pamwamba pali imvi.
Nkhunda Zamitundu (Columba Guinea).
Nthenga zokutira ndi zofiira ndi tint ya bulauni, ndi mawanga oyera amitundu itatu. Nthenga zakumtambo zakuda ndi imvi ndi malire oyera. Mlomo wake ndi wakuda, sera ndi yoyera. Iris ndi chikaso. Khungu lozungulira maso ndi lalanje kapena ofiira ndipo nthenga zimakhala. Miyendo yakuda. Mtundu wa kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi akazi umawoneka womwewo.
Njiwa zazing'ono zamawangamawanga zimakhala zamtundu wakuda kwambiri kuposa mbalame zazikulu, zilibe khungu lofiira kuzungulira maso.
Kufalikira kwa nkhunda
Njiwa zowerengeka ndizofala kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, ku Senegal, Guinea, Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria, Angola, Sudan, Benin. Amakhala munkhalango za Mozambique, Burundi, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, ndi Central African Republic.
Njiwayo yamawangamawanga ili ndi nthenga za utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi mawanga oyera oyera.
Nkhunda zamawangamawanga zomwe zimakhala ku Ivory Coast, Kongo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, komanso Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. Mtunduwu ndiofala ku South Asia, ndipo udayambitsidwanso ku Hawaii, California, Australia.
Kuswana kwamawangamawanga
Ndi njiwa zamawangamawanga, nyengo ya kubereka imayamba mu Epulo. Koma zochuluka za mbalamezo zimaswana mu Julayi-Okutobala, pomwe mbewu za chimanga cholimidwa, zomwe ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha nkhunda zamangamawanga, zipsa.
Gawo limatetezedwa ndi mbalame zonse ziwiri. Njiwa zamawangamawanga za mitengo, nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala momwe zimadyera.
Mwachilengedwe, amamanga chisa m'miyala, m'malo, m'makona a mitengo ya kanjedza, m'malo okhala anthu - nthawi zambiri amakhala pamwamba pazipilala zojambulidwa pazenera komanso padenga lathyathyathya pansi pa chimanga chachikulu. Zinthu zomanga ndi udzu ndi nthambi zouma. Yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi kapena awiri oyera.
Kubwatcha kumatenga masiku 15 mpaka 16. Chingwe chimachoka chisa pambuyo pa masiku 20-25.
Kudya nkhunda zodontha kumachitika makamaka pansi.
Nkhunda zamatanthwe pakati paokonda ku Western Europe sizomwe zimakonda mbalame. Mitundu iyi ya nkhunda ili ndi awiriawiri. Mbalame zimachita zankhanza kwambiri ndipo sizigwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame zomwe zikatsekedwa.
Kuuluka kwa nkhunda zangamawanga kumathamanga, kwamayendedwe, mapikowo ndiwakuthwa, kumawona kuli kosangalatsa kwenikweni kwa kulumikizana kowona kwa nkhunda. Muukapolo, njiwa zamawangamawanga zimaberekana ngati abwenzi amasankhidwa ndi akatswiri. Kuti timange chisa cha ziweto zokhala ndi mbewa, zitsamba zowuma za masamba a herbaceous ndi nthambi zazing'ono zimayikidwa. Pakukhomekeka kukhoma, amalimbitsa theka-laumboni, pamenepo mbalame zimapanga chisa chawo.
Pambuyo pakupezeka kwa anapiye, muyenera kuwunika kuti achichepere adzidyetse okha. Kenako nkhunda zazing'ono zimakokedwa kutali ndi makolo awo, popeza momwe mbalame zazikulire sizikudziwika, ana amatha kufa.
Nthawi yomenyera imatenga masiku 15.
Zikuwoneka kuti, momwe dziko lapansi limakhalira ndi nkhunda zamawangamawanga, zomwe zimapezeka m'malo achilengedwe, zimakhudza. Nkhunda zophatikizika zimalekerera kutentha pang'ono. Mbalame zimatha kukhala nkhunda zimatha kusungidwa popanda kuwotcha ndege. Koma osaloleza kutentha kutsikira pansi madigiri 5.
