Gopher wocheperako wocheperako, yemwe amangokulirapo pang'ono kuposa gologolo wamawangamawanga: kutalika kwa thupi - 16.5- 22,5 masentimita, mchira - 4.6-7.4 cm. Utoto wa kumbuyo umakhala wonyezimira, nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mbewa yoyera kapena kuwala. . Mphepete zake ndi zachikasu, pamimba pake pali kachikasu. Kuzungulira maso ndi mphete zowala. Mchira kumapeto nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mkombero wakuda. Matumba a cheek ndi ochepa.

Kufalitsa

Agologolo a ku Europe amagawidwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Central ndi Eastern Europe: kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Germany, Poland (Silesian Upland), Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, kuchokera kuno kupita kumwera chakum'mawa - kumwera kwa Europe ku Turkey, Moldova. Imapezeka ku Ukraine kumadera akumadzulo (Vinnitsa, Chernivtsi, Transcarpathian). Ku Europe, tsopano ndikosowa.

Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi

Agologolo a ku Europe amapezeka kumapiri a mapiri ndi mapiri a nkhalango. Imakhala m'malo odyetserapo ziweto, namwali, zolimba komanso zosavuta kulima malo (mwachitsanzo, miyala yambiri), kunja kwa malo olimapo, m'mbali, m'minda yosiyidwa, m'mphepete mwa msewu. Popewa madzi okhala malo okhala, m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, madera okhala ndi mitengo yamitengo yambiri komanso yamitengo. Pamalo olimapo, mosiyana ndi gologolo wamabala, malovu okhaokha omwe amawonongeka, omwe amawonongeka ndikulima. Miyoyo yokhala m'midzi yaying'ono, yokhala ndi anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osaposa 7-10 ap./ha.

Zingwe za okhazikika za gologolo wa ku Europe zili ndi kutuluka kwa 1-2. Mu theka la nyama, mayendedwe omwe ali mdzenjemo ndi omangika, kotala - okhawo, ena onse - amodzi okhazikika komanso amodzi. M'kati mwake muli zipinda zocheperako ziwiri zomwe ziwiri zokhala ndi udzu wouma, zosakwana 3-5. Zipinda za Nesting zimakhala pamtunda wa masentimita 65-100 zokha. Kuzama kwa malo ake ndi koyenera kuzizira nthawi yachisanu, chifukwa nthaka nthawi zambiri imazizira kwambiri mpaka 20-31 masentimita kumalo a agologolo a ku Europe. kumapeto, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama ngati malo okhala pangozi kapena kupumula nthawi yotentha masana kapena mvula ikagwa. Monga lamulo, nyama zimakumba m'njira zomwe zimadyetsa.

Chakudya chachikulu cha agologolo a ku Europe ndi masamba, koma tizilombo ndi mazira a mbalame zilinso mu chakudya chake. Atatuluka hibernation, chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri cha gopher ndi mababu a masika a ephemera. Mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi, zakudya zake zimakhala ndi mbewu zokhwima zokha, ndipo kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June, zipatso za geraniums ndi mitundu ina ya steppe ndi msipu wowuma. Gophers amalolera kudya zipatso zamtundu wakuda. Pakukolola kwa mbewu, tirigu agalu amabwerera m'minda ndikudya mbewu. Minda yaying'ono, yopapatiza (10-15 m mulifupi) amatha kuthira pafupifupi.

Kuzungulira kwa moyo

Kuyambira kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira, gopher waku Europe nthawi zambiri amakhala akudzuka mchaka chachitatu cha Marichi - kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, koma zaka zoyambira zam'madzi zimawonekera pamayambiriro a Marichi. Woyamba, ngati agologolo ena pansi, amuna akuluakulu akamadzuka, otsiriza - nyama zazing'ono za chaka chatha. Akaziwo akadzuka, mpikisano umayamba, womwe umayenda limodzi ndi amuna. Mimba imatenga masiku 25-28, ana oyamba amawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo. Pali ana 2-9 mu ana, pafupifupi kulemera kwa akhanda ndi 4.5 g kutalika kwa masentimita 3.5-4. Patsiku la 8-9, agologolo ongobwera kumene amayamba kuwona bwino, ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi masana 15-16. Amayamba kutuluka mumabowo kumapeto kwa Meyi. Kubwezeretsanso ana ang'onoang'ono kumayambira pakati pa Juni, pomwe unyinji wawo umafika 50-60 g. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakumba mabowo osakhalitsa pafupi ndi mbewu, ndipo ana akhanda amakhalamo.

