Fox Big Ex * Amayi

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Nkhandwe ndi nyama yomwe ndi ya banja la canine. Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhandwe. Koma chimodzimodzi nkhandwe yayikulu amatenga mtundu wapadera komanso wosowa kwambiri. Mtunduwu umatchedwa choncho chifukwa oimira ake ali ndi makutu aatali, otalika omwe amatha kutalika mpaka 15 sentimita.

Dzinalo la mtunduwu pomasulira kuchokera ku Chi Greek kupita ku Russia limatanthawuza "galu wamkulu, wamaso akulu." M'mayiko ambiri a ku Africa, nyama imayesedwa ngati nyama yolusa komanso yowopsa ku ziweto zazing'ono, m'malo ena imakhala yowetedwa ngati chiweto.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: nkhokwe zokulirapo

Nkhandwe yayikulu ndi ya anyani amnzake, ndi woimira gulu la carnivores, banja la canine, limapatsidwa mtundu ndi mitundu ya nkhandwe zazikulu.

Ankhandwe akuluakulu, ngati nthumwi zina za banja la canine, adachokera ku Miacid kumapeto kwa Paleocene, pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Pambuyo pake, banja la canine linagawika m'magawo awiri: canine ndi mphaka. Prosperosion anali kholo lakale la wamkulu-wared, komanso nkhandwe zina. Mitembo yake idapezeka kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Texas yamakono.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Zinyama nkhandwe

M'mawonekedwe, zimafanana kwambiri ndi ankhandwe ndi agalu a fodya. Nkhandwe imakhala ndi thupi lopanda mphamvu komanso lalifupi, ndi miyendo yopyapyala. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yopingika kasanu, kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Pakhomalo panali zazitali, zopindika, zotalika masentimita awiri ndi theka. Amagwira ntchito ngati chida chokumba.

Kupukutira kwa nyama ndi kocheperako, kowongoka, kotalika. Chizindikiro chili ndi maso owoneka bwino. Ili ndi mtundu wa chigoba chopangidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, pafupifupi ubweya wakuda. Makutu ndi miyendo imodzimodzi. Makutu ndi akulu, ali ndi mawonekedwe opindika atatu, ocheperako pang'ono mpaka m'mbali. Ngati nkhandwe izizisenda, zimaphimba mutu wonse wa nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, zili m'makutu kuti mitsempha yambiri imakhazikika, yomwe imapulumutsa nkhandweyo kuti isamatenthe kwambiri ngati kutentha kwambiri komanso kutentha kwa ku Africa.

Nkhandwe yayikulu-yared siyisiyanitsidwa ndi chibwano champhamvu, champhamvu kapena mano akulu. Ali ndi mano 48, kuphatikiza mano anayi osalala. Mano ake ndi ochepa, koma chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake aaya nsagwada amatha kutafuna chakudya nthawi yomweyo komanso ambiri.

Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumafikira theka la mita. Kutalika kwa kufota sikupita masentimita makumi anayi. Kulemera kwa thupi kumasiyana pakati pa ma kilogalamu 4-7. Kugonana kwamanyazi sikungachitike. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi mchira wautali, wopepuka. Kutalika kwake kuli kofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi ndipo ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Msonga wa mchira nthawi zambiri umakhala ngati burashi wakuda.

Mtundu wa nyama ulinso wosiyana ndi nkhandwe zambiri. Imakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu wonyezimira, wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira. Miyendo ndi yofiirira, kapena yakuda, khosi ndi m'mimba ndizopepuka zachikaso, zoyera.

Kodi nkhandwe yayikulu imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Chachikulu-fored African fox

Ankhandwe akuluakulu amakhala kumayiko otentha okhala ndi nyengo youma mkati mwa Africa. Amakhala m'malo ophulika, okhala m'matanthwe, m'dera lomwe muli nkhalango zazitali, udzu, nkhalango zowala. Ndizofunikira kuti nyama zitha kubisala dzuwa lowala ndi kutentha, komanso kubisala pothamangitsidwa ndi adani.

Kukhazikika kwa nkhandwe:

M'khola la nkhandwe yayikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwa msambo sikuyenera kupitirira masentimita 25-30. Kupanda kutero, sangathe kupeza chakudya ndi tizilombo tambiri pansi. Ngati m'derali mulibe chakudya chokwanira, amayang'ana malo ena, komwe ndingadye popanda zovuta.

Amagwiritsa ntchito dzenje ngati nyumba. Komabe, sizachilendo kwa oimira awa a banja la canine kuti azidzikumba okha. Amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomwe amakumbidwa ndi oimira nyama zanyama, koma pazifukwa zina sizikhala. Nthawi zambiri masana, nthawi zambiri masana, amabisala mumakola ozizira. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndizotsekera kwa aardvark, zomwe pafupifupi tsiku lililonse zimadzifunira nyumba yatsopano.

Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa chiswe, nkhandwe zazikulu-zazikulu zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. M'modzi mwa iwo amakhala kum'mawa kwa Africa kuchokera ku Sudan kupita pakati pa Tanzania, chachiwiri - kumwera kwake kuchokera ku Republic of South Africa kupita ku Angola.

Kodi nkhandwe yayikulu imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: nkhokwe zokulirapo

Ngakhale kuti nkhandwe zazikulu ndi zoweta ndi nyama zodyedwa, gwero lake lalikulu la chakudya si nyama. Modabwitsa, amadya tizilombo. Zakudya zomwe amakonda

Chochititsa chidwi. Munthu m'modzi wamkulu amadya chisa pafupifupi 1.2 miliyoni pachaka.

Oimira awa a banja la canine ali ndi mano 48. Ngakhale izi, mphamvu ya nsagwada yawo imakhala yotsika poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya nsagwada za adani ena. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti siwosaka, ndipo safunikira kudya nyama, kusunga nyama ndikuigawa. M'malo mwake, chilengedwe chidawadalitsa kuti azitha kutafuna chakudya nthawi yomweyo. Inde, kuti zitheke, nyamayi imafunikira tizilombo tambiri.

Nyama imagwiritsa ntchito makutu posaka chakudya. Amatha kusankha nyimbo zazing'onoting'ono zazoyenda ndi tizilomboti ngakhale mobisa. Atagwira phokoso lodziwika bwino, nyamayo nthawi yomweyo imakumba pansi ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zazitali ndikudya tizilombo.

Kodi chakudya ndi chiyani?