Nkhunda zophatikizika sizilekerera kugona ndi kukonzekera. Pachakudya, nkhunda zamawangamawanga ndizosavomerezeka.
Amatha kudyetsedwa ndi osakaniza a njiwa onse nkhunda. Sinthani zakudya ndi mtedza, zipatso, zipatso, zipatso, masamba osankhidwa.
Chiwerengero cha nkhunda zamawangamawanga
Chiwerengero padziko lonse lapansi cha nkhunda zodontha chimakhala chokhazikika pazambiri zake. Zowopseza zazikulu zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa nkhunda zamawangamawanga m'chilengedwe sizikudziwika. Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Enter.
Zambiri zakale
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa makalata a njiwa kungapezeke m'Baibulo. Mchipangano Chakale zimanenedwa kuti ndi Nowa yemwe adamasula nkhunda kuti atsimikizire kuti dzikolo ndi loyenera kukhala ndi moyo, ndipo mbalameyo idabwerera momwemo ndi msipu wa azitona.
Ku Roma ndi Greece yakale, mothandizidwa ndi mbalame zimafalitsa mauthenga ankhondo ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kwa boma.
Makalata a pigeon adagawidwa ku Egypt nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nureddin, yemwe adalamula kuti amange nsanja zambiri zamapositi, potero akhazikitsa kuyankhulana mdziko lonse.
Pambuyo pake, makalata a njiwa adatumizira makalata achikondi ndi nkhani zofunika.
Udindo wofunikira udaseweredwa ndi njiwa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kupereka mauthenga ofulumira kutsogolo.
Kodi mbalame imadziwa bwanji kuuluka?
Malingaliro oti nkhunda yonyamula ikhoza kutumizidwa kulikonse padziko lapansi ndipo ikapereka uthenga ku adilesi ndi yolakwika. M'malo mwake, malo okha omwe nkhunda zimatha kuwuluka moyenera ndi chisa chawo.
Chizolowezi ichi chimatchedwa "kubwera." Ngakhale nkhunda yotengeredwa mtunda wautali ibwerera kwawo. Kuthekera uku kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa maginito olamulira pamwamba pa mulomo. Ndi thandizo lawo, njiwa imatola mawu othandiza kuzungulira omwe ali osiyana kulikonse padziko lapansi. Popeza kuti mwana wakhanda wobadwa kumene amatha kusiyanitsa mphamvu ya chisa chake.
Kuphatikiza apo, nkhunda zimakumbukira mozizwitsa mbalamezo ndipo zimayang'ana pansi bwino, kuti athe kupeza nyumba yawo moyenera.
Oyang'anira ooneka bwino ochokera ku Russia
Oimira mtundu uwu ndi okongola komanso chisomo ngati mbalame. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe awo ochepa, chifuwa chopindika, miyendo yamphamvu yolimba. Chovala chokongola cha arc chopangidwa ndi mutu wosalala wa nkhunda ndi mulomo chimawonedwa pachithunzi. Khosi limakhala lokwera, limawoneka ngati loterera. Maso amtundu wa mapiko aku Russia ndi amdima, owoneka bwino, ndi akulu. Mlomo suli wakuthwa, wotukutira, wokukula m'munsi, umatseka bwino.
Chifukwa cha mapiko ake ataliatali olimba, ndikakanikizidwa ndi thupi, ndikusunthira kumchira, zikuwoneka kuti mbalameyo yatsala pang'ono kuuluka. Nkhunda zonyamula ku Russia ndizosiyanasiyana: zimatha kukhala zamtundu umodzi komanso zamtundu wina, zokhala ndi lamba komanso ndikuwombera koyera pamapiko. Zomwe zikuluzikulu zimatha kukhala zofiira, zoyera, zakuda, zachikaso. Ziwonetsero zake ndizosalala komanso zowondera. Palibe nthenga kumapazi, zala zimakhala zofiira.
Pakati pa mbalame zaku Russia, nkhunda za Ostankino zinaonekera pagulu lina. Amakhala ophatikizika, oyera pamtundu komanso ndi maso akuda.
