Hoplosternum thoracicum, catfish. :)

Dzina lachi Russia: Hoplosternum thoracicum.

Dzina lachi Latin: Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier et Valenciennes, 1840), mawu ofananira a Megalechis thoracata (Valenciennes, 1840).

Mayina Ogulitsa: Yodziwika bwino,

Banja: Callichthyidae, callichtids, nsomba ya ku America yokhala ngati nsomba.

Kwawo: South America, mabesoni amtsinje wa Amazon, Orinoco, mbali yakumtunda ya mtsinje wa Paraguay, mitsinje ya kumpoto kwa Brazil ndi Guyana.

Kutalika Kwamasodzi Akuluakulu: mpaka 15-20 cm.

Kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi: Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako pang'ono komanso osalala poyerekeza ndi achikazi; m'nthawi yamasana, maluwa owoneka ngati zipsepse za patisiti amachulukira ndikusintha mtundu kuchokera ku bulauni kupita pabuka.

Zofunika kutentha kwa madzi: 20-28 ° C. Makulitsidwe ali pafupifupi 24 ° C.

Zofunikira pa magawo amadzi am'madzi: pH 6.5 - 8.5, GH 5-30. Kuuma kwa Carbonate (KH) kulibe kanthu.

Kukula Kocheperako Aquarium: kuchokera 50 l

Kutsutsana ndi intraspecific: Amtendere, okhalamo nsomba, osayanjana ndi anansi amitundu yawo. Amadzimva kuti ali okhaokha komanso ochepa kagulu ka nsomba ziwiri. Zosunthika kwambiri, ntchito sizimadalira nthawi yatsiku. Samakhumudwitsanso nsomba zina, koma chifukwa cha kukula kwa ng ombe yayitali, ziyenera kusungidwa ndi nsomba zofanana kapena zazing'onoting'ono: mfundo za "zonse zomwe zili zabwino, zinakwawa mkamwa mwanu," sizinathe. Mwambiri, pakamwa pa nsomba izi ndizochepa kwambiri, kotero sizingatheke kuti ngakhale ma barbs ang'onoang'ono ndi ma characin akuwopsezedwa, komwe hoplosternum thoracatum ndiyowopsa kwambiri kuposa platidoras kapena agamix. Kuti mumve zambiri pokhudzana ndi thoracicum hoplopernum ndi mitundu ina, onani tebulo la nsomba la aquarium.

Kudyetsa: Tengani zonse zouma ndi kukhala ndi moyo (magazi, chubu) kapena chakudya achisanu. Zakudya zam'munsi zimadyedwa bwino, makamaka zamakoko ndi zamafuta, komanso zimatha kudya chakudya kuchokera pansi, kwinaku ndikunyoza ndikoseka. Zowona, kwa chiwerengero chotere chinkhanira chimakhala chanjala.