Chinsinsi
Zipatso,
Mbale yowoneka bwino, yaying'ono yamera,
Mizu
Mphutsi
Tizilombo, tizilombo,
Njuchi
Akangaude
Scorpions
Ziphuphu
Zoweta zazing'ono.

Chochititsa chidwi. Zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi kuti oyimira awa a banja la canine ndi dzino lokoma. Amakonda kudya uchi kuchokera ku njuchi zakuthengo ndi zipatso zotsekemera. Pamaso pa zakudya zoterezi ndimatha kuzidya kwa nthawi yayitali.

M'mbiri yonse ya anthu okhala ku Africa, palibe mlandu umodzi wokha wowukira ziweto womwe walembedwa. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti iwo siwosaka kwenikweni. Ankhandwe sadzafika malo othirira, chifukwa kufunikira kwa chinyezi kumaphimbidwa ndi kudya zipatso ndi zakudya zina zokhala ndi michere kuchokera kuzomera.

Amayang'ana chakudya makamaka mumdima chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kuthana mtunda wawutali - 13-14 makilomita usiku.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Big-Eared Fox waku Africa

Oimira awa a banja la canine ali ndi moyo wosakhazikika. Amasinthana ndi gawo malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Ndi kufooka kwake, amasamukira kumalo ena.

Ankhandwe amachita zachilengedwe. Amuna amasankha mkazi yemwe amakhala naye moyo wawo wonse. Maanja amakhala limodzi mkati mwa bowo lomwelo, kugona limodzi, kuthandizana kusamalira malaya, kukhala oyera. Pali nthawi zina amuna akamakhala nthawi yomweyo ndi akazi awiri, ndikupanga mtundu waakazi.

Nthawi zina, amakhala pagulu. Banja lililonse kapena gulu lirilonse liri ndi gawo lawo lokhalamo, lomwe ndi mahekitala 70-80. Sakhala ndi chizindikiritso cha kuyika gawo lawo ndikuteteza ufulu wokhala m'malowo.

Chochititsa chidwi. Mwachilengedwe, nkhandwe zazikulu kwambiri zimawoneka ngati nyama zopanda phokoso, koma zimadziwika ndi kulumikizana wina ndi mzake pofalitsa mawu ena. Amatha kupanga mawu amitunda isanu ndi inayi yosiyanasiyana. Asanu ndi awiri a iwo ndi otsika, ndipo adapangidwa kuti azilankhula ndi abale awo, awiri amakhala omata kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azilankhulana ndi omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano.

Nyama zikalephera kupeza bowo laulere, zimadzikumba zokha. Nthawi yomweyo, amafanana ndi ma labyrinth enieni okhala ndi malowedwe angapo ndi kutuluka, maholo angapo. Ngati zilombo zitha kudziwa bowo, banja la nkhandweyo mwachangu limachoka kwawo ndikukakumba yatsopano, yosavutanso komanso yayikulu.

Ngati nkhandwe ikakhala kuti ikufuna kuthamangitsidwa ndi wolusa, imathawa mwadzidzidzi, ikunjira m'matenje a udzu kapena zitsamba, kenako imasintha makina ake, ndikuyang'ana kutsogolo. Kuyendetsa koteroko kumakupatsani mwayi wothamanga komanso kulowa pansi mwamtundu wina wa malo anu othawirako. Komanso, kwachilengedwe nyama zimasokoneza nyama zomwe zimakonda kudya, zikubwerera m'mayendedwe awo.

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zimatengera nyengo. Kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kumagwira ntchito kwambiri mumdima, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakhalanso yogwira masana.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Fox -red

Ankhandwe akuluakulu amakhala ndi zodabwitsa m'chilengedwe, ndipo akhala akukhala ndi mkazi yemweyo moyo wawo wonse. Komabe, pali zochitika zina pamene amuna amasankha zazikazi ziwiri ndikukhala nawo. Komanso, amagwirizana mwamtendere wina ndi mnzake, kuthandizira kusamalira ana.

Akazi a mkazi amakhala kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri - tsiku limodzi lokha. Ndi munthawi yochepa kwambiri iyi yomwe anthu amatha kukhala okwatirana kangapo. Ankhandwe amabadwa kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi ya bere imatenga masiku 60-70. Ana amabadwa panthawi yomwe mvula imakhala pagawo la Africa, ndipo tizilombo tambiri timayang'aniridwa zomwe ndizofunikira kudyetsa zazikazi ndi ana ake.

Nthawi zambiri kuyambira khanda limodzi mpaka asanu amabadwa. Wamphongo amatenga nawo mbali posamalira iwo. Amateteza dzenje, amapezera chakudya, amathandizira kusamalira ubweya. Ngati pali akazi awiri, wachiwiri amathandizanso kudyetsa ndi kuwasamalira. Amabadwa akhungu, amaliseche komanso opanda thandizo. Yaikazi imakhala ndi nipples anayi, chifukwa chake siyitha kudyetsa nkhandwe zochulukirapo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthawi zina pomwe iye amapha ana ofooka komanso osakhazikika.

Masomphenya amawoneka nkhandwe pa wachisanu ndi chinayi - tsiku lakhumi. Patatha milungu iwiri, siyani pobisala ndikuyang'ana malo apafupi. Pakadali pano, thupi la nyama limakutidwa ndi imvi fluff. Amkaka amadya mkaka wa mayi mpaka milungu 15. Pambuyo pake, amasinthira kwathunthu pazakudya za akulu. Pang'onopang'ono phunzirani kudzipezera nokha zakudya. Nthawi yakutha msinkhu imayamba kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi iwiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Nthawi zina, akazi achichepere amakhala mgululi.

Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe zazikulu

Chithunzi: African Larger Fox

Mu vivo, adani a woimira awa a banja la canine ndi:

Choopsa chachikulu kwa anthu ndi munthu, popeza amawononga nyama mwachangu kuti apeze nyama, komanso ubweya wofunika wa nyama yachilendo. Mochulukitsa, nkhandwe zowonongedwa zimachotsedwa. Achinyamata omwe amasiyidwa ndi achikulire kwakanthawi, amatha kuwonongeka. Osati zilombo zokulirapo zokha, komanso mbalame zimawadyera.

Amachepetsa kwambiri matenda a nyama monga matenda a chiwewe. Ankhandwe akuluakulu, monga nthumwi zina za banja la canine, atenga matendawa. Pafupifupi kotala la anthu onse omwe amapezeka m'gawoli amafa chaka chilichonse.

