Kutalika kwa thupi kwa achikulire kumakhala kosiyanasiyana masentimita angapo mpaka mamilimita angapo, ndipo kulemera kwakukulu ndi makilogalamu 68-70. Thupi la oimira Salmonidae limafanana ndi nsomba zomwe zili mu dongosolo lalikulu la Seldeobraznye. Mwa zina, mpaka posachedwa, banja la Salmon lidasankhidwa ngati hering'i, koma kenako lidasankhidwa kukhala dongosolo lodziyimira palokha - la Salmon.
Thupi la nsombali ndi lalitali, lojambula mozungulira kuchokera mbali, lophimbidwa ndi cycloid ndi mozungulira kapena ndi miyeso yopingasa, yomwe imagwa mosavuta. Zipsepse zamkati ndi zamitundu yambirimbiri yomwe ili pakatikati pamimba, ndipo zipsepse zam'maso za nsomba zachikulire ndi zamtundu wotsika kwambiri, wopanda mabala. Mphepizo ziwiri za nsomba zimayimiriridwa ndi zomwe zimapezekazo ndipo zipsepse zimatsata pambuyo pake. Kupezeka kwa ndalama yaying'ono ya adipose ndi mawonekedwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zosiyanitsa ndi zomwe zimayimira Salmonidae.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chowoneka mosiyana ndi dorsal fin ya nsomba ndi kukhalapo kwa ma ray khumi ndi khumi ndi chimodzi, pomwe oyimira maimelo amakhala ndi mitsitsi 17-24.
Mpweya wa nsomba womwe umasambira, monga lamulo, umalumikizidwa ndi kuphatikizika ndi njira yapadera, ndipo kamwa la salmon limakhala ndi malire kumtunda ndi mafupa anayi - ma premaxillary awiri ndi awiri. Akazi amasiyanasiyana mamvekedwe amtundu wa embryonic kapena alibe nawo, chifukwa chake mazira onse akucha kuchokera ku ovary amagwera mosavuta m'thupi. Matumbo a nsomba amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mitundu yambiri yama pyloric. Gawo lalikulu la mitunduyi limakhala ndi ma ey ey eye. Mitundu yambiri yama salimoni sikhala ndi gawo la chigoba, ndipo gawo lina la cranium limayimiriridwa ndi zochita za cartilage ndi ofananira nawo osagwirizana ndi vertebrae.
Gulu, Mitundu ya Salmon
Banja la Salmon likuyimiridwa ndi mabanja atatu apansi:
- mitundu itatu ya gulu la Sigova,
- mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nsomba zochepa.
- mtundu umodzi wa Subyamily Grayling.
Oimira onse a Salmonidae subfamily ndi apakatikati kapena akulu, ali ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono, komanso kamwa yayikulu ndi mano opangidwa bwino komanso olimba. Mtundu wazakudya zamtunduwu zamasamba osakanikirana kapena zosakaniza.
Mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba:
- Char ndi American ndi Arctic char, ndege,
- Salimoni yapinki,
- Ishkhan
- Chum
- Coho nsomba, chinook nsomba,
- Christimeter waku North America,
- Trout trown
- Lenok
- Salmon, Clark,
- Salimoni,
- Salmon kapena Noble Salmon,
- Sima kapena Mazu,
- Danube, Sakhalin Taimen.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa Sigi subfamily ndi salmonids imayimiriridwa ndi tsatanetsatane mu kapangidwe ka chigaza, kamwa yaying'ono ndi sikelo zokulirapo. Khariusov subfamily imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa fasho lalitali kwambiri komanso lalitali kwambiri, lomwe limatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a sitima komanso utoto wowala. Mitundu yonse ya imvi imayesedwa ngati nsomba zamadzi oyera.
