Daphnia amatanthauza Cladocera, mtundu uwu wa crustaceans yaying'ono uli ndi mitundu yopitilira 150. Msodzi aliyense wodzilemekeza wa m'madzi amadziwa momwe amawonekera. daphnia crustaceanspopeza ndi chakudya chotchuka cha mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zam'madzi.

Zinthu ndi malo okhala daphnia

Kutengera mtundu wadaphnia, kukula kwawo kumatha kukhala 0,2 mm mpaka 6 mm, kotero phunzirani kapangidwe ka daphnia zotheka pansi pa maikulosikopu. Thupi la ma crustaceans awa limakhala ndi chowumbirira, limakutidwa ndi chishango chapadera chamapiko awiri (carapace), chomwe chimateteza ziwalo zamkati.

Mutu umaphimbidwanso ndi chipolopolo chokhala ngati chitinous ndipo chimakhala ngati mlomo (mkokomo), pomwe pansi pali tinyanga tomwe timagwira ntchito yopanga.

Kukula kwa antennas am'mbuyo kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi omwe ali patsogolo, ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikuyenda kwa daphnia. Kuthawa tinyanga tonse nthawi imodzi, Daphnia amathawa m'madzi ndikuyandama, ndikulumpha. Pa nkhani iyi daphnia wamba Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "utoto wamadzi."

Diso loyang'ana kumaso limakhazikika pamutu pa crustacean - chopanda chiwalo chomwe chimayang'anira masomphenya. Kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe kutengera mitundu ndi kuyambira pa 22 mpaka 300. Mwa oimira ena, mawonekedwe a maso ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo pali mbali zinanso. Otsika pang'ono kuposa mawonekedwe ake ndi nauplius.

Mabere a Daphniawokutidwa ndi bristles ambiri amagwira ntchito ngati mtundu wa zosefera momwe crustacean imadutsa alicellular algae ndi mabakiteriya omwe amayimitsidwa m'madzi. Miyendo imapanga 500 mpaka pamphindi.

Zithunzi za Daphniaopangidwa ndi kukweza kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti chizitha kuwona bwino mkati mwake mkati mwa crustacean. Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa translucent, mtima, matumbo amawoneka bwino, ndipo mwa akazi - chikwama cha ana chokhala ndi mazira angapo.

Daphnia yamtundu uliwonse imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo ena onse oyimilira - kuchokera padziwe laling'ono kupita ku nyanja yakuzama. Pali oimira ena amtundu wa crustaceans ku Eurasia, South ndi North America, ndipo ngakhale ku Antarctica.

Chofunikira pakuwoneka kwawo kwachilengedwe ndi madzi osasunthika, momwe mumapezeka nthaka yambiri. Kamodzi m'madzi othamanga, ma daphnid amafota dothi limodzi ndi algae ndipo pang'onopang'ono amatulutsa matumbo awo.

Mchenga womwe wadyedwa umadziunjikira ndi kulepheretsa crustacean kuti asamayende bwino, posakhalitsa amwalira. Daphnia Imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, choncho nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana mtundu wa madzi osungira.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Daphnia ya genus idafotokozedwa mu 1785, yopangidwa ndi O.F. Muller. Pafupifupi mitundu 50 ili m'gulu la mitundu ya Daphnia, ndipo ambiri a iwo ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera kwa ena. Monga mtundu wamtundu, Daphnia longispina amagwiritsidwa ntchito, akufotokozedwa ndi Muller yemweyo.

Daphnia imagawidwa pawiri lalikulu subgenera - kwenikweni Daphnia ndi Ctenodaphnia. Zotsalazo zimasiyana m'njira zingapo, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa tchuthi mumutu, ndipo kwakukulu kumakhala ndi kakhalidwe koyambirira. Koma izi sizitanthauza kuti zidachitika kale: zinthu zakale zimafotokoza chiyambi cha pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo.

Kanema: Daphnia

Oimira oyambilira a miyendo ya gill adawoneka zaka pafupifupi 550 miliyoni zapitazo, mwa iwo panali makolo a Daphnia. Koma iwowo adadzuka patapita nthawi yayitali: zinthu zakale kwambiri ndizosakhala pansi pa nthawi ya Jurassic - ndiye kuti ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 180-200 miliyoni.

Ino si nthawi zakale monga momwe munthu angayembekezere kuchokera kuzinthu zosavuta - mwachitsanzo, nsomba ndi mbalame zidawonekera kale. Koma, ngati nthumwi zina za gulu lanyimbo zokhala ndi tirigu, kale panthawiyo Daphnia amafanana ndi zomwe zilipo, ndipo izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kale.

Nthawi yomweyo, munthu sayenera kuganiza kuti Daphnia samasintha: m'malo mwake, ali ndi kusintha kwakukulu komanso kusinthasintha, ndipo amapanga mitundu yatsopano yonse. Mapangidwe omaliza a genus Daphnia adachitika atangotayika kumapeto kwa Cretaceous.

Zina Zowuma Zokhudza Daphnia

M'malo mwake, palibe chitsimikizo kuti ngwazi yathu ili ndendende Daphnia pulex, ndizotheka kuti, mwachitsanzo, D. magna, koma zochepa zimatengera gulu lenileni, onse ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana.

Ndiye dzina lenileni daphnia (Wikipedia):

Mtundu: arthropods Zolanda: khalidal Giredi: miyendo miyendo Squadron: khalid Gulu: Zojambulajambula Dongosolo: Anomopoda Banja: Daphniidae Jenda: Daphnia

Chifukwa chake, mwa mawu oti "Daphnia" timawatcha onse oyang'anira amtunduwu, osamvetsetsa mitundu yawo.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Daphnia Moina

Mitundu ya daphnia imatha kusiyanasiyana: maonekedwe a thupi lawo, komanso kukula kwake, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo yomwe akukhalamo. Komabe, zinthu zina zodziwika bwino zitha kufotokozedwa. Chifukwa chake, matupi awo amaphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo cha chitinous chokhala ndi ma valve owonekera - ziwalo zamkati zimawonekera bwino. Chifukwa cha kuwonekera m'madzi, daphnia sichiwoneka.

Chipolopolo sich amaphimba mutu. Pali maso awiri pa icho, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imalumikizana ndi diso limodzi zovuta ndikamakula, ndipo nthawi zina Daphnia imakhala ndi yachitatu, koma nthawi zambiri imawonekera bwino ndipo imakhala ndi kukula kocheperako. M'mphepete mwa anangula, Daphnia amawagwedeza nthawi zonse, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi iwo amakhala akusuntha.

Pamutu, rostrum ndimtunda wofanana ndi mlomo, ndipo pansi pake pali awiriawiri a tinyanga, ndipo kumbuyo kwake ndikokulirapo ndipo kumakhala ndi mabatani, chifukwa komwe dera lawo limakulira. Pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timeneti, kuyenda kumachitika - ikakhala kuti ili ndi daphnia, imawuluka mwamphamvu kutsogolo, ngati kuti ikulumpha. Tizilomboti timapangidwa bwino ndipo timakhala ndi minyewa yolimba.

Thupi lathimbitsidwa kuchokera kumbali, miyendo imakulitsidwa ndi kukhazikika, chifukwa siigwiritsa ntchito poyenda. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka, kuyendetsa madzi abwino kumiyala ndi tinthu tosamwa kukamwa. Njira yogaya chakudya ndiyovuta kwa kakulidwe kakang'ono kotere: pali esophagus yathunthu, m'mimba ndi matumbo, momwe malo opezekamo chiwindi amapezeka.

Daphnia amakhalanso ndi mtima womwe umagwira molimba kwambiri - kumenyedwa kwa 230-290 pamphindi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kwa mpweya wa 2-4. Daphnia amapuma ndi chivundikiro chonse cha thupi, koma makamaka mothandizidwa ndi kupuma kwa malekezero.

Zida za Aeration

Kuti mukule crustaceans, thanki imakhala ndi zida zamagetsi. Kukula kumafunika ngati daphnia moin wakula pakhomo.

Mothandizidwa ndi zida zotere, madzi am'madzi amadzazidwa ndi mpweya, womwe umakhudza bwino chitukuko cha phytoplankton. Mpweya wa oxygen umalepheretsa chithunzicho.

Zipangizo za Aeration zimasankhidwa ku aquarium, yomwe imadziwika ndi ntchito wamba. Zowonadi zowerengeka zambiri zimasowetsa madzi pamadzi.

Kodi daphnia amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Daphnia Magna

Oimira amtunduwu amatha kupezeka pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Anapezeka ngakhale ku Antarctica mu zitsanzo zomwe zinagwidwa mumadzi oundana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Daphnia imatha kukhala pafupifupi malo aliwonse amtundu woyimiridwa ndi dziko lathuli.

Komabe, ngati zaka zana zapitazo kudakhulupirira kuti mitundu yawo yonse ndiyabwinobwino, ndiye kuti zidapezeka kuti mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mtundu wake. Mumitundu yambiri, ndiyotalikirapo ndipo mulinso ma kontinenti angapo, komabe palibe imodzi yomwe ili ponseponse.

Amakhala Padziko Lapansi mosasiyanitsa, amakonda nyengo yam'madera otentha komanso malo otentha. Zowoneka zochepa ndizomwezo pamapeto a dziko lapansi, komanso pafupi ndi equator, kumalo otentha. Mitundu ya mitundu ina yasintha kwambiri posachedwa chifukwa chakuti imagawidwa ndi anthu.

Mwachitsanzo, mitundu Daphnia ambigua idachokera ku Great Britain kupita ku America ndipo idayamba bwino mizu. Mosiyana ndi izi, mitundu ya Daphnia lumholtzi idabweretsedwa ku North America kuchokera ku Europe, ndipo idakhala yotchuka kuzinthu zotsalira za kontinentiyi.

Kwa daphnia, malo osungirako madzi pano, monga dziwe kapena nyanja, amawakonda. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'matumba akulu. M'mitsinje yomwe mukuyenda pang'onopang'ono, mumakhala ochepa, ndipo simungawapeze m'mitsinje yachangu. Mitundu yambiri imakhala m'madzi atsopano.

Koma kuthekera kuzisintha kunadziwonekeranso apa: daphnia, yomwe imapezeka m'malo owuma, pomwe panali madzi amchere okha omwe sanapeze, samafa, koma adakhazikika. Tsopano, mitundu yomwe idachokera kwa iwo imadziwika ndi zokonda zamasamba okhala ndi mchere wambiri.

Kuposa zonse, amakhala m'madzi oyera - ayenera kukhala ndi madzi pang'ono pansi. Kupatula apo, daphnia amadyera ndi kusefa madzi ndipo ngati kuli konyansa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalowa m'matumbo athu limodzi ndi tizilombo tating'ono, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amafa msanga m'madzi oyipitsidwa chifukwa cha m'mimba.

Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa daphnia mu nkhokwe, munthu akhoza kudziwa kuti madziwo ndi oyera bwanji. Amakhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa madzi, ndipo mitundu ina ili pansi kwathunthu. Sakonda kuyatsa kowala ndipo kumapita mozama dzuwa litayamba kuwala mwachindunji pamadzi.

Kukula kwa daphnia kunyumba

Kuswana kwa Daphnia kunyumba kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kuphweka komanso kuphweka, kotero ngakhale munthu wazamakhwala wamasamba amatha kukula ma crustaceans. Gawo loyamba ndikuzindikira chidebe chomwe chakudya cham'tsogolo chikhala. Kuti banja likule bwino panyumba panu, zotsatirazi pazokhudzana ndi kukula ziyenera kutsatiridwa:

• Kuti mukule pang'ono, sankhani chotengera chokhala ndi malita 15-20.
• Zinthu zomwe chitsacho chimapangidwira ziyenera kukhala zachilengedwe. Mukamasankha chidebe chachitsulo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimasankhidwa.
• Ngati mukufuna kukonza crustaceans mu thanki yokhazikika, ndiye kuti dera lolumikizana ndi mpweya liyenera kukhala lalikulu kwambiri.
• Mukasunga chidebe padzuwa mwachindunji, kuchuluka kwa chidebe kuyenera kukhala osachepera 40 malita.

• Mchere - madzi okula ma crustaceans ayenera kukhala atsopano.
• Oksijeni - crustaceans sakonda madzi akuthwa kapena amphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa chake muyenera kukhazikitsa chizindikiro cha aerator kuti chikhale mulingo wamba.
• Kuchuluka kwa ammonia ndi acidity ndizizindikiro za 7.2-8.5 pH.
• Kutentha kwabwino kwambiri ndi 18-22C.

Kodi daphnia amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Daphnia mu aquarium

• othandizira
• nsomba zam'madzi,
• mabakiteriya
• choletsa,
• tinthu tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayandama m'madzi kapena pansi.

Amadyetsa, kusefa madzi, omwe amasunthira miyendo yawo, ndikupangitsa kuti iye ayende. Kusintha kwa mtsinje wamadzi womwe ukubwera kumachitika ndi mafani apadera pazakungwa. Kenako tinthuti tomwe timanyamula timadziphatikizika limodzi mumpanda chifukwa chobisalira ndipo timatumizidwa kumimba.

Daphnia imakhala yodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu yake: tsiku limodzi mitundu yokhayo imadyapo kasanu ndi kamodzi kulemera kwawo. Chifukwa chake, ndi kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kuchuluka kwawo m'malo osungirako kumakhala kochepa - izi zimachitika nyengo yozizira ikalowa, ndipo Daphnia imakhala yochulukira kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi chilimwe.

Detritus amadyetsedwa ndi mitundu yamtundu wa daphnia yomwe sikhala nthawi yozizira. Amakhala nthawi yozizira pansi pa posungira komanso m'madzi oyandikana nayo - ndizosokoneza zomwe zimayambira kuzakudya, ndiko kuti, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga kapena zinthu zina zamoyo.

Zomwezomwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha nsomba mu aquarium - ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa m'mimba mwawo mumakhala chakudya chambiri chambiri. Daphnia imapatsidwa youma ndikuyiyamwa amoyo. Yotsirizirayi imathandizanso ngati madzi m'matope mwake amakhala amtambo: daphnia amadya mabakiteriya, chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika, ndipo nsomba zimadyanso daphnia.

Kodi daphnia ndi chiyani

Daphnia wamba ndi kakhola kakang'ono. Chifukwa cha mayendedwe omwe adakumana nawo mwamphamvu, adalandira dzina lachiwiri - utoto wamadzi.

Kutengera ndi mtundu, kukula kwake kumatha kuyambira 0,2 mm mpaka 6 mm. Mitundu yayikulu imafikira kukula kwa peyala yaying'ono ndipo imatha kuwoneka popanda ma microscope.

Ndi chowonjezera, kapangidwe ka crustacean akuwoneka bwino. Thupi la Daphnia limasunthidwa pang'ono pambuyo pake ndipo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kuchokera kumwamba wavala chipolopolo chamtundu wa bivalve - carapace, yomwe imatha ndi singano yam mchira ndikuteteza ziwalo zamkati.

Mutu

Mutu umakutidwa ndi chivundikiro cholimba. Ili ndi mlomo wofanana ndi mlomo - mkombero, pomwe pali tinyanga tambiri tating'onoting'ono - tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timene timagwira ntchito yoluntha chifukwa cha kutuluka kochepa komwe kuli. Tizilombo totsalira ta m'mbuyo timakhala totalikirapo, timakutidwa ndi masamba akunja. Amathandizira Daphnia kusuntha m'mbali mwa madzi, kupanga kudumpha.

Ma Crustaceans ali ndi miyendo isanu ya miyendo yovuta. Mabere a Daphnia amagwira ntchito zazikuluzikulu zopumira komanso zakudya. Amapezeka pamutu. Pasanathe mphindi imodzi, crustacean amapanga ndi 500 mikwingwirima, podutsa mosadukiza algae ndi mabakiteriya omwe amayimitsidwa m'madzi. Ku miyendo ndi ma gill sacs, omwe amadzazidwa ndi okosijeni pakuyenda kwawo.

Gulu la masomphenya

Daphnia ili ndi gawo lofanana ndi lakuwona, lomwe limachulukanso ka anthu okhwima. Diso lalikulu limakhala ndi mbali 22. Mwa mitundu yina, kuchuluka kwa mbali zingafikire mazana atatu. Pansi pa eyeti yakutsogolo ndi nauplius ocellus.

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa daphnia, ziwalo zamkati zikuwonekera bwino pachithunzichi. Mimba yam'mimba imachokera pakumatseguka pakamwa. Ku mbali yakumbuyo kumakhala mtima wokoka. Akazi amakhala ndi chipinda cha ana momwe mazira amapezeka pakati pa thupi ndi dorsal carapace.

Kufotokozera, kapangidwe, kapangidwe kake ndi chilengedwe

Daphnia ndi ya gulu lankhondo la genus planktonic crustaceans ndipo ndi chinthu chophuka. Dzina lachiwiri, Water Flea, adalandira chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kamafanana ndi tizilombo, komanso kuthekanso kupanga kulumpha kwakuthwa muluzu wamadzi. Ngati mungayang'ane pansi pa maikulosikopu, mutha kufotokoza motere:

• thupi lozungulira 2-6 mm lalitali atsekedwa mu chithunzi chomenyera cha chitin chowonekera,
• pamakhala tinyanga tomwe timakhazikika pamutu timene timathandizira kuti tisamayende m'madzi,
• Maso a anthu okhwima ndi amodzi, koma pafupi ndi ena,
• kutsogolo kwa mutu kumaimilira kakulidwe kooneka ngati mulomo wotchedwa rostum, ndipo pansi pake pali tinyanga tokhala ndi zojambula m'maso.
• Miyezo ya 4-6 ya miyendo ya pectoral imakutidwa ndi bristles yambiri ndipo imakhala ndi ma gill sac amapangidwira kupuma ndi kuperewera kwa chakudya,
• kumbuyo kwa thupi kumakhala mchira wokhala ndi zopindika zopendekera ndi anus kuyeretsa thupi la tinthu tambiri tachilendo,
• mu kufalikira kwachilengedwe, mazira mawonekedwe kumbuyo.

Kukula ndi mtundu wa Daphnia zimatengera mawonekedwe ake ndi malo omwe amakhala. Chifukwa chake, m'malo osungiramo oyera okhala ndi mpweya wokwanira ndi zinthu zofunikira zimawalira imvi kapena zobiriwira anthu amakhala, ndipo m'madamu ang'onoang'ono ndi owipitsidwa amapeza utoto wofiirira.

Kapangidwe kamkati kali ndi mawonekedwe awa:

• ubongo ndi mitsempha yama cell mu peritoneum imayang'anira dongosolo lamanjenje,
• minofu yolimba imathandizira kuyenda kwa tinyanga, mchira ndi miyendo ya pectoral,
• makumbo mumakhala chotsegula cham'mimba, matumbo ang'ono ndi apakatikati, kutuluka kwa hepatic ndi matumbo a pambuyo pake ndi anus,
• pafupi ndi kumbuyo kuli mtima, pomwe 2 ostia, wadzaza ndimwazi, uchokapo,
• chida chopumira sichimafotokozeredwa, mpweya umalowa mkatikati mwa nembanemba komanso kukula kwa miyendo,
• mbali ziwiri za m'matumbo ndimazira amphongo achikazi kapena ma testes amuna.

Daphnia amakhala m'matupi opanda madzi okhala ndi madzi osasunthika. Ndizachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo nyanja ya Antarctica. Kuti mubereke bwino, zimangofunika malo oyera okhaokha okhala ndi silt ndi dothi pansi. Kupanda kutero, pamakhala chiopsezo chodzikundikira zinthu zomwe zili m'matumbo a makhansa, zomwe zimawachititsa kufa.

M'mphepete mwa madzi iwo amapezeka ngati thabwa, kumayenda pang'onopang'ono ndi mtsinje. Amabisala pansi pomwe dzuwa liziwala kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yonseyo amasambira kumtunda. Chiyembekezo chamoyo wokhala m'malo abwino ndi masiku 22, ndipo mwa anthu ambiri amafika masiku 110-150.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Zambiri zazikuluzikulu za crustaceans zimawonedwa m'malo osungirako kwakanthawi - mabowo, mafinya, nyanja yaying'ono yokhala ndi madzi osasunthika. Kamodzi m'madzi, ngakhale yofooka, daphnia fyuluta inaimitsidwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta nthaka ndikutseka matumbo. Izi zimasokoneza mayendedwe ake ndikupangitsa kuti afe.

Okhazikika amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Mitundu ina. Mitundu ina, nkhandwe, imalekerera chilala mosavuta, pozizira.

Zolengedwa izi ndizowopsa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa chakudya cholowetsedwa kumatha kufika 600% ya kulemera kwawo. Chakudya chachikulu cha daphnia ndi mabakiteriya, yisiti ndi algae wobiriwira. Kupanga kwakukulu kwambiri kwa crustaceans kumawonedwa m'malo osungirako ndi madzi "otumphukira", pomwe amaberekana kwambiri.

Daphnia imakhudzana kwambiri ndi kuyatsa. Mwakuwala kowala, amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi pansi pa chosungira.