Akatswiri a gopher achichepere amakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira 9-10 mpaka 15-16 maola. Hibernation isanayambike, agulugufe akuluakulu amatuluka pafupipafupi, nthawi zina kwa masiku awiri atatu osawonekera. Akuluakulu amuna ndi akazi osabereka amakhala nthawi yayitali kale mwezi wa Julayi, akazi amadyetsedwa koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, ndipo achichepere amakhala okangalika mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala.

Udindo wa gologolo wa ku Europe mu zachilengedwe wakhala utachepa kwambiri chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero chake komanso kuzimiririka kwa madera ena. M'mbuyomu, idakhala chakudya chachikulu cha nyama zomwe zimadyera nyama (steppe ferret) ndi mbalame (chiwombankhanga cha steppe, looney, ndi zina).

Mawonekedwe

Gologolo waung'ono wocheperako, yemwe ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa gologolo wamabala: kutalika kwa thupi - 16.5-22.5 masentimita, mchira - 4.6-7.4 cm. Utoto wammbuyo ndi wa bulauni, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi mbewa yoyera kapena kuwala. . Mphepete zake ndi zachikasu, pamimba pake pali kachikasu. Kuzungulira maso ndi mphete zowala. Mchira kumapeto nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mkombero wakuda. Matumba a cheek ndi ochepa.

Malo osungira

Pakadali pano, gululi limagwirizana ndi "zilumba" zakutali ku Europe, kuyambira magawo mpaka mahekitala angapo. Ikuphatikizidwa ndi Zowonjezera II za Berne Convention (1992), Red Book of Moldova ndi Red Book of Ukraine. Amatetezedwa ku Czech Republic, Hungary ndi Poland.

Gophers adawonongedwa kwakukulu mu XIX-XX zaka mazana angapo. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 1870, aliyense wogulitsa mdera la Kherson adakakamizidwa kupha atsotsi asanu kuchokera pachikhumi chimodzi. Mu 1885, 7 miliyoni aiwo adawonongedwa m'chigawo cha Kherson, ndipo kuyambira 1896 tirigu wapoizoni adagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana nawo. Mchaka cha 1930 ku Ukraine, nkhondo yolimbana ndi agologolo idayambanso, mchaka cha 1929, ana asukulu aku Ukraine, atayitanidwa ndi Komsomol ndi sukuluyi, adapha 2 miliyoni mwa nyama izi. Yunnat wa Sukulu ya Ulyanovsk ya zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ya chigawo cha Shiryaevsky m'chigawo cha Odessa Lenya Mikolaenko anawononga okha akatswiri azaka 4,200 mu 1950.

S. Belchenko, wachiwiri kwa wapampando wa KGB ya USSR pansi pa Khrushchev, pokumbukira ubwana wake wopanda nsapato, anali wodzipereka kwambiri pokumbukira kuwonongeka kwa anyani: "... adapita pamalopo ndikuthira madzi mu dzenjelo, mpaka tizilombo atatuluka. Panali cholembedwa chapadera apa - chogwira wowonera m'khosi ndi kumenya pansi. Ndinali ndi lumo, ndinadula miyendo yake, kupukuta singano ndi ulusi kudzera mwa iwo, zomwe zimapereka umboni kuti ndawononga mbowo. "

Pakati pa ma 1950, ndege yapadera ya AN-2 idapangidwa ndikupanga zida zotsutsana ndi agologolo, omwe amatchedwa "Ground squirrel ndege". Mu Epulo 1947, Bungwe la Nduna za ku Ukraine linapereka lamulo loti "Pa njira zothanirana ndi anyani," likumalimbikitsa masukulu kutenga nawo mbali pakuwapha kwawo. Amati gopher m'modzi amadya 4 kg za chimanga pachaka. Koma pazifukwa zina palibe amene ananena kuti inali mbewu yakugwa.

