Nsomba za Gulugufe - imodzi mwa mabanja owala kwambiri komanso abwino kwambiri a nsomba zam'madzi, ali ndi mitundu 10 komanso mitundu yopitilira 130. Zimagawidwa makamaka ku Indian ndi Pacific Oceans, komanso zimapezeka ku Atlantic, osati kokha m'malo otentha komanso otentha, komanso m'madzi ofunda. Mitundu yonse imakhala m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amasamala kwambiri, samasunthira ndikutsata malo amodzimodzi pamoyo wawo wonse. Nsomba za gulugufe zimangokhala zokhazokha, popanda kupanga zoweta ndi masango, kumakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mawonekedwe enieni a thupi - ndiwokwezeka kwambiri komanso wothinikizidwa kwambiri - zimawalola kuti azitha kulongedza molumikizana ndi matanthwe amathanthwe. Kamwa laling'ono la nsomba izi limakhala kumapeto kwa gawo lamkati mwa nyumbayo, kotero amatha kutsata nderezo zazing'ono zamkati mwa nthambi zazing'onoting'ono, pakati pa nthambi za korali, ngati ma tonne, kuti akalandire matumba awo. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina ya agulugufe imangodya ma polyp a mitundu ina ya matanthwe, pomwe ina siikhala yodziwika bwino ndipo imadyetsa michere ya coral ndi zooplankton, algae yonyansa komanso ma pedicillaria a urchins am'nyanja. Tinsomba tating'ono ta gulugufe timatha kukhala "oyeretsa," kutola tiziromboti kuchokera pagulu la nsomba zina. Mapeto a agulugufe omata sakhala mbali iliyonse, amatambalala thupi lonse, nthawi zina amakhala ndi gawo lakukulika lofanana ndi nthenga. Nsomba zazing'onoting'ono (kuyambira 7 mpaka 30 cm) zimadziwika ndi kuphatikiza zakuda ndi zachikaso, komanso kuphatikiza kwakuda ndi siliva, komanso mawanga ofiira owala, lalanje ndi buluu pachikaso chachikaso. Chinanso chomwe chimakhala ndi nsomba za gulugufe ndi kusowa kwawo kwathunthu kokhudzana ndi zaka: kuwedza kwa nsomba izi kumakongoletsedwa chimodzimodzi akulu (mosiyana ndi nsomba za angelfish.) Kuphatikiza apo, pakubala kwamatumbo, zomwe zimachitika m'mizere yamadzi, mu nsomba za gulugufe pali gawo lachilendo lomwe limatchedwa tolichtis, pomwepo mafupa amtundu ndi mafinya amawonekera pamutu wa mphutsi. Mphutsi zam'mphepete mwa tolichtis zimakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi kutali ndi gombe.
Dziko
Zithunzi zokongola kwambiri za nyama zachilengedwe komanso malo osungira nyama padziko lonse lapansi. Mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a moyo komanso zodabwitsa zokhudza nyama zakuthengo komanso zoweta kuchokera kwa olemba athu - akatswiri azachilengedwe. Tikuthandizani kuti mudzame m'chilengedwe chosangalatsa ndikuwona mbali zonse za dziko lapansi zomwe sizinapatsidwe chiyambi!
Maziko Olimbikitsira Maphunziro a Chikhulupiriro ndi Kuzindikira kwa Ana ndi Akuluakulu "ZOOGALACTICS ®" OGRN 1177700014986 TIN / KPP 9715306378/771501001
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Kukhala mwachilengedwe
Msodzi wa gulugufe ndi wochokera ku Africa. Nyanja za ku West Africa zotentha ndizopanda malo awo okhala. Malo abwino okhala omwe muyenera kuyesetsa kupanga mukapangira nyumba yanu yophunzitsira nyumba ndi malo opanda mphamvu, zomera zoyandama pamadzi, ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Khalidwe la Pantodon m'chilengedwe limakopa atolankhani oweta zachilengedwe kuchokera kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi: mapulogalamu ambiri amakhala ndi malongosoledwe amomwe nsomba zomwe zimasaka ndi moyo. Chofunikira chake ndikuti amatha kudumpha kuchokera m'madzi kuti agwire tizilombo omwe amawuluka pamwamba. Nthawi yomweyo, amafalitsa mapiko ake ngati mapiko a gulugufe, pomwe adalandira dzina lachikondi chotere. Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, ma pantodons amadya mphutsi, nsomba zazing'ono.
Kufotokozera
Nsomba za Pantodon zimawoneka ngati makolo ake akutali ankawoneka. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, nsomba sizinasinthe. Mawonekedwe a thupi - chopindika chowongolera ndi msana lathyathyathya, maso ali m'mphepete, koma amatha kuyang'ana pazinthu pamwamba pa nsomba. Nsombayo imadumpha chifukwa cha zipsepse za pectoral, ndikutseguka ngati mapiko amphatso kapena njenjete, komanso mchira wamphamvu. Pamimba pamakhala njira zingapo zazitali zamagetsi zamkati, zomwe zimathandizanso pakuyenda. Pakamwa palitali, milomo yapamwamba imakwezedwa pang'ono kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri kuti igwire chakudya, ndipo nsagwada yam'munsi ndiyamphamvu, toothy ndikutseguka pansi.
Zolemba zapadera pakhungu zimawonedwanso ngati gawo lakapangidwe, chifukwa chomwe pantodon imazindikira kusinthasintha pang'ono m'madzi pomwe midge kapena udzudzu zalowa mwangozi.