Daphnia kapangidwe

Ndikufuna ndiyankhule pang'ono za momwe ma crustaceans, omwe timawatcha Daphnia, adapangidwira. Thupi lawo limakakamizidwa mwamphamvu kuchokera kumbali, kumapeto kuli ndi chipolopolo cha bčpid chitinous. Nthawi zambiri daphnia imakhala ndi maso awiri, omwe amakhala pamutu, koma nthawi zina anthu okhwima mwakugonana amakhala osiyana pamaso pa diso limodzi lovuta, pafupi ndi lomwe lingakhale ndi diso lina laling'ono. Pamutu wawung'ono, palinso awiriawiri a tinyanga. Chovala chakumbuyo (chachiwiri) ndichophatikizanso ndi bristles ndipo ndichachikulu. Ndili othokoza chifukwa chakuthwa kwa anangula awa kuti Daphnia amapanga kudumphadumpha kwina pamene akusuntha. Chifukwa chake, anthu'wo amatchedwa "utitiri wamadzi."

A Tail akutsimikizira: Daphnia monga chakudya cha nsomba

Akatswiri ambiri am'madzi komanso amalonda amakonda kulima malo amtundu wa Water ngati chakudya chodyetsa nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono. Akhozanso kupeza ma crustaceans mwanjira iliyonse:

• kukhalira zoweta zapakhomo,
• ayisikilimu wokhazikitsidwa ndi matuza,
• youma ngati chakudya chatha.

Zakudya zoterezi zimakhala ndi mbali zingapo zabwino ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri zomera ndi nyama za m'madzi.

Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi

M'mikhalidwe yabwino, Daphnia alibe amuna. Akazi amabereka mtundu wawo. Pakusintha kwa zinthu, gawo lina la akazi limabereka amuna.

Akazi ndi amuna ali ndi zosiyana zakunja ndi kwamkati:

• zazikazi ndizokulirapo
• pachikopa ndi chophimba chakunja cha akazi pamakhala mawonekedwe a ma polombus ndi ma polygons, omwe amawonekera bwino akamayandikira.
• miyendo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri mwa amuna ali ndi maluwe okhathamira omwe amawalola kuti agwiritsitse akazi nthawi yayitali.

Kuukira kwa Daphnia

Atakhala masiku angapo ali m'madzi mu Daphnia tating'onoting'ono timadumpha kale - yayikulu, mwachidziwikire, idabereka. Matalikanso anakulanso, motero monsemo zimawoneka ngati zosasangalatsa: paliponse china chake chimayenda, kusuntha, kupindika, kulumpha. Kuwona chipwirikiti cha moyo ichi chinali chosangalatsa kwambiri.

Ndipo patapita nthawi, Daphnia onse adasowa osatengera. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakusinthidwa kwa gawo lamadzi, kapena matanthwe akula kwambiri mwakuti amatha kupikisana ndi agustaceans ang'onoang'ono ndikuwononga anthu onse mwachangu.

Phindu ndi Ubwino

Daphnia imakulidwa limodzi ndi magazi a Hypworm, Gammarus, Caddis ntchentche, Bokoplav, Cyclops, Prudovik ndi zolengedwa zina zodyetsa. Ndi caloric value, onse ali ofanana, koma oyambayo ali ndi protein yambiri. Ma amino acid omwe amamwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono amakhala ndi phindu pamapangidwe awo ndikukula. Chifukwa cha izi, Daphnia imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazamalonda, kuwonjezera pama feed ambiri owuma. Mwanjira iyi, iwo ndi 50% ya unyinji wopangidwa ndi mapuloteni.

Chakudya chofunikira ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa nsomba. Imachepetsa kuchepa kwawo, ndikosavuta kugaya zakudya ndikamathandizira kuti azolowere zinthu zatsopano.

Mu crustaceans, m'mimba nthawi zambiri mumakhala chodzaza ndi tinthu tadzomera, motero amasankhidwa ndi chakudya ndi a Guppies, Danio, Fiery Barbuses, Karasi, Carps ndi ena okhala m'madzi. Mu malo osungirako nyama, zakudya zoterezi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa nsomba zomwe sizikupezeka pachakudya chilichonse. Chipolopolo cha Chitinous, chomwe sichikumbidwa, chimayambitsa matumbo ndikuyamba kuyeretsa kwake.

Komanso, amakhala odzipereka posamalira ndi kubereka mwachangu mokwanira. Zimapindulitsa lonse la m'madzi mwa kusefa madzi mmenemo. Patsiku, munthu m'modzi amadya chakudya chochuluka kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa momwe amadzilemerera. Izi zimathandizira kuchotsa tizilombo tachilendo mu dziwe kapena thanki.

Daphnia magna

Mtunduwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cham'madzi cha nsomba za ku aquarium, chifukwa zimakhala ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri. Kutalika kwa mkazi ndi 3-5 mm, chachimuna sichikupitilira 2 mm. Anthu obadwa kumene ndi akulu kwambiri. Mtundu waukulu wa chivundikiro chakunja ndi wachikasu kapena mtundu wa lalanje. Mtunduwu umalekerera mosavuta kutentha. Ndizosowa mwachilengedwe, koma m'malo okhala nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochulukirapo. Kutalika kwa moyo wa toyesa wamkulu ndi miyezi itatu.

Kubala anthu

Daphnia imasiyanitsidwa ndi peculiarity - kubereka ana popanda umuna. Zachikazi zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi chipinda cha ana. Imatetezedwa ndi m'mphepete mwa kumira ndipo ili kumbuyo. Pabwino, munthu wamkulu amatha kuyikira mazira 50 mpaka 100 osabereka. Mumkati momwe amakulira, ndi akazi okha, ndikusiyira pawokha. Mwa akazi, izi zitatha, kusungunuka kumayamba.

Pakupita masiku angapo, njira yoberekera imayamba kubwereza. Okalamba omwe kale ali olumikizidwa kuzinthu zotere, kotero zonse zimachitika mwachangu. Mkazi m'modzi nthawi yonse ya moyo amatha kubereka ana mpaka 25. Chifukwa cha izi, nthawi yachilimwe mutha kuwona mtundu wofiira wamadzi m'madziwe omwe Daphnia amakhala. Ndikungodzaza ndi plankton yambiri.

Ndi kuyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, amuna amalumikizidwa ndi kubereka. Pambuyo umuna, chipolopolo pamazira chimakhala chowonda kwambiri. Ana amtsogolo amatha kupirira chisanu, komanso kupukuta matupi amadzi, ndikufalikira ndi fumbi. Masika akafika, kuzungulira kumayambansopopeza zazikazi zimawonekera. Chiwerengero chatsopano cha anthu nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka amatha kusiyanasiyana.

Daphnia pullex

Kutalika kwa mkazi wachikulire sikudutsa 4 mm, wamwamuna - 1.5 mm. Utoto wamtundu wakunja umasiyana kuchokera ku chikaso chowala mpaka chofiira. Kunja, ma crustaceans amafanana ndi Daphnia magna. Kusiyanako kukugona mu kukula kocheperako komanso chiyembekezo chamoyo, chomwe sichidutsa mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika ndi chonde chodabwitsa. Akazi amayikira mazira masiku asanu aliwonse. Chilichonse chimakhala ndi mazira 15.

Ubwino ndi kuvulaza kwa m'madzi

Izi ndi nyama zopindulitsa zomwe zimasefa madzi ndikuwongolera microflora ya aquarium. Amakhala chakudya chambiri cha anthu ambiri okhala mosungiramo nyumba.

Thambo lamadzi silitha kuluma munthu kapena kuvulaza nsomba za m'madzi, chifukwa ma crustaceans alibe pakamwa poyamwa. Kutsutsana pankhani yoluma ndi nthano chabe.

Chovuta chachikulu cha Copepods chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusokonekera kwawo kwapamwamba. Momwe thupi limasokonekera limayambitsidwa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa fumbi komwe kumapezeka pouma kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati chakudya chouma.

Ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalowa mwa munthu, matendawa amatha kuyamba, limodzi ndi chifuwa chouma, khungu la maso, kupuma, mphuno, kufalikira kwa mphumu. Pakapita kanthawi, pakhungu pakawoneka pakhungu, pakhungu pakunyezimira.

Kuti muthane ndi chifuwa, muyenera kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala msanga kapena kumwa antihistamine.

Mtengo ngati nsomba

Utoto wamadzi umakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya kwa anthu okhala m'madzimo. Ma crustaceans amakhala ndi mapuloteni mpaka 70%. Amapatsidwa nsomba mu mawonekedwe owuma, atsopano kapena achisanu. Ma crustaceans amagwidwa m'madzi kapena amawakhomera kunyumba.

Momwe mungamadzigwirire popanda dziwe

Daphnia imagwidwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa kasupe mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, mpaka matupi amadzi ataphimbidwa ndi ayezi. Kutchera msana kumalimbikitsidwa m'mawa kapena madzulo mumitambo, nyengo yabwino. Zinthu zikafika pamenepa, zimayandikira pafupi ndi madzi. Pakusodza, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ukonde wamba wa gulugufe.

Zonunkhira zoikidwa bwino ziyenera kuyikidwa mumtsuko wa malini ndikugwedezeka nthawi ndi nthawi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pazachuma kwambiri panthawi ya mayendedwe amatha kufa. Nyumba zong'ambika zimatsukidwa ndikudutsa chofunda kuti zikhale zaubwino.

Makonda azachilengedwe

Daphnia imatha kukhala yopezeka pafupifupi kulikonse.

Ma crustaceans akumva bwino m'madzi ndi magawo otsatirawa:

1. Kutentha. Nthaka zamadzi zimamverera bwino m'malo osungira komanso otentha kwambiri. Kutentha kwambiri ndi madigiri 18-24.
2. Zokoma. Daphnia amatanthauza crustaceans yamadzi oyera, chifukwa chake madzi mu thankiyo ayenera kukhala atsopano.
3. Mpweya wa okosijeni. Mwachilengedwe, daphnia imatha kukhala m'malo osungirako ndi madzi akuda, kotero mpweya wambiri ungasinthe kuchoka ku zero mpaka wokhutira kwambiri. Kupirira uku kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa kupanga hemoglobin. Ma crustaceans salekerera kuchulukitsa kwakukulu ndi timibulu ting'onoting'ono. Momwe mpweya wa okosijeni umadzaza pang'onopang'ono, thonje lodziwika pansi limatha kufa.
4. Amoni. Ngakhale ammonia yochepa imakhala ndi vuto pa thupi la Daphnia ndipo imatha kukhudzanso kubala kwawo.
5. Madera.Ma crustaceans amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikasintha kwa madzi. Kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kuchuluka kwa zinc, magnesium kapena potaziyamu m'malo am'madzi kungavulaze. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezeka pang'ono pa kuchuluka kwa mkuwa kumachepetsa ntchito ya Daphnia, ndipo phosphorous imatha kupha achinyamata.