Osaka nyama zochuluka amawononga nyama, kupatula nzika ndi mayiko ena aku Africa omwe amadyedwa ndi nkhandwe. Fur ikufunika kwambiri ndipo imakhala yamtengo wapatali, ndipo nyama imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri m'malo osungira nyama.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: nkhokwe zokulirapo

Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ofufuzira - akatswiri azamalo amati siziwopsezedwa kuti atheratu. Pamalumikizidwe awa, sanalembedwe mu Red Book ndipo kusaka iwo sikuletsedwa pamalamulo.

M'mbuyomu, nyama zinkakhala zambiri kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kwa Africa. Komabe, masiku ano akufafanizidwa kwambiri m'madera ambiri. Mwa ena mwaiwo muli chiwopsezo Chakutha kwawo kwathunthu.

Komabe, akatswiri a zanyama zam'madzi akuti pakukula kwa malo olimapo, madera a udzu adachulukirachulukira, zomwe zidakulitsa gawo logawika nkhandwe ya nkhandwe. Mwakutero, m'malo amenewa, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe zazikulupo kudakwera anthu 25-27 pa kilomita imodzi. Nambala imeneyi ndi yofanana kwa zigawo zina za ku South Africa.

M'madera ena, kuchuluka kwa oimira banja la canine kumakhala kotsika kwambiri - kuchokera kwa munthu m'modzi mpaka 7 pa kilomita imodzi. Ofufuzawo akuti choopsa chachikulu ndikuwonongeka kwa gawo lofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe, lomwe, ngati litawonongedwa kwathunthu, silingabwezeretsedwe. Komanso ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe, kuchuluka kwa malovu kumachulukana, zomwe zimabweretsa chiopsezo kwa anthu akumaloko.

Fox Big Ex ndi nyama yokongola komanso yosangalatsa. Komabe, chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, chiwerengero chake m'chilengedwe chimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ngati njira zopulumutsira ndikubwezeretsa anthu sizinatengedwe, mavuto osasintha sangachitike.

Habitat

Monga malo okhala, nyama izi zimakonda nyengo yotentha. Afalikira kwambiri ku Africa. Amakhala m'misasa ndi m'mapazi, momwe muli udzu ndi zitsamba zazitali. Chifukwa cha iwo, nyama zimatha kubisala chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Pamenepo amabisala kwa adani awo.

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Malo okhala nkhandwe zazikulu

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South Africa,
Botswana,
Zimbabwe,
Zambia,
Sudan,
Mozambique.

Amapezekanso ku Kenya, Ethiopia. Uganda, Somalia ndi Lisote.

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M'malo mwa nyama izi, udzu suwkwera kuposa masentimita 30, chifukwa mwinanso zingawavute kuti athe kupeza chakudya chawo. Ngati kudera lawo kulibe chakudya chochepa, amasamukira kudera lina.

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Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Ankhandwe akuluakulu ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimadyera makamaka tizilombo. Pazomwe amadya zimakhala ndi chimbudzi. Pali nkhandwe yayikulu yokha yomwe imadya chakudya chokwanira miliyoni imodzi pachaka. Ngakhale kuti mano 48 amapezeka m'nsagwada za nyama, siabwino kudya nyama zazikulu. Izi ndichifukwa choti siwosaka, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa choti adye nyama ndikusunga wothawidwayo. Komabe, iwo amagaya chakudya chomwe amadya mwachangu kwambiri. Misozi imawathandizira kuti apeze tizirombo, timene timagwira mawu osabisalira a tizilombo ngakhale mobisa. Mbidzi yayitali ikangomva kulira, imakumba pansi mwachangu ndi zikhadabo ndikudya kachilombo.

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Kuphatikiza pa chiswe, masamba awa amadya zipatso, mbewu, abuluzi, ndi mphutsi. Chochititsa chidwi chakuti oimira awa amakonda chakudya chokoma. Nthawi zambiri amatha kudya uchi ndi zipatso.

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Kufunafuna chakudya kumayambira usiku, chifukwa m'malo otentha kwambiri satha kukhala m'malo otseguka kwa nthawi yayitali. Usiku amayenda ma kilomita 14.

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Kubala nyengo

Kwa oimira nkhandwe zazikulu, monogamy ndi khalidwe. Amuna okwatirana amakhala moyo wawo wonse. Pali nthawi zina zomwe amuna amakhala ndi akazi angapo. Nthawi ya estrus, yomwe imakhala tsiku limodzi, anthu amatha kukwatirana kangapo. Ankhandwe amabadwa kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 70. Kubadwa kwa ana amuna kumachitika nthawi yamvula. Pakadali pano, tizilombo tambiri ta chakudya timapezeka. Nthawi zambiri, osapitilira 5 amabadwa. Wamphongo amatenga nawo mbali pantchito yakulera. Amateteza dzenjelo, amasaka zakudya ndikuwasamalira.

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Poyamba, nkhandwe ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo sizithandiza. Amakhala akuwoneka pa tsiku la 10 la moyo.Pakatha milungu iwiri, amatha kusiya mabowo awo ndikuyang'ana gawo. Pakadali pano, zidakutidwa kale zaimvi. Mpaka masabata 15 amadya mkaka wachikazi wokha. Pambuyo pake amasinthira ku chakudya chachikulire. Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka 8 miyezi.

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Adani

Ziwopsezo za nkhandwe zazikulupo zimayikidwa ndi ankhandwe, njuchi, mafisi, mikango ndi mimbulu. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zoyipa kwambiri ndi zochita za anthu. Nthawi zambiri nyamazi amazichotsa kuti zizipeza nyama ndi ubweya. Zotsalira zawo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri nyama zazing'ono zimavutika ndi nyama. Amakhala akuvutitsidwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zinyama.

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Chinthu china chofunikira chochepetsera kuchuluka kwawo ndi matenda a chiwewe. Amakhala ndi matendawa mosavuta, omwe amapha pafupifupi theka la nyama zonse zopatsirana.

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Moyo

Nyama izi zimadziwika ndi moyo wosamukira mkati mwake. Amasinthasintha mwachangu kumikhalidwe yatsopano. Nyama iliyonse ndi gulu lolinganizidwa limakhala ndi malo ake mpaka mahekitala 80. Komabe, machitidwe awo achitetezo sichachilendo.

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Monga nyumba, nkhandwe zazikulu zaimpso zimakhala ndi zimbudzi zowoneka ngati mazes. Ngati nyama yolusa ikapeza pothaŵirapo, ndiye kuti amusiya nayamba kukonzekera malo atsopano.