Pantodons amapanga banja lapadera - njenjete. Ili ndi mtundu umodzi wokha - Buchholz pantodon, wotchedwa dzina la wasayansi yemwe adalongosola. Thupi la nsomba ndi lofanana mu thupi la Arovan, iwonso ali amtundu womwewo. Kukula - mpaka 12 cm (mu aquarium - mpaka 10 cm). Mtundu wa nsombayi ndiwofatsa malinga ndi miyezo yakunyumba yakum'madzi - maolivi a imvi okhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima achikuda omwe amakhala ndi ma toni achikasu pamutu ndi pachifuwa. Zipsepa za caudal ndi zochulukitsa za pectoral ndimapinki. Kuyambira pamphumi mpaka kunsagwada kwapansi pamadutsa chingwe chakuda. Koma, ngakhale mtundu wake ndi wopepuka, ambiri am'madzi angakonde kukhala ndi chiweto chotere.
Zakudya za Gulugufe
Gulugufe Zothandiza kupeza chakudya m'ming'alu yopapatiza komanso m'miyala yamiyala ndi matanthwe.
Maziko azakudya za onse nsomba gulugufe pangani ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana. Monga lamulo, awa ndi ang'ono a benthic zooplankton (makamaka crustaceans ndi mphutsi za ma invertebrates ena mu benthic wosanjikiza), polyps yaying'ono ndi tentpenter za polyps zazikulu za nyama zam'matumbo (ma coral, anemones ya nyanja ...) ndi nthumbu zawo, komanso nyongolotsi zazing'ono komanso nsomba zamiyendo. Kuphatikiza apo, muzakudya za ambiri nsomba gulugufe mwala wamanyazi utalowa.
Mitundu ina, makamaka ya bristle-toothed gimitauricht ndi sukulu kabu, imadyetsedwa kwambiri ndi plankton ndipo nthawi zambiri imapanga gulu lalikulu kuposa matanthwe.
Zilipo nsomba gulugufe omwe menyu yake ndi yapadera kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mpikisano wa chakudya ndi mitundu ina yomwe imakhala m'matanthwe a coral, apanga kuthekera kwapadera kudya zakudya zamtundu wina wapadera zomwe sizikufunidwa ndi nsomba zina. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina nsomba gulugufe dyetsani pafupifupi ma polyp a mtundu wa coral Pocilloporaena amangokopeka Goniasterea kapena Asrora ...
Pazokonda zakudya kapena chimodzi nsomba gulugufe, mutha kuweruza ndi kapangidwe ka zida zawo zapakamwa: ngati ndizochepa, ndiye kuti mwini wake ndi akudya ma coral polyp. Zilipo nsomba gulugufe ndi kamwa yayitali (kuyambira pobereka Chelmon, Chelmonops, Forcipiger etc.), zomwe zimadyetsanso ma corals, koma "sizimangomangidwa" kokha pamakorali. Muli bwanji? nsomba gulugufe mano ang'ono ndi achidule, ofanana ndi zitsamba za burashi ("Bristles"). Zili zabwino kwambiri kuluma kapena kupukutira tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta chakudya. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zimakhala "zotsukira pansi", ndipo mitundu yochepa yokha ndiyo imadyedwa ndi plankton, ndiye kuti tizilombo tomwe timayandama m'madzi. Ena adadzikhazikika m'miyoyo yawo yonse ngati oyeretsa nsomba: ena ambiri, ana okha ndi omwe amachapa nsomba zina kuchokera ku majeremusi ndi tinthu tofa ndi khungu. Ndipo mitundu ina, mwanjira zonse, ndi yaponseponse - limodzi ndi ma polyps a coral, ndiwosangalala kudya mitundu yonse yaying'ono ya crustaceans, nyongolotsi, zina zamtundu wamadzi komanso algae.
Kubala nsomba gulugufe mwachilengedwe
Kukongola kwa dimorphism mawonekedwe nsomba gulugufe wofooka kapena wosapezeka. Kutha kwawo kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa chaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Makamaka onse nsomba gulugufe ndi hermaphrodites, ndiye kuti, kuchokera kwa amuna amasintha kukhala akazi. Kusintha kwa kugonana kutengera ndi mtundu wamtunduwu kumachitika munthawi yakutukuka kwa nsomba kapena chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwina, kutengera chidwi cha anthu ena kuposa ena. Zosankha zonsezi zimatha kuyenda limodzi. Pali kuthekera kwakuti kusintha kwa kugonana kumachitika chifukwa cha nsomba ikufika msinkhu winawake.
Mamembala atsikana kapena akazi azitundu zambiri nsomba gulugufe kupanga maanja. Mitundu ina imasungidwa m'matumba nthawi zonse kapena imakhala yophatikizika ndi nthawi yamthumba.
Maanja ophunzitsidwa amatha kukhala osatha, komanso kupitilira moyo wonse (Chaetodon ephippium, C. unimaculatus ...) kapena osakhalitsa (Chaetodon lunula, C.ornatissimus, C. reticulatus ...).
Mitundu ina nsomba gulugufe (kuchokera zooplanktonophages) monga Hemitauricthys polylepis, H. zoster kapena Heniochus diphreutes, yosimbidwa nthawi zambiri ndi nkhonya zazikulu.
M'madzi otentha nsomba gulugufe mtundu wa chaka chonse ndipo mitundu ina yokha ikangomuluka yokha ndi nyengo yake (Chaetodon miliaris - Hawaii - kuyambira Disembala mpaka Epulo).