Zochita ndi moyo
Salmon ndimakonda nsomba zosamukira, zomwe zimangokhala nthawi zonse munyanja kapena m'madzi am'madzi, ndipo zimakwera mitsinje chifukwa chongofuna kubereka. Ntchito zofunikira zamitundu mitundu ndizofanana, koma zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena ake. Monga lamulo, akafika zaka zisanu, nsomba zimalowa mumadzi othamanga ndi mitsinje yaying'ono, nthawi zina imakwera maulendo angapo. Zambiri zosakhalitsa pakulowetsedwa kwa nsomba m'madzi amtsinje sizimasiyana ndipo zimatha kusintha mosiyanasiyana.
Kuti mukhale m'madzi amtsinje nthawi isanakhazikike, nsomba zimakonda kusankha malo osazama kwambiri komanso osathamanga, okhala ndi dothi lathanthwe kapena lamiyala pansi. Nthawi zambiri, mawebusayiti amenewa amakhala pafupi ndi malo obowera, koma pamwamba pa malamba kapena ma rapid.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'madzi am'nyanja, nsomba za m'madzi zimatha kukhala ndi liwiro lokwanira kusuntha - mpaka makilomita zana tsiku limodzi, koma mumtsinje kuthamanga kwa nsomba zotere kumachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Mukakhala m'malo ngati amenewa, nsomba za "salmon", motero khungu lawo limachita khungu ndi mawonekedwe a mbewa pamwendo, womwe umatchulidwa kwambiri mwa amuna a m'banjali. Mtundu wa nyama yam'madzi nthawi imeneyi umakhala wovuta, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumakhala kokhazikika, chifukwa chosowa zakudya zokwanira.
Utali wamoyo
Nyama yonse yama salmonids siiposa zaka khumi, koma mitundu ina imatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi. Zosungidwa zomwe zilipo masiku ano za kukula kwa thupi komanso kuchuluka kwa zaka zomwe zili ndi moyo pakadali pano zimaphatikizapo taimen Mpaka pano, munthu wovomerezeka mwa mtunduwu, yemwe kulemera kwake kudali kulemera kwa 105 kg ndi kutalika kwa mamilimita 2.5.
Chiyambi
Nsomba ngati nsomba za Simoni zimadziwika kuyambira nthawi ya Cretaceous (zaka 140-65 miliyoni zapitazo) ya nthawi ya Mesozoic, ndipo ndi amodzi mwa makolo akale a nsomba zamakono. Mitundu ya nsomba ngati nsomba ya salmon ikadali pafupi ndi nsomba zam'maso mpaka pomwe m'magulu ena amaphatikizidwa kukhala gawo limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zinali zodziwika bwino kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira pakati pa nthawi yopanga nyama.
Choyambirira ngati hering'i, chomwe, mwachindunji kapena molunjika, chimagwira ngati gulu loyambirira la mitundu yonse ya nsomba zam'madzi, chidawoneka zaka pafupifupi 137 miliyoni zapitazo ku Lower Cretaceous. Munthawi ya Cretaceous, kusinthika ndi kugawikana kwa nsomba zam'madzi m'njira zosiyanasiyana kunachitika. Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba yomwe timadziwira ku Paleogene (zaka 67-25 miliyoni zapitazo).
Habitat, malo okhala
Salmon amakhala pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa dziko lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zambiri izi zitheke.
Nsomba zokoma zamtengo wapatali Ishkhan amakhala m'madzi a Nyanja ya Sevan. Usodzi wowerengeka waulemu wa Pacific wotseguka - chum nsomba sachititika mdziko lathu lokha komanso ku America.
Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi trout amaphatikizapo mitsinje yambiri ku Europe, komanso madzi a White, Baltic, Black ndi Aral sea. Mazu kapena Sima ndi nzika yakum'mwera kwa Asia mwa nyanja ya Pacific, ndipo nsomba yayikulu kwambiri Taimen imakhala m'mitsinje yonse ku Siberia.
Zakudya za nsomba
Zakudya za masiku onse za Salmonids ndizosiyanasiyana. Monga lamulo, nsomba za pelagic zazing'onoting'ono ndi ana awo, komanso crustaceans, mapiko am'mapapogic, ana a squid ndi mphutsi zimapezeka m'mimba za akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri, tinthu ting'onoting'ono tambiri ndi ma jellyfish timagwera mu nsomba zazikulu.