M'badwo

Kuphatikiza kowonjezereka kwamadzi ndi mpweya kumakhala koyenera mukamakula mitundu ina. Aeration imalimbikitsa kukula kwa phytoplankton ndipo imalepheretsa kupanga filimu pamwamba pamadzi. Mphepo yoyenda imayenera kukhala yolimba kwambiri kuti isasokoneze.

Zodyetsa

Mu vivo, daphnia amadya microplankton, mabakiteriya, ndi yisiti.

Kuti mupeze mabakiteriya, zilowerere nthochi m'madzi ofunda ndikuumirira kwa masiku 6-7. Madzi akakhala mitambo, sing'anga wa michere imatha kuwonjezeredwa ku aquarium pamlingo wa malita 0,5 pa malita 20 a madzi.

Pakudya, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito yisiti yophika kapena yonyowa, yokhala ndi michere yambiri. Amadyetsedwa amathandizira pa magalamu 28 pa malita 20 amadzi tsiku lililonse.

Chlorella amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati michere ya microscopic, yomwe imakhala pafupifupi matupi onse amadzi. Kuti muthe kuswana zotere, ingoikani madzi ochepa kuchokera ku chisa m'malo otentha. M'mikhalidwe yotere, algae amayamba kuchulukirachulukira.

Kuti musiyanitse zakudya zama crustaceans, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muonjezerani madzi ochepa a beet, kabichi kapena karoti m'madzi, omwe azikhala ngati mavitamini owonjezera.

Momwe mungakulitsire kukula okukula

Kukula daphnia kunyumba sikovuta ngakhale kwa oyamba kumene.

Kuti muwonjezere zokolola, gwiritsani ntchito malangizo awa:

• pakuwonetsetsa thankiyo mukamaweta ma crustaceans, gwiritsani ntchito chowongolera chochita kuwongolera chomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito mwachangu,
• Madzi amathiridwa poganizira chakudya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa thankiyo, ngati madziwo ali akulu, ndiye kuti tengani madzi mpaka 30% kamodzi pakadutsa masiku 7, 7,
• sonkhanitsani daphnia pafupipafupi, izi zithandiza kupitiliza kubereka komanso kukula kwa crustaceans,
• Maola a masana ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 18, abwino kuzungulira koloko.

Zofunikira

Daphnia amakhala ndi kubereka mwa malo am'madzi okhaokha. Kuyesera kubereka ma crustaceans m'madzi apampopi kulephera.

Malo abwino ndi aquarium yokhala ndi kutentha kwa madzi mpaka madigiri 25, kuyatsa kwabwino komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya mu mawonekedwe a yisiti youma kapena alicleular unicellular.

Daphnia simalola madera akuluakulu ndipo amatha kufa chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Ndi kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa crustaceans ziyenera kubzalidwe mchombo china.

Utali wamoyo

Chiyembekezo chamoyo chimadalira mitunduyo ndipo imayambira masiku 22 mpaka miyezi 6. Mitundu yayikulu imakhala nthawi yotalikirapo kuposa yaying'ono.

Matenda amoyo amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa madzi. M'malo osungira ofunda, njira za metabolic zimayendera mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likulitse komanso kufa mwachangu.

Mtengo wa daphnia mwanjira ya chakudya

Daphnia imakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, motero mumtundu uliwonse umakhala chakudya chabwino cha nsomba zam'madzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndi yotsika mtengo. Phukusi la daphnia louma lomwe limalemera magalamu 100 limagula ma ruble 30-50, achisanu - mpaka ma ruble 100. Nthawi zambiri m'masitolo a ziweto mumatha kupeza chakudya chambiri. Amakhala ndi mashelefu lalifupi ndipo sakhala otsika m'zakudya mpaka kuzizira.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Kusangalatsa kosangalatsa daphnia - kalasi Ma Crustaceans amadziwika ndi gawo lotere monga parthenogenesis. Uku ndi kuthekera kubereka ana popanda umuna mwachindunji.

Momwe moyo wamtunduwu wamtunduwu umakomera, Akazi a Daphnia amaberekana kudzera mwa gawohenogenis, kubala akazi okha.

Pafupifupi, munthu m'modzi amabereka ana okwanira 10 nauplii, omwe amatha kubereka kale patsiku la 4 atabadwa. Kwa moyo wake wonse, chifuwa chachikazi chimabereka mpaka 25.

Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ikamakulirakulira, amuna amabadwa, ndipo mbadwo wotsatira wa crustaceans udzabereka mazira omwe amafunikira umuna. Mazira a Daphniaopangidwa munthawi yotere amakula kukhala timizeremizere ting'onoting'ono, timakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chapadera ndikulowetsedwa.

Mwanjira imeneyi, mazira a Daphnia amatha kupulumuka chilala komanso chisanu chambiri. Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ikayamba kubwerera, imakula. Mbadwo wotsatira udzaberekanso akazi okha omwe adzakhale gawo la parthenogenesis.

China chochititsa chidwi cha daphnia ndi cyclomorphosis. Panyengo zosiyanasiyana za chaka, anthu osiyanasiyana amaumunthu osiyanasiyana amabadwa amodzi.

Chifukwa chake, mibadwo yachilimwe ya Daphnia imakhala ndi singano yayitali ndi tinsalu pa chisoti. Pakati pazokambirana zambiri pazakuyenera kusintha koteroko, chinthu chachikulu ndichitetezo kwa adani, omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri chilimwe.

Kutalika kwa moyo wa daphnia ndi kochepa ndipo kumasiyana masabata atatu mpaka miyezi isanu kutengera mtundu. Mitundu yayikulu monga Daphnia Magna imakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa inzake yaying'ono.

Kutalika kwa moyo wa daphnia kumadaliranso kutentha kwa madzi - kukwera kwake, njira za metabolic zomwe zimachitika mwachangu, thupi limakula mwachangu, mibadwo ndikufa mwachangu.

Mitundu ya Daphnia

Mitundu yawo imakhala ndi mitundu yoposa zana la crustaceans, yomwe ili m'mabanja 10. Ku Russia, pali mitundu itatu:

• Magna amadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri, mpaka kutalika kwa 6 mm mwa chikazi, 2 mm mwaimuna ndi 0,7 mu mphutsi. Imakhazikika m'masiku a 12-14 ndipo imaponya masabata awiri, ikugona pafupifupi 20-30, ndi mazira 80 (ephippias) nthawi imodzi. Amakhala ndi masiku 110-150.

• Mapiritsi ndi apakatikati kukula, chachikazi chimakula mpaka 3-4 mm, ndipo chachimuna sichidutsa 1-2 mm. Kufalikira masiku atatu aliwonse, kupatsa 10-25 testicles. Kuzungulira kwa moyo ndi masiku 26-47.

• Moina ndiwochepetsetsa, ali ndi chipolopolo chofewa ndipo ndi choyenera kudyetsa mwachangu. Samakula osaposa 1.5 mm, ndipo akhanda ndi 0.5 mm. Kutalika kumachitika mkati mwa tsiku, ndipo zinyalala zimawonekera masiku onse 1-2, mpaka ephippias 53 iliyonse. Amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi masiku 22.

Mitundu itatuyi imatha kuwezedwa ngakhale ndi amateurs, popanda kufuna kukonza kwapadera. Koma mawonekedwe owasamalira ndi kuyanjana ndi nzika zina ndikofunikira kudziwa.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Daphnia crustaceans

Mwambiri womwe umapezeka mumtsinje wamadzi, ukuyenda mothandizidwa ndi kudumpha, nthawi zina umakwawa pansi pa posungira kapena makhoma a aquarium. Nthawi zambiri amasuntha kutengera nthawi yanji masana: kutacha, zimalowa kwambiri m'madzi, ndipo usiku amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni.

Mphamvu zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusunthaku, chifukwa chake ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa. Komabe, sizinali zotheka kudziwa kuti anali ndani kwenikweni. Pali malingaliro angapo ochulukirapo. Mwachitsanzo, daphnia yayikuluyi imakakamizidwa kumira mkati mwamasana kuti idzaonekere kwa adani - zitatero, madzi akuya akuwala kwambiri.

Kuganiza kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa ndikuti m'malo osungira nsomba momwe mulibe nsomba zomwe zimadya ku Daphnia, kusamuka kotere kumachitika kangapo. Pali mafotokozedwe osavuta - kuti daphnia imangoyesetsa kuthana ndi madziwo, momwe kutentha ndi kuwala ndizoyenera kwa iwo, ndipo masana amasunthira pansi.

Kuyambira mitundu ndi mitundu ya nyama, nthawi yomwe moyo wawo umakhala imasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri mawonekedwe ake ndi osavuta - wamkulu komanso amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Daphnia yaying'ono imakhala ndi masiku 20-30, yayikulu kwambiri mpaka masiku 130-150.

Chosangalatsa: Pa daphnia ndimakonda kuyesa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa mayankho osiyanasiyana. Amayankhanso kutsika kochepera - mwachitsanzo, amatha kuchepera kapena kumira pansi.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Daphnia ndi yodziwika bwino, ndipo kubereka kwawo ndi kosangalatsa magawo awiri - amabereka zonse mosaganizira komanso mwakugonana. Poyambirira, akazi okhaokha amatenga nawo gawo ndi gawohenognis amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndiye kuti, amadzaberekanso popanda umuna, ndipo ana awo amalandila mtundu wofanana ndi wa kholo limodzi. Ndili othokoza kwa parthenogenesis, zinthu zikafika bwino kuti kuchuluka kwawo kosungira kumakula kwambiri munthawi yochepa kwambiri: Nthawi zambiri njira yolerera ku Daphnia imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi chilimwe, mukakhala chakudya chochuluka kwa iwo.

Kuberekanso pankhaniyi ndi motere: mazira amaikidwa m'malo apadera ndikukula popanda umuna. Zitatha kukhazikika kwawo ndikuwoneka ana atsopano a Daphnia, abulu achikazi, ndipo pakatha masiku 3-6, mkombero watsopano ungayambike. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, zazikazi zomwe zimakhala nthawi yotsiriza zikukonzekanso kubereka.

Popeza ambiri a Daphnia atsopano amawonekera mu ana onse, kuchuluka kwawo m'malo osungira madzi kumakula kwambiri, ndipo m'masabata angapo amatha kudzazidwa - izi zimadziwika ndi mthunzi wofiyira wamadzi. Ngati chakudya chikuyamba kuchepa, abambo amawoneka m'magulu: ndi ochepa komanso othamanga kuposa azimayi, amadziwikanso ndi mawonekedwe ena. Amatenga manyowa achikazi, chifukwa cha mazira omwe amapezeka gawo lotchedwa ephippia - membrane wolimba wa chitinous yemwe amalola kupulumuka mavuto.

