Fulonda - nsomba zam'nyanja, zomwe ndi za banja la nsomba. Thupi lolowa mwamphamvu, komanso maso omwe ali mbali imodzi ya nsomba, ndizosiyana zake ziwiri zazikulu. Maso nthawi zambiri amakhala kudzanja lamanja. Thupi la chozungulira ndilosiyana ndi mitundu iwiri: mbali yakumaso ndi yakuda bii ndi malo achikasu a lalanje, ndipo "wakhungu "yo ndi yoyera, yoyera ndi mawanga. Flounder imadyera crustaceans ndi nsomba zam'munsi. Mumphaka zamalonda, kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 35 mpaka 40. Chonde cha mapepala akuluakulu chimachokera mazira masauzande mpaka mamiliyoni khumi.

Kufotokozera

Zojambula zonse zimakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya. Gawo lam'munsi ndi amodzi mwa mbali za nsomba, zomwe zidasuntha chifukwa chotsatira metamorphosis, yomwe imadziwika ndi nsomba zonse. Gawo lam'munsi lingafanizidwe ndi sandpaper: ndizowawa kwambiri kuchokera pakukhudzana pafupipafupi ndi pansi pa posungira, palibe maso pano. Diso lochokera mbali iyi limasunthira mbali inayo, chifukwa nkulakwika kuwona zomwe zikuchitika ndi diso limodzi.

Pamwamba pa nsombazo mumakhala zipsepse zamakutu. Palinso diso lomwe lasunthira pansi. Flounder ili ndi utoto womwe umalola kuti utsanzire mawonekedwe aliwonse. Izi ndizofunikira kuti nsomba zibisike pansi kwa adani omwe amakonda kudya nawo. Ngati mutayika chokulungira pa chessboard, ndiye kuti malo owoneka bwino ndi amdima adzaonekera kumtunda, ngati pa bolodi.

Zosiyanasiyana

Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu yosanja: chowombera mtsinje komanso chowombera nyanja. Kunja, nsomba ndizofanana kwambiri, koma zimasiyana mu kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwa thupi. Mkati mwa mtundu wamtunduwu muli mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma yayikulu kwambiri idagwidwa munyanja. Iye anali wolemera kuposa centner, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kunali 2 metres. Mtsinje wamtsinje umakula mpaka masentimita 50, pomwe umafika pamtunda wa ma kilogalamu awiri, ndikuzungulira nyanja - mpaka 60 masentimita, ndi kulemera - 7 kilogalamu. Koma mu chithunzi amayang'ana zofanana.

Zachidziwikire, aliyense amene amawona nsomba zamtunduwu kwa nthawi yoyamba amakhala ndi chidwi ndi funso: chifukwa chiyani nsomba za flatfish ndizosalala? Izi ndizofunikira kuti azitsogolera moyo wapansi pansi ndikukumba m'nthaka kwambiri momwe mungathere, tsanzirani kapangidwe kake, apo ayi nsombayo imakhala chakudya cha zilombo zomwe zimadya. Malek flounder amasambira molunjika, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi abwinobwino, kwa ife. Komabe, chikamakula, nsomba imadutsa metamorphosis, ndipo imasambira kale mbali, ndipo ziwalo zonse za thupi zimasamutsidwa kuti zikhale zosavuta.

Kugawa ndi malo

Nyanja ndi mitsinje yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala malo osiyanasiyana. Nsomba zam'nyanja zimakhala makamaka m'madzi a nyanja ya Atlantic. Koma ndizofala munyanja za White, North ndi Okhotsk. Mphepete mwa mitsinje imatha kukhala munyanja komanso mitsinje, momwe imatha kusambira kwambiri. Nsomba zotere zimakhala mu Nyanja Yakuda ndi ya Mediterranean, m'mitsinje yomwe imalowa, komanso Yenisei. Amasiyanitsanso mtundu wapadera wamtunda: Nyanja Yakuda.

Mbendera ya ku Nyanja Yakuda ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda, yomwe asodzi amakonda kusaka. Colinga cha Black Sea, monga china chilichonse, chimakonda kukhala ndi moyo wotsika. Ndikwabwino kwa iye kuti dothi lotayirira kwambiri kotero kuti nkosavuta kukumba. Koma chifukwa cha kuthekera kofananira sizofunikira kwambiri: miyala ingati yomwe ikhale pansi, mitundu yambiri ndikuwonetsa nsomba zam'mwamba.

Zizolowezi

Ziribe kanthu kuti ndiyani - madzi oyera kapena m'madzi, anthu onse m'banjali ndi osambira kwambiri. Poopa ngozi, nsombayo imatembenukira ku nthiti ndipo imasambira mwachangu kulowa. Ngoziyo itangodutsa, iwonso agwera pansi ndikupanga burashi.

Kutengera ndi komwe mtsinjewo umakhala, umatha kusintha mtundu wake ndi liwiro la mphezi, ndikupeza mthunzi womwe ukufunawo. Mtundu wa nsombazi umatengera mtundu wa seamed ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kusintha, chozungulira chimakwaniritsa mtundu wotere kuti ukhale wosaoneka. Kusinthasintha kotereku kumatchedwa kutsitsa. Koma sikuti nthumwi zonse za mtunduwu zomwe zimakhala ndi malowa, koma okhawo omwe amawona. Popeza saiwala, nsomba sizisinthanso mtundu wa thupi lake.