Mwachitsanzo, chakudya chachikulu cha nsomba zazimuna nthawi zambiri chimayimiriridwa ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ta m'madzi. Komabe, motley imatha kudyetsa limodzi ndi nsomba zina zolusa, char, sculpin, ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zazing'ono. Zakudya za nsomba zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka komanso chikhalidwe cha malo okhala.
Kubala ndi kubereka
M'madzi amtsinje wakumpoto, nthawi yopatsanulira imachitika theka lachiwiri la Seputembala kapena Okutobala, ndipo kutentha kwapakati pamadzi kuyambira 0-8 ° C. M'madera akumwera, Salmon inatuluka kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Januware, kutentha kwa madzi kwa 3-13 ° C. Caviar amayikamo zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, kenako osakonkhedwa ndi miyala ndi mchenga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Khalidwe la ma salmonid posunthira komanso kutuluka kwa nthawi yosinthika, motero, pamalo onyamula, nsomba imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri, imasewera kwambiri ndipo imatha kudumphadumpha kuchokera m'madzi, koma pafupi ndi zomwe zimangochitika, kudumpha koteroko kumakhala kosowa kwambiri.
Atatulutsa, nsomba imayamba kuonda ndikuyamba kufooka, chifukwa chake gawo lalikulu limafa, ndipo onse otsala pang'ono amapita kunyanja kapena kunyanja, koma amakhalabe mumitsinje mpaka kumapeto.
M'mitsinje, nthumwi zochokera kwa nsomba zamchere sizimapita kutali ndi malo, koma zimatha kupita kumalo okuya komanso abata. Pakatikati, achinyamata amatuluka mazira otulutsidwa, ofanana ndi tizirombo touluka. M'madzi amtsinje, ana amapita pachaka chimodzi mpaka zaka zisanu.
Pakupita kwa nthawi, anthu amatha kutalika mpaka 15-18 cm. Asanalowe m'madzi am'nyanja kapena nyanja, ana amisala amtundu wamtunduwu ndi masikelo amakhala ndi mtundu wa siliva. Ndi mu nyanja ndi nyanja zomwe nsomba zimayamba kudya mwachangu ndikulemera msanga.
Adani achilengedwe
Mazira ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi mazira akuluakulu amakhala chizolowezi chosavuta kwa imvi, ma trout, pike ndi burbot. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha omwe amasamukira kumayiko ena amadyedwa ndi akhwangwala kapena mbalame zina zomwe zimakonda kudya nsomba. M'madzi am'nyanja, adani achilengedwe a nsomba amaphatikizapo nsomba zamkati, nsomba za sekeye ndi nsomba za kunyanja, komanso nyama zina zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pali zinthu zingapo zovuta zomwe zimakhudza chiwerengero cha anthu komanso momwe mtunduwo ulili. Zomwe zimayambitsa kupha nsomba m'malo obzala ndi kulephera kutulutsa, komanso kuwononga anthu onse. Zidadziwika kuti kupha nsomba sikuti kumangoyambitsa mtundu wamafuta komanso kubereka kwa nsomba, komanso kumatha kutsitsa ngakhale mitsinje yayikulu ya anthu otero kwa zaka zingapo.
Mikhalidwe yosavutikanso imaphatikizanso mafunde amphamvu am'nyanja ndi mafunde, kuperewera kwa chakudya, kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kuipitsa pakamwa pa mtsinje. Ana a Salmon nthawi zambiri amawonongedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwaulimi, kumatauni, komanso mafakitale. Pakadali pano, ma Sakhalin ndi Ordinary taimen, Nyanja ya Salmon, Mikizha ndi Malorotaya Paliya, Eisenam Trout ndi Kumzha, komanso Svetovidov ndi Davatchan a Long -geded omwe adalembedwa kale mu Red Book.