Otocyon megalotis (Wokhumudwa, 1822)

Kugawidwa: Kugawidwa m'magulu awiri a allopathic, kumpoto (O. m. Virgatus) - East Africa kuchokera ku Ethiopia, Somalia ndi South Sudan kudzera ku Kenya kupita ku Tanzania, kumwera (O. m. Megalotis) - South Africa kuchokera kumwera kwa Zambia komanso kumwera kwa Angola kupita ku South Africa , kummawa kukafika ku Mozambique, Botswana ndi Zimbabwe, kumadzulo kwa Atlantic Ocean.

Maiko osiyanasiyana: Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Africa.

Oyimira ochepa ma canins okhala ndi miyendo yopyapyala, mchira wautali wamtali komanso makutu akulu owonekera. Amuna (4.1 makilogalamu) ndi wolemera kuposa zazikazi (3.9 kg) (3.9 kg pa average amuna ndi akazi), ngakhale ku Botswana, zazikazi zimalemera pang'ono kuposa zazimuna.

Mutu, kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumaso imvi. Phokoso lake ndi lakuda pamwamba komanso loyera pambali. Pachifuwa komanso thupi lotsika limayambira kuchokera ku utoto wachikasu. Makutu ndi oyera mkati. Mbali yakumbuyo ya makutu, kutsogolo kwa chizungulire, chigoba chakumaso, kutsogolo kwa miyendo yakutsogolo ndi mbali zam'munsi zamiyendo yakumbuyo, dera lapakati la mchira ndi lakuda. Mzere woyeretsa umachokera kumutu kupita kumunsi komanso chapamwamba 3/4 pamphepete mwa makutu. Mwa anthu ena, chingwe chakuda chamdima chimathamangira kumbuyo. Kuyambira beige mpaka uchi, ubweya umaphimba nsagwada yam'munsi kuchokera kumapeto kwa muzzle ndikufikira kudutsa pakhosi, pachifuwa mpaka thupi lotsika. Mtundu wa okalamba ndi wopatsa. Ubweya wambiri m'thupi ndi mchira wake ndi wowonda komanso wofewa, kumtunda tsitsi limakhala lakuda pansi ndi malangizo oyera omwe amapatsa chovalacho mawonekedwe amtundu kapena imvi. Mmbali zimawoneka zachikaso kwambiri. Mphete yamkati pamtunda wapamwamba imakhala kutalika pafupifupi 30 mm, ndipo tsitsi lotsala la ubweya wandiweyani limakhala pafupifupi 55 mm, lokhala ndi tsitsi looneka ngati tactile (mpaka 65 mm).

Miyezo 46-50, yomwe nambala yayikulu kwambiri pazam'madzi zilizonse zapadziko lapansi zopanda marsupial.

Akazi amakhala ndi ma nipples a 4-6.

Chiwerengero cha ma chromosomes awiriwa ndi 2n = 72.

Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi (pansi kumakhala kophatikizidwa) 46-66 masentimita, kutalika kwa mchira 23-34 cm, kutalika kwa phewa 30-40 cm, kutalika kwa khutu 11.3-13.5 mm, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 3.0-5.3.

Mtundu wofanana ndi nkhandwe ya ku South Africa (Vulpes chama) ndiocheperako, uli ndi mbali zasiliva zoduwa, zotsika kuyambira kuzera mpaka zachikaso zotuwa, mutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khutu ndizotuwa zachikaso, palibe wakuda kumbuyo, mchira ndi wokulirapo, nsonga yokha ndiyo yakuda.

Osiyanasiyana mdera louma komanso louma la kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera kwa Africa m'magawo awiri a anthu (omwe akuimira magulu ena), ogawidwa pafupifupi km km. Magawo awiriwo mwina adalumikizidwa nthawi ya Pleistocene. Kugawidwa kotereku ndikofanana ndi dera la Earthwolf (Proteles cristatus) ndi nkhandwe yamutu wakuda (Canis mesomelas). Kukula kwa kuchuluka kum'mwera kwa Africa m'zaka zaposachedwa kumachitika chifukwa chakusintha kwa nyengo.

Mitunduyi ndi yodziwika bwino m'malo otetezedwa ku South ndi East Africa, osowa kwambiri kumadera louma komanso kuma famu ku South Africa, komwe nthawi zina amathamangitsidwa. Pokhala malo ocheperako, kuchuluka kumatha kukhala kwakukulukulu kapena kosawerengeka kutengera kuchuluka kwa mvula, kupezeka kwa chakudya, malo oswana ndi matenda.

Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Kalahari, kuchuluka kumatha kusintha pakapita nthawi: kuyerekezera kwapafupifupi pamtunda wamtsinje wa 21 km wamtunda wa pafupifupi 10 km² kumakhala anthu 7-140, i.e. 0.14-14 km². Ku Limpopo, South Africa, nkhalangozi ndi nkhandwe 5.7 pa km², ndipo ku Mashatu Nature Reserve, Botswana, nkhandwe 9.2 pa km² nthawi yakubzala ndi nkhandwe 2.3 pa km² nthawi zina. Mdziko la Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve, Free State, South Africa, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kunachokera ku nkhandwe za 0.3-0.5 pa km² kwa zaka zitatu, pomwe panali minda iwiri chapakati Karoo, North Cape, kachulukidwe 1.1-2.0 nkhandwe pa km². Serengeti yajambulitsa nkhandwe za 0.3-1.0 pa km².

Ankhandwe akuluakulu amakhala ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Makutu akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire tizilombo ndiwowonekera kwambiri pakuwonekera komanso amagwiranso ntchito modabwitsa. Kudyetsa tizilombo takhudza kuchuluka ndi mawonekedwe a mano a nkhandwe.

Magawo omwe amagawidwa ndi nkhandwe zazikulu-zared ndi chimbudzi Hodotermes ndi Microhodotermes kudutsa ndi 95%. Ma Termites (Hodotermes mossambicus) amapanga zakudya 80-90%. M'madera opanda Hodotermes, nkhandwe zimadya zakudya zamtundu wina; Odontotermes amapanga zakudya zoposa 90% m'magawo a Kenya. Ma invertebrates ena oledzera amaphatikizapo nyerere (Hymenoptera), kafadala (Coleoptera), crickets ndi ziwala (Orthoptera), millipedes (Myriapoda), agulugufe ndi mitundu yawo yautali (Lepidoptera), zinkhanira (Scorpionida) ndi phalanx (Solifugae). Zina zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi zakudya ndi mbalame, nyama zazing'ono ndi zokwawa. Mwangozi amadya udzu podyetsa tizilombo. Zipatso, mbewu ndi zipatso zakuthengo zimadyedwa kale pacholinga. Zipatso zikawonetsedwa, nkhandwe zazikulupo zochokera kuphanga zimatsata kumalo komwe zimadziwa ndikudya zipatso zake. Nyama zodyedwa ndi kudya zovomerezeka ndi mwayi wosawerengeka, osati kukonda. Kukana kudya chiswe Trinervitermes trinervoides, oyesedwa ndi mafuta ndikuwonjezera pazakudya zawo, zikuwoneka kuti ndichifukwa choti samalekerera kutetezedwa ndi asitikali achitetezo.

Kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya taxa muzakudya kumasiyana nyengo. Ku Serengeti, kafadala ndi chakudya chachikulu mu nthawi yamvula, ntchito yanthete ikachepa. Pakakhala zochepa za zonsezi, mphutsi za kachilomboka nthawi zambiri zimakumba pansi.

Chingwe ndi kachilomboka ndowe ndizofala kwambiri m'malo omwe amakhala m'magulu ankhandwe waukulu, ndipo kusiyana kwa dera komweko kwa H. mossambicus kumakhala kofanana ndi kukula kwa gawo lomwe ankhandwe amakhala. Kuchulukana kwa zotuluka za zisa za Hodotermes kumalumikizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya anthu komanso kubereka, monga kukula kwa zinyalala ndi kuchuluka kwa akazi. Ngakhale zofunikira zamadzi zanyama zimatha kukwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri chomwe chimadya nyama kapena tizirombo tcilimwe kumwera kwa Africa, madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa nthawi ya mkaka. Komabe, zolembedwa zina zikuwonetsa kuti palibe zomwe zimawoneka ngati nkhandwe zakumwa zochokera pagwero lamadzi.

Sizinadziwike kuti nkhandwe zazikulu kwambiri zimabisala chakudya chochuluka kapena kusaka zoposa zomwe zingadye. M'malo osungira nyama, nthawi zambiri amangosiyako nyama yotsalira.

Njira yodyetserayi amadalira mtundu wa nyama, koma chakudya nthawi zambiri chimadziwika ndi kuyenda kwa pang'onopang'ono, ndikugwetsa mphuno yake pansi ndikukweza makutu ake patsogolo. Malo omwe nyama imadyera imatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kuwoneka bwino, kuwona ndi kununkhira kumayang'anira gawo laling'ono. Zosintha za kupezeka kwa tsiku ndi nyengo za H. mossambicus zimakhudza mwachindunji machitidwe a fox. Ku East Africa, kudyetsa usiku. Kummwera kwa Africa, kudya usiku m'chilimwe pang'onopang'ono kumasintha kukhala kudya kwa tsiku lonse nthawi yozizira, kuwonetsa kusintha kwa zochitika za H. mossambicus. Masana, nsonga zodyetsa zimafanana ndi kutalika kwa tizilombo. Kuchepetsa komanso kudyetsa kumakhala kokwanira ndi chakudya chambiri poyerekeza ndi tizilombo toonse obalalika (mwachitsanzo kachilomboka kapena kachiromboka).

Ku Serengeti, atachoka kuphanga kwawo madzulo, magulu nthawi zambiri amayendayenda kumalo okhala a Hodoterm omwe akudziwa m'dera lawo. Mukamadyetsa malo a chiswe, gulu limadyerana moyandikana, koma atadyetsedwa ndi kachilomboka, mphutsi za udzu kapena ziwala, amatha kupatukana mpaka 200 mamita wina ndi mnzake. Mamembala a gululi amalumikizana wina ndi mzake m'malo okhala ndi chakudya chamkokomo.

Palibe kulembetsa kuthandizira kuweta ziweto. Komabe, ku South Africa, nkhandwe zazikulu-zazing'ono nthawi zina zimaganiziridwa kuti zimadya zilombo zoyipa zikamadya mphutsi za ntchentche pamitembo ya anaankhosa.

Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'matanthwe okhala ndi udzu wamfupi (kutalika kwa 100-250 mm) komanso m'malo obisika komanso owuma, koma atawopsezedwa, amabisala mu udzu wautali kapena zitsamba zowirira. Pakakhala chimphepo champhamvu komanso pamatenthedwe kwambiri amathawira kumizimba kapena m'nkhokwe. Ankhandwe amakonzanso mabowo omwe alipo ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito maenje ang'onoang'ono kubisala dzuwa pakati pa tsiku. Amakonda malo kapena udzu, wofupikitsidwa ndi udzu kapena kuwotcha, ku South Africa nthawi zambiri amapuma pansi pa mitengo ya genac Acacia.

Zochita zimatha kukhala masana kapena usiku, kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo. Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku ndizogwirizana ndi zochita za tizilombo, makamaka chinsinsi. Ankhandwe ochokera ku Mtsinje wa Nossob wouma (Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, South Africa) adathera nthawi 70-90% ya chakudya chawo, koma ntchito zawo zidasiyanasiyana chaka chonse. M'nyengo yozizira, magulu a nkhandwe munjanji anali kugwira ntchito masana, anthu onse amawona usiku kugona ndi kugona. M'miyezi yotentha yaku South Africa ya Disembala ndi Januware, kusintha kwazosintha.

Makulidwe a nyumba omwe adalembetsedwa kuyambira 0,3 mpaka 3.5 km². Zigawo zakunyumba zikuwonetsa gawo lalikulu kapena laling'ono lazigawo limodzi. Mumakonda nyama yamagulu ochepa (chiswe chamadera), izi zimabweretsa malo ochulukirapo komanso malo ochepa nyumba mukadyetsedwa chakudya chambiri (nkhandwe 15 mpaka 15,5.3² kuposa momwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama ina. Masamba akunyumba ndizochepa nthawi yamvula ya ku South Africa, pomwe chimalala chimapanga chakudya chochuluka kuposa chilimwe.

Kukula kwa gululi kumasiyanasiyana kutengera nthawi ya chaka komanso kuyambira 2 mpaka 15 nkhandwe. Bamboyo amateteza khola ndi ana, pomwe mayi amadya kuti apange mkaka. Magulu abanja amadyera limodzi kuyambira Disembala mpaka Julayi, pambuyo pake amasiyana. Magulu ofala kwambiri aanthu awiri. Magulu akulu aanthu amapangidwa ndi makolo ndi ana awo akuluakulu. Magulu awiri odziwika komanso magulu sanapezeke mu nyengo yotsatira yoswana m'derali. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhandwe zazikulu kwambiri sizigwiritsa ntchito chaka chimodzi pachaka. Nthawi yoswana, udzu ukakula kwambiri, nkhandwe zimasiya ziweto zawo.