Flounder - nsomba zam'nyanja, zomwe kukula kwake kumachokera magalamu angapo mpaka kilogalamu mazana atatu. Kulemera komanso kukula zimatengera makamaka mitundu. Anthu ena amafika kutalika kwa mikono inayi. Ambiri aife tamva za halibut, koma aliyense amadziwa kuti izi ndizowonjezera. Ndi nsomba iti - mtsinje kapena nyanja, zomwe sizikudziwika kwa ambiri. Pakadali pano, ma halibuts ndiomwe amapezeka kwambiri panyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic. Nsomba yolemera ma kilogalamu 363 adajambulidwa, ndipo iyi ndiye mtengo wamtengo wapatali koposa sayansi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mtundu wamtunduwu umatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka makumi asanu. Kuphatikiza apo, Flounder ndi nsomba yamadzi yamadzi yamadzi yamtengo wapatali.

Zakudya

Flounder imadya mosiyanasiyana. Amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya. Maziko a chakudyacho amapangidwa ndi nyongolotsi, ma mollusk ndi crustaceans yaying'ono. Koma chakudya nthawi zambiri chimakhala chaching'ono nsomba zomwe zimasambira pafupi ndi pobisalira. Nsomba sakonda kuzisiya, kuti zisakhale zodyera zokha.

Ngakhale kuti Flounder ndi nthumwi ya ogwiritsa ntchito nyama zolusa, ma angler amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nyambo zachilengedwe. Kuti achite izi, amatenga nyongolotsi kapena nyama yofinya. Kuti nsomba imve chidwi ndi zomwe zingagwire, ndikofunikira kuti izikhala pansi pa mphuno yake. Kupanda kutero, sangathe kuchoka kwawo, ngakhale kukadyetsa.

Kuswana

Mitundu yowuluka kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka Meyi. Kusinthaku mu nthawi yeniyeni kumachitika chifukwa chakuti malo omwe amakhala ndi ochulukirapo, ndipo nthawi iliyonse, nsomba imakhala ndi nthawi yake pomwe kuwaza kochuluka kumachitika. Ngakhale kuti Flounder amakonda kukhala yekha, akupita kukatumba kuti akaphulike. Nthawi zina mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana imasakanizidwa ndi magulu, kenako mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatha kuwoloka.

Flounder imafika msinkhu wazaka 3-4. Munthawi yamatanda, imamera mazira mazana angapo mpaka mamiliyoni angapo. Kuchuluka kwa caviar kutengera mtundu ndi kukula kwa nsomba. Mazira amalimbana ndi makulidwe, omwe ali masiku 11, pambuyo pake mwachangu. Diso lakumanzere la mwachangu lili mbali ya kumanzere, ndipo diso lamanja lili kumanja: zonse zili ngati nsomba wamba.

Pambuyo kuwaswa, mwachangu amadya ku zooplankton, ndipo pamene akukula, zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Pang'onopang'ono, mbali yakumanzere imasandulika gawo laling'ono, kuchokera pomwepo diso limasunthira mbali yakumanja. Nthawi zambiri, mbali yam'munsi imakhala mbali yolondola. Kodi chifukwa chake ndi chiyani, sayansi sikudziwikabe.

Flounder ndi nsomba yodabwitsa kwambiri, yomwe imayenera kupita patali kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, chimakhala chosawoneka pansi, koma otsogola odziwa zinthu amatha kuyipangitsa kuti igwire mbedza, itabowola "pansi" ndi nyambo yabwino.

Njira zophera nsomba

Flounder sakhala pansi, motero, njira yosaka iyo ndioyenera. Amawombera pamalo akuya kwa 10 mpaka 100 metres, yokhala ndi ndodo zamphamvu ndi zodyetsera pogwiritsa ntchito zida zolemera (kuchokera pagombe), kapena sheer kuchokera m'bwatomo, kupatula njira zosodziletsa monga nsomba. Koma ndikwabwino kusankha ndodo zapadera zam'nyanja zomwe zimakhala ndi kuphatikiza kwapadera kuchokera kumchere wamchere wamchere.

Monga nyambo, nsomba zazing'ono, crustaceans, mollusks osiyanasiyana, squid, ndi nyongolotsi (ma grit ndi nereis) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Asodzi ambiri amakonda nyambo zolemera. Mutha kukopa chidwi chake ndi mikanda yamitundu yowala. Nyambo ndi yotupa kwambiri, kotero nthawi yakuluma siyitha kuzindikira.

Zovulaza ndi kuthandiza anthu

Anthu omwe amadya zakudya zam'madzi amawona kuti nsomba zamtunduwu ndizochiritsa.

Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali kumapangitsa kuti flounder ikhale yothandiza matenda monga:

• hypothyroidism
• matenda amtima,
• aakulu gastritis,
• cholecystitis,
• matenda a autoimmune
• aakulu kutopa matenda
• kuchepa magazi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito koyatsira

Kuphatikiza pa zakudya zamagulu odwala matenda opatsirana, flounder ndiyabwino pakudya wamba.