Mwachitsanzo, samasamalira kuzizira kapena kuwuma kwa chosungira, amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mphepo limodzi ndi fumbi, safa akamadutsa pachimimba cha nyama. Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa mchere wapoizoni mu njira sizikuwakhudza, chipolopolo chawo ndi chodalirika.

Koma, ngati Daphnia ichulukitsa ndi parthenogenesis mophweka, kubereka kopitilira muyeso kumafuna kulimbikira, ndipo mitundu yambiri yaikazi imamwalira pambuyo poikira mazira. Pambuyo pakugwa bwino, mbadwo wotsatira wa daphnia umachokera ku mazira ndikufalitsidwanso ndi parthenogeneis. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi akazi okha omwe amawoneka, chifukwa amuna samakhala ndi mavuto.

Tsopano mukudziwa kupha Daphnia. Tiyeni tiwone zoopsa zomwe zikuyembekezera Daphnia kuthengo.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Udindo wofunikira pakulima kwa crustaceans umasewera mwa kudyetsa. Utoto wamadzi amadya mabakiteriya ndi plankton, komanso popanga timadzi tina tating'onoting'ono kunyumba, akatswiri am'madzi amapatsa zakudya zotsatirazi:

• Yisiti - pakudya, sankhani chouma kapena chonyowa, chomwe chimawonjezera kumalo am'madzi pamtunda wa 28 g / 20 l yamadzi, chomwe ndi chizolowezi cha chakudya cha anthu wamba nthawi zonse.
• Chingwe chaching'ono kwambiri - chomwe chimapangidwira ndikuchotsa m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe, ndikuzunguliza madzi mu dziwe loyenda ndikuyika chidebe chamadzi pansi pa kuwala kwachilengedwe, kapena m'malo otentha.
• Madzi amadzimadzi - voliyumu ndi 1 tsp / 5 l yamadzi. Madzi amasamba amasinthanitsa zakudya, ndikupatsa mavitamini ofunikira kuti atukuke.
• Bacteria - kunyumba, mabakiteriya amapezeka kuchokera ku zikopa za nthochi, ndowe ndi zonyansa za chakudya, zomwe zimawaviika m'madzi ofunda ndikusiyidwa kwa masiku 5-6. Madzi okhala ndi mabakiteriya ngati chakudya cha daphnia amawonjezeredwa mumtsuko m'chigawo cha 450 g / 20 l.

Adani achilengedwe

Chithunzi: Mazira a Daphnia

Zinyama zazing'ono komanso zopanda chitetezo zoterezi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri - adani omwe amadya.

• nsomba zazing'ono
• mwachangu,
• Nkhono
• achule
• mphutsi za zatsopano ndi amphibians ena,
• anthu ena okhala zodyera m'malo osungira nyama.

Nsomba zazikuluzikulu komanso zapakatikati za daphnia sizikufuna - chifukwa ndizochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna kwambiri kuti zitheke. Koma chosangalatsa ndi nkhani ina, kwa nsomba zazing'ono, ngati pali daphnia yambiri m'malo osungirako, zimagwira ngati imodzi mwazakudya zazikulu.

Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa mitundu yayikulu, chifukwa kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono imakhala chitetezo - ngakhale nsomba yaying'ono siyingathamangitse crustacean pa theka la millimeter, chinthu china ndi anthu akuluakulu a 3-5 mm. Ndi nsomba yomwe imatsogolera kwambiri kufafaniza Daphnia, kuwonjezera apo, amadya nsomba zokulirapo. Kwa iwo, daphnia ndilimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopezera chakudya.

Koma ngakhale mulibe nsomba mosungiramo, amakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri: anthu akuluakulu amadyedwa ndi achule ndi amphibians ena, ndipo mphutsi zawo zimadyanso zing'onozing'ono. Nkhono ndi nyama zina zodyera zimadyera ku ma daphnia - ngakhale ma daphnia amayesa "kulumpha" kuchokera kwa ena a iwo, kusiyanitsa ndi nsomba zam'madzi zambiri.

Chochititsa chidwi: Kufotokozera za mtundu wa Daphnia kudawonetsa zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa kwa asayansi: pafupifupi 35% yazinthu zomwe zimapezeka mu genome ndizopadera, pomwe zimasamala kwambiri kusintha kulikonse. Ndi chifukwa cha izi Daphnia amasintha mwachangu.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Daphnia m'madzi

Chiwerengero cha Daphnia omwe akukhala m'madzi am'madzi padziko lapansi sichingawerengere - zimangowonekeratu kuti ndizambiri ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kupulumuka kwamtunduwu. Amakhala padziko lonse lapansi, m'malo osiyanasiyana, amasintha ndikusintha ngakhale omwe sanakhalepo kale. Ngakhale kuwachotsa pacholinga chitha kukhala ntchito yovuta.

Chifukwa chake, ali ndi mwayi wokhala ochepetsedwa pang'ono ndipo satetezedwa ndi lamulo; Mwachitsanzo, eni malo ambiri am'madzi akuchita izi. Zowonadi, ngati mugula daphnia wouma wama nsomba, amathanso kugwidwa m'madzi oyipitsidwa komanso madzi akumwa.

Nthawi zambiri amakumbidwa kuti azigulitsidwa m'madzi odetsedwa pazomera zamadzimadzi zotsekemera - kulibe nsomba kumeneko, chifukwa chake zimabedwa kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetsanso momwe aliri osakhazikika, koma zimakupangitsani kusankha mosamala komwe mungawagwire, apo ayi nsomba zitha kukhala ndi poizoni. Daphnia yojambulidwa mosungiramo zinyalala ndi kukhazikitsidwa mu chimbudzi adzakhala abwino feteleza kwa iwo.

Chosangalatsa: Mitundu ya daphnia imatha kukhala yosiyana malinga ndi nthawi yomwe ikula. Mwachitsanzo, mibadwo ya chilimwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chisoti pamutu ndi singano kumchira. Kuti mukulitse, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, chifukwa cha izi, kuchepa kwa munthu kumachepa, koma izi ndizomveka chifukwa chakuti kunja kumateteza kwa adani.

M'chilimwe, pali ambiri omwe amadyera, ndipo chifukwa cha kutuluka kumeneku, ena a iwo amavutika kuti agwire Daphnia, nthawi zina amathyoza singano, chifukwa Daphnia amatha kutuluka. Nthawi yomweyo, kutuluka kumakhala kowonekera, chifukwa chake sizivuta kuzindikira chifukwa cha iwo.

Daphnia - wokhala chocheperako komanso wosakhazikika pamadziwe, m'madziwe, ngakhale matumba, kuchita ntchito zingapo zofunika nthawi imodzi, kupatula kuphunzira kwawo ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa asayansi. Inde, ndipo akudziwa eni ake a m'madzi am'madzi okha - simungangopatsa Daphnia zouma kuti mupeze nsomba, komanso kuyambitsa awa crustaceans okha kuti ayeretse madzi.

Daphnia mu aquarium

Kuti muchotse ma crustaceans m'matanki otsekedwa, muyenera kupereka zinthu zina kuti zikhalepo:

• sankhani chidebe choyera chagalasi kapena plexiglass, choyambirira ndi mphamvu ya malita 1-3, ndikuchichotsa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, poganizira kuchuluka kwa 0.3-1 kg / m³,
• gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyeretsedwa kapena wapampopi, wowuma 6-18 ° komanso pH yosaloweka ya 7.2-8, yopanda chlorine ndi mankhwala osafunikira, omwe akhoza kusefedwa,
• ikani kutali ndi dzuwa mwachindunji, popeza ma crustaceans sakonda kuyatsa kwambiri,
• ikani nyali ya 20 W fluorescent, ndikuyatsa kuwunikira kwa maola 14-16 tsiku lililonse,
• onetsetsani kuti kutentha + kwa 20 ... + 24 ° C kwa Daphnia vulgaris ndi + 26 ... + 28 ° C kwa Moin, pamalo abwino ozizira ziwonde zidzachepa,
• perekani zakudya zabwino, kusungunula mavalidwe apamwamba mumadzi mpaka atasungunuka pang'ono, ndikuwonjezeranso gawo lina mutatha kuwunikiridwa,
• Ngati ndi kotheka, yeretsani ndikusintha madziwo kuti zinyalala ndi silika zisadziunjike pansi, komanso chilinganizo pamakoma,
• gwiritsani ntchito aeration ofooka kuti muchotse filimuyo pamtunda, sakanizani chakudya, perekani okosijeni wochepa wa 3-8 mg / l ndi oxidizability wa 14.8-26.2 mg O2 / l.

Poyamba, muyenera kugula mazira a crustacean ndikuwayendetsa mumtsuko wokonzedwa. Anthu okhwima kale ayenera kugwidwa ndi ukonde kuti adyetse, kuuma kapena kuzizira.

Mikhalidwe yolerera

Anthu ambiri amabzala daphnia kunyumba, zomwe ndizosavuta. Komabe, kuganiziridwaku kuyenera kuperekedwa ku njirayi. Udindo waukulu umachitika ndi mtundu wamadzi omwe ali mumtsuko. Iyenera kukhala yobiriwira kapena yofiirira.

Musaiwale kuwonjezera yisiti muzakudya zanu

Oimira ena mabungwe amadzi, mwachitsanzo, ma cyclops, sayenera kuloledwa kulowa mu thanki ya Daphnia. Kunyumba, zakudya za crustaceans ziyenera kukhala ndi letesi kapena mphesa zowuma. Yofufumitsa yisiti amawonjezedwa ndi chakudya. Amaphwanyidwa ndikukhala ufa ndikuwosefa kudzera mu gauze. Kuti muziyambitsa kunyumba, muyenera kuthira madzi ndi ma crustaceans 50 ochokera ku malo osungirako zachilengedwe omwe ali ndi chakudya chokonzedwa kenako ndikuthamangira mu chombo chokonzedwa.

Zithunzi zinanso

Ndikubwera ndi zithunzi zingapo zopambana za Daphnia Puleks.

Chitsulo chotsatira chikuwonetsa bwino lomwe kakhazikitsidwa ndi ndevu zoyera zazimiyala, zophimba nkhope ya kirisito.

Daphnia yowala bwino, yokutidwa ndi magulu a ma ciliates

Ndipo, ma daphnia powonekera kwathunthu amawoneka odabwitsa. Uyu ndi mlendo! Kapena ngalawa ya alendo, yotsimikizika:

Daphnia powonekera kwathunthu - sitima yachilendo

Daphnia pulex mu dontho lamadzi

Kulanda Daphnia

Nthaka zamadzi zitha kusonkhanitsidwa pawokha m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono, m'madziwe okhala ndi madzi, maenje, maenje ndi matupi ena amadzi okhala ndi anthu ochepa okhala m'madzi. Samaswana m'mitsinje, koma m'madzi okhazikika. Ndikosavuta kuzizindikira ndikusunga makulidwe amtundu wobiriwira kapena wonyezimira.