Zomwe takumana nazo pakusungabe thoracicum hoplosternum mu aquarium. Hoplosternum thoracicum ndi nsomba yolimba kwambiri. Awa ndi "aquarium cockroach", omwe ndi bulauni, mustachioed komanso osawonongeka. Zimalekerera milingo yotereyi yoyipitsa madzi. nitrate ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, momwe sizingatheke kuzizindikira. Komabe, madzi oyera, osapsa kwambiri, mpaka mtundu wachikasu pang'ono (-NO3 okhutira mpaka 40 mg / l), ndiye woyenera kwambiri nsomba izi. Kupirira kotereku kumalumikizidwa makamaka ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa mlengalenga, komwe hoplornum imakonda kuyandama kumbuyo kwa mlengalenga. Amachita izi nthawi zambiri amasautsa okosijeni m'madzi a aquarium. Kusintha kumafunika kamodzi pa sabata kapena kawiri, kutengera zofunikira za oyandikana mu aquarium, 10-20% ya voliyumu yonse ya aquarium. Thoracicum amakhala mosatekeseka mumwala wokhala ndi dothi lamchenga kapena dothi lozungulira, pomwe mphaka zimakonda kukumba ngakhale pakalibe chakudya. Miyala yakuthwa kapena dothi lakuuma kwambiri imakhudza mkhalidwe wa nsomba, zomwe zimatha kuwononga kwambiri masharubu ndi muzzle motsutsana ndi m'mphepete lakuthwa. Zotupa za Thoracic nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo obisika monga ma grottoes kapena mabatani, koma osangoboweka m'miyala yaying'ono ndipo amagwira chimodzimodzi usiku ndi masana. Amazolowera nthawi yodyetsa, nthawi yomwe zochita zawo zimawonjezeka kwambiri. Zomera sizikuwonongeka. M'malo okhazikika, nsomba zimakhala zamathanzi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadwala. M'madzi oyera akale, nkhono zimakhala ndi nkhawa, zimasambira ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa mizere, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadwala matenda oyambitsidwa ndi khungu. Phunziro la ichthyophthyroidism, makamaka ali aang'ono, ndipo, monga ma callichtids onse, mchere ndi utoto sizilekeredwa bwino. Nthawi yomweyo. FMS nthawi zambiri sizimawavulaza. Zotupa za Thoracic zimakhala m'malo abwino kwa zaka 8-10, ndipo mwinanso zina zambiri.

Kuswana kwa hoplosternum thoracicum. M'malo otakasuka, nsomba zimapezeka mu malo wamba amadzi, kawiri mpaka katatu pachaka. Amuna amamanga chisa chithovu pansi pa masamba a mbewu zoyandama, mabatani, etc., nthawi zambiri pansi pawo. Mosiyana ndi msuweni wapamtima, beige hoplopernum (Hoplosternum littorale), chisa cha thoracicum chimakhala chithovu, ndipo mphaka siziwononga mbewu chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake. Kukula kumachitika nthawi zambiri chisa chikamangidwa. Yaikazi imatembenuza m'mimba mwake, yamphongo imakhala pafupi ndi iye, ndipo kuzungulira koyenda kumayambira pilozo. Pambuyo pang'onong'ono, wamwamuna amachotsa wamkazi ndikumaliza chisa, ndikumuteteza mpaka kufalikira. Kuyika mazira kumatenga masiku atatu, kutengera kutentha kwa madzi. The mwachangu ndi ochepa, koma kukula msanga ndikupeza mtundu. M'masiku oyambilira, a Mistes amayenera kukweza mwachangu pa "madzi obiriwira", ngakhale m'malo mwa "Sera Micron" kapena yolk ya mazira mwina ndiyeneranso. Nsomba ndizochulukirapo, kuchokera kukangowaza komwe mumatha kupeza kuchokera ku 500 mpaka 1000 mwachangu, zinyalala zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda phindu.

Zolakwika
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Tasha.
Krasnodar, Okutobala 08, 2011

Hoplosternum thoracatum (Hoplosternum thoracatum)

Kuswana kwamphaka

Nthawi yakubzala, yamphongo imapanga chisa chachikulu cha chithovu, pansi pa masamba azomera zomwe zimayandama pamadzi. Ngati nsomba zimayalidwa m'madzi am'madzi, ndiye m'malo mwa masamba, mbale zam'mapulasitiki zomwe zimayikidwa pansi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Hoplosternum thoracatum (Hoplosternum thoracatum kapena Megalechis thoracata).

Pakutulutsa, wamkazi amaikira mazira pafupifupi 1000. Mukamaliza ndalamayi, mbale yomwe mazira amaikiramo amachichotsa kumadzi wina ndi kuwuma kwa dKH mpaka 2 °, kutulutsa kwa pH 6.5-7.0 ndi kutentha kwa madzi kwa 24 ° Celsius. Mtundu wabuluu wa methylene umawonjezeredwa ndi madzi.

Mphutsi pambuyo. Kukula kwawo kumafikira mamilimita 6, zipsepse zake ndi zingwe zimapangidwa bwino. Pambuyo pa maola 48, pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mphutsi, amatha kupatsidwa artemia. Mphutsi sizimakonda kuwala, chifukwa zimabisala m'misasa, momwe mumatha kugwiritsa ntchito mapoto amaluwa okhala ndi mabowo m'makoma.