Otsutsa ochokera ku Belgium
Wodzikuza chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo, nkhunda za dziko lino zakhala zikondwerero zapadziko lonse lapansi m'mipikisano ya nkhunda.
Njiwa zonyamula ku Belgian zili ndi luso lotha kuwongolera komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, zomwe zimawaika panjira ndi oimira abwino kwambiri amtundu wa positi (masewera).
Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa - zinali ku Belgium komwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu woyamba wa amithenga owoneka ndi maso kunachitika. Kale mu 1820, mpikisano adawakonzera iwo mtunda wa makilomita 320.
Amakhulupirira kuti anthu aku Belgi amawoloka nkhunda ndi nsombazo kuti apeze zabwino zouluka.
Kunja, zikuwoneka ngati mbalame zakutchire. Amakhala ndi kukula kwa thupi (mpaka 40 cm) ndi mutu wozungulira komanso mchira wamfupi. Mtunduwo umayendetsedwa ndi mithunzi yamtambo. Mapikowo ndi owala. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi maonekedwe owoneka bwino onyansa.
Ntchito: wonyada komanso wosangalatsa
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamitundu yakale kwambiri ya mbalame zotumiza. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, makolo a omwe adasungidwawo anali nkhunda zakatundu zomwe zimatumiza amithenga ("wonyamula" - "mthenga, mthenga") pakati pa Aigupto akale ndi Aperisi.
Amodzi omwe amatchedwa "ma warts" ("walnut") - zikopa zachikopa kuzungulira mlomo ndipo zidakhala chizindikiro chawo. Mphete zazikulu (eyelids) kuzungulira maso zimathandizanso chidwi.
Chithunzi chake chamakono, kapena chotchedwa "English bagdet", adalandiridwa zaka 3 zapitazo ku England. Iyi ndi mbalame yayikulu (mpaka 46 cm) yokhala ndi mawonekedwe onyada. Ali ndi khosi loonda, mapiko aatali atapanikizika thupi. Mchira wake ndi wocheperako komanso wautali, pafupifupi pansi. Miyendo, monga mitundu yambiri ya postal, ndi yayitali, yopanda maula. Mtundu wa otumizira achingelezi ndi amtundu umodzi. Zimapezeka zoyera, zamtambo, zakuda, zofiirira. Palinso mitundu yokongola.
Kuthawa, phokoso likukwera mwachangu.
Ntchentche yamoto yaku Germany
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana la XX ku Germany adayambitsa mitundu yawo yamitengo yamapiko, kudutsa nkhunda kuchokera ku Belgium ndi England. Nkhunda zonyamula ku Germany zinali amithenga pankhondo zapadziko lonse.
Pafupifupi theka la zaka zana lino atulutsa nkhunda. Muyezo womaliza unapangidwa mu GDR pambuyo pa nkhondo (1948). Mbalame zambiri zaku Germany zidagwa m'dera la USSR, atatha kukondana ndi obereketsa ambiri.
Nkhunda ya ku Germany inkayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kwakunja. Mpaka pano, mbalameyi idasungabe zokongoletsa komanso zamasewera. Ali ndi mbiri yocheperako. Malinga ndi malamulo ake, njiwa yachijeremani ndiyotopa, ili ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Mapiko amatuluka pang'ono, mchira wopapatiza komanso wamfupi. Miyendo yopanda kanthu, yolimba.
Zowoneka bwino mosiyanasiyana zitha kukhala mitundu: zoyera, imvi, zofiirira, zachikasu, zofiira.
Njiwa yaku Czech: kaso komanso mokhulupirika
Czech Republic imatha kutchedwa kuti imodzi mwazisamba za kubereka nkhunda ku Europe. Anali obereketsa nkhunda zaku Czech omwe adapulumutsa asodzi a Russian mbalamezi nkhondo itatha.
Ndipo tsopano Czechs ikuchita zambiri pakupititsa patsogolo kukongoletsa ndi masewera a njiwa. Amithenga aku Czech amatenga nawo mbali nthawi zonse pamipikisano ndi ziwonetsero.