Zothandiza zake zimapatsa:

• magawo a zinthu zothandiza pa nthawi ya pakati,
• kuchira msanga pambuyo matenda akulu,
• kupewa khansa okalamba,
• kuchuluka kwamalingaliro, kukumbukira kwa ana asukulu ndi ophunzira,
• kulakalaka kwambiri kugonana,
• kukonza tsitsi ndi misomali,
• kuyeretsa khungu, kukulitsa turgor.

Zowopsa

Nsomba, monga lamulo, sizowononga thanzi. Kufunika kwa machiritso a nsomba kumatengera njira yokonzekera. Flounder imataya katundu wake wopindulitsa mu salting, kusuta, ndi kumalongeza.

Flounder yokonzedwa ndi njirazi imatha kuvulaza ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi:

• mchere woyeserera umasungabe madzi mthupi, kumabweretsa edema ndi kulemera kwakanenepa,
• madzi amchere amadzaza impso
• Madzi owuma amchere amayika mchere m'malungo, zomwe zimabweretsa nyamakazi,
• nsomba zosemedwa ndi zamzitini ndicho cholinga chachikulu cha ma carcinogens.

Zofunika! Zowuma popanda mchere zimasunga pafupifupi zonse zamtengo wapatali. Koma nsomba zouma sizingadyedwe ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda am'mimba.

Cod

Cod - nsomba yodziwika pansi yomwe imakhala m'madzi ozizira a nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Arctic. Ndiwofunikira pamsika wamtengo wapatali, makamaka chifukwa cha chiwindi chodziwika bwino, chokhala ndi mafuta ambiri komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zam'chitini. Cod imapezekanso munyanja ya Pacific, koma mtunduwu ndi wocheperako.

Moyo & Habitat

Woyenda m'madziyu amasankha kukhala yekhayekha payekha. Amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yopuma pomasuka. Itha kumangogona pamtunda, kapena kudziyika mumchenga m'maso kuti muwone momwe zinthu zilili. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kuwona kuti Flounder imakwera kumtunda kuposa mita imodzi kuchokera kunyanja.

Ndi za nsomba - kasupe wa moyo, nyumba ndi njira yopulumutsidwira kwa adani. Chifukwa chakuyerekeza (kuthekera kobisala mwachangu monga chilengedwe, makamaka ngati miyala ndi pansi), amatha kuwukira mwakachetechete ozunza kapena kubisala kwa adani.

Chofunikira china ndikuchedwa kuyerekeza. Zikuwoneka kuti chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi nsomba komanso zachilendo, nsomba yosambira imasambira pang'onopang'ono. Asodzi odziwa zambiri asodzi akuti kugwira nsomba yam'madziyi ndikosavuta, ndipo njira yake yokhayo yopulumutsira ndiyobisika. Komabe, ayi.

Mlendo akakhala wotetezeka - amasambira pang'onopang'ono, amamva ngati amangonyamulidwa ndi pomwe alipo. Kuyenda kwake kumafanana ndi mayendedwe owoneka ngati mafunde, ndipo kuthamanga kwake sikukuyenda mamita 10 pa ola limodzi.

Koma ngati chilombo chikagwira nsomba kuchokera kumbuyo, chimatha kuthamanga kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mchira wake wamfupi, zipsepse zozungulira komanso zipsepse zamkati ndi kumbuyo, imatha kubisala kwa omwe akuwathamangitsa.

Pakachitika ngozi zadzidzidzi, wowolowera amatha kupanga chithaphwi chamamita angapo nthawi imodzi, ndikusiyira mtsinje wamadzi wamphamvu womwe udzalowe pansi. Izi ndichifukwa chobisalira m'mimba mwa nsomba.

Ili pa khungu pomwepo. Ndege yamphamvu imadzutsa pansi, zomwe zimasokoneza wolusa kapena kusokoneza nyama. Chifukwa chake, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwukira omwe akhudzidwa ndi chowuluka kapena kuthawa nsomba zazikulu zowopsa zam'nyanja.

Flounder amakhala yekha m'madzi a Pacific Ocean. Mitundu ya mitsinje imadzala pansi pa mitsinje yozizira, ma bays. Titha kukumana mu Dnieper, Bug, Dniester. Anthu okhala kunyanja ali makamaka kunyanja Zamchere, Japan, Baltic, Bering, ndi Pacific.

Nyanja ya Azov nsomba zamtunduwu ndizochepa. Pakati pa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Azov pali pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Don, momwe mitundu yonse yamadzi ndi nyanja zamadzi zam'madzi zimadziwikiratu.

Ngakhale pali mchere wabwino, ndimasowa kwambiri kukumana nawo kumeneko. Osaka masiku ano nthawi zambiri amagwira nsomba kuti azigulitsa kapena azigulitsa. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ntchito ngati imeneyi imawalola kuti apange ndalama zabwino.