Hoplosternum thoracicum ili ndi chikhalidwe chokonda mtendere. Asilamu amakonda kukhala kumadzulo, pomwe amakonda kulimbikitsa nthaka. Amasungidwa m'malo am'madzi otambalala. Zowunikira ziyenera kuzimiririka, pakhale malo okhala mthunzi komanso malo okwanira okhala. Nyumba zabwino za catfish zimapezeka kuchokera kumizu ya mipesa yotentha, yomwe imakula m'madzi.

Akuluakulu a thoracatum hoplosternums amasungidwa m'madzi kutentha kwa madigiri 20-24. Amatha kudyetsedwa ndi chakudya chamoyo komanso chouma. Mphaka zam'madzi zimadya pansi pamadzi. Pa thoracicum hoplosternum, moyo wawo ndi wofanana ndi mitundu ina ya Callichthys catfish.

Mtundu wa nsomba zamtunduwu ndi waukulu kwambiri, ngakhale m'madzi otchedwa aquarium, anthu amatha kufikira masentimita 25 ndi kulemera pafupifupi magalamu 350. Kapangidwe ka thupi kamafanana ndi cholembera. Mchirawo ndiwotalika, ukuyenda bwino kulowa mu fin. Mutu ndi wamphamvu. Pafupi ndi ngodya pakamwa pali ndevu zazitali.

Hoplosternums ndi nsomba zamtendere.

Kusunga ndi kuweta nkhukuzi sikovuta, oyamba kumene omwe sakudziwa kusunga nsomba amathanso kuchita izi. Pansi pa aquarium payenera kukhala dothi lalikulu, chifukwa hoplopernums amakonda kukumba ndikuyambitsa madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zam'madzi sizingakhale mu dothi losaya, chifukwa nsomba zimadzakumba. Maola ochepa chabe, amphaka amtunduwu amatha kuyambitsa chisokonezo m'madzi, ndipo Wallisneria, ferns ndi mbewu zina zimayandama pamadzi. Achinyamata makamaka amakonda "kuyenda".

Hoplosternum thoracicum ndi imodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala m'madzimo. Izi nsomba zimabweza kamodzi - zimawonetsa zochitika usiku, eni ake akapuma. Koma masana amathanso kusilira.

Kupangitsa kuti hoplosternum ikhale yabwino, nyanja yam'madzi imayenera kukhala yopepuka, yokhala ndi malita osachepera 100, pomwe pansi kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu. Kuphatikiza pa dothi louma, payenera kukhala masamba okhala ndi mizu yamphamvu mu aquarium. Ndikofunika kuyika Driftwood ndi zinthu zina pansi, zomwe nsomba za Catfish zimagwiritsa ntchito ngati malo othawirako. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuyika mbewu yoyandama pamadzi pamadzi, chifukwa nsomba izi sizimakonda kwambiri. Amakonda madzi oyera okhala ndi mpweya wambiri. Zomera zoyandama ziyenera kukhalapo m'madzi.

Hoplosternum amakonda maiwe owala.

Mphaka zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimadumphira m'madzi, kapena sizimangotuluka, koma zimadzuka pamadzipo ndi mpweya wamlengalenga; motere, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti ziphimbe ndi aquarium ndi galasi kuti hoplosternum isawonekere pansi.

Kudyetsa nsomba sizovuta, chifukwa amadya pafupifupi chakudya chilichonse. Koma, monga nsomba zonse za catfish, zokonda za hoplosternum thoracicum zimakonda chakudya.

Kuswana kwa hoplosternum thoracicum

Kulera ndi kosavuta. Wamphongo wamwamuna mmodzi kapena akazi awiri kapena atatu obzalidwa m'madzi osiyana. Wamphongo amapanga chisa cha chithovu, chomwe chimayandama pamadzi. Chisa ichi chili pansi pa tsamba la chomera choyandama. Kuti tithandizire kubala, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchepetsa kutentha kwa madzi pafupi madigiri awiri, kenako ndikuwukweza pang'onopang'ono mpaka madigiri 27. Nthawi yomweyo, amachepetsa madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amasintha gawo laling'ono kuti likhale latsopano.