Simuyenera kuwayang'ana m'malo osungira, m'madzi okhala ndi nsomba zambiri komanso zodya nyama zambiri. Kukhalapo kwa izi kumapeto sikungakhudze kuchuluka kwa plankton kokha, komanso mtundu wake, komanso kuwonjezera chiwopsezo cha kufalikira kwa matenda kwa nsomba zam'madzi.

Kuti mugwire bioplankton, muyenera kutenga ukonde wabwino kapena chofunda cha muslin. Scooping mayendedwe akuyenera kutsatira chithunzi 8 ndi kukhala wodekha. Kutsegula mwachangu kumawonjezera kukakamiza kwa olimbana ndi kufa kwawo.

Nthawi yabwino ya izi ndi nthawi yamaluwa, kuchuluka kwa algae momwemo kumakulira. Ndipo ndizosavuta kuchita izi m'malo otetezeka a madzi, madzulo kapena patsiku lamitambo. Kupatula apo, chiŵerengero cha crustaceans ku kunyezimira kwa dzuwa ndi choyipa, pansi pa iwo okhala ngati plankton amakhala ngati amayandikira pansi.

Habitat

Daphnia imapezeka kwambiri m'madzi onse osayenda, kuyambira dziwe mpaka nyanja yakuya. Izi crustaceans amapezeka ngakhale ku Antarctica. Mkhalidwe waukulu wa malo okhala daphnia ndi madzi abwino osasunthika ndi dothi laling'ono.

Daphnia ikalowa m'madzi apansi, amasungunula dothi ndipo pang'onopang'ono amatenga matumbo awo ndi algae, ndikutseka. Ma crustaceans sakonda zitsime zoyipitsidwa, chifukwa chake, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuweruza kuyera kwa mtsinje, nyanja kapena dziwe.

Amakhala pafupifupi masiku 22

M'malo osungira momwe a Daphnia amakhala, miyoyo yawo yambiri imadutsa mzere wamadzi. Mitundu ina imatha kukhala pansi, kudya zanyama zakufa pamenepo, zotsalira za ma invertebrates. Zitha kupezekanso m'malo ena - maenje, maenje ndi madzi. Ma crustaceans amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuyatsa, ndipo kukacha kwambiri amapita kuzama. Daphnia wamkulu amakhala masiku 110-150. Nthawi yamoyo yazamoyo zina ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo imatha kukhala mpaka masiku 22.

Kuswana kwachilengedwe ndi kuswana kwa Daphnia

Nthaka za Madzi sizamoyo zolengedwa, zomwe zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa thumba losunga mazira achikazi komanso ma testes amuna. Amasiyananso kukula ndi kapangidwe ka anangula. Koma mwa iwo, monga othandizira ma nthambi onse, kubereka kumachitika kudzera mu cyclic parthenogeneis. Kubereka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikofunikira makamaka ngati akazi okha ndi omwe atsalira. Komanso, nthawi yotentha, nyengo yachisanu azimayi ambiri amakhala ndi mazira osabereka. M'dzinja ndi pamene zitsime zimafota, amuna amachokera ku eippippias ofanana. Mimba zawo zimatuluka pansi pa kabati ndikudikirira molts zingapo, kenako ndikupita panja.

Ndi umuna wathunthu, zazing'ono zazing'ono komanso zachangu zimakwatirana ndi akazi, zomwe zimagwira kumbali yakumbuyo. Nthawi ya parthenogenesis, ma litre onse amakhala ndi zofanana. Pambuyo pozizira komanso kuchepa kwa nthawi yayitali masana, kubala kophatikizana kumachitika. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna amabadwa mwa anthu ena, pomwe ena amachedwetsa ephippias, omwe amapumula mpaka umuna. Zimafalikira ndi mphepo, kumapazi kapena nthenga za mbalame, zinyama, m'matumbo a nsomba. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala pamadzi kapena kumtunda kwa silt. Zimalimbana ndi chisanu kapena kupukuta, ndipo zikafika malo abwino, chitukuko cha mluza chimayamba.

Kuti zilime, mazira owuma amatengedwa ndikuyika malo oyenera. Amakula ndikuchulukana mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kupeza 30-50 g ya crustaceans kuchokera 1 m3 ya eppippies. Kudyetsa kuli ndi mayendedwe awiri:

• Kuphatikizika, momwe chakudya chimayambitsidwa mu thanki ndi Daphnia. Zovuta zimayipitsidwa mwachangu komanso kufunika kosintha kwamadzi kawirikawiri.
• Osiyanasiyana abwino misa dilution. Pankhaniyi, algae amakulira mu chidebe china, chomwe chimayambitsidwa mu thanki 1-2 pa tsiku mukudya.

Tsopano kulima kwa mafakitale kudyetsa chakudya crustaceans m'madziwe akulu ndi madamu ndikotchuka. Zikatere, wopangayo amasintha madzi kamodzi pakadutsa milungu kapena miyezi ingapo ndikuibweretsanso ngongole kuti ateteze.

Zowopsa kwa anthu

Pocheza ndi tizilombo, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Water Fleas ikuluma. Koma alibe ziwalo zoyenera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuluma kotereku sikumachotsedwa. Daphnia imatha kuvulaza pokhapokha ngati ikubweretsa anthu omwe sanayankhe. Mwakudya chakudya, amapezekanso mungu wowopsa, womwe umapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri zouma.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pafupifupi munthu m'modzi mwa anthu anayi amadwala matendawa. Zimadziwonetsera mu zizindikiro zotere:

• zotupa pakhungu, ngati ming'oma,
• kuyanika ndi mphuno ya mphuno, mphuno,
• kusewera mosadzipatula
• conjunctivitis ndi ziwengo
• kupuma movutikira chifukwa cha bronchospasm
• mphumu ya bronchial.

Kuti azindikire vutoli, madokotala amasanthula mayeso akhungu. Pankhani ya zotsatira zabwino, ma antihistamines ndi kupatula kwa kuyanjana ndi Daphnia ndi omwe amapatsidwa.

Kubadwira mwachilengedwe

M'miyezi yotentha, daphnia nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'madziwe ndi dziwe, pomwe pamakhala matalala ambiri. Kubala kwa daphnia kumangokhala kodabwitsa, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa parthenogenesis.

Parthenogenesis ndi kuthekera kwodzaberekanso popanda kufunikira kwa umuna, pomwe ana abwereza kwathunthu mtundu wa kholo, komanso kusiyana kulikonse kwachilengedwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo. Parthenogenesis imalola kuti daphnia ichulukane mwachangu m'malo abwino, itangophukira mazira. Mwachilengedwe, kumapeto kwa kasupe, chilimwe komanso koyambilira kwa nyundo, kutengera kutentha, kupezeka kwa chakudya komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu zawo kagayidwe kachakudya, daphnia imachulukana partentigenetically, ndikupatsa mwayi wa 10 nauplii pa munthu wamkulu. Pakadali pano, azimayi okha ndi omwe amapezeka padziwe. Mluza womwe umakula nthawi zambiri umawonekera mkati mwa ziwalo za amayi popanda microscope. Akazi am'badwo wotsatira amatha parthenogeneis patatha masiku 4 achikulire, ndipo kubadwa kumachitika masiku atatu alionse. Munthawi ya moyo wawo, wamkazi amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yobereka 25, koma pochita izi chiwerengerochi chimatsika pang'ono ndipo wamkazi samaberekanso ana opitilira 100.

Ndikusowa kwa chakudya, mazira ena amakula mwa amuna, ndipo akazi amayamba kupanga mazira omwe ayenera kukumana ndi umuna. Otsirizawo amakhala timagulu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timadzaza, timene timakhazikika ndi chipolopolo chakuda / chakuda chakuda, chotchedwa ephippia. Mwanjira imeneyi, daphnia imatha kulekerera nyengo zachilengedwe, kuyimitsa mwachidule nkhomayo komanso kuzizira kwake. Akazi obadwira kuti apange ephippia ndiosavuta kuwasiyanitsa ndi anthu a parthenogenetic chifukwa ephippia yomwe ikupezeka imakhala chakuda chakumapeto chakumapeto kwa thupi. Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ikadzakhalanso yabwino, mbadwo umatuluka m'mazira, pomwe, umabereka akazi, pomwe amuna onse amwalira asanafike nyengo yovuta.

Magawo amadzi

Kuti muchotse bwino mgodi wa Daphnia, magawo ena amadzimadzi amafunikira:

1. Kupezeka kwamchere. Popeza ma phenotyps mwachilengedwe omwe amakhala m'madzi oyera, ma aquarium amayeneranso kudzazidwa ndi madzi oyenerera.
2. Mpweya wa okosijeni. Ma crustaceans amakhala m'madzi, momwe digiri ya oxygen imasiyana. Kuthandiza kwamuyaya kumakhudza chitukuko cha crustaceans. Zikatero, zimachulukirachulukira.
3. Chinyezi. Imathandizidwa pamlingo wa mayunitsi 7-8.
4. Kutentha. Zoyenera kukula pamlingo wotentha zimasiyanasiyana madigiri 18-22.

Daphnia pansi pa ma microscope (kanema)

Mu chithunzichi mutha kuona mlomo wawukulu wapamwamba, womwe umaphimba pakamwa pa utitiri wamadzi. Ziwalo zilizonse zomwe zimayikidwa mankhwala sizikupezeka daphnia. Mlomo umakhala ndi tiziwalo tamadonthono tomwe timayambitsa ma cell akuluakulu a polyploid. Chinsinsi cha malovuwo ndikumangiriza chakudya tinthu tating'ono. Wachikulire amadya pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi limodzi peresenti ya kulemera kwake patsiku.

ZINDIKIRANI! Kuti tithane ndi utitiri mwachangu, pali njira zitatu zokha:

• Telefoni yothandizira disinfestation (yodula),
• Kugula kwa cholembera zamagetsi (1390 rubles),
• Mankhwala (chokaikira).

Muthanso kukhala ndi chidwi ndi nkhani ya nthomba za nthomba.

Aquarium / Daphnia Tank kukonza

Ndikofunikira kusintha madzi (osachepera 25% ya voliyumu) ​​ndi madzi atsopano a kutentha komweko masiku onse atatu. Ndikofunika kuphatikiza kusintha kwa madzi ndikutsuka pansi, pomwe zinyalala ndi ma crustaceans omwe atha kukhazikika amakhazikika. Madzi amathiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito siphon - nthawi zambiri gawo lake limaseweredwa ndi payipi wamba yaying'ono (mkati mwa 1 cm) ndi chubu kumapeto kwake. Ndikoyenera kuyendetsa chitolirochi pansi, kuyamwa zinyalala. Monga momwe amachitira pamadzi wamba, pakapita nthawi makhoma adzakutidwa ndi zokutira zachilengedwe. Ndikosavuta kuchichotsa ndi chopukusira, ndipo tinthu totsalayo titha kuchichotsa ndi siphon.