Maganizo ofananira (anapitilizidwa)
M'mitsinje ya ku Europe ndi ku Central Asia, kuli khwawa lina: Sakhalin rudd-ogai, kapena ézo-ugai (lat. Tribolodon panee) ndi nsomba modabwitsa yochokera kubanja la cyprinidae. Amadyera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madzi amchere amchere ambiri, mpaka kunyanja. Amapita kukasambira kumitsinje. Amatha kupanga mitundu yakunyumba munyanja. M'mitsinje ndi nyanja za Japan zimayimiridwa makamaka ndi mawonekedwe amadzi oyera.
Kufotokozera
Zili ndi zochitika zodziwika pabanja lonse la nsomba. Amasiyana ndi imvi ndi lalifupi komanso laling'ono laling'ono lamkati, lomwe limayambira 10 mpaka 16 ray. Amakhala ndi mtundu wowala kuposa nsomba yoyera.
Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku mayina "salmon" ndi "trout", mosiyana ndi stereotype, sagwirizana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa nsomba. Awa ndi mayina apabanja lonse la banja lonse kapena amkhalapakati (monga dzina la "nsomba"), kapena gulu lalikulu la mitundu yolumikizidwa ndi katundu umodzi (trout).
Salmon imayesedwa ngati nsomba yambiri, kapena salimoni pakuwaza. Komabe, mawu akuti "nsomba" amapezeka m'dzina la mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso mu mtundu wa nsomba ziwiri - Noble salmon ndi Pacific nsomba.
Zomwezi zimawonedwa ndi mayina achi Latin - salm (salmon) ndi trutta (trout).
Gulu la sayansi ndilovuta. Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana komanso kufalikira kwa mitundu ya mabanja a salmon, pakati pa asayansi apanga mitundu yonse iwiri (onani Salmon-like) ndi mayina osiyanasiyana (kuwonjezera pa mayiko, kuphatikiza zilembo za Chilatini za asayansi) zamtundu womwewo. Komanso, dzina lomweli la Chilatini (lasayansi) m'magulu osiyanasiyana limatha kufanana mitundu.
Kugawa ndi malo
Nsomba yaku Pacific imapezeka kumtunda kwa nyanja zamchere. Pano nsomba iyi imawoneka munthawi yakusamuka. Amabwera kuno kuchokera pansi kapena pansi pa nyanja. Apa mafuta amabwera kuti azichita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Ndipo iye amapita kukabowoleranso mwina kusaya, kapena kumitsinje yamadzi kapena nyanja kumene iye anabadwira.
Nyama zamchere ku Pacific zimakhala m'matumba, ndipo zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri, nthawi zina kuposa kuchuluka kwa okhala kunyanja. Oimira akuluakulu a nsomba ku Pacific akuphatikizapo chum, pinki nsomba, nsomba zozizira, Chinook nsomba ndi sim. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zimabwera kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Pacific, pomwe zimasonkhana pagulu lalikulu ndikudya kwambiri. Nsomba zozungulira Pacific zimapita kumtsinje wa Russia Far East, komanso matupi amadzi ku Korea, Japan, North America, ngakhale ku Taiwan. Panthawi zosiyanasiyana za chaka, nsomba zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, komabe, ngakhale nyengo yozizira ikamazizira, sizipitilira kuposa madzi apansi panthaka.
Nsomba zaku Atlantic, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba, zimakhala zogona komanso zosamukira. Kudutsa nsomba kumapezeka mwa kumpoto kwa Atlantic. Kuchokera apa amapita kukawoneka m'mitsinje yambiri, kuyambira ku Spain mpaka Nyanja ya Barents. Mitundu yokhala salmon iyi ili ndi nyanja zambiri zaku Norway, Sweden, Finland ndi Russia.
Salmon ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda. Chifukwa chake, imagawidwa mwachangu m'mafamu a nsomba. Mafamu ena amaweta ndi cholinga chokongoletsa kuwedza kwamasewera, pomwe ena chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nyama ya nsomba iyi ndi yokoma komanso yofatsa, imawerengedwa kuti ndi yofunika. Nsomba izi ndi zabwino mitundu yambiri ya mbale.