Awo ndi ochepa kukula, ndi eni mawonekedwe, khosi lalitali, owoneka bwino ndi ngale. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, maula, monga lamulo, ndi wachikasu, oyera, bulauni ndi lalanje. Amatha kukhala amtundu wolimba komanso malamba. Mlomowu ndi wocheperako ndi kukula pang'ono.
Chekhov imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamitunda yochepa. Sanapeze zofalitsa zambiri, koma ndizofunikira chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwawo, mwayi wopewa kuphunzira komanso kuphunzira.
3. Nkhunda - gwero la zinyalala ndi uve kapena chuma chenicheni?
Ngakhale nkhunda ya buluu imawonedwa ngati vuto lalikulu kwa eni malo ndi nzika za XXI, m'zaka za XVI, XVII ndi XVIII ku Europe sizinali choncho konse.
Ma njiwa nthawi imeneyo anali othandiza kwambiri. Adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati opanga feteleza wamtengo wapatali - wothandiza kwambiri kuposa manyowa. Mtengo wa zitunda za njiwa unalidi kuti, polowera nkhunda, anaika alonda okhala ndi mfuti kuchokera kwa akuba komanso akuba!
English Musketeers, 17th century
Koma osati zokhazo. Ku England, m'zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 1700, malo ophatikiza ndi mfuti, omwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri chamkwapulo wamfuti, adachotsedwa kuchimbudzi cha njiwa. Zomwe zimapangitsa opanga ake - nkhunda kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Mfuti za oseketsa ndi alonda a kardinolo adayimbidwa mlandu wowombera mfuti, pomwe nitrate idapangidwa kuchokera kuzitaya za mbalame!
Ku Iran, komwe njiwa njoletsedwa, nkhunda zimapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la feteleza kwa ma gourds. Ku France ndi Italy, nkhunda zimapukusa minda yamphesa ndi mbewu za hemp.
Ena okhala ndi zikwangwani zochokera ku Switzerland pang'ono
Achi Swiss amayamikiradi amithenga omwe ali ndi mapiko, amasunga makalata okhala ndi ulusi. Ku Switzerland, chipilala chopanda ngwazi.
Dzikoli lidatenga ma office ake kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Schütte wa nkhunda ya Eichbühl Swiss adayesedwa ngati mbalame yaposachedwa. Wasayansi anawona zizindikiro zawo: kukula, mawonekedwe a mulomo, maso ndi mphete zowazungulira.
Mthenga wa Aikhbühl ali ndi thupi looneka bwino komanso lokwera.Ili ndi mutu wocheperako komanso wosalala, wokongola bwino, mulomo wamfupi komanso lonse pansi, miyendo yayifupi ndi yopindika. Mitundu yake ndi yosiyana - yabuluu, yamtambo-yamtambo, "ufa", wokhala ndi mikwingwirima kapena zingwe, kapena wopanda iwo.
Mtundu wina umatchedwa nkhunda yonyamula ku Switzerland. Thupi lake limakhala lozungulira kuposa la mnzake, khosi lake limakhala lolimba komanso laling'ono. Pakhoza kukhalanso mbalame, zopanda lamba komanso zopanda mikanda, mumitundu yosiyanasiyana: zakuda, buluu, zoyera, zachikaso, zasiliva, zamiyendo zachikasu komanso zofiirira.
Ngati mukufuna nkhunda zonyamula, ndiye kuti mupezanso zambiri mu nkhani ya "Mitundu yazosinthana ndi nkhunda".
4. Nkhunda - Ngwazi Zankhondo
Ma njiwa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pankhondo. Mu nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse komanso nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, nkhunda zidapulumutsa miyoyo mazana ambiri a asitikali aku Britain ndi France pakupereka mauthenga kudutsa kutsogolo. Ma njiwa ankasungidwa pama sitima zapamtunda ndi zombo zoperekera. Sitimayo ikakankhidwa ndi sitima yapamadzi ya adani, mthenga wokhala ndi mapiko ndi olumikizana ndi sitimayo ikunyamuka. Nthawi zambiri izi zinkabweretsa kupulumutsidwa kwa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ngalawa.
Mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse, maula a nkhunda (majiva odzilimbitsa) adayikidwa kumbuyo kwa mazenera, komwe mbalame nthawi zambiri zinkawuluka pamoto ndi mipweya yaukali kuti zidziwike zofunikira.
Dovecote yam'manja kutsogolo, Nkhondo Yadziko I
Mbalame zidatenganso gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupeza nzeru ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa zambiri kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mdani. Kuchulukitsa kwawo kunali 10% yokha!
Mu 30s ndi 40s ya XX m'ma panali kulumpha lakuthwa muukadaulo wa kulumikizana. Choyamba, pakupanga ma radio ma transmitters. Zotsatira zake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mbalame kunatsika kwambiri pakulankhula. Komabe, mbalamezo, monga kale, zidapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwa a Allies okhudzana ndi malo aku Germany Vau 1 ndi Vau 2, omwe ali ku Netherlands ndi France, akuwulutsa English Channel. Munali zaka za 1942-1945.
Wopatsa chidwi pakati pa angelo okhala ndi mapiko
Mu mbalame yodabwitsa iyi, zikuwoneka, poyang'ana koyamba, mikhalidwe yosagwirizana idaphatikizidwa: zazikulu zazikulu ndi liwiro. America ndiye malo obzala nkhunda zazikulu kwambiri (zimatchulidwanso chimphona chachikulu). Pambuyo pake, anali wokonda kwambiri ma njiwa-a hungari kotero kuti adapanga gulu loyima pawokha.
Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi chithunzi chambiri, chifuwa chakukalamba, kugona mmbuyo, ndi mlomo wolimba. Kulemera kumafika 850 g.
Pali oimira monochrome ndi motley a mbalamezi. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wakuda, wabuluu, woyera, wofiira, wabuluu ndi wachikaso. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona kuchuluka kwa siliva wokhala ndi malamba a bulauni. Mtundu wa mulomo wokhala ndi utoto wakuda ndi wakuda, koma anthu ena amathanso kukhala opepuka, omwe amavomerezedwa ndi obereketsa pamwambapa. Mtundu wamaso - makamaka lalanje kapena bulauni.
Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyo, chonde.
Ngati mukufuna, mutha kugawana nawo zokhudzana ndi kubereka nkhunda zonyamula, lembani ndemanga.
5. Nkhunda - wotumizira
Pulogalamu yoyamba yolumikizana yayikulu kugwiritsa ntchito nkhunda monga postman idapangidwa ku Syria ndi Persia kuzaka za 5th BC.
Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za zana la 12 AD, Baghdad ndi mizinda yonse yayikulu ya Syria ndi Egypt anasinthana mauthenga okhaokha ndi makalata a njiwa. Ndiwo okha magawo olankhulirana!
Ku Roma wakale, njiwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwitsa zotsatira za masewera pa Masewera a Olimpiki. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nkhunda zoyera zimamasulidwa pamwambo woyambira wa Olimpiki masiku awa.
Ku England, mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa telegraph mu 1837, nkhunda nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera a mpira ndikumasulidwa kunyumba kuti zidziwitse zotsatira za masewerawa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhunda ngati nthumwi nthawi yankhondo kunapangitsa kuti ambiri mwa iwo apatsidwe zida zankhondo ndi mendulo.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti makalata omaliza a nkhunda adasiya kupezeka ku India mu 2004!
Sitepe yokumbukira ku New Zealand yoperekedwa polemekeza zaka zana zakukhazikitsidwa kwa tsamba la njiwa 1897-1997
6. Tanthauzo la njiwa m'zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana
Okhulupirira ambiri, kuphatikiza Akhristu, Asilamu, Ahindu ndi Asikh, amadyetsa nkhunda pazifukwa zachipembedzo.
Mwachitsanzo, a Sikh okalamba, amadyetsa nkhunda kulemekeza wansembe wamkulu komanso wankhondo Guru Gobind Singh, yemwe anali mnzake wa nkhunda (zoweta ndi zakuthengo). Ma Sikh amadyetsa mbalame chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti akamadzabadwanso ngati mbalame, sadzafa ndi ludzu ngati atasunga njiwa m'miyoyo yawo yakale.