Dera lozungulira komanso loyera loyera, lomwe limakonda madzi ozizira, limangokhala ku Kara, Okhotsk, Bering ndi White Sea. Ndizosowa kwambiri kukumana nawo mumtsinje wa Ob, Kare, Tugur ndi Yenisei. Nsomba zimakonda dothi losalala komanso zofewa, momwe mumatha kubisala mosavuta, ndizomwe mitsinje iyi ili nayo.

Yellowfin taxon ndi nsomba wamba kwambiri mabanja osinthika amakhala m'madzi okhala ndi mchere wambiri kapena wapamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, amasambira mosazama kosakwana mamitala mazana atatu.

Izi nsomba ndizodziwika kwambiri mu malonda. Amakhala ku White, Baltic, Mediterranean ndi madzi ena a Atlantic. Gawo wokhala ndi masamba oyera kum'mwera nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Japan ndi Red Seas.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mtundu uliwonse wamapulogalamu omwe amadyera nthawi yambiri amadya nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana. Limodzi patsiku, lina usiku. Zimatengera malo ndi malo omwe akukonda. Kwenikweni, nthumwi izi zoyimira zimadya chakudya chomwe chidachokera ku nyama, koma ngati satha kugwira chilichonse, azisangalalanso ndi zomerazo.

Komanso, zakudya zamagalimoto zimadalira zaka zake. Mwachitsanzo, anyamata achichepere amadya mazira a nsomba zina, crissaceans, amphipods, benthos, nyongolotsi, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo tokhala m'madzi.

Akuluakulu amakonda kupindula ndi mwachangu ndi nsomba zazing'ono, mphutsi ndi ena oimira banja la echinoderm, nyama zazing'ono kuchokera ku banja la invertebrate, ophiuras, ndi crustaceans. Shrimps ndi capelin ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri zokongoletsera.

Chifukwa chakusowa kwa mutu, komwe kumayikidwa pakhungu, nsomba zimatha kutchetchera pansi mabulangete ena komanso anthu ena okhala m'madzi akuya pansi.

Mano akuthwa amathandizanso kuti awatulutse. Flounder ilinso ndi nsagwada zolimba. Amatha kuchotsa zipolopolo za nkhanu kapena zipolopolo za oysters, zipolopolo ndi ena. Mwa mtundu wa nsomba zamtunduwu, kudya zakudya zomanga thupi kwambiri ndizofunikira.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Choyambirira chomwe chimagwira m'diso lanu ndikuwoneka: ndi lathyathyathya, ndikuganiza kuti ambiri adawona chojambulachi chithunzi, izi ndichifukwa choti iye ndi wokhala pansi. Nsomba zamtunduwu sizimachokera kubadwa, maonekedwe ake ndi ofanana ndi nsomba zina wamba, ndipo akangokula amayamba kufanana ndi akulu.

Maso awo amapezeka mbali ya thupi, kenako diso limodzi - lamanzere kapena lamanzere, limasunthira mbali inayo, ndipo mbali yomwe maso onsewo amakhala "pamwamba" pa nsomba, ndi m'mimba wina, womwe umakhala wopepuka komanso wowuma. nsomba zopota nthawi zonse chimayenda pansi.

Itha kukhala pamtunda wakuya mpaka 200 m, koma kuya kwakuya kwambiri ndi 10-15m. Maonekedwe a nsomba ndi ochulukirapo, chifukwa pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba - zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja:

• fulonda
• turbo
• Mphepo yakuda yakuda
• amayi,
• ndi anthu okhala m'mitsinje -

Nyanja ndi mitsinje nsomba mawonekedwe ake siosiyana kwambiri, amatha kusiyanasiyana kokha, anzawo apamadzi amafika pamilingo yayikulu.Mlanduwu umadziwika pamene oyendetsa sitimayo amagwira chimphona chachikulu cholemera makilogalamu 100 ndi pafupifupi mamilimita awiri.

Ma Habitats nawonso ndi osiyana, nsomba zam'madzi zimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'malo otentha, Nyanja ya Atlantic, ndikupezekanso ku North, White, Black and White Seas. Mtsinjewo umakhalanso kunyanja, koma umatha kusambira kutali kwambiri, wopezeka mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, mu Nyanja Yakuda ndi mitsinje yomwe adagawana nawo.

Imapezekanso panjira yolowera kumtsinje wa Yenisei. Pali mitundu yina yosiyana - Mbedza yakuda, yomwe imayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi asodzi amalonda, ali ndi kuthekera monga kutsanzira, amatsogolera moyo wamchenga ndikusaka.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa wokhala mozungulira amakhala pansi chomwe chimapangitsa moyo wake. Ngakhale kuti mwachilengedwe ndimauluka, nsomba yam'nyanja imakonda kudya, koma izi sizipangitsa kuti ichite chidwi, imakonda kusaka abisala.

Pacithunzi-thunzi, masamba owongoka amadzanja la seabed.

Amagona, ngati kuli kofunika kumera mumchenga ndi dothi, ndikusunthasuntha ngati mafunde, kumangokhala kukhumudwa ndikukutira dothi pozungulira, kenako nkugona dzenje kenako dothi lokhazikika limakwirira thupi lake.