15.02.2018

Gologolo wa ku Europe (lat. Spermophilus citellus) ndi nyama yaying'ono yochokera ku banja la gologolo (Sciuridae). Dzina lasayansi lanyimbo lokongola limachokera ku mawu achi Greek akuti spermatos (tirigu) ndi phileo (chikondi), akuwonetsa chikondi chake chachikulu komanso chotentha cha mbewu. M'masiku akale, idawonedwa ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso chowononga mopanda chisoni.

Tsopano, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa kwa anthu ake, gopher siziwopseza chilichonse pa ulimi. Mu Europe wakale, ankawonedwa ngati nyama yofunikira yonyamula ubweya. Pofika 60-70s m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, zopangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya wake pomaliza zidatha. M'mayiko ambiri a European Union, nyamayi imatetezedwa ndi boma; kuyesayesa kuyesayesa kuyambiranso kukula kwake.

Khalidwe

Akatswiri aku Europe azitsogolera gulu la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amapanga magulu ochokera m'mabanja angapo momwe mungakhazikitsire nyama 20 mpaka 200. M'mbuyomu, kuchuluka kwa madera otere nthawi zambiri kudaposa anthu 3,000.

Mu litala limodzi pali pafupifupi ana atatu. Zinyalala zatsopano zilizonse zimachulukitsa kawiri kapena kukula kwake. Agologolo ang'onoang'ono okhala pansi amatchera manyenje akale kapena kukumba enanso 300-500 m kuchokera chisa cha kholo. Nthawi imeneyi, nthawi zambiri amakhala olusa kapena ovutitsidwa ndi nyengo chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi kapena madzi oundana mwadzidzidzi.

Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, nyama zimatha maola 11 tsiku lililonse kufunafuna chakudya, ndipo nthawi yophukira yopitilira maola 7.

Ndi kuzizira koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, amayamba kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Khomo lolowa pansi panthaka limakutidwa ndi udzu ndi dothi. Kutetemera kumatha kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Marichi.

Nyengo ku Europe nyengo yachisanu imakhala yokhayokha, iliyonse pobisalira. Panthawi yovutikira, kutentha kwake kwa thupi kumatha kutsika kuchoka pa 37 ° -38 ° C mpaka 1.8 ° - 2 ° C, ndipo mtima wake sunamenyenso kuposa mphindi zingapo. Kutuluka kwa magazi kumachepera pafupifupi 70.

Kwa miyezi yambiri, thupi limakhala ndi moyo chifukwa cha mafuta omwe amasungidwa nthawi ya chilimwe komanso yophukira. Ndi pafupipafupi masiku atatu mpaka 20, nyamayi imadzuka kwakanthawi kochepa ndipo pakudzutsidwa kotere kugwiritsa ntchito mpaka 90% yamafuta onse m'thupi. Zazikazi hibernate kale kuposa amuna, ndi kudzuka pambuyo pake.

M'masiku otentha, akatswiri amapembedza dzuwa kumadzuka, osachita mwanzeru kuchoka kunyumba zawo. Nthawi zambiri amawuma, atayimirira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo natambasulidwa mpaka kutalika kwathunthu. Chifukwa chake ndiosavuta kuwona kuwopsa komwe kuli pafupi. Posachedwa kuzizira kwa chilimwe, makoswe amagona masiku angapo ndikukumana ndi nyengo yabwino kugona kwawo.

Nyama zimalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mothandizidwa ndi purting komanso phokoso laphokoso.