Zaka komanso kukula
Kulemera kwakukulu kwa makilogalamu 7-8, nthawi zina kumakhala kolemera kuposa 30 kg. Imafalikira ku Neva, Kola, Northern Dvina, Pechora, ndi ena. Mtundu wapadera wa nsomba, pafupi ndi trout, umakhala ku Black Sea. Salimoni iyi imakwera m'mitsinje ya Bzyb, Kodori, Rioni. Kulemera kwake kwapakati ndi 6-7 makilogalamu; nthawi zina kumafika 24 kg.
Nsomba zaku Caspian zimagawidwa makamaka kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Caspian. Kulemera kwapakati pa 12-13 kg. Caviar imazungulira m'mitsinje Kura, Terek, Samur.
M'madzi ambiri - Onega ndi Ladoga - pali mtundu wina wa nsomba. Kulemera kwakukulu ndi makilogalamu atatu, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 10,5 kg. Amwaza m'mitsinje Shuya, Vodla, Vuoksa, Svir.
Moyo
Nthawi zambiri, atakwanitsa zaka 4-6, nsomba zamtundu wa salmon zimalowa mwachangu komanso m'mitsinje yaying'ono, nthawi zina zimakwera mtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri. Nthawi yakulowa kwa nsomba mu mitsinje sizofanana: nsomba zamtundu wa "kasupe" zimatuluka chilimwe komanso koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira nthawi yomweyo zisanatulutse. Salimoni ya "nyengo yozizira" imalowa m'mitsinje kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira kapena koyambirira kwa nyengo yamasika ndikupita pafupifupi chaka chimodzi isanatulutse.
Chifukwa chokhala mumtsinje nthawi yam'madzi isanakhazikike, nsomba zimasankha malo osafunikira kwambiri omwe amakhala ndi dothi lamiyala kapena miyala. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi malo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo owombera, pamwamba pa ma rap ndi ma rings.
Mukakhala mumtsinje, nsomba za salmon "mapira": khungu lake limachita khungu, ndipo mbeza imawoneka pa nsagwada, yomwe imatchuka kwambiri mwaimuna. Mtundu wa nyamayo umakhala wolocha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumachepa.
Kukula kwamadzi mu mitsinje yakumpoto kumayambira theka lachiwiri la Seputembala kapena Okutobala pamadzi otentha a 0 mpaka 8 °. Kummwera, nsomba zimamera mu Okutobala - Januwale pa kutentha kwa 3 mpaka 13 °. Caviar atagona pansi ndipo atakumba, amawunjika mchenga ndi miyala.
Pambuyo pobzala, nsomba zimamera ngakhale zowonda kwambiri, ndipo gawo la gulu la nsomba limafa. Chiwerengero cha kufa kwa nsomba sichimodzimodzi kulikonse. Nthawi zambiri zimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa kotembenukira pakubwera, komwe kumachokera ku 9 mpaka 28 peresenti pamitsinje ingapo. Anthu opulumuka amatha pang'ono kulowa m'nyanja kapena kunyanja, ndikosakhalabe mumtsinjewo mpaka kupendekeka. Mu mtsinje, nsomba zonunkhira sizimapita kutali ndi malo ochepa, koma zimapita m'malo ozama komanso abata.
Chapakatikati, nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono kuchokera ku mazira osesa ngati mawonekedwe ofunikira. Mu mtsinje, nsomba za ana zimatha kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka zaka 5 (nthawi zambiri zaka 2-3), zikukula panthawiyi mpaka 15-18 cm.Amakhala m'malo othamanga ndipo amadyera ochepa crustaceans, mphutsi zazomera ndi tizilombo palokha. Ma salimoni nthawi zina amagwira nyongolotsi za pansi. Chifukwa chake, asodzi amene amagwira ndodo za nsomba “mumtsinje wa salmon” amatha kusiyanitsa nsomba zazing'ono zazikazi ndipo, zikagwidwa, nthawi yomweyo amawamasula mumtsinje. Asanayambe kugwera kunyanja kapena kunyanja, nsomba za mchere zimataya timabala tawo ndikukhala ndi siliva. Popeza adapinda nyanja kapena nyanja, nsomba zimayamba kudyetsa kwambiri ndikukula mwachangu, mpaka zimalemera ma kilogalamu angapo mkati mwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Chakudya chachikulu cha nsomba mu nyanja ndi nyanja ndi crustaceans ndi nsomba zokulirapo.