Koma izi sizokhazi zomwe nsomba ingachite kubisala - thupi lake lili ndi chithunzi mbali yakuona, yomwe imatha kusintha kuti izolowere chilengedwe, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chisawoneke kwambiri. Mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa kuyerekezera kwa zolengedwa zonse, koma mitundu yonse yaukapolo imatha kuigwiritsa ntchito, nsomba zakhungu sizitha kusintha mtundu.

Pakakhala choopseza kapena chowopsa, chowombera chimakwera kwambiri kuchokera pansi, ndikuwolokera kumbali yake ndikuthamanga mwadzidzidzi pamalo otetezedwa, kenako nkugona mbali yakhungu ndikuzibisala

Pacithunzi-thunzi, mtsinje wakutsogolo

Habitat

Imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Scandinavia, Central Europe ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja kukafika pakuya kwa 55 m, komanso kumadera am'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso nyanja zina. Mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yambiri yamtambo, ndilabwino kuposa mitundu ina kuzolowera chilengedwe. Amapezeka kuchokera kugombe la Arctic kumpoto kwa Norway kupita kumadera okhala ndi madzi otenthedwa ndi dzuwa gombe la North Africa. Imatha kukhala munyanja komanso m'madzi oyera. Mphepete mwa mitsinje nthawi zambiri mumapezeka madzi opanda pake oyenda panyanja. Madzi akuya kwambiri amakweza nsomba kumtunda kwa mtsinjewo, komwe amapeza chakudya chochuluka.

Kodi chowombera chimawoneka bwanji?

Mbali yofunikira kwambiri yosiyanitsa ndi maluwa. Amawonekera ndipo amaikidwa mbali yakumanja ya thupi. Chifukwa chaichi, nsomba imatchedwa kuti dzanja lamanja. Pafupipafupi, komabe pali oimira oterowo omwe gawo lachiwonetsero lili kumanzere kapena wogawana mbali.

Mbali yakumanzere, yomwe kulibe maso, ikutchedwa "mbali yakhungu." Chikopa apa ndi chowonda, cholimba komanso chosasangalatsa. Izi zimateteza nsomba ku kuukiridwa ndi adani mbali yakumanzere ndikuwongolera kuyenda pamiyala ndi mchenga.

Kufotokozera kwamapangidwe a thupi:

1. Torso. Thupi lathyathyathya limalola cholengedwa kuti chizibisalira pansi pa mwala, kudziyika m'manda mumchenga kapena kungokhala chete pansi. Mzere wotsatira umayenda chimodzimodzi pakati pa maso. Khungu "mbali yakumanja" ndi losalala ndipo limatha kusintha mtundu kukhala utoto wa pansi, womwe umasintha chigoba. Mbali yomwe imagwira pansi (kumanzere) nthawi zambiri imakhala yopepuka.
2. Mutu. Maso ndi opindika ndipo amakhala pafupi umodzi. Chingwe cholimbirana, chomwe chimawalekanitsa bwino, chimalola maso a convex kuti achite ntchito zawo mosiyana, zomwe zimakulitsa kwambiri patali. Pali mano akuthwa m'kamwa, pakamwa palipoto. Izi zidawonetsedwa mwachilengedwe, nsomba zimagwiritsa ntchito, kugwirira nyama, yomwe imasambira kuchokera kumbali. Chophimba gill chiri kumanzere.
3. Zipsepse. Mchira wamalowo umafupikitsidwa, koma umagwira bwino ntchito yake, ndikuthandiza nsomba kuyenda mofulumira. Dorsal, m'malo mwake, atali, ali pafupi ndi mutu. Zipsepse zamkati mwake ndizofanana. Ali ndi maziko yopapatiza komanso mitundu ingapo. Amathandizira zilombozi kukhala zodetsa nkhawa komanso zosagonjetseka.

Nthawi zambiri, thupi lakumaso limakhala lofiirira, koma mtundu wake umadalira zina: mtundu ndi malo okhala.

Malo ogawa ndi moyo wawo

Flounder onse am'madzi komanso amtsinje. Pomwe amakhala, payenera kukhala zochitika zokwanira kuti akhalepo. Nsomba ndizofala kumadera akutali a Pacific Ocean. Ziwerengero zazikulu zimawoneka mu Chukchi, Mediterranean, Japan, Okhotsk ndi Bering Seas. Oimira madzi amadzi oyera amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje (Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester).

Mchere wamadzi mu Nyanja ya Azov ndi mitsinje yolowera mkati mwake, yomwe imatsitsa madziwo, idalola woimira Flounder-ngati Black Sea kuti aikidwe pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Don. Mitundu yomwe imalekerera kutentha pang'ono imakhala bwino m'madzi oyera, komanso nyanja za Kara ndi Okhotsk. Zitha kupezekanso m'mitsinje monga Yenisei, Ob, Tugur Bay.

Flounder amakonda pansi pamatope ofewa. Amakhala moyo wayekha kumunsi, wakuyika mchenga. Amatha kukhala masiku ochepa pansi pamchenga ndikuwonera ndi maso ake akuwonetsa chilichonse chomwe chikuchitika mozungulira. Imatha kukwera pamwamba pa mulingo wamamita, koma sizichitika kawirikawiri.