Kummwera kwa Africa amakhala m'mabanja okwatirana omwe amakhala ndi ana amuna, pomwe kum'mawa kwa Africa amakhala magulu abanja okhazikika omwe amakhala ndi amuna okwanira atatu mpaka atatu omwe ali ndi ana amuna. Kuberekanso kumachitika nyengo ndi nthawi, kuti kubereka kumagwirizana ndi mvula komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Nthawi yakuswana ndiyambira mu Juni mpaka Sepemba ku Serengeti, mu Januware ku Uganda. Kubereka kungachitike chaka chonse kumadera a East Africa. Ku Kalahari, mapangidwe awiriawiri amapezeka mu Julayi ndi Ogasiti, monga zikuwonekeranso ndi chizindikiritso cha kulemba chizindikiro m'deralo. Ku East Africa, ana agalu amabadwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala, ku Kalahari kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Novembala. Zobadwa ku Botswana zimachitika kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala.

Matching imatenga masiku angapo (mpaka 10 kuphatikizidwa patsiku), ndikugundana kwakanthawi, pafupifupi mphindi 4, ndikutsatira mtundu wamasewera owerengetsa.

Banja lomwe likuweta limakumba phanga kapena kukonzanso khola la zinyama zina zosasiyidwa (mwachitsanzo, Pedetes spp., Aardvark, komanso chithaphwi chokhala ndi chithaphwi komanso kubowola phala la phacochoerus spp.). Zovala zamkati zitha kukhala ndi malowedwe angapo, zipinda ndi makina mpaka 3 m kutalika ndipo zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza motsutsana ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera komanso zinthuzi (mwachitsanzo, madzi osefukira, kutentha kwambiri), makamaka ana agalu. Ziweto nthawi zina zimasunthidwa pakati pa maula, ndipo mu nkhandwe za Serengeti gwiritsani ntchito "kudyetsa mauna" kuteteza ana amtunduwu m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zipika zimasamaliridwa mosamala chaka chonse, nthawi zambiri mibadwo yosiyanasiyana. Zipinda za ku Natal zitha kuikidwa m'magulu: kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Kalahari mu 1976, zipinda zisanu ndi chimodzi zimapezeka pamtunda wa 0.5 km² ya msewu, ndipo aliyense wa iwo amakhala ndi akulu ndi ana awiri a 2-3 (okwana 16). Pafupifupi panali amuna awiri enanso.

Zinyalala kamodzi pachaka, ndikubadwa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala, mutatha masiku 60-75. Kukula kwa zinyalala kumayambira 1 mpaka 6, ku Serengeti avareji ya 2.56. Makanda obadwa kumene amalemera kuchokera pa 99 mpaka 14 g. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ana agalu amawonekera pang'ono kuchokera kuphanga ali ndi masiku 8-12.

Wamphongo amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi ana aakazi kuposa wamkazi. Amawasamalira, amasewera, kuwateteza komanso kuwateteza kwa adani. Kuthandizira kwa amayi polera ana nthawi yotsala kumakhala kwakukulu, koma chifukwa cha zakudya zopanda pake, sizingathe, kusamalira ana. Komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chisamaliro cha makolo cha amuna chimapereka mwayi kwa akazi kukulitsa nthawi yawo yodyetsa, yomwe imachepetsedwa ndi zinthu zazing'ono, zomwazika chakudya. Kusiyana pakati pa chisamaliro pakati pa makolo ndi makolo kumacheperachepera pakumatha kudyetsedwa mkaka (pa masabata 10-15), komwe kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Kalahari kumachitika mvula yoyamba ikayamba komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo.

Ana ang'ono ang'ono amapangidwa kuti azidyetsedwa ndi amphongo omwe amawatsogolera, ndipo ku Serengeti makolo amawongolera ana ang'onoang'ono komanso osatetezeka pamagulu osiyanasiyana a H. mossambicus potumiza ma ng'ombe ang'onoang'ono kuchokera kuphanga lanyama kupita ku "maula a usiku".

Pachimake pagulu la mabanja limapezekabe mpaka Juni wotsatira, pomwe achinyamatawo achoka pamalowo, ndipo banjali limakhalabe limodzi moyo wonse. Achinyamata ambiri omwazikana ali ndi zaka. Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma kutha msinkhu kumabwera patapita nthawi pang'ono, pa miyezi 8-9. Atsikana ena achichepere amakhalabe ndi gulu lawo la mabanja kuti abereke.

Ambiri osatetezeka ndipo samabweretsa nyama m'manja.

M'malo mwake, achinyamata achinyamata amabweretsa nyama kuchokera kumphongo. Mwambiri, ana agalu amadalira mkaka kwambiri.

Ankhandwe akuluakulu ndi nyama zapagulu. Amadyetsa magulu, osapitirira 200 m kuchokera wina ndi mnzake ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pamalo ochepera 30m m'malo owonekera. Pumulani limodzi nthawi zambiri. Kudyetsa magulu a mabanja ndi njira yothana ndi zilombo ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo.

Kuphatikizana pagulu lolimba ndizofala zomwe zimachitika pakati pa ana agalu ndi akulu, kulumikizana pakati pa achinyamata ndi akulu kumachitika chaka chonse. Pamisonkhano yoyandikana imeneyi, chibwano cha nkhandwe imodzi chimakonda kupumira pa chinzake. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, zonse zimayang'ana kumaso. Kudzikongoletsa ndi njira yabwino yolankhulirana pakati pa akulu. Mamembala a gulu amatha kusonkhana m'makola usiku kapena m'mawa kwambiri, kuti asazizire kapena kutentha. Amasonkhana panja, kenako amagona mbali zosiyanasiyana kuti akathandizire kuziona. Akulu akamabwereranso kuphanga, ana agalu nthawi zambiri amalira ndikaluma nkhope zawo, koma kumalavulira sikumachitika. Khalidwe limapitilira kukula.

Akuluakulu komanso achinyamata amatenga nawo mbali m'masewera, nthawi zambiri akapumula kapena kudya. Masewerawa amatha kukhala achidule kapena omaliza mphindi zochepa. Nthawi zambiri masewera amakhala ndi kuthamangitsidwa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kulimbana.