Khalidwe la nsomba pamaulendo osunthika komanso kusintha kwa matawi: kumayambiriro kwa kukwera, amasewera kwambiri, ndikudumphira pansi pamadzi, pamene kufalikira kukuyandikira, kudumpha pamadzi kumakhala kocheperachepera. Kutchetchera ndi kusaka nsomba sikukutuluka konse m'madzi, koma kumangosungunuka, kutanthauza kuti kumawonekera kumapeto kwa mchira kapena kutha kwa mchira pamwamba pa madzi. Masewera a salon amakhala ovuta kwambiri nyengo yamtunda, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira ndi kasupe masewerawa amakhala ovuta kwambiri ndi kucha, kumapeto kwa chilimwe - pakati pa tsiku.
Usodzi wa nsomba
Kupeza nsomba sizovuta. Choyamba, nsomba sizimapezeka kulikonse ndipo sizipezeka nthawi zonse, nthawi zina sizikhala m'malo omwe amawoneka okongola kwambiri. Pa mtsinje uliwonse pamakhala malo omwe phompho limayambira, nthawi zambiri phiri lotere lisanafike. Pamtambazi, nsomba zimakonda kupumula nthawi zonse.
Nsomba zimadzuka usiku kapena pansi pa madzi amatope. Pazokwera mwamphamvu, mutha kuwona kulumpha nsomba zikuuluka ndi mphamvu yayikulu ndi liwiro kuthana ndi mafunde. Mwa anthu okhala mdera la Sochi, ambiri akuchita ntchito yosodza nsomba za nsomba, posachedwa njira iyi ya usodzi kumwera ikufalikira mowonjezereka. Kugwidwa kwa nsomba zolemera 8-10 makilogalamu siziwoneka ngati mlandu wapadera pano, nthawi zambiri owononga amakoka nsomba zamadziwe ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi zambiri nthawi imodzi pamakhala miyala yamiyala.
Ziphuphu zimachitika nthawi yomwe nyanjazo zimagwa, kapena ngati nyambo zimanyamulidwa ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi arc ndikuponyedwa pansi. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira, kuyesa kulepheretsa sipinachi kufikira kumtunda, kuti muchepetse kuthamanga.
Ngati kuponyera kwakhumi ndi chimodzi kulibe, ndiye kuti muyenera kupitabe kudzenje lina. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nsomba za salimoni nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa ndi katundu, choncho muyenera kuyimitsa katunduyo kapena kuigwira nyambo zolemera (“Devons”, “Snakes”, “Salmon”, ndi zina), ndikuyimitsa katunduyo ndi anti-twist.
Maonekedwe amtsinje uno ndi njira zoyendetsera nyanjayo ndi mphamvu yolimba ziziphunziridwa bwino, ndibwino kuti mupitirize kugwira miyala yayikulu ndi mabatani. Ngakhale kuwedza kotereku kumayendetsedwa ndi chiopsezo chobzala sipinachi, ndikoyenera kutenga izi. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera mwaluso kutsogolera nsomba zogwidwa kuti zisasowe.
Kuluma kwa nsomba kumakhala kolimba. Nthawi yomweyo ndikuwombera, amathamangira ndikutsika mtsinje ndi supuni mkamwa mwake, koma osachoka kwambiri m'dzenjemo. Ndikosatheka kuyimitsa izi pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale zitakhala zamphamvu bwanji. M'malo mwake, ikani chimbudzi pa mabuleki ndikukweza kumapeto kwa ndodo. Komabe, munthu sangadziyike malire ndi kuwonongeka kwa coil, wina ayenera kuthyolanso zala zakumanzere. Nthawi zina mumayenera kuchepetsa m'mimba ndi dzanja lanu lamanja, ndipo ingogwira ndodo ndi dzanja lamanzere.