Mimicry ndi gawo lofunikira pa flounder. Mawuwa amatanthauza "kubisa." Nsomba zogwiritsa ntchito gawo la matupi awo zimatha kulimbana ndi nyama zomwe zabisala ndipo zimabisala kwa anthu ena okhala munyanjayo.

Flounder imasambira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, osaposa mamita 9-11 pa ola limodzi. Ngati muwonetsetsa momwe zikuyenda bwino, zitha kuwoneka kuti zimangokhala ndi zaposachedwa. Koma ndipokhapokha ngati nsombayo ili ndi chitetezo chokwanira. Ngozi ikafika, kuthamanga kwamphamvu kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi zipsepse za mchenga molingana moyang'anana, mchira ndi dorsal kufupikitsidwa.

M'malo owopsa kwambiri komanso osazolowereka, chowombera chimadumphira kutsogolo nthawi yomweyo 4-5 metres. Imasiya kumbuyo kwa ndege yamphamvu yolowera pansi. Mtsinje wamadzi ukweza pansi pake ndikusokoneza mdani amene akuukira. Zomwe zimachitikanso zimachitika chifukwa cha chivundikiro, chomwe kapangidwe kake kama nsomba kumanzere kwa thupi.

Pali mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwa iwo alipo onse okhala kunyanja ndi mitsinje. Amasiyana pakati pawo osati maonekedwe okha, komanso momwe amadyetsedwera.

Ganizirani mitundu ina ya banja:

1. Stellate. Oyimira m'madziyu amakhala ndi maso akumbali yakumanzere, zomwe sizimachitika kawirikawiri kwa oimira ma Kambalovs. Mtundu wa thupi ndi wonyezimira, wa maolivi kapena wobiriwira. Woimira uyu adalandira dzina lake chifukwa cha mawonekedwe okongola kumbuyo ndi zipsepse zamkati. Amafanana ndi nyenyezi. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 55 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 4-4,5 kg.
2. Wothandizira wachikasu. Amakhala momasuka m'madzi ozizira. Amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika. Kusaka kumathandizanso m'magazi ozizira. Kuyembekezera nsomba zazing'ono ndi oyimira osiyana kwambiri masiku onse a nyanja. Chowoneka mosiyana ndi izi ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira thupi ndipo ma spine kuzungulira gawo lonse lakumanja kwa khungu. Mtundu wake ndi wachikaso, pafupi ndi golide. Kutalika kwa nyama yolusa ndi pafupifupi 50 cm, koma nthawi imodzimodzi, chosangalatsa, chimalemera makilogalamu 1-1.3 okha.
3. Zofala. Woimira Kambalovs, wopezeka kwambiri m'madzi, ali ndi mtundu wa bulauni, pomwe mabwalo ofiira amamwazikana. Woimira uyu ali ndi luso lotha kubisa. Munthu akakula amakula mpaka mita imodzi mu dyne, ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 6.7-7 kg.
4. Nyanja Yakuda. Dzina lina ndi Kalkan. Mtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi wosowa, chifukwa chake walembedwa mu Red Book. Mbendera ya ku Nyanja Yakuda imakhala ndi maso akhungu kumanzere. Thupi lozungulira, limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wokhala ndi madontho. Gawo lalikulu la Kalkan ndi minga. Amapezeka thupi lonse, koma ambiri aiwo ali kumbali yakumanja (akhungu). Nyamayi imakula mpaka 1 mita, kutalika kwake ndi 20 kg.
5. Royal. Izi dzina lomwe nsomba adalandila moyenera. Amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda ndi mawanga ofiira owoneka bwino mthupi lonse. Mchira, monga momwe zimakhalira mitundu yambiri, sunadulidwe. Mamba awo ndi ochepa komanso okongola. Mafupa alibe mafupa ang'onoang'ono. Nyama yake ndi yanthete, yokoma komanso yathanzi, yomwe amayamikiridwa pakuphika. Kugawidwa m'madzi kuchokera ku Norway kupita ku Siberia. Kutalika 35 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 4 kg.
6. Kamchatka. Amatchedwanso "shuga." Akapolo adalandira dzina lachiwiri ngati kukoma kwa Cape. Amakhala kufupi ndi gombe la Kamchatka Peninsula. Mtundu wake ndi wachikaso, ngakhale pafupi ndi utoto wa mandimu. Pa "theka lakhungu" khungu limachita imvi. Kutalika pafupifupi 40-45 cm, kulemera mpaka 5 kg.
7. Polar. Woyimilira m'madziyu amamva bwino m'malo ozizira. Ngati kutentha kumakwera pamwamba pa ziro, kwa iye ali kale mavuto. Thupi limakhala lokwera. Mtundu wa khungu ndi maolivi, pafupi ndi zobiriwira zonyezimira. Zipsepse zofiira.

Kutali kwakum'mawa ndi chifanizo chimodzi, osati mtundu umodzi wokha. Pali nsomba zingapo zingapo zomwe zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Amakhala ndi nyenyezi zowuluka, chikaso champhira, chofiirira, choyera. Dera logawa - Kum'mawa Kumpoto. Kulemera kumasiyana kutengera woimira, kuyambira 250 g mpaka 4.5 kg.

Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya

Chakudya cha subspecies iliyonse chimachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana - zina masana, ena usiku. Kwenikweni, chowuluka chimakonda chakudya cha nyama, koma ngati sichingatheke kugwira chilichonse, chimatha kuluma komanso masamba kapena nthumwi zina za zilombozo. Ikhoza kukhala tizilombo tokhala m'madzi, ma arthropods, mphutsi, algae.

Chakudya chomwe mumakonda kwambiri cha flounder ndi capelin ndi shrimp. Chifukwa cha mano akuthwa komanso mkamwa opindika, nsomba zimatha kukukutira mu chipolopolo cha anthu okhala m'madzi ndi kuzidya.

Adani

Flounder ndiyofunikira kwambiri mafakitale, chifukwa chake, mdani wake owopsa kwambiri ndi munthu. Tsiku lililonse, nsomba zochuluka kwambiri zimagwidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Kupatula kuti munthu amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu pamoyo wake, okhala m'madzi nawonso satha kudya madyerero ake. Mdani m'chilengedwe ndi eel ndi halibut.

Ndipo ngati zonse zili zomveka ndi eel, chifukwa ndi nyama yomwe imadya nsomba zingapo, ndiye kuti halibut imawoneka kwambiri ngati flounder, ndipo ena amaiona ngati subspecies ya banja la Flounder. Koma, M'malo mwake, halibut ilibe ubale ndi Flounder, motero amatha kupikisana wina ndi mnzake.

Kusodza kuwuluka kuchokera m'boti

Kuti asodza abweretse nsomba, asodzi odziwa zambiri amafunika kuwalangiza.

Zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti mugwire chozungulira:

1. Utoto ungagwiritsidwe ntchito posakhalitsa, pankhaniyi ngakhale yozizira ndiyabwino.
2. Kukula kwa chingwe chansomba pakung'ambika kumayenera kusankhidwa 0,6 mm, kuti pakadutsa 0,35 mm.
3. Mwanjira ya nyambo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo, yonse, ndi zidutswa, nyongolotsi, timinsalu tating'ono.
4. Kusodza kopanda kanthu kumaphatikizapo kuponyera nyamboyo pambali. Kuponyanso kobwereza kuyenera kuchitidwa mbali inayo. Pakuzama, nyambo imayambitsidwa kukhala chingwe cholumikizira.
5. Mukamaluma, mutha kukhala ndi chitsimikizo kuti chowongolera chinatsalira pa mbedza, chifukwa pakamwa pokha sikulimba, komanso kupindika.
6. Muyenera kupita ndi boti kupita nanu paboti, chifukwa ngati mutha kugwira chingwecho ndi mbedza, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuchikoka.

Asodzi ambiri amalota za nsomba. Kuti usodzi ukhale wopambana, muyenera kusankha malo abwino ndi kutenga zida zonse zofunikira nanu.

Flounder ndi nsomba yathanzi. Nyama yake imakhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa, ndipo imakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapindulitsa thupi. Mu 100 g, 90 kcal yekha. Kuphatikiza pa kugwidwa pamsika wamafakitale, akatswiri wamba nawonso amasaka. Ndipo izi zikuwopseza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Kodi mwakhala ndi CATCH yayitali motani?

Munali liti komaliza kugwirira mapiritsi / mitembo / mitembo yambiri?

Nthawi zonse timafuna kupeza zotsatira kuchokera ku usodzi - kugwira nsomba zitatu zokha, koma ma kilogalamu khumi ndi awiri - izi ndi zomwe adzagwidwe! Aliyense wa ife amalota za izi, koma si aliyense amadziwa bwanji.

Kugwidwa kwabwino kumatheka (ndipo tikudziwa izi) chifukwa cha nyambo yabwino.

Itha kukonzedwa kunyumba, mutha kugula m'masitolo asodzi. Koma m'masitolo ndiokwera mtengo, komanso kuphika nyambo kunyumba, muyenera kuthera nthawi yambiri, ndipo, molondola, kutali ndi nyambo zonse zapanyumba zimayenda bwino.

Kodi mukudziwa kukhumudwitsidwa pamene mudagula nyambo kapena kuphika kunyumba ndikugwira mapaundi atatu kapena anayi?

Ndiye mwina ndi nthawi yoti mutengere mwayi wogulitsa chinthu, ntchito zomwe zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi komanso machitidwe pamitsinje ndi m'madziwe aku Russia?

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Adani achilengedwe

Osaneneka zokwanira, koma mdani wamkulu wakufota ndi munthu. Tsiku lililonse padziko lonse lapansi, asodzi amapeza nsomba zochuluka kwambiri. Koma kupatula munthu, pansi pa nyanja, kuwuluka kungakhalenso ndi mantha ndi oimira ena a fauna, makamaka eel ndi halibut.

Chilichonse chimamveka bwino ndi choyambirira, koma chachiwiri chimasocheretsa. Asayansi agawika. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti halibut ndi mtundu wabwinobwino wamalonda ndipo sangakhale mdani wawo mwanjira iliyonse. Ena amamuganizira nsomba zopota. M'malo mwake, si subspecies ake, chifukwa akhoza kupikisana wina ndi mnzake.