Monga nsomba zina zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'matanthwe a coral, nsomba za gulugufe ndi pelagophiles, ndiye kuti zimayamba kudutsa m'madzi, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi pamwamba pake.
M'mitundu yomwe mulibe mabanja osatha, chibwenzi chimachitika tsiku lonse, momwe akazi amodzi ndi amuna angapo, ndipo nthawi zina gulu la asodzi amphongo, amatenga nawo mbali. Madzulo madzulo, nthawi zambiri pamasefukira kwambiri, mitundu iwiri, komanso posachedwa kuyandikira, kutuluka kumachitika. Ndikung'ambika, nsomba imakwera pamtunda pomwe zimachokera zazikazizo, ndipo amuna omwe amawatsatira azithira manyowa. Opanga sasamalira caviar ndi mphutsi (m'mitundu yambiri).
Caviar wa bristle-toothed pelagic, yaying'ono (mainchesi osakwana 1 mm). Mazira amapatsidwa dontho lamafuta, chifukwa amasambira mumtsinje, patatha pafupifupi maola 24, mphutsi zowonekera kwa 2-3 mm kutalika kuchokera kwa iwo. Mphutsizo zimakhala ndi chisoti chofewa pamutu pawo, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi maula akuthwa, mphutsi zamtunduwu zotere zimadziwika kuti gawo la nsomba-nkhonya (tholichthys). Amangoyenda mumitsinje yamadzi. Mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, gawo lazophuka limatenga masiku 19 mpaka 57. Mphutsi zazikulu kwambiri - zazitali kuposa 6-7 mm - mu gulugufe wachikasu Forcipiger flavissimus. Pambuyo pake amasintha kukhala mwachangu. Pofika kukula kwa 10 mm, amatsikira m'matanthwe osazama a coral, pomwe amapeza chovala chachikulire.
M'mitundu ina nsomba gulugufe, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi kwambiri, zochitika za mapangidwe a osabala zimadziwika.
Masiku ano kuswana nsomba gulugufe mumikhalidwe ya aquarium ya ankachita masewera sizikudziwika.
Zosintha za Gulugufe Wamkazi
Ma ararist mokulira amagawanitsa banja la bristle-toat kukhala magulu atatu: "zenizeni" nsomba gulugufe, ma teke ndi njenjete, ngakhale, mwanjira yaukatswiri, onse ndi "enieni" nsomba gulugufe. Koma, popeza magawidwe awa ali okhazikika mu aquarium, ife tizigwiritsitsa.
Nsomba zenizeni za gulugufe
Chifundo Amphichaetodon
Chifundo Amphichaetodon mulinso mitundu iwiri: Amphichaetodon howensis ndi A. meibae. M'mawu ofunikira, nsomba ziwiri zamizeremizere ndizofanana ndi oimira genera. Chelmonops (muzzle mawonekedwe) ndi Chaetodon (kapangidwe ka thupi). Zimapezeka m'malo akumtunda, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale m'malo otentha kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean. Kwa nsomba zam'matanthwe otentha sizili ndi chidwi.
Chifundo Chaetodon
Palibe mtundu wina womwe umawonetsa mikhalidwe ya banja. Chaetodontidae, monga Chaetodon. Pamene osiyanasiyana kapena oyenda m'madzi amalankhula nsomba gulugufe, ndiye nthawi zonse imatanthawuza chinthu chimodzi: nsomba zokongola, zomwe kukongola kwake kungafanane ndi ma corals, omwe pakati pawo amasambira ndikusangalala ndi ma polyp awo. Chithunzichi sichili chopanda tanthauzo, popeza Chaetodon owerengera mitundu 90, ambiri mwa omwe amaimira mabulosi.
Nsomba zambiri za gulugufe Chaetodon yosakhala yoyenera kusunga m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, chifukwa amasintha mwakudya ma coral. Kupatulako ndikumadzi akulu kwambiri okhala ndi ma corals ambiri momwe nsomba gulugufe imatha kudyetsa popanda kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ma invertebrates okhazikika awa. Nthawi zambiri m'mabuku osiyanasiyana timavomerezedwa kuti mitunduyi izisungidwa mu malo oyambira nsomba momwe mulibe matanthwe.
Kuchokera machitidwe omwe amapangitsa kuti nsomba zizikhala zokhazikika pakudya kwa coral, zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti ambiri nsomba gulugufe wopanda matanthwe, amangopulumuka.
Komabe, pali zosiyasiyana: pansi pazikhalidwe zina zam'madzi zomwe mungakhale nazo, choyambirira, Chaetodon auriga, C. kleinii, C. madagascariensh ndi C. xanthurus. Koma membala wodziwika kwambiri wamtundu wachidziwitso, S. semilarvatiischichi nsomba gulugufe, omwe, mu Nyanja Yofiila, palibe m'modzi wammodzi amene akasambira. Ndipo ngakhale nsomba iyi idadya ma corals osiyanasiyana (makamaka ofewa), m'madzi akuluakulu omwe ali ndi madzi amatha kukondweretsa mwini wake kwa nthawi yayitali, ngati wotsalazo angawone kuwonongeka komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi nsombayo monga chiphaso cha kukongola kwake kwapadera.