Popeza adathamangira pamalo osaya, nsomba zimasinthira kumbuyo ndikuthamangira kumtsinje ndi liwiro limodzilo. Tsopano ndikosavuta kuchedwetsa, koma simuyenera kuchita, chifukwa mbali iyi imatopa msanga. Atafika pabowo kapena pamwala waukulu, nsomba zimayima, ndipo msodziyo akuwonetsa kuti nsombayo ili pabowo. Ndikovuta kwambiri kutsatsa nsomba ku dzenjemo.
Pambuyo pa kulimbana kotere, msodziyo, atapumula, amayenera kuwunika ndikuwunika mphamvu za carbines, mfundo, kutupira komanso makamaka mphamvu ya mpeni pafupi ndi kutayikira.
Nthawi yabwino yogwira nsomba ndi m'mawa kwambiri. Nsomba zimatenga pafupifupi mpaka masana, kenako kwa maola angapo, mpaka madzulo, grip yokha, ndipo madzulo, nsomba zimayambanso kuyenda bwino.
Nyengo yabwino kwambiri yosodza isanakhale mvula kapena mvula yamphamvu.
Pakakhala nyengo yabwino, asodzi akumalo amalimbikitsa kuti asodzi azisomba, ndikutsimikizira kuti nsomba zimatengedwa bwino ngati nsomba zakufa, koma munthu amakayikira, chifukwa nsomba za nsomba zimakonda kugwidwa bwino kuposa sipinayi ndi nsomba zakufa.
Kuphika nsomba
Salmon imawoneka ngati chinthu chosangalatsa komanso chokoma ndi fungo labwino. Pali mitundu yambiri yophika. Salmon ndiwopezeka muzakudya zazakudya zina (ceviche, carpaccio, nsomba zosakanizidwa), ndi mbale zazikulu zingapo.
Salmon imapanga msuzi wabwino kwambiri, mousses, soufflés, pastes, cutlets, umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kudzaza kwa ma pie ndi ma casseroles, owonjezeredwa ku saladi ... Ndipo nsomba zophika ndi kebabs kuchokera ku nsomba izi akhala mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri. Nsomba zamabanja ku Salmon ndizokonda kwambiri za zakudya za ku Japan, chifukwa ndi nsomba zamchere zomwe ndi gawo lamtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa sushi, sashimi ndi masikono.
Ubwino wazakudya
100 g ya nsomba ili ndi 68,5 g yamadzi, 19.84 g mapuloteni, 6.34 g yamafuta ndipo mulibenso michere. Zapamwamba zake zopatsa mphamvu ndi 142 kcal pa 100 g ya kulemera. Phindu la nsomba izi ndi losatsutsika. Ili ndi selenium, mavitamini a B, mavitamini A, E, D, biotin, folic acid. Salmon ndi wolemera pofufuza zinthu ndi zinthu zopindulitsa monga ayodini, phosphorous (200 mg), potaziyamu (490 mg), mkuwa (250 μg), sodium (44 mg), magnesium (29 mg), calcium (12 mg), komanso ili ndi chitsulo, manganese ndi nthaka.
Salmon yochulukirapo imakhala ndi ma omega-3 mafuta osakwaniritsidwa acids, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kayendedwe ka cholesterol, kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso kuchepetsa zizindikiro za mphumu, nyamakazi yam'mimba, ndi kukhumudwa.
Nsomba mu mankhwala ndi cosmetology
Salmon nthawi zina amatchedwa "nsomba zama malingaliro." Mafuta a Omega-3 acid omwe amapezeka mu nyama ya salmon, kuwonjezera pakuchepetsa cholesterol, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda amtima, kumathandizanso IQ (IQ).
Kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba kumachepetsa chiwopsezo cha neoplasms yoyipa, stroko, nyamakazi, matenda a shuga komanso matenda a Alzheimer's, kusintha magwiridwe antchito aubongo, mtima ndi impso, ndikuletsa mapangidwe a mapangidwe a atherosrance. Potaziyamu ndi calcium zomwe zimapezeka mu nsomba zimathandizira kulimbitsa dongosolo la musculoskeletal.