Pokambirana, zizindikiro zowoneka ndi mayendedwe amthupi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Magwero ofunikira amtundu wowoneka ndi chizungulire, gawo lamaso (chigoba), makamaka makutu ndi mchira. Nkhandwe ikayang'anitsitsa chinthu (mwachitsanzo, pamtundu wa mtundu wake kapena nkhandwe), mutu wake umakwezedwa, maso ake amakhala otseguka, makutu ake amakhala owongoka komanso otsogola kutsogolo, pakamwa pake amatsekeka. Mwachitsanzo, kuwopsa kapena kugonjera kuululidwa, mwachitsanzo, nkhwangwa zikafika kapena nkhandwe yayikulu ikayandikira, makutuwo amakankhidwira kumbuyo ndipo mutu umakhala wotsika. Mawuwa amasinthidwa ndi grin yokhala ndi mutu wotsika.

Msonga wakuda ndi mzere wamkati wa mchira ulinso wothandiza pazizindikiro. Malo omwe mchirawo umasiyanasiyana ndikulendewera pansi ndikukweza ndi kukhazikika mu arc, mawonekedwe a in inatedated U. Udindo wa mchira wokhota umakhala wodziwika ukayang'anizana ndi ulamuliro, kuwopseza kapena kuzunza. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pakugonana, masewera komanso matumbo. Pathamanga, mchirawo umakhala wowongoka, mwachitsanzo, mukathamangitsa nyama kapena kuthawa zoopsa. Pazowopsa kwambiri, ubweya pakhosi, mapewa, sacrum ndi mchira umatha kuimirira, ndikukula kukula kwa mawonekedwe a nkhandwe. Nthawi zambiri kulumikizidwa kwa ubweya kumatanthauza kuthana ndi nyama zomwe zimayandikira ndipo zimaphatikizidwa ndi msana ndi mchira.

Moni umaphatikizaponso zochitika zowoneka bwino komanso zowononga. Ankhandwe akuluakulu amakhala ndi chidwi ndi anthu mpaka mtunda wa ma 30. Kuzindikira, kuyang'anira, nthawi zina kuyandikira pang'onopang'ono kapena kuwukira popanda kuwonetsera. Njira yake nthawi zambiri imakhala njira yodzigonjera, yomwe imaphatikizanso mutu wotsika, khosi lakumtunda, makutu atakankhidwa kumbuyo ndi kupukutira kwa pakona pakamwa pa munthu wina. Njirayi imatsimikiziridwa ndi wachiwiriyo, atatenga mutu ndi mutu wake ndikukhazikika.

Gwiritsani ntchito mawu akulu akulu. Zikumveka ndi mwina zolumikizana kapena chenjezo ndipo ndizofala kwambiri nthawi yozizira. Phokoso lothandizira limangokhala chete osamveka patali kwambiri. Chenjezo ndi mawu osunthira ndiwokwera kwambiri ndipo amabwera patali kuposa mawu ochezera, koma osakhala pafupipafupi. Akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oyimbirana kuitana ana kuti atuluke kapena kutuluka m'kholalo, komanso kuitana kuti akhale malo abwino kudya. Nyimbo zodzetsa chidwi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchenjeza nkhandwe zina za momwe zilombo zimayendera.

Gwiritsani ntchito mapaipi atatu mukamakodza: kutsamira kutsogolo, kukweza miyendo ndikugundana. Pakukodza kwakuthupi, abambo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kutsogolo, ndipo akazi amagwiritsa ntchito squat. Polemba mkodzo (kuwongolera mkodzo ku chinthu china chake chosonyeza kukodza kapena ndowe), amuna amagwiritsa ntchito mwendo wokwezeka, akazi amagwiritsa ntchito squat. Kulemba kwa nkodzo kumachitika nthawi zambiri nthawi yachisanu kuposa chilimwe. Nthawi zina zimapangidwa zizindikiro ziwiri zomwe zimayika chizindikiro choyamba chachikazi chomwe chamunayo chimayika chizindikiro. Akazi amayamba kupanga zikodzodzo mkodzo atayamba kupindika; mayendedwe amtundu wa amuna sasintha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ma secretions a tezi kumalumikizana sikudziwika. Kununkhira ndikofunikira pakukhudzana kwakuthupi, komwe kumachitika makamaka popuma limodzi komanso panthawi yovulala.

Nthawi zambiri anthu osakhulupirira sanyalanyazidwa. Ma mongooses a White-tailed mongooses (Ichneumia albicauda), okhala ndi timizere tating'ono (Helogale parvula) ndi mongooses (Mungos mungo) nawonso amanyalanyazidwa. Amawopa zilombo zazikulu - mikango (Panthera leo) ndi ma fodya (Crocuta crocuta). Agalu onga a Hyena (Lycaon pictus) ndi mimbulu (Acinonyx jubatus) amathamangitsa nkhandwe. Gulu la agalu amtundu wa hyenoid amasankha kusaka ankhandwe aatali. Brown hyenas (Parahyaena brunnea), nyalugwe, nyalugwe (Panthera pardus) ndi mikango imagwira nkhandwe zazikulu za-ered, mimbulu ya mitu yakuda (Canis mesomelas) - chowopsa kwambiri kwa ana. Ana agalu amathawira m'makoma ali ndi makomo ang'onoang'ono omwe amateteza kuti asadye kwambiri.

Gululi limathamangitsa zilombo zomwe zimakafika kumalo osungira, kuphatikizapo ankhandwe akuda, mongooses (Galerella sanguinea), mafinya, ndi mongooses oyera. Zinyama zazikuluzikulu zazitali zokhala ndi chiwombankhanga (Polemaetus bellicosus) ndi kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga (Bubo africanus ndi B. lacteus) zimatha kugwira nkhandwe zazikulu m'malo otseguka. Akathamangitsidwa ndi zilombo zokhala ndi zinzake kapena zokhala ndi utoto, nkhandwe zazikulu zazikulu zimasunthira mbali, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka. Nkhandwe imatha kusintha mayendedwe ngati ikuyenda pamalo athyathyathya osataya liwiro. Ma pythons achi hieroglyphic ku Africa (Python sebae) amathanso kupha ndi kudya nkhandwe.

Mtundu umakonzedweratu ndikufalitsa matenda a chiwewe, ma virus a canine distemper ndi agalu parvovirus. Nkhandwe imodzi yayikulu kuchokera ku Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, yazindikira Trichinella nelsoni. Kuphulika kwa matenda a arabi kuyambira mu 1986 mpaka 1989 kunali 90% ya kufa kwa akulu mu nkhandwe imodzi. Ku Serengeti, kufalikira kwa matenda a chiwewe ndizomwe zimapha anthu nthawi yayitali komanso kukomoka.

Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda, nzika za ku Botswana zimadyera nkhandwe zazikulu kuchokera ku Epulo mpaka Julayi chifukwa cha zikopa. Ndiwotchi yothandiza komanso yofunika kudyetsa ziweto, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizovuta kuzidyetsa.

Ku ukapolo, kutalika kwa zaka 13 ndi miyezi 9 zalembedwa, kuthengo, mwina kakafupi.

Maonekedwe ndi malo a nkhandwe yayikulu

Poyang'ana koyamba, zikuwoneka kuti ndi nkhandwe wamba, koma mukayang'anitsitsa, mukuwona kuti patsogolo pathu ndi "raccoon + hare + fox m'botolo limodzi", zenizeni zachilengedwe zimagwira ntchito zodabwitsa. Maso ake ooneka bwino, ali ngati chamba, pafupi ndi lingwe. Kumva kumapangidwa bwino kwambiri ndipo sizodabwitsa, chifukwa kukhala ndi makutu akuluakulu, owongoka komanso otambalala, ngati kalulu, ndipo osawagwiritsa ntchito ndi tchimo. Makutu ndi akuda kuchokera kunja, ndipo mkati mwake ndi oyera. Nkhandwe yayikulu imayigwiritsa ntchito kuti ikatenge zizindikilo zambiri, kuphatikizapo za abale ake patali kwambiri, ndipo imagwiritsanso ntchito makutu ake ngati fanizo la kutentha kwambiri, popeza imangokhala ku West ndi South Africa.

Ngakhale mtunduwu nthawi zina umatha kuwonekera m'nkhalango yotseguka, nkhandwe yayikulu-yayikulu imakonda mitengo komanso malo owuma, pomwe pali udzu wochepa. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'malo owotcha kumene a chipululu chouma. Komabe, nkhandwe iyi imasowa malo okhala ndi udzu waukulu, momwe mungapumulire nthawi yotentha masana, komanso kubisala kwa adani.

Maonekedwe ndi malo a nkhandwe yayikulu

Ankhandwe amadzipangira mabowo, koma atha kukhala m'madzimo omwe amasiyidwa ndi nyama zina. Mabowo awo ali ndi malo ndi zipinda zingapo, ndipo amafanana ndi kotchinga lomwe limakhala lalikulu mita. Banja limodzi la nkhandwe yayikulu limatha kukhala ndi mabowo angapo m'gawo lawo.

Chifukwa cha mtundu wamtundu wachikaso, nkhandwe yayikulu-yared imakhalabe yosawoneka kwa adani. Koma utoto umatha kusiyanasiyana kut wachikaso wakuda ndi uchi wozama, kutengera komwe nkhandwe imakhala ndi zaka zake. Monga momwe zimathandizira zambiri, khosi ndi pansi la thupi zimapaka utoto. Kukula kwakang'ono kwa nkhandwe yayikulu-yayikulu (kutalika kwake ndi 46-66 masentimita, kutalika kufota mpaka 40 cm, kutalika kwa mchira 24-34 cm, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 3-5.3), kumayankhula za kupezeka kwake kwapadera.

Kodi nkhandwe yokulirapo imadya chiyani?

Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku za nkhandwe yayikulu zimakhala ndi mapuloteni (tizilombo tambiri, chimbudzi, dzombe, mphutsi, mazira a mbalame), mavitamini (amakonda kudya zipatso, mizu yadzala), nyama yofatsa (nyama zazing'ono, anapiye a mbalame pamtunda). Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imatha kuwoneka pafupi ndi gulu la anyani kapena mbidzi, chifukwa kafadala ndimayikira mazira mu zinyalala za artiodactyls, ndipo izi ndiye chakudya cha nkhandwe. Popeza nkhandwe yayikulu imakumba zitsulo pansi, miyendo yake yakutsogolo ili ndi zala zisanu, ndipo miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndiyayi, yochepa. Nthawi zambiri nkhandwe imadya zinzake ndi kuluma kwawo, pomwe palibe zisonyezo zooneka poyizoni zimayang'anidwa. Mitundu ya nkhandwe imadya makamaka usiku kapena nthawi yotopetsa, nthawi yamitambo masana, molingana ndi moyo wawo wosangalatsa usiku.

Mano ankhandwe akuluakulu

Chilendo china chiri ndi nkhandwe yayikulu-yayikulu - uku ndi kuchuluka kwa mano, 48 mwa iwo, kuphatikiza 4 zisanachitike komanso 4 zosinthika m'chigawo chilichonse cha nsagwada. Mano ambiri oterewa akuwoneka owopsa poyamba, koma mano aang'ono komanso kuluma kwa nkhandweyo ndikumachepetsa. Mano a nkhandwe yayikulu-yayikulu amakhala owongoka kwambiri, izi zimamupangitsa kuti azitafuna mwachangu mankhwala omwe amakonda kuti athandize kugaya, m'malo mozikonzera. Ndipo kapangidwe ka nsagwada kamatsimikiziranso kukonda kwake tizilombo.

M'madera momwe muli chakudya chochuluka, nkhandwe zazikulu zimatha kupezeka mukudyetsa magulu ochepa a anthu 2-15. Komwe kulibe chakudya chochepa, amakonda kudya yekha kapena awiriawiri.

Kuswana Nkhandwe Yaikulu

Nkhandwe yayikulu-yared nthawi zambiri imakhala yamtundu umodzi womwe imawonekera pang'ono, ndipo mamembala amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magulu. Yaikazi imabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi mpaka asanu, itatha miyezi iwiri. Wamphongo amakhala pafupi ndi wamkazi nthawi yonse yobereka. Anawo atawonekera, yamphongo nthawi zambiri imakhalabe kukhola kuti itetezedwe, ndipo nthawiyo wamkazi amayenda kukafunafuna chakudya kuti akhalebe mkaka wake.

Nkhandwe yayikulu, yayikulu ikhoza kugwiriridwa chifukwa cha nkhokwe zazikulu ngati mikango, nyalugwe, nyalugwe, zofiirira komanso zowoneka bwino, komanso agalu amtchire aku Africa.

Chitetezo

Chotupa chachikulu, chofewa, chokongola pakati pakatikati, ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa nkhandwe yayikulu, chifukwa nthawi zambiri chimasakidwa chifukwa cha ubweya. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwamtundu wamtunduwu kwamchepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo mdani wamkulu wa iwo ndi munthu. Nkhandwe yayikulu-yayred, mwatsoka, imafafanizidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ubweya ndi nyama.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

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