Chifundo Coradion
Mkuwa kapena mtundu wa lalanje wamitundu itatu yamitundu Coradion kwambiri kukumbukira Chelmon spp. ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu ina. Mikwingwirima yamabanja nsomba gulugufe - zodziwika. Oimira mtundu Coradion zofala m'miyala yam'nyanja ya Indo-Pacific, pomwe amasungidwa awiriawiri ndipo amadyetsa achichepere ochepa okhala m'nthaka. Zikuwoneka kuti nsomba izi zimangopangidwira m'madzi, koma ndi amanyazi, zimakonda matenda opatsirana ndipo sizingatheke kusintha chakudya chachilengedwe.
Chifundo Hemitaurichthys
Mitunduyi imakhala mitundu inayi yomwe imapezeka kunyanja za Pacific ndi India. Awiri mwa iwo, omwe amadziwika kuti agulugufe a piramidi, ndiosangalatsa - H. polylepis ndi H. zoster, zomwe ndi chidaliro zitha kupezeka kwa oyimilira ochepa am'banjali omwe "kuyenerera" kwawo kwa aquarium kwatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza pochita. Mwachilengedwe, nsomba zamitundu yonseyi zimasonkhana m'masukulu akulu kunja kwa matanthwe kuti asaka nyama zosambira zachipolankton. Kusunga bwino kwa nsomba kwa nthawi yayitali kumachitidwa m'malo otchuka amzindawo mumzinda wa Nancy. Mtunduwu umakonda kukhala pafupi ndi miyala, koma pafupi ndi pansi.
Chifundo Parachaetodon
Parachaetodon ocellatus, mitundu yokhayo yamtunduwu, imakhala yofanana ndi nsomba zam'madzi za Chelmon rostratus, yokhala ndi kupindika kwapfupi. Koma, malinga ndi taxonomy, ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Chaetodon, kuchokera ku mitundu yomwe imasiyanitsidwa kokha ndi fulu lozungulira la dorsal.
Chifundo Johnrandallia
Chifukwa cha dera logawidwa (kuchokera ku Gulf of California kupita ku Zilumba za Galapagos), momwe mumakhazikitsako boma lotentha, monotypic (i.e., mtundu umodzi) mtundu Johnrandallia chifukwa nsomba zam'madzi otentha sizabwino. Ndikofunika kungotchulapo za machitidwe a mitunduyo J. nigrirostris amagwira ntchito yoyeretsa, kupanga nthawi yomweyo "malo" enieni kwambiri oyeretsera, omwe tikudziwa Zovalaza. Kupereka chithandizo chotere kwa nsomba zina kwa gulugufe wa gulugufe si zachilendo kwenikweni: achinyamata ambiri mwa mitundu yambiri amatsuka oyandikana nawo, koma J. nigrirostris wapadera chifukwa iye, yekhayo m'banjamo, akupitiliza kuchita izi atakula.
Makonzedwe a Aquarium
- Voliyumu - siyimagwira ntchito ngati malo apamwamba. Mtsinjewo uyenera kukhala wosachepera 90 cm, osachepera 35-40 cm. Kuzama kwake ndi pafupifupi 20-25 cm. Kutalika kwa makhoma ndi 10-15 masentimita kuposa m'mphepete mwa madzi. Kutengera ndi magawo awa, kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumawerengedwa - pafupifupi malita 50 pa anthu awiri,
- Dothi - lakuda ndilofunikira, kukula kwake ndikosafunikira, popeza nsomba sizipita pansi
- Kusefa ndi kochepa. Moyenera, kuthetseratu kusuntha kwamadzi (komabe, pang'onopang'ono pamenepa kungasunthe, zitatha izi, malo okhala nyumba sakhala nyanja yayikulu). Izi zidzabweretsa ukapolo pafupi ndi nsomba zachilengedwe,
- Aeration - nsomba zimafunikira mpweya, komanso zochepa, kuti mabuluni asapangire madzi otentha komanso otaya.
- Kukongoletsa - kuyenera kukhala ndi malo omwe nsomba zitha kubisala. Ma Pantodons ndi zolengedwa zowoneka bwino komanso zowopsa,
- Zomera zoyandama zikuyandama, zithandiza kubisa mzere wamadzi ndikuthandizira malo okhala ma pantodons kukhala omasuka,
- Kuwala ndizochepa kwambiri, palibe magetsi owonjezera omwe amafunikira,
- Chophimba chimafunikira chifukwa cha luso la kulumpha kwa nsomba.
Tweezers nsomba
Chifundo Chelmon
Chifundo Chelmon ochepa kwambiri, ali ndi mitundu itatu yokha. M'maso mwa anthu osiyanasiyana komanso am'madzi am'madzi, onse ndi nsomba zopetedwa. Nthawi zambiri, malo am'madzi mumakhala timaso tating'ono C. rostratus. C. marginalis - Mtundu wofanana kwambiri womwe umapezeka m'madzi a Australia ndi Papua New Guinea, umasiyana kunja kokha pakalibe mzere wa lalanje mkati mwa thupi. Chithunzichi, komanso mtundu wocheperako, zidapangitsa kuti mitundu iyi ikhale yapadera: koma zapadera, ndikufuna kwambiri kukhala ndi zochuluka, ndipo nsomba ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri. Zinthu zosinthika zimawonedwa mozungulira C. mudleri, mtundu wachitatu wamtunduwu: umapezekanso kufupi ndi kumpoto kwa Australia, ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi abale ake onse, koma uli ndi lingaliro lalifupi komanso limavala mikwingwirima yofiirira, mwachidule, yoyipa yonyansa.