Zipembedzo zina ku India zimakhulupirira kuti munthu akafa, mzimu wake umakhala ngati mbalame (nthawi zambiri nkhunda), ndipo chifukwa chake, kudyetsa nkhunda ndi mbalame zina, amasamalira mizimu ya makolo awo omwe adafa.
Nkhunda zimalemekezedwa ku India. Amakhala m'matumba akuluakulu, omwe amakhala masauzande ambiri, akudya ma Hindu tsiku lililonse m'matauni ndi kumidzi m'dziko lonselo.
M'magawo akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, zovuta zambiri zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi nkhunda kumatauni zimayambitsidwa, kuphatikiza kudyetsa nkhunda ndi okhulupirira.
Mu chipembedzo chachikhristu, nkhunda ndi chizindikiro cha Mtendere, Chikhulupiriro ndi Mzimu Woyera.
Ubatizo wa Kristu, Andrea Verocchio ndi Leonardo Da Vinci, 1475
Kodi ndizothandiza masiku ano?
Makalata a pigeon sanatayike masiku ano. Ku Europe, mbalame zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka zidziwitso zovuta. Koma tsopano sikuti zilembo zimangirizidwa ku ma paws awo, koma microchip kapena flash drive. Izi zimapereka chidaliro mu chitetezo cha zomwe zimafalitsidwazo, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuti zitheke kuposa kutumiza pa intaneti.
Kuphatikiza apo, nkhunda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsatsa popereka zotsatsa kapena zotsatsira. Anthu achikondi kwambiri amatumiza makalata achikondi mothandizidwa ndi mbalame.
Masiku ano, maphunziro a njiwa pamasewera ndi otchuka. Pali ma Olimpiki athunthu omwe eni nkhunda amapikisano pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo komanso kupilira kwawo.
Mutha kudziwa zambiri za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka makalata a njiwa pakawonera kanema pansipa:
Chingerezi chachingelezi
Wodziwika bwino wa mtunduwu ndi wodziwika kalekale. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi makolo awo omwe adatumiza makalata kudera la Egypt Egypt ndi China.
Ma njiwa achingerezi amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yawo yabwino yowuluka, kuthamanga komanso kupirira.
Makhalidwe akuluakulu a nkhunda:
- Malamulo abungwe. Ma nji ndi akulu kwambiri. Amatha kukhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 50. Komanso, ali ndi mutu wawung'ono komanso wosalala.
- Maso. Tithokoze kwambiri chifukwa cha maimvuloni ofotokozedwa bwino.
- Mapiko. Kutalika. Oyandikana kwambiri ndi thupi.
- Mlomo. Mafuta. Pa iye pali zophuka zofanana ndi njerewere. Ndi chikhalidwe ichi chomwe chimasiyanitsa nkhunda za Chingerezi ndi mitundu ina.
- Mchira. Okwezedwa. Pafupifupi pansi.
- Mapaundi. Zolimba, makamaka za monochrome. Mbalame zimatha kukhala ndi zoyera, zakuda, zofiirira.
Wotchuka kwambiri ndi Carrier (Chingerezi "mthenga").
Belgian (Antwerp, Brussels, Luttih, ndi zina).
Analengedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 podutsa mitundu ingapo ya nkhunda.
Mitunduyi imawonedwa kwambiri ngati mbalame zili ndi luso lotsogolera malo ndipo zimatha kuuluka mtunda wautali.
Kodi mitunduyo imakhala ndi zina ziti:
- Malamulo abungwe. Mbalame ndizazitali kukula ndipo zimatha kukula mpaka 40. Zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira thupi. Yotseka, chifuwa chopangidwa bwino.
- Maso. Mtundu wakuda. Zofotokozedwa ndi ma eyon.
- Mutu. Zing'ono, zozungulira ndikukula pamlomo.
- Mchira. Kutalika komanso yopapatiza.
- Mapaundi. Wonyezimira komanso wowoneka bwino. Mtundu ukhoza kusinthidwa - kuchokera pakuwala mpaka kumdima.