Ngati madzi amangosinthidwa, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mauna abwino kumapeto kwa siphon, komwe ma daphnias angapo amakhazikika, omwe mosalephera amagwera pamphepete. Ma crustaceans omwe agwidwa mwanjira imeneyi adzaperekera zakudya zomwe nsomba zimadya.

Chofunikanso, ndipo mwina chosankha, kupezeka kwa nkhono mu nkhokwe, nkhono zambiri. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi. Amakhala ngati oyeretsa abwino komanso otetezeka ku Daphnia. Zotsalira za chakudya ndi zinthu zina zimadyedwa, ndipo zipolopolo zake ndi malo opangira mabacteria a nitrifying omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa nayitrogeni. Chifukwa cha iwo, ndalama zogwirira ntchito pokonzanso malo okhala ndi ma crustaceans amachepetsedwa kwambiri ndipo zoopsa zowonjezera nitrite ndi nitrate mozama kuzinthu zowopsa zimachepetsedwa.

Ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi

Ku Europe ndi America, pali mitundu pafupifupi 150. Ambiri a iwo adagwera pamakontinenti ena. Ndipo nthawi zambiri izi zinkachitika mosiyanasiyana.

Crustaceans ndi nyama zodabwitsa kwambiri. Asayansi amapereka chitsanzo: ngati zolengedwa izi zimawoneka kuchokera ku zinyalala zomwezi, koma ndikukhala m'malo ndi malo osiyanasiyana, zimatha kukula mosiyana.

Daphnia (kapena mitsinje ya mitsinje) imatha kudyetsedwa m'madziwe. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha mwachangu komanso nsomba.

Chombo kapena aquarium chokukula

Paulimi wa "chakudya chamoyo" chidebe cha 15-20 malita ndibwino. Pankhani yosankha chotengera, lingalirani malangizo awa:

• pangani chisankho pazinthu zomwe sizitulutsira mankhwala owopsa m'madzi (mwachitsanzo, ma polima). Chotengera chabwino ndi chotengera cha galasi kapena aquarium,
• ngati mungagwiritse ntchito chotengera chaching'ono chagalasi, dera lomwe limalumikizana ndi mpweya liyenera kukhala lalikulu kwambiri. Izi zimafunika posinthanitsa ndi mpweya wachilengedwe komanso kupatsa mpweya anthu ochepa omwe amakhala ndi mpweya,
• ngati mwasankha chidebe chachitsulo - sichipangidwa kukhala chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri,
• ngati mukufuna kukonza chotengera ndi ma crustaceans m'chipinda chokhala ndi nyali zowala kapena mumsewu pansi pa kuwala kowala kwa dzuwa - tengani chidebe chokhala ndi malita 40 osachepera.

M'masamamu, mutha kuweta nsomba monga ma guppies, nsomba zopangira ma opaleshoni, arovanu, discus, gourami, pecilia, astronotus, nsomba za cockerel, veiltail, nsomba za Clown, lalius, ancistrus, pecilia, catfish, barbs ndi parrots.

Mkhalidwe wakuthupi

Kenako, talingalirani za mikhalidwe yofunika pakukula bwino kwa Daphnia.

• Kutentha. Ma Crustaceans amatha kusinthasintha ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Kutentha koyenera ndi + 18-22 ° C. Daphnia puleks imapirira kusinthasintha kwamtunda wa 10 ° C. Kwa magna crustaceans m'chilengedwe, kutentha kwambiri kumachitika kamodzi pachaka.
• Zokoma. Daphnia ndi chamoyo chamoyo chamadzi. Mitundu ya planktonic crustaceans, komwe imakhalapo, siyimaphatikizapo oyimira m'madzi. 99% ya crustaceans ndi madzi abwino, pomwe ena onse amakhala makamaka m'madzi amchere ndi nyanja. Zofanizira payekha zimapezeka m'madzi okhala ndi mchere wapamwamba kuposa 0.004 ppm.
• pH ndi ammonia. Makulitsidwewo ndi index ya hydrogen (pH) ya 6.5-9.5. Amoni, ngakhale m'misika yotsika, imapweteketsa zamoyo zonse. Komabe, m'malo a zamchere, kuchuluka kwa poizoni wa ammonia kumakwera kwambiri, komwe sikumakhudza thanzi la ma daphnids, koma kumabweretsa mavuto obadwanso mwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, kutsika kwa pH ndi ammonia sikungawopseze kufalikira kwa daphnia. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa cholozera cha hydrogen kumathandizira poizoni wa mpweya wosungunuka ndi mchere.
• Mpweya wa okosijeni. Crustaceans amamva bwino m'madzi akuda. Mwanjira iyi, chizindikiro cha mpweya wosungunuka chimatha kukhala pafupifupi zero mpaka milingo yama supersaturated. Kupirira kwachikhalidwe kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chakutha kupanga hemoglobin. Ma Crustaceans samalimbana ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri kwa mpweya ndi ma Bubble ang'onoang'ono amlengalenga. Izi thovu amatha kupha anthu ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, kuthandizira kosangalatsa kungaphetsenso ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono. Kusinthasintha kwa mpweya pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono madzi omwe ali pamadziwo aziwonongeka.

• Maminolo osungunuka. Ma Crustaceans ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusintha kwazomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala okhala mdera lawo. Amafa pomwe magnesium, potaziyamu, nthaka, sodium ndi calcium zimawonjezeredwa. Kutsika kwa phosphorous kumapangitsa kuti kubereka kubereke, komabe, kuchuluka kwa 0.001 ppm kumapha nyama zazing'ono. Ngakhale zinthu zotsika kwambiri zamkuwa zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa zinthu izi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala tomwe timatha kuthana ndi mankhwala omwe amasungunuka (mankhwala ophera thukuta, mabala, zoteteza). Chifukwa chake, nayitrogeni, yemwe amathandizira kukula kwa algae, samakhudza daphnia. Kuchotsa chlorine mu aquarium, aeration kapena dechlorination iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Muthanso kuwonjezera miyala yaying'ono ya tuff (mu mawonekedwe a ufa). Madzi am'mizinda kapena achilengedwe nthawi zambiri amakhala oipitsidwa.Simungagwiritse ntchito madzi osungunuka, popeza alibe mchere wofunikira. Kwa daphnia, ndi bwino kutenga madzi, omwe amawachotsa pamadzi ndi nsomba. Kugwiritsira ntchito madzi osefa amadzi kapena madzi amvula kumvomerezedwanso.

Nyumba yokhala ndi nsomba za m'madzi komanso nzika zina zam'madzi zimafunika madzi oyera aukhondo kwambiri, chifukwa apo ayi ziweto zanu zoyandama sizingakhale zosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo mwina sizikhala ndi inu. Werengani momwe mungasankhire zosefera, zomera komanso maziko am'madziwo, komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito methylene buluu aquarium conditioner.

Kodi utoto wamadzi umadya chiyani?

M'malo awo achilengedwe, utitiri wa aquarium amadya mabakiteriya, ma ciliates, algae ndi spores. M'chilimwe, amapezeka m'madzi, omwe amakhala ndi phytoplankton. Gwero lamphamvu nthawi yozizira ndi detritus. Ma Crustaceans amayendetsa miyendo ndi miyendo yawo. Chifukwa chake amapanga mtsinje wamadzi. Amakhala ndi mabatani kumapazi pachifuwa, zomwe ndizofunikira kusefa chakudya. Chakudya chili m'mphepete, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo chimapita kummero. Nthawi zambiri, daphnia imabzalidwa mwapadera mu aquarium kotero kuti amayeretsa algae.

ZOTSATIRA

Magazi a DAPHNIA okha, daphnia pulex, daphnia mion ndi omwe amaweta ndi okonda. Koma amafunikanso chisamaliro, chisamaliro choyenera, zakudya. Poterepa, daphnia imadzabereka bwino ndikukula kuti ikhale chakudya chabwino nsomba.

Kupeza Daphnia posamalira nyumba ndikosavuta: mutha kugula kapena kusonkha dziwe. Maiwe okhala ndi mbewa yamadzi, nyanja zomwe zimakhala ndi nsomba zochepa kapena zopanda nsomba (zonse ziwiri ndi matenda zimagwidwa ndi nsomba) ndipo akasinja okhala ndi madzi okhazikika ndi abwino kugwira. Wokwera panyumba umathiridwa m'chidebe, makamaka choyera. Ndiye ndikosavuta kusefa chakudya cham'tsogolo, monga Zamoyo zakunja zidzakhazikika pansi kapena zingagwirizane ndi khoma loyera, momwe zimawonekera bwino.

Ngati akhwangwala asonkhanitsidwa akapita kukawedza nsomba, madzi omwe chakudya chomwe amakhala amakhala sathiridwa mu dziwe wamba. Daphnia imasankhidwa ndi ukonde wa gulugufe kuti asawononge anthu okhala m'madzi. Oimira a Daphnia a cladocera amasungidwa m'malo otetezeka, chifukwa Amanyamula kuwala pang'ono. Kutentha kwamadzi wamba kwa moyo kumakhala kosiyanasiyana kuyambira 20 mpaka 24 ° C (kwa mitundu ya daphnia moin - 26-27 ° C), aeration ndi yochepa.

Plankton amadyetsedwa: yisiti yophika buledi, madzi ofiira ofiira (madzi a nyama, otsukidwa ndi madzi), chlorella. Yisiti imakhala yozizira ndi mtundu wa bulauni, magalamu atatu amayikidwa mu lita imodzi ya madzi ofunda. yisiti, uku ndiye muyezo wake. Madzi amchere amapereka kuchokera ku 0,5 mpaka 2 cm3 pa lita imodzi yamadzi. M'malo mwa chlorella koyera, mutha kuwonjezera madzi amadzimadzi obiriwira. Kuti nsomba ikhale ndi zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri, manyowa a mahatchi ndi ammonium nitrate amawonjezeredwa pachakudyacho.

Momwe mungapangire madzi obiriwira a Daphnia kudyetsa

Kupatsa Daphnia chakudya chachilengedwe, mutha kukonzekera nokha madzi obiriwira. Kuti muchite izi, mufunika kansalu yaying'ono kapena thanki ina yodzazidwa ndi madzi am'madzi. Chifukwa chiyani madzi akuyenera kukhala ochokera ku aquarium? Chowonadi ndi chakuti madzi am'madzi ndi ofanana ndi madzi ochokera kosungira zachilengedwe.