Hoplosternum kudya chakudya.

Pamapeto pa kufalikira, zazikazi za hoplosternum zibzalidwe. Kenako mwamunayo adzachitapo kanthu, amasamalira ana. Pakatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri, mwachangu woyamba amawonekera. Kenako mutha kuchotsa chachimuna, ndipo mwachangu ayamba kupatsa chakudya chochepa. Ziphuphu zimayamba msanga kwambiri. Pakatha chaka chimodzi, iwo amakula mokwanira komanso njira zolerera. Kutalika kwa moyo wa hoplosternum kuli pafupifupi zaka 5-6.

Patatha mwezi umodzi atabadwa, achichepere amatha kudzidyetsa okha, ndipo nthawi ino akhoza kubzala m'munda wamba kapena kugulitsidwa, chifukwa nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono zikufunika. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchuka kwawo sikungafooketse pakapita nthawi.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Zina zambiri

Som thoracatum (Megalechis thoracata) ndi nsomba yamadzi oyera kuchokera ku banja la nkhono za nkhono. Pambuyo pakufotokozera koyamba kwa asayansi kwa wasayansi waku France, Achilles Valensins mu 1840, nsomba zidatumizidwa ku genus Hoplosternum, koma munthawi yathu zidasamukira ku mtundu wa Megalechis. Dzinalo limatha kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Greek lakale ngati "nsomba yayikulu ya njoka." Apa, mawonekedwe ofanana a cylindrical thupi la thoracicum komanso kukula kwake (pafupifupi 15 cm) adawonetsedwa. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza dzina ngati "tarakatum". Komabe mawonekedwe enieni ndi "thoracatum" (kuchokera ku mitundu ya epithet "thoracata", omwe atanthauziridwa kuti "chipolopolo".

"Shell" ya thoracicum ochokera pamafupa

Monga nsomba zina zam'madzi, thupi la nsomba limakutidwa ndi mizere ingapo yamafupa. Ndikofunikira kuti thoracicum iteteze kwa adani. Ma Somics amakhala ndi kupuma kwamatumbo: zikalephera kupuma mpweya, thoracatums imayandama pamwamba ndikutenga "mpweya" wam'mwamba pamwamba pa madzi, womwe umalowa mbali yapadera yamatumbo.

Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsidwa: Maonekedwe okongola, kusasamala mu mawonekedwe komanso mawonekedwe abata. Izi nsomba zitha kulimbikitsidwa kwa onse oyambira komanso akatswiri omwe amadziwa.

Mawonekedwe

Thupi la thoracicum limakhala lalitali, losalala. Mbali imakutidwa ndi mizere iwiri ya mafupa omwe amalowerera mkati mwa thupi. Kukula mwachizolowezi nsomba kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 12. Mutu wake ndiwotumphuka, wamphamvu. Kutsegula pakamwa kumayendetsedwa pansi. Pafupi ndi pakamwa pali malezala awiri agalu: maxillary amawongoleredwa pansi, ndipo mandibular - kutsogolo.

Thoracicum tendrils

Malipiro a dorsal ndi ochepa, ozunguliridwa. Zipsepse zamkati zimapangidwa mu amuna okhwima komanso ozungulira mwa akazi ndi ana. Siyanitsani ndalama yaying'ono ya adipose. Mchirawo umakhala wopindika patali, nthawi zambiri umakhala wachikuda.

Som thoracicum. Mawonekedwe

Mtundu waukulu wa thupi ndi wodera. Mwa ana, ndi opepuka, mu nsomba zazikulu kumayamba kuda. Malo amdima ang'onoang'ono osapanganika amwazika thupi lonse. Mimba ili pafupi kuyera. Pali mawonekedwe a albino okhala ndi mtundu wa milky ndi mawanga amdima thupi.