- Mapiko. Limbani zolimba thupi. Ali ndi nthenga.
Amakhulupirira kuti nkhunda za ku Belgian zidalandila zikhalidwe zabwino zouluka chifukwa chopendekera ndi seagulls.
Nkhunda zaku Germany (posonyeza) zaku Germany
Mtunduwu udabedwa chifukwa chodutsa nkhunda zaku Britain ndi Belgian. Otsala amafunafuna kuti akhale ndi mtundu wolimba komanso wokongola wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba othawa.
Ngakhale zoyesa zoyambirira sizinaphule kanthu ndipo zinali zotheka kupeza lingaliro lokhalokha lofunika kuchokera pamawonekedwe okongola, masiku ano nkhunda zaku Germany zimatengedwa ngati mtundu wamtundu.
Makhalidwe awo ndi awa:
- Malamulo abungwe. Nkhunda zimakhala ndi chifuwa chonse. Ndizamphamvu komanso zolemera.
- Mapiko. Wokwanira bwino thupi, pang'ono pang'ono kugundana.
- Khosi. Kutalika kwambiri. Ndi mutu wocheperako.
- Mlomo. Yodzaza.
- Mtundu. Itha kukhala osiyanasiyana. Pali nkhunda za imvi, zoyera, zofiirira.
- Kukula. Mbalamezo ndi zazing'ono.
- Mchira. Kufupikitsidwa.
Nkhunda zonyamula ku Russia
Mbalame za mtundu uwu zimadziwika bwino ndi mutu wozungulira. Ndiwokongola komanso achisomo.
Mwa zina zazikulu za mtundu uwu:
- Mapiko. Wamphamvu. Ikusindikizidwa pafupi ndi thupi la mbalameyo. Iwo ali maondo kumapeto kwake.
- Miyendo. Mawonekedwe olowa. Wamphamvu zokwanira. Palibe nthenga pa iwo.
- Mtundu. Ambiri oyera. Koma pali mitundu yokhala ndi maula okongola.
- Mlomo. Convex. Pansi imakula.
- Maso. Amakhala ndi mtundu wa iris wofiira kwambiri.
Oimira mitundu ya Ostankino ndiwofunika kwambiri. Amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda wamaso.
Czech
Mitundu yaku Czech imagwiritsidwa ntchito positi mukafunika kuuluka mtunda wautali.
Nkhunda zaku Czech ndizokhulupirika kwambiri komanso zosavuta kuphunzitsa.
Zina zomwe mbalamezi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi:
- Malamulo abungwe. Ma njiwa ndi ochepa kukula, koma kwambiri.
- Mlomo. Wamng'ono. Amakhala ndi zofewa pamunsi.
- Maso. Chachikulu, chofotokozera. Ambiri akuda.
- Mchira. Mwachidule, m'lifupi.
- Khosi. Okwezedwa.
- Mapiko. Limbani zolimba thupi.
- Mapaundi. Yosalala. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wopepuka kapena wa bulauni.
Dragons
Izi zimayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza makalata m'mbuyomu kuposa ena. Zonse ndizokhudza ntchito ya nkhunda komanso kusuntha bwino komwe kumadutsa.
Mtengo wa a Dragons ulinso chifukwa chosadzindikira zinthu.
- Malamulo abungwe. Makulidwe. Ndi mutu wocheperako. Bokosi lozungulira.
- Maso. Zazikulu. Ali ndi utoto wofiirira wa iris.
- Mlomo. Kutalika. Amatseka mwamphamvu.
- Khosi. Kukula kwapakatikati. Chogwedezeka pafupi ndi mutu.
- Mapiko. Wamphamvu, wamphamvu, wautali.
- Mchira. Kutalika, kutsitsidwa pansi.
- Mapaundi. Utoto wake umakhala wakuda kwambiri.
Zoyenera kumangidwa
Ponena za momwe mungasungire nkhunda, muyenera kukumbukira malamulowa:
- Chikhalidwe cha zakudya. Njiwa imodzi imasowa 400 g chakudya masiku 7. Ngati maphunzirowa ali akulu, ndiye kuti chiwonjezerochi chimakwera mpaka 800 g.