Madzi oterowo amakhala kale ndi tchire tambiri, tomwe, titawapangira zinthu zabwino, timayamba kuchuluka, ndipo zinthu zosungunuka zomwe zimakhala m'madzi a aquarium zizikhala chakudya chawo. Pofalitsa mwala wobiriwira, mudzafunikiranso kuyatsa kwapadera pakuwoneka bwino kwa kuwala, komwe kumayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi ma radi ofiira.

Nyali yokhala ndi nyali ya incandescent ya 40-60 watts ndiyoyenereradi cholinga ichi. Maola masana a kutalika kwa algae ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 8-12. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, kuti athandize kupulumutsa magetsi, mlimi wokhala ndi algae amatha kuyikidwa dzuwa, mwachitsanzo pawindo.

Koma nthawi zonse zimakhala zanzeru kulima algae ndi daphnia nthawi yomweyo mu aquarium yomweyo. Mutha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa algae mu mlimi ndi mphamvu yowunikira komanso nthawi yayitali masana. Komabe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti daphnia silivomereza madzi okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zokhala ndi organic, ndipo mwanjira ina, nthawi zonse amakhala bwino m'madzi otere.

Ngati nthawi yolima daphnia ilipo nthawi yomwe algae imakhala yochuluka ndipo daphnia sichulukana, izi zikuwonetsa kuti madziwo adayamba kukhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosungunuka ndipo ndi nthawi yoti m'malo mwatsopano mukhale zina.

Mawonekedwe Amphamvu

Ma Crustaceans ndi osusuka kwambiri. Chakudya chachikulu cha Daphnia chikuyimiriridwa ndi mabakiteriya ndi algae wa unicellular. Kwa mitundu yomwe ikukumana ndi nyengo yachisanu mukadzuka, malo odyetserako ndi malo okhala ndi malo osungirako kuzizira kwambiri. Pazinthu ngati izi, detritus ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha utitiri wamadzi.

Njira ya zakudya ndi kusefera. Chosafunikira kwenikweni ndiko kuthekera kopanga mafunde amadzi kudzera m'miyendo yolumikizana yomwe imachitidwa ndi miyendo yamiyendo. Pazosefera chakudya, mafani apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amapezeka pa mabulogu ochepetsa. Chiwalo choterocho chimapezeka pamasamba a endopodites kuyambira lachitatu ndi lachinayi la miyendo ya thoracic.

Ngati zigawo zikuluzikulu zimangokhala mu zida zosefera, chiwalo chapadera chimayambitsidwa, choyimiriridwa ndi kupumira pamimba ndi zipere zake. Zosefera zimasewera monga chakudya cholumikizira chakudyacho m'mimba, komwe chimasamukira ku maxilla ndi mandibles. Malo omaliza ogwiritsira ntchito zakudya ndizophatikizira.

Daphnia Allergy

Kuchokera ku utoto wamadzi, chakudya chimapangidwira anthu okhala m'madzi am'madzi. Zouma, zimasandutsidwa ufa. Izi ndizomwe zimagulitsa kwambiri kuposa theka la anthu padziko lapansi.

Madzi Ochiritsa M'madzi

Tizinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalowa mu kupuma, timayambitsa matenda ena:

• lacure
• redness la maso
• kusisita
• chifuwa chowuma,
• mphuno
• conjunctivitis,
• mavuto kupuma
• mphumu.

Mtsogolomo, kupezeka kwa allergen m'magazi kumabweretsa kuwonetseredwa kwakunja kwa matupi awo sagwirizana. Kuwala pakhungu kumawonekera, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kuyabwa kwambiri, kuwotcha, kusapeza bwino. Popanda thandizo loyenera, zinthu zitha kukhala zovuta.

Tizilombo ta madzi tomwe timathandizidwa ndi antihistamines, othandizira kunja. Kutalika kwa mankhwala kumatsimikiziridwa ndi adokotala, kutengera zovuta za momwe zinthu ziliri.

Kuswana kwa Daphnia

Nthawi zambiri, pamene malo okhala amakhala abwino, daphnia imangobala akazi. Koma ngati crustaceans ali ndi njala, ndiye amphongo amadzawoneka.

Amuna amakhala opirira kwambiri kuposa zazikazi. Amatha kupulumuka nyengo zoyipa kwambiri, ngakhale nthawi yozizira sichidzawavutitsa.

Wamkazi amakhala ndi mazira. Kubalana kumachitika masiku atatu aliwonse. powona crustaceans, panali mawu ngati akuti mkazi amatha kubereka nthawi 25 m'moyo wake wonse, koma zenizeni izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Koma ngati pali mikhalidwe yabwino ya daphnia, ndiye kuti imabereka 30-40 magalamu a crustaceans tsiku limodzi lokha.

Utoto wamadzi umaswanirana

Pofuna kupha nsomba zam'madzi ndi zakudya zapamwamba zonse, Daphnia imakulidwa mwapadera. Poyamba, amafunikira kukonzekera thanki yomwe ndiyoyenera kuperekanso crustaceans. Chidebe cha pulasitiki choyenera chakudya ndichabwino. Nthawi zambiri akatswiri am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito mabotolo amadzi nthawi zonse. Ma crustaceans safuna kwambiri pakapangidwe kamadzi. Ndikofunika kuti ilibe zitsulo ndi mchere. Ma crustaceans amadyetsedwa ndi yisiti ndi algae wobiriwira. Kuti mukule algae, muyenera kuyika botolo ndikuyika chikhalidwe cha microalgae. Chotengera chiyeretsedwa m'malo otentha. M'milungu iwiri yokha, chakudya chathunthu chiziwoneka kuti Daphnia amakonda kwambiri. Pofuna kubereka mwachangu ma crustaceans, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mawonekedwe abwino: kutentha kwa mpweya kuchokera 23 mpaka 25 madigiri ndi maola maola 24 tsiku lililonse. Nthawi ndi nthawi, madzi ndi chikhalidwe cha Daphnia amakonzedwanso.

Liti, zochuluka motani komanso momwe mungatolere daphnia

"Zokolola" amaloledwa kuti akololedwe pokhapokha kuchuluka kwa crustaceans ukufika 10-15 kapena kuposa pa 20 ml. Potere, anthu akuluakulu okha ndi omwe ayenera kugwidwa, kotero kuti ang'ono ndi apakati akupitiliza kukula ndikupereka mbadwo watsopano. Nthawi yomweyo ndende ikafika pa 10 kapena kuchepera crustaceans pa 20 ml, kugwira kumayima. Zomwe mukusonkhanazi zitha kuchitika mu njira yakale ndi ukonde wokhala ndi maselo okwanira kugwira anthu ambiri, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zatsopano - misampha yapadera ya daphnia. Zambiri mu kanema pansipa.

Nayi njira yosavuta yokumbukira: kudyetsa, kudyetsa, kusintha madzi, kukolola ... Ndiponso, kudyetsa, kudyetsa, kusinthira madzi, kututa ...

Kodi nsomba zimatani?

Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani okonda nsomba zam'madzi akuyesera kudyetsa daphnia? Chilichonse ndichopepuka. Osatengera kuti ndiwakuzizira kapena agwidwa kumene, m'mimba mwawo mumakhala zakudya zambiri zam'mera, ndipo izi ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala zopanda chakudya chachilengedwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake daphnia mu aquarium iyenera kukhala. Ngakhale kuti chipolopolo cha Daphnia sichikumbidwa, chimagwira ngati chinthu chabwino kwambiri. Tikuthokoza, matumbo a nsomba amayamba kugwira ntchito, omwe samatha kuyenda mokwanira m'madzi. Oimira ena a daphnia ang'ono kwambiri - ma moin, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "omwe ali ndi moyo" - ndi angwiro kwa nsomba za ku aquarium zomwe sizinakula.

Ngati mukufuna kugwirira nokha, muyenera kukumbukira kuti komwe Daphnia imakhala, kuchuluka kwa crustaceans kumasintha motsatizana. Usodzi gwiritsani ntchito ukonde wama minyewa, omwe maselo ake ayenera kutengera momwe angagwirire. "Asodzi" odziwa ntchito amapangira upangiri kuti azikoka ukonde wokhala ndi maselo ochepa kwambiri, kenako ndikungosintha zakudyazo ndi kukula kudzera mu sizi ndi maselo osiyanasiyana. Mutha kuchita nawo usodzi, kuyambira nthawi ya masika mpaka kumeza ayezi pa dziwe. Nthawi zambiri amasankha gombe lotetezedwa ndi mphepo ku chochitika choterocho m'mawa kapena m'mawa. Zothandiza ngati kuunikako kumatha. Kenako Daphnia, malo omwe mwanjira imeneyi amakomera mtima, adzaukira zigawo zapamwamba.

Mikhalidwe yabwino kwa crustaceans

Aeration ingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino pa daphnia. Zimathandizira pakukula kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zolengedwa. Apa mpweya umatuluka, womwe umadzaza madzi. Ndipo kanemayo amene amakonda kuwoneka pamwamba pa madzi adzasowa. Ndipo izi zonse chifukwa chothandizira.

Koma mufunika mphamvu kuti ikhale yapakati. Mphamvu yamphamvu imasokoneza ziweto. Komanso mabuluzi amenewa amalowera chigamba cha Daphnia, pambuyo pake zolengedwazo zimadzuka.

Momwe mungadzipezere mumadziwe

Daphnia nthawi zambiri imagwidwa kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, mpaka matalala a madzi oundana amapezeka m'madziwe.

Ndikwabwino kugwira anthu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi ukonde wokhazikika. Kenako zimadutsa m'mphepete mwazigawo, kusanja payekhapayekha kukula.

Pitani kukawedza nyengo yabwino kwambiri komanso yamvula. Nthawi zambiri zimayenera kukhala m'mawa kapena nthawi yamadzulo. Zikakhala zoterezi, crustaceans amakwera pafupi ndi madzi.

Mukamagwira ntchito yosodza, nthawi zina Daphnia imagwedezeka mumkhumbi wamatini wapadera. Mu zitini zomwezo za crustaceans ndiye zimanyamulidwa. Musaiwale kuti pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, anthu amatha kufa paulendo.

Zofunika!Musanagwiritse ntchito daphnia ngati chakudya chansomba, anthu onse ayenera kuwola osambitsidwa ndi madzi osamba. Sikovomerezeka kuyambitsa "chakudya chamoyo" chodetsedwa mum'bale ndi nsomba kapena, koposa apo, kuthira limodzi ndi madzi ochokera kuchosungira zachilengedwe. Mumayambitsa ngozi yobweretsa matenda ndi majeremusi m'madzi.