Mitundu yonse ya nsomba zam'madzi Chelmon yoyenera bwino kusamalira ma aquarium, chinthu chachikulu sikuti kupatsa nyama zosalimba izi kupsinjika kwambiri ndikudyetsa bwino. Samavutitsa ma coral (zilibe kanthu kaya ndi zikopa zachikopa, zofewa kapena zolimba), sizigwira ma anemones ambiri am'nyanja, ndipo mphutsi zochepa zokha za (ndi pafupipafupi) ma tridaknas amatha kuwonekera pazosankha zawo. Wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa asodzi am'madzi C. rosfratos chifukwa cha "chikondi" chake chagalasi chovulaza ku aquarium.
Chifundo Chelmonops
Mitundu ya Kentimoni imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri (C. truncates ndi C. cunosus), omwe ali ofanana kwambiri ndi nsomba zamtunduwu Chelmon. koma amakhala m'madzi aku Australia ndipo sakhala oyenera kuti azisungidwa ndi malo okhala otentha.
Chifundo Woyambitsa
Mitundu iwiri ya mtundu wa Forcipiger imakhala pafupifupi m'malo onse otentha a Indo-Pacific. Mitundu yonse yosiyanayi mitundu mitundu, yachikuda, ilipo mitundu yamankhwala, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri m'malo ena. Chifukwa cha phokoso lalitali kwambiri, nsomba izi zinabweretsa luso kuchokera kumadera omwe palibe nsomba zina zomwe zingalowe mu ungwiro. Forcipiger flavissimus ndi F. longirostris Amakhala amodzi mwa nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kusungidwa m'madzi am'madzi, potengera zikhalidwe zawo. Iwo samadya ma coral, koma mphutsi za tubular, ma tridac ndi ena onse, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito pakamwa pawo potalika, amasangalala nawo.
Chifundo Zidziwitso
M'mbuyomu, nsomba izi zimadziwika kuti ndi zamtunduwu Chaetodonkoma zaka zingapo zapitazo, akatswiri a zamagetsi adazindikira mitundu isanu ndi inayi monga mtundu wodziimira pawokha - Zidziwitso. Amadziwikanso ngati nsomba zam'madzi, ngakhale pakamwa pawo simatalika kuposa oimira genera lakale, ndipo zakudya ndizosiyana pang'ono. Ooneneratu amakhala ku Indo-Pacific ndi Atlantic, ndipo ena mwa iwo amapezeka akuya kupitirira 200 metres.
Momwe mungadyetse pantodon
Nsomba ya Gulugufe ndi nyama yomwe imadya, ndipo chakudya chomwe amakonda ndichoyenera. Moyenera, kudyetsa kuyenera kukhala kwamoyo. Ngakhale chimfine cha magazi owundana chimataya amoyo. Zoyenera kwambiri kudyetsa:
Chakudya chizikhala pamwamba. Mwachilengedwe, ma pantodon amatha kugwira tizilombo touluka, kapena kusonkhanitsa omwe agwera pamadzi, koma akusunthira ndikupanga mafunde pamwamba.
Mutha kuphunzitsa nsomba zamankhwala kuti ziume chakudya. Koma izi sizikulimbikitsidwa, chifukwa palibe osakaniza amodzi omwe angapereke mokwanira kuti akhale athanzi komanso chitetezo cha pantodon.
Malamulo posankha chakudya: kuti musadzetse matendawa m'madzimo, ndibwino kuti musagwire ntchentche ndi ma midges a pantodons pamsewu. Ndi chinthu chimodzi pamene pantodon amakhala munyanja yoyera zachilengedwe ku Africa, chinthu china ndi malo ocheperako, momwe mungakhalire mabacteria komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Zitha kubweretsedwa ndi ntchentche zomwe zikugwidwa mumisewu yamzinda. Chifukwa chake, asodzi a nsomba okhala ndi gulugufe, amauluka mosadukiza ndi mphutsi.
Khalidwe ndi Kugwirizana
Nsomba za Gulugufe ndi zomwe zimangodya nyama zam'madzi, koma mokhulupirika. Chilichonse chomwe paphoni akuwona ngati chakudya, azidya. Nsomba yaying'ono yomwe imakhala mkamwa mwake (mpaka masentimita 5-6), ntchentche, shrimps, crustaceans - iyesa aliyense pa dzino. Chifukwa chake, cholengedwa chamoyo ichi sichoyenereradi mwa mnansi. Ngakhale munthu yemwe akuvutikiridwenso angakhalemo yemwe angadziteteze, pantodon imakhala ndi nsagwada yamphamvu komanso imachitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo.
Nthawi yomweyo, ma pantodoni amakhala m'mtunda wamadzi, ndipo zonse zomwe zimachitika pansipa sizimawakhudza. Koma nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe sizingatheke kukhala ndi ma pantodons ndikuvomereza momwe zilili. Pafupifupi ndi mtundu wanji wa nsomba amene angamve bwino m'mphepete mwa 20 cm ndi kutentha kwa 27 ° C. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza kwa nsomba izi ndi ena ndizochepa kwambiri. Palibe nzeru kuwonjezera wina ku agulugufe, kupatula, mwina, mphaka (musayiwale kuwadyetsa!)
Nkhanza za intraspecific zimachitika pokhapokha ngati palibe malo okwanira kapena chakudya. Nsomba za msuzi zimatha kusungidwa m'gulu laling'ono la 5-6 kapena kuposerapo, ngati aquarium ilola. Khalidwe la nsomba limakhala yodziwika bwino: masana amapindika pang'onopang'ono pansi pamadzi kuyembekezera chakudya. Akawopa kapena nthawi yamasewera, amalumpha kutuluka m'madzi, choncho chivundikiricho chimafunikira. Ndikofunika kuti ili pamtunda winawake kuchokera pamtunda, kuti nsombazo zitheke kulumpha osamumenya.