Pakachitika vuto, mitundu iwiri ya machenjezo amaperekedwa. Mmodzi amachititsa kuti gulu lonse liziweta, ndipo yachiwiri ikufuna kuthawa kuti ikapulumuke.

Nyama iliyonse imakumba kabowo kake, kakhonde kamene kamathafikira 8 m ndipo ndi 2-2,5 mamita mobisa. Kutuluka kwadzidzidzi kambiri kumachoka panjirayo mbali zosiyanasiyana (nthawi zambiri kuzungulira zisanu). Zolowa zazitali zimayang'aniridwa pakona mkati. Kutuluka kwadzidzidzi ndi kufupikitsika komanso pafupifupi. Akazi, zipinda zodyera zimakhala zakuya kuposa zazimuna ndipo zazitali ndi udzu. Kuzama kwakukulu kumawapatsa kutenthetsera bwino kwamagetsi ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi panthawi ya hibernation.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu zimakonda chakudya. Gopher amadya magawo obiriwira a mizu, mizu, mbewu, mtedza, maluwa ndi mababu. Nthawi ndi nthawi, pang'ono, menyu amathandizidwa ndi arthropods (Arthropoda), kafadala (Coleoptera) ndi mbozi za gulugufe (Lepidoptera). Nthawi zina mbalame ndi tating'ono tating'ono (Vertebrata), kuphatikiza anapiye a mbalame zokhala pansi, amatha kupezeka pamenyu.

Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, makoswewa, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yofananira, samasunga chakudya, koma amangokulitsa kudya kwawo. Kusintha kwa kagayidwe kake, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wambiri wokhuta wamafuta mpaka 5 mm. Ngati kulemera kwapakati pa nyama kumapeto kwa mvula ndi pafupifupi g g, ndiye kuti mu kugweraku imakwezeka mpaka 490 g.

Adani achilengedwe a agologolo a ku Europe ndi zodetsa (Mustela), nkhandwe (Vulpes), amphaka achifwamba ndi mbalame zambiri zodyedwa.

Kuswana

Kutha msanga kumachitika chaka chamawa mu kuphukira pambuyo podzuka ku hibernation. Izi nthawi zambiri zimafanana ndi zaka pafupifupi 300-310. Oimira amtunduwu amatsatira maubanja amtala. Ntchito zonse zolera ana zimangokhala pamapewa a mayi.

Nthawi yakukhwima imachitika kumadera ambiri mu Epulo. Amuna amadzuka masabata 1-2 m'mbuyomu kuposa akazi. Atapezanso mphamvu ndi zitsamba zazing'ono, amapita kukafufuza anzawo omwe nyumba zawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi. Pambuyo pa kukwatirana, abwana amapita kukafunafuna bwenzi latsopano.

Yaikaziyo imamanga m'chipinda chodyeramo chisa cha masamba ndi zidutswa zina zamitundu yofewa. Mimba imatenga masiku 25-27. Mu litala limodzi pali ana awiri mpaka awiri. Ana amabadwa opanda khungu komanso amaliseche. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi. Mapeto ake, ana amapita kukakhala payokha.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mutu ndi 20-25 cm, kutalika kwake ndi 240-340 g. Kutalika kwa mchira waifupi ndi masentimita 61. Ubweya wamfupi wakumbuyo kumbuyo ndi wopentedwa wachikasu, pakhosi ndi pachifuwa. Mimba yake ndi imvi. Mtunduwo ndi chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yakuda yoyenda molunjika. Pali malo amdima kumapeto kwa mchira. M'chilimwe, ubweya umayamba kuda.

Maso akulu amaunjikidwa pamutu. Kuzungulira maso ndi mphete zowala. Makutu ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso yokutidwa ndi ubweya. Miyendo yayifupi yokhala ndi zikhadabo zokulirapo, yosinthika kukumba mabowo. Pali matumba andewu kumbuyo kwa masaya. Amuna achikulire ndi akulu komanso olemera kuposa akazi.

Kutalika kwa moyo wa katswiri waku Europe sikufika zaka 5.