Chiyembekezo cha moyo wam'madzi ndi zaka 8-10.

Habitat

Catfish thoracicum ili ponseponse ku Central ndi South America. Itha kupezeka m'malo a Amazon, Orinoco, Rio Negro, ndi ena.

Mtundu wa biotope wa thoracicum ndi mtsinje wawung'ono wamadzi oyera kapena madzi am'mbuyo opanda chofooka, wokhala ndi masamba ambiri. A Thoracatums amatha kupulumuka chilala chochepa, chomwe chimayikidwa mu silt mpaka 25c cm.

Kusamalira ndi kukonza

Thoracatums amaphunzitsa nsomba, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwasunga m'magulu a anthu 3-6. Ndikofunika kuti nsomba imodzi imakhala ndi malita 40 a madzi. Ayenera kukhala ndi chivundikiro.

Mchenga wopota ndi miyala yosalala yozungulira ndi yabwino ngati dothi. Nsomba zimakhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso kumakumba pansi, kufunafuna chakudya. Musaiwale kupereka malo okwanira pogona ndi miyala, mabatani achilengedwe ndi grottoes.

Somik thoracatum amafunika dothi labwino lozungulira

Zomera, mitundu yokhala ndi mizu yamphamvu - cryptocorynes, anubias, etc., ndizoyenera kwambiri. Thoracatum kwathunthu alibe chidwi ndi greenery. Koma chifukwa cha chikondi chawo chokumba mosalekeza, mbewu zotayirira zimayandama nthawi zonse. Ndikofunika kubzala mitundu yoyandama pamwamba pamadzi (richcia, pistachia, ndi zina) kuyatsa kuyatsa.

Thoracicum m'malo am'madzi okhala ndi zomera zamoyo

Aquarium iyenera kukhala ndi fyuluta yopanga ndi compressor, chifukwa nsomba zimakonda madzi oyera komanso okosijeni. Onetsetsani kuti nsombayo ikupezeka pafupipafupi ndi madzi, chifukwa ngakhale mumadzi omwe ali ndi madzi ambiri, zotupa za thoracic nthawi zina zimatulukira "kupumira" pamlengalenga. Kuwala kwa Aquarium kuyenera kukhala koyenera. Kamodzi pa sabata, ndikofunikira kusintha 20% yamadzi kuti tipewe kuchulukana kwa zovuta za nayitrogeni.

Magawo abwino am'madzi pazomwe zili: T = 22-28, pH = 6.0-8.0, GH = 5-20.

Kugwirizana

Thoracatums ndi nsomba zamtendere zamtendere, zimagwirizana bwino ndi nsomba zambiri zokongoletsera zam'madzi. M'malo achilengedwe, nsomba zimakonda kutacha, koma nthawi zamasamba zimagwira nthawi iliyonse masana.

Mikangano ndi oyandikana nawo zimatha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati mikhalidwe yomangidwa ikuphwanyidwa. Ngati voliyumu yam'madzi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, ndiye kuti akuluakulu amatha kutsatira oimira zazing'ono. Pakukula, nkhanza zimakwera mpaka kuti wamkulu wamphongo amatha kupha amuna otsala.

Thoracatums amagwirizana bwino ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba

Zabwino za thoracicum zidzakhala: angelfish, barba, tetra, iris, onyamula zazikulu, ma cichlids ang'ono. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuphatikiza ndi mitundu ina ya benthic, mwachitsanzo, nkhondo - mikangano imatha kubuka kuderalo. Kukhala ndi thoracicum ndi mitundu yayikulu yolusa sikulinso koyenera.

Thoracicum kudya

Thoracatums ndi nsomba zopatsa chidwi, mwachilengedwe amakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya crustaceans, mphutsi zamtundu, detritus ndi zinyalala za mbewu.

Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chamoyo kapena chisanu podyetsa, popeza sichingakonzekere ndipo chingakhale pachiwopsezo chobweretsa matenda mu aquarium. Panthawi yokhala pansi pamadzi, nsomba zapadera zamatenda apamwamba zam'munsi za nsomba ndizoyenera kwambiri. Amakhala ngati mapiritsi kapena makeke ndipo nthawi yomweyo amira pansi, pomwe amadyedwa ndi mphaka. Chisankho chabwino ndi Tetra Mapale TabiMin kapena Tetra Wafer Remix.

Musaiwale kuti ikasungidwa mu malo wamba otetezedwa, nsomba zamtchire zimadya zotsalazo zomwe nsomba zina zinalibe nthawi yoti zidyedwe.Chifukwa chake, mwanjira zambiri, tikupangira kugwiritsa ntchito Tetra Selection - awa ndi mitundu inayi ya chakudya mumtsuko umodzi wosavuta: chimanga, tchipisi, granules ndi mikate.

Mano a Tetra FreshDelica amathandizira kusintha zakudya zanu zapakhomo. Izi ndi chakudya chamagulu (ma magazi, ma artemia, ndi zina) mu mafuta odzola. Iwo asangalatsadi mphaka wanu.

Kuswana ndi kuswana

Kuswana kwa thoracicum ndi njira yosangalatsa ndipo sizichitika ngati nsomba zina za mphaka. Kuti apulumutse mazira, amphaka amamanga chisa cha thovu, zofanana ndi zisa za nsomba zodulira (amuna, gourami, ndi zina). M'malo oyenera, kuwaza kumatha kuchitika ngakhale pamadzi wamba, koma, omenyera nyumba amatha kuvutika, chifukwa amuna amateteza chisa mwachangu.

Ndikofunika kukonza dambo logawanikana, lokhala ndi malita 60 kapena kupitirirapo ndi dothi lamchenga ndi zing'onozing'ono. Kuchokera pazida mungafunike chotenthetsera ndi fayilo yamphamvu yotsika. Amphongo amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi kuwala kofiirira koyamba ka malifiyiti. Akazi amakhala ndi mimba yozungulira.

Awiriwo opanga adafika pamalo owerengera. Kuti muchepetse kutulutsa, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kutentha ndi 1-5 ° C, kenako ndikuukweza pang'onopang'ono mpaka 25-27 ° C, musinthe pafupipafupi ndi madzi ofewa (zofunika KH = 2). Mulingo wamadzi ukhazikitsidwa pafupifupi masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Chifukwa chake timalinganiza kuyamba kwa nyengo yamvula, pamene nsomba zimayamba kutuluka m'chilengedwe.

Ngati zotheka kumera ndizoyenera, zamphongo zimayamba kumanga chisa. Pofuna kukonza chisa, ndikofunikira kuyika pepala lalikulu la chomera chamadzimadzi kapena chidutswa cha chitho mu aquarium. Kutulutsa kumachitika masana, ngakhale ntchitoyo isanamalize, kenako yamphongo imasonkhanitsa mazira m'chisa, kuthamangitsa wamkazi ndikumaliza ntchito yake. Yaikaziyo imayenera kumangidwa nthawi yomweyo kuti wamunayo asamulembe mlandu.

Mazira a thoracicum ndi oyera-achikasu, chiwerengero chawo chimatha kufikira 500-1000 zidutswa. Makulitsidwewo amatha masiku awiri, mphutsi zosungidwa zimakhala ndi kukula pafupifupi 6 mm. Amasambira posambira pawokha tsiku lachiwiri, amabisala m'malo obisika. Pambuyo pakuwonekera mphutsi yoyamba, yamphongo imayenera kuchotsedwa pakufalikira, popeza pali milandu yodyedwa ndi bambo. Nthawi zina chisa chomwe chili ndi caviar chimasamutsidwira ku aquarium ina pogwiritsa ntchito sosi. Pankhaniyi, mankhwala antifungal ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kumadzi.

The mwachangu amakula msanga (ngakhale osagwirizana) ndipo pakatha miyezi iwiri atawaswa amatha kufikira masentimita 2-4. Kutha kumachitika m'miyezi 8 mpaka 14.