Malo Ogulitsa Zinyama
Malinga ndi chidziwitso chokhudza nsomba za gulugufe, nsomba izi zidatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo owoneka bwino.
Gulugufe ndizowala nsomba zam'nyanja, yomwe imakhala makamaka m'matanthwe a coral. Izi nsomba zam'malo otentha ndizofala munyanja zam'madzi za Indian, Pacific ndi Atlantic. Nsomba za Gulugufe ndi ma scalars ndizofanana kapena zochepa zofanana ndi inzake, popeza zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena akunja. Pali zina zosangalatsa za nsomba ya gulugufe. Tiyeni tiwadziwane.
Zambiri Zamtundu wa Gulugufe
Izi ndi zina mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri nsomba gulugufe kwa ana ndi akulu:
- Asodzi a gulugufe ndi Beloperata kububa ndi a banja la bristle -otot (Chaetodontidae). Pali mitundu yopitilira 100 ya nsomba za gulugufe.
- Ponena za nsomba zakunja kwa gulugufe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kutalika kwa nsomba izi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 12 mpaka 23. Komabe, mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, nsomba zamkati wamtundu wakuda, imakula mpaka 30 cm.
- Nsomba iyi imakhala ndi thupi lopanga ma disc, fumbo la dorsal mosalekeza komanso mchira wozungulira. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi malo owoneka ndi maso kumbuyo ndi mchira.
- Mumitundu yambiri nsomba gulugufe chowala kwambiri, chokhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira ndi a lalanje, amawoneka pa thupi. Komabe, palinso mitundu ina ya nsomba zamtunduwu.
- Nsomba za gulugufe zimapanga mtundu wa mbale pathupi kuti uzitetezeke panthawi yakuswana. Mbale izi zimazimiririka nsomba zikamakula.
- Chimodzi mwazomwe zimasiyanitsa nsomba za gulugufe ndi zipsera ndichakuti nsomba za gulugufe zimakhala ndi mphuno komanso mphuno yayitali.
- Mitundu ina nsomba gulugufe yendani m'matumba. Zoyandama mwachisawawa nsomba mukuyang'ana awiriawiri. Nsomba zikagumana wokwatirana, zimasaka, kukhala ndi kuyendabe moyo wawo wonse.
- Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za nsomba ya gulugufe ndikuti zimakonda kutuluka nthawi yamadzulo. Awa ndi njira yachilengedwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mwachangu.
- Nsomba za gulugufe zimatha kuyenda mwachangu chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa zipsepse zamtchire.
- Wachiafrika nsomba gulugufe Ndi nsomba yamadzi oyera, ochepa kukula kuposa nsomba zina za gulugufe.
- Nsomba za gulugufe wamadzi am'madzi ku Africa zimasanjidwa ngati chinyama nthawi zambiri kuposa nsomba zapamadzi zam'madzi.
- Tiyenera kudziwa kuti agulugufe a koi ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba za gulugufe wam'madzi.
- Chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilengedwe, miyala yamiyala yam'nyanja yamchere ikuwonongeka. Izi zimabweretsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya nsomba za gulugufe ili pangozi.
- Mwa mitundu yonse ya agulugufe, agolide nsomba gulugufe wotchuka kwambiri komanso wofuna kwambiri. Ali ndi thupi lowoneka bwino wachikasu motero amatchedwa nsomba zachikasu.
Zowonera Mwachidule za Gulugufe
Kupatula zinthu pamwambapa zokhudza agulugufe, palinso zowona zina zazokhudza nsomba za gulugufe kwa ana.
Gulugufe Habitat
Indian, Atlantic ndi Pacific Habitat
Kukula kwa Coral Reef Medium
10 - 20 cm moyo
6 - 12 wazaka Mtundu wamadzi
Mkhalidwe Wosamalira Madzi Amchere
Mtundu Wowopsa
Chakuda, Choyera, Chachikasu, Orange
plankton, corals, crustaceans Predators
Nsomba, ma eel, shaki Zosiyanitsa
Tikukhulupirira kuti munasangalala kuwerenga za okongola nsomba gulugufe. Mutha kukaona malo okhala kumidzi kuti muwone kukongola kwa nsomba'zi. Mwa awa nsomba ziweto zazikulu zimapezeka, ndipo ngati mukufuna kuzitenga, mutha kuziganizira.
Pantodon kutulutsa
Asanayambe kufalikira, kukonzekera kwakutali ndikofunikira. Pakupita milungu iwiri, tsitsani madzi pang'onopang'ono. Pongofalikira, palibe yoposa masentimita 10. Kutentha - 28 ° C, mofatsa. Nsomba zikavomera kukonzekera, zazikazi zimayamba kutuluka. Maola 12 oyamba, mazira owoneka bwino amayandama pamtunda, pambuyo pake amada. Pakadali pano, ziyenera kusamutsidwira kumalo owerengera - aquarium yokhala ndi magawo omwewo.
Mazira amapsa kwa sabata limodzi, kenako mphutsi zimatuluka. Pakatha masiku ena 5, amakhala msuzi wathunthu: amasambira ndi kudya. Mutha kuwadyetsa ndi artemia, ntchentche zazing'ono, corvette, ndipo pambuyo pake ndi kachilombo kakang'ono ka magazi.