Salmon caviar ndi mafuta a salmon (mafuta a nsomba) amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzoladzola kupanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi ukalamba ndi nkhope zopatsa thanzi, tsitsi komanso mankhwala osamalira thupi.
Contraindication
Ngakhale zili ndi phindu lililonse, nsomba za salmoni sizikulimbikitsidwa kwa amayi apakati komanso amayi oyamwitsa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyama zamitundu ina ya banja lino zitha kukhala ndi mankhwala enaake. Pa thupi la munthu wamkulu, kuchuluka kwake sikulibe vuto, koma kumatha kuvulaza ana akhanda ndi mazira.
Chifukwa chakuti nsomba zamchere zimawonedwa kuti ndi nsomba yamafuta, izi siziyenera kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda osakhazikika am'mimba, chiwindi kapena matumbo, komanso kunenepa kwambiri.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo ndi moyo
Salmon yonse imatulukira m'madzi oyera - mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Izi ndizabwinobwino, popeza makolo a ma salmonids anali madzi abwino ndipo mitundu ina yokha idasinthika kukhala nsomba zosamukira (anadromous) - nsomba yodziwika bwino (nsomba za ku Atlantic) ndi nsomba za ku Pacific (Far East). Kudutsa mitundu ya salimoni imakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi am'nyanja, kudya chakudya cholemera, ndipo nthawi ikafika (nthawi zambiri atatha zaka 2-5), amabwerera kukawoloka mitsinje, kumalo komwe adabadwira.
Pafupifupi nsomba zonse zomwe zimasamukira kamodzi kokha m'moyo ndipo zimafa utangotuluka. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku nsomba za Pacific (chum, nsomba za pinki, nsomba za soke, etc.). Mosiyana ndi iwo, sianthu onse omwe amafa pakati pa nsomba za Atlantic (nsomba), ena amaberekera mpaka kanthawi 4 (mbiri yokhayo ndi maulendo 5), ngakhale izi ndizosiyana ndi lamulo.
Asanatuluke, chamoyo cha nsomba zosamukira chimadutsa mozama kwambiri - mawonekedwe amasintha kwambiri, kusintha kwamkati kumachitika - thupi limataya mtundu wake wa siliva, kupezeka utoto wowoneka bwino, mawanga ofiira ndi akuda amatuluka, amayamba kukhala apamwamba, mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri amawonekera mwa amuna (chifukwa chake dzina la amtunduwo - nsomba ya pinki). Nsagwada za salmon zimasandulika ngati mbedza (nsagwada yapamwamba imagwada pansi, m'munsi - mmwamba), mano amakhala akulu. Nthawi yomweyo, kuwonda kwam'mimba, matumbo ndi chiwindi kumachitika, nyamayo imakhala yocheperapo komanso yamafuta ndipo, motero, yopanda phindu.
Subfamily Grayling
Grayling ili pafupi kwambiri ndi nsomba zamtundu wa subfamily. Greyling imasiyana ndi salimoni yoyenera ndi ndalama yayitali kwambiri komanso yapamwamba, yokhala ndi 17 mpaka 24 raise. Mitundu ina, imakhala ngati ma pulo ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yowala kwambiri. M'magulu ocheperako amtundu umodzi muli Grayling (lat. Thymallus). Onse aimvi - nsomba zamadzi oyera omwe amakhala m'mitsinje yaying'ono yofulumira ndi nyanja zozizira ku Europe, Asia ndi North America.
M'magulu ena, wina akhoza kupeza kupatukana kwa banja kukhala gawo la Salmonid (lomwe, mwadzidzidzi, limawonetsa kutanthauzira kwa mayina achi Latin omwe siali amodzi kwa banjali komanso mwaubwino - Salmonidae ndi Salmoninae). Mabanja ocheperapo pankhaniyi, motero, amalandila mabanja. Koma gulu lotere silovomerezeka nthawi zambiri.