- Pafupipafupi pakudyetsa. Muyenera kudyetsa mbalamezi katatu patsiku.
- Kudyetsa nthawi. Ndikwabwino kupatsa chakudya mukangotuluka m'mawa, mutatha kudya masana komanso dzuwa lisanalowe.
- Zakudya. Mutha kudyetsa nkhunda ndi nandolo zachikaso, mphodza, vetch. Onjezani laimu pang'ono kapena mchere kumadyetsowo. Kuti musinthe, mutha kuwonjezera mbewu za fulakesi, mbatata, oats. Madzi azisinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku.
- Malo okhala. Nyumba za njiwa zomwe mbalame zimasungidwa ziyenera kukhala zouma, zoyera komanso zotetezedwa ku mphepo. Mutha kukonzekeretsa mchipinda chapamwamba cha nyumbayo. Ndikofunikira kuti njiwa zizitha kuuluka momasuka ndi kubwerera kuchisa.
Kuphunzitsa
Musanagwiritse ntchito nkhunda ngati ogwira ntchito positi, ayenera kupitiriza maphunziro athunthu.
Ndikwabwino kuyambitsa nkhunda zophunzitsira kuyambira zaka 6 masabata.
Ntchito zotsatirazi zimachitika:
- Kuyesa ndege. Amapangidwa mozungulira dovecote komwe mbalameyo imakhala. Maphunzirowa amatenga miyezi 1.5.
- Ndege zazifupi. Nkhunda imanyamulidwa kupita nayo kunyumba kwa mtunda wautali ndikumasulidwa kuti ibwerere ku chisa chake. Mtunda ukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono m'mene chiwongolero chilichonse chimakhazikika.
Osafupikitsa mtunda, izi zitha kusokoneza njira yophunzirira.
Mumdima, mutha kutenga nkhunda ndi manja anu.
Masiku ano, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhunda zonyamula sikungakhale chosangalatsa komanso masewera osangalatsa, komanso kukhala bizinesi. Izi zimafuna nthawi yambiri komanso kuleza mtima pophunzitsa mbalame. Muyenera kusankha mtundu woyenera, nthawi yophunzitsira, ganizirani za kukula kwa thupi. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yomwe imakulitsa njiwa yophunzitsidwa bwino bwino.
7. Nkhunda zotchuka
Pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, nkhunda yotchedwa Cher Ami (Cher Ami - Lokoma Mnzake) idapulumutsa miyoyo ya asitikali aku France popereka mauthenga kutsogolo kwa moto. Nthawi ina, Cher Ami adavulala pachifuwa ndi mwendo. Popeza anali atataya mwendo womwe uthengawo unasungidwapo, anapitilizabe kuyenda kwa mphindi 25, popewa ma splinters ndi mpweya wapoizoni kuti abweretse kalatayo. Cher Amy adalandira mendulo yaku France "Croix de Guerre" chifukwa cha ntchito yaukatswiri.
G.I. Joe, Hero wa Nkhondo Yadziko II ndi mphotho yake
Njiwa ina yolimba mtima yotchedwa G.I. Joe (G.I. Joe) adadzipatula mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, kupulumutsa miyoyo ya othandizira ku Italy. Zinali choncho.
Mzinda wina wa ku Italy unamasulidwa mwachangu ndi aku Britain. Lamuloli sanadziwe izi ndipo adakonza zakuti apange ndege kuti aziwagunda asadavule. Zipangizo zoyankhulirana zidazimitsidwa, ndipo njira yokhayo yobwezeretsera ntchitoyi inali makalata a njiwa. Uthengawu udalembedwa mwachangu ndi kutumizidwa ndi G.I. Joe molunjika ku likulu la Allies. Joe adawuluka mailosi 20 pamphindi 20, kufika pamunsi pomwe ndegeyo imamaliza kukwera taxi ndikukonzekera kunyamuka.
Kuphulitsa kunayimitsidwa patatsala mphindi 5 kuti inyamuke. Msodzi wa njiwa waku America Joe adalandira mendulo ya Dickin chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwake komanso mwayi wake.