Chovuta sichongokakamiza kuwola, komanso kudyetsa ana mtsogolo.
Matenda a gulugufe
Kusavomerezeka mu nsomba kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri ku matenda wamba am'madzi. Vuto lili kwina. Ma Pantodoni amasamala kwambiri magawo amadzi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa chizindikiro chilichonse. Izi zimachepetsa kukana kwa thupi kumatenda, nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kufa mwadzidzidzi kwa nsomba, komanso zimachepetsa zaka zomwe munthu amakhala nazo. Chifukwa chake, kupewa ndikofunikira kwambiri: kusinthasintha kwa madzi, kusanthula magawo, chotenthetsera chokhoza kukhazikitsa kutentha kwake, ndi zina zotero.
Pomaliza
Pantodons ndi nsomba zakunja kwa ma aquariums apanyumba. Ngati muwona munthu yemwe ali ndi nsomba zapamwamba za gulugufe, ndiye kuti ndi katswiri wazamaphunziro am'madzi. Ngati inu nokha mukufuna kukhala okongola mwachilendo, ingopangani zinthu zoyenera kwa iwo, ndipo zonse zikhala bwino.
Banja la bristles
Banja la bristle-dzino (dzina lasayansi Chaetodontidae) - Ili ndi gulu mwadongosolo pakati pa nsomba, momwe nsomba zabwino za gulugufe. Banja limagwirizanitsa majini khumi ndi awiri, momwe muli mitundu 128. Ndiwo amodzi mwa ambiri mwa nsomba za bony - percform.
Mutha kuzizindikira ndi zizindikiro zowoneka bwino:
- thupi lalitali kwambiri lokakamizidwa mwamphamvu kuchokera kumbali, nsomba imafanana ndi chinthu chotsika komanso chachikulu, choyandama pamadzi
- kamwa yaying'ono kwambiri imatha kutambasuka, ndipo mkamwa mumakhala mano ochepa ofanana ndi bristles (chifukwa chake dzina la banja - bristle-toothed),
- pamakhala ndalama imodzi kumbuyo, siigawidwe m'magulu awiri, monga mitundu ina yambiri, pama fayilo ya dorsal pamakhala ma ray ochepa kwambiri 6 mpaka 16,
- anal anal alinso ndi ma prickly radiation, apa pali -3 kapena 5,
- chingwe chokhala ndi chingwe chimatha kukhala ndi m'mphepete mozungulira kapena chopindika
- Makala ndi ang'ono, osatha kusiyanitsa, a mtundu wa ctenoid, gawo lofunikira la malo omwe masikelo - imafikira mpaka zipsepse ziwiri (dorsal and anal).
Nsomba zam'nyanja - gulugufe samakhala wamkulu kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi nsomba zing'onozing'ono zazitali ndi sentimita 12 mpaka 22. Oimira ena okha a banja lino amakula mpaka 30 cm.
Kugawa, zakudya, kubereka
Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zam'mabanja otere zimakhala m'matanthwe a coral. Amapezeka m'madzi otentha komanso otentha a nyanja zitatu (kupatula Arctic).
Monga nsomba zambiri, nsomba za gulugufe wam'madzi zimagwira ntchito masana. Amasambira pakati pa matanthwe kukafunafuna chakudya. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikiza ma coryps a coral, omwe amadya kwambiri. Komanso nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala chakudya, zokhala ndi zina, mwachitsanzo, zonyansa, komanso zamtundu wa agulugufe ndi plankton.
Kwa kuswana ndi kuwaza mitundu yambiri ya banja la bristles-tooted awiri amapangira. Kutulutsa kumachitika mwachindunji m'madzi. Caviar samalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zilizonse pansi pamadzi. Zimangokhala gawo la plankton.
Ndi nsomba za gulugufe wam'madzi zomwe zimadya ku plankton zomwe zimatha kusungidwa m'madzi am'madzi. Koma ngati m'chilengedwe gulugufe wadyera amangodya michere, ndiye kuti ali mu ukapolo sangakhale nayo. Nthawi zambiri, m'malo am'mizinda ya anthu kapena m'mizinda zam'madzi, timakumana ndi oimira magulu awiri amtunduwu: helmons, mtundu wachiwiri - nsomba zokhala gulugufe kapena kabichi.
Helmon fuko
Mwa mtundu uwu, wodziwika kwambiri nsomba yayitali-gulugufe, kumakhala ndi mkokomo wautali kwambiri ngati ma tweers, chifukwa chake umatchedwa opukusa. Kuchokera ku dzina lasayansi la Chelmon rostratus, dzina lina la nsomba'li lidachokera - Helmon.
Nsomba zokhala ndi ululu wautali kapena nsomba zotchingira nsomba kapena ma tepiers-helmon (Chelmon rostratus)
Zimadziwika mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe ake, omwe sasintha ndi zaka:
- pakuwala (pafupifupi koyera) pali timizere 3 tating'ono tambiri tambiri (nthawi zina timakhala ndi mithunzi ya lalanje) yokhala ndi malire osawoneka bwino m'mbali.
- Mzere wachinayi wakudutsa pakati pa diso.
- Mzere wachisanu umalowera kumbuyo kwa phazi ndi zipsepse ndi kudutsa pakati pa dengalo loyambira.
- banga lakuda limawonekera kumtunda kwa chingwe chokulirapo.
Kodi nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala kuti ndipo zimadya chiyani
Nsomba zokhala ngati gulugufe zazitali zitha kupezeka osati m'madzi amchere, komanso m'madzi otsekemera, mwachitsanzo, m'milomo ya mitsinje. Amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi miyala komanso miyala yamiyala yamiyala. Kuya kwakutalika kwazinyumba ndi mita 41. Agulugufe amenewa sasamukira kulikonse, amakhala nthawi zonse pamalo amodzi. Khalani awiriawiri kapena kusambira imodzi.
Phokoso, lomwe limakhala ngati ma tonneti, limathandizira kuti nsomba zizisaka ma invertebrates ang'ono pansi.
Ma helmone owala awa amagwidwa kuti azigulitsa malonda am'madzi. Kupatula apo, pali anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kukhala okongola kotero kuti asunge malo okhala m'madzi: amateur aquarists ndi eni ma aquariums aboma.
Kubu genus kapena nsomba ya gulugufe wamkati
Nsomba za gulugufe wa pennant zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri komanso osaiwalika chifukwa cha ray yayitali kwambiri yachinayi. Ndi mtanda uwu womwe umapanga mtundu wa "cholengedwa" kumbuyo kwa nsomba, yomwe imakhala ndi mitundu yayitali mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pulogalamu yonyansa imachoka pamwamba pa mtengo, ikungokhala ngati m'mimba mkati mwa nsomba.
Bulu-wamiyala wachikasu, kapena gulugufe wamiyala yachikasu, kapena gulugufe wamatumbo wokhazikika (Heniochus monoceros)
Bulu-wamiyala wachikasu, kapena gulugufe wamiyala yachikasu, kapena gulugufe wamatumbo wokhazikika (Heniochus monoceros)
Monga nsomba zonse zokhala ndi boti, thupi la kaboo ndi lathyathyathya. Maonekedwe a thupi ali pafupifupi mozungulira. Pofunda ndi laling'ono, lophimbidwa ndi mawanga amdima ndipo pang'ono kutalika.
Koma maso a ma kabuk ali owoneka bwino komanso amakula mokwanira m mutu waching'ono. Pali mitundu yomwe ma tubercles amakula kutsogolo kwa njira yamaso ndi ukalamba. Izi zimachitika makamaka kwa amuna.
- Gawo lofewa la dorsal fin lili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.
- Kuwala kwamphamvu kumakhalapo mu ndalama iliyonse yamkati.
- Mawonekedwe a m'mphepete mwa caudal amatha kukhala amitundu itatu: yolunjika, yopangika pang'ono, kapena yopendekera pang'ono.
Ma Aquariums nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi Kabichi Yoyera-Yopendapenda (Fish of White Pennant Butterfly Fish).
Zomwe zimasiyanitsa mtunduwu ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda yomwe ili kumbali ya thunthu loyera, mtengo wachikasu wachikasu ndi mbali yofananira yachikasu ya dorsal.
Kabuba wokhala ndi miyendo yoyera, kapena gulugufe wokhala ndi mapiko oyera, kapena mano ometa (Latin: Heniochus acuminatus)
Ndi awa, nsomba za gulugufe wam'madzi. Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyo, ndikugawana nawo nkhaniyi patsamba lanu.
Gulugufe wa pennant
Chifundo Heniochus
Onse asanu ndi atatu nsomba gulugufe, omwe amatchedwa agulugufe oyamba, ndi gawo lamtundu Heniochus. Mitundu yawo imakhala yopita ku Indo-Pacific. Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe, choyambirira, cha "cholembera" - kutalika kwa mphotho yapamwamba. Koma pankhani ya chikhalidwe ndi moyo, zimasiyana: Mitundu ina imaphatikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi, ina, yolumikizidwa m'magulu akulu, ikupita kokafunafuna zooplankton m'madzi otseguka.
Mitundu ina, (ndipo choyambirira, H. acuminatus) zimawonekera pafupipafupi m'masitolo akuweto. Komabe, ndizovuta kuyankhula za kuyenererana kwa madzi am'madzi munyengo iyi, chifukwa, mbali imodzi, nsomba izi zimakula mpaka 20 cm, ndipo kumbali inayo, ndikofunikira kusunga zitsanzo zingapo, monga chikhalidwe chawo chimafunikira. Ndipo pamapeto pake, amadya ma korali mwachidwi, ngakhale izi sizipanga chakudya chochuluka: izi sizigwirizana kwenikweni ndi chiyembekezo cha eni ambiri okhala m'matanthwe. Ndipo, agulugufe amtunduwu ndi omwe nsomba gulugufezomwe ndizoyenera kwambiri m'matanthwe a m'matanthwe.
Komabe, kulumikizana ndi ma corals kumawatsogolera ku chipembedzo chimodzi chokha: omanga awa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nsomba gulugufe osati pogona pokha, komanso chakudya wamba. Kukhala pamwala kumatanthauza kudya kapena kudyedwa. Komabe, ma coral akuvutika ndi izi, mwinanso osachepera mzaka zam'madzi akuyesera kuphwanya lamuloli m'malo ake amkati. Zomwe nsomba izi, zolumikizidwa molimba ndi matanthwe a coral, m'malo otchedwa nsomba, komanso nthawi zambiri "m'ndende," ziyenera kusiidwa. Izi zili choncho nsomba gulugufe chatsala nsomba gulugufe, ndipo kudya matanthwe kumayenera kutengedwa kuti upatsidwe kwa onse omwe amayamikiradi kukongola kwa cholengedwa ichi.