Chaka chilichonse, nthumwi zoimira mabanja osavomerezeka zikucheperachepera. Ngakhale zazikazi zimakhala ndi chonde chochuluka, mazira oposa theka lawo sakhala ndi moyo. Izi nsomba zimagwidwa mu matani tsiku lililonse, kuphatikiza pa zonsezi, oimira nyama zanyama amazigwiritsa ntchito.

Vutoli limakhalabe lopanda yankho. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kutengera kwa chilengedwe, nyanja zam'madzi zambiri ndi mitsinje ndizodetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa nsomba zochepa zimafa - chakudya chowuluka. Izi zimachepetsa pafupipafupi kubereka kwake. Izi zikapitirira patsogolo, kuchuluka kwa anthu otsika kudzatsika kwambiri.

Mawonekedwe

Oimira ntchentche amakhala zaka 25-30 ndipo ali ndi kunja kwambiri, kopanda nzeru, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikire mosavuta pakati pa nsomba zina:

• Thupi lathyathyathya lozunguliridwa ndi mkanda wam'mphepete ndi mainshupi okhala ndi mawondo (pafupifupi 55),
• mutu wa asymmetric utembenukira kumanja (nthawi zambiri kumanzere),
• Maso oyang'anirana (amagwira ntchito pakokha popanda wina ndi mzake), pakati pomwe mzere wotsatira umadutsa,
• kamwa yopindika ndi mano akuthwa,
• mbali yooneka yakuda yokhala ndi chivundikiro chabwino cha gill ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono,
• mzere wofupika kwambiri wapamwamba ndi ndalama yaying'ono yopanda mphako,
• mbali yakhungu yopanda khungu lolimba.

Ana obadwa kunja samasiyanasiyana ndi nsomba zina. Koma akamakula, ma metamorphoses osabereka amachokera. Diso lakumanzere ndi pakamwa pang'onopang'ono zimasunthira mbali yakumanja ya mutu.

Nsombayo imadumphira kumbali yakhungu, yomwe itrophies, imawala ndikuyamba kusewera gawo lalikulu la chigonere chogona pansi, kwinaku ikusunga ntchito yachigawo chachiwiri cha pectoral ndi chivundikiro. Mitundu yosinthika, yocheperako (mitsinje ya mtsinje), kusintha kwa zinthu kumachitika mbali ina - kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanzere.

Kuti mupulumuke, chozungulira chimapanga njira yamphamvu yotsanzirira chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kuyerekezera, amadzibisalira mwaluso kuzungulira maziko aliwonse ovuta, osatsika muukadaulowu mpaka pakamwa.

Nthawi ina pa zoyesayesazi, akatswiri azamiseche anaika gawo lapansi mu chisa chakuda ndi choyera mu aquarium. Posakhalitsa, kunayamba kuwoneka matalala akuda ndi owala pakubwera kwa nsomba.

Mphepo yamtsinje

Ambiri mwa anthu, koma osakhala ndi vuto lililonse la mtundu wa taxa, mtundu wa Plichthys flesus adalumikizidwa bwino kuti azikhalamo mwamadzi komanso mchere pang'ono. Zimasiyanasiyana mthupi lozungulira ndipo ma spine pamzere wotsatira. Mbali yakuwonedwayo ili ndi mtundu wonyezimira kapena wowoneka ngati bulauni wa azitona wokhala ndi madontho achikasu achikuda ndi madontho amdima. Amakula mpaka 3 makilogalamu okhala ndi kutalika kwa 50 cm.

Kuti muchite bwino bwino, zomangamanga ziyenera kulandira mpweya wabwino nthawi zonse chifukwa chobowoleza m'malire a madzi (pelagic roe). Koma izi zimatheka kokha m'malo amchere wamchere (kuchokera pa 10 ppm). M'mitsinje yamadzi oyera, mphutsi sizisungunuka, kumira pansi ndikufa, chifukwa chake, nsomba imapita kunyanja kukatulutsa.

Baltic yozizira yokhala ndi dziwe lokwera, lamchere ochepera (11-12%), gombe lalitali, kuya kwakuya kwa 30-50 m ndi maziko owoneka bwino ndi abwino. Mawonekedwe a mtsinjewo amatchedwanso kuti Baltic flounder chifukwa chogawa kwambiri m'mbali mwa nyanja, mitsinje yoyenda ndi nyanja.

Zoyendetsa nyenyezi

Mitundu ya Plichthys stellatus imakhala m'madzi akumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean (Bering, Okhotsk, Chukchi, Nyanja ya Japan). Mitundu yamadzi oyera imakhala m'madzi oyandama, malo obisika komanso otsika mitsinje (150-200 km kuchokera pakamwa). Imakhala ndi mbali yakumaso yakumanzere, yakuda bii (yobiriwira, yofiirira), mikwingwirima yakuda pazipsepse ndi ma pulatifomu okhala ngati nyenyezi m'maso. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, taxon imadziwikanso kuti Pacific River Flounder. Kukula kwakanthawi kansomba ndi 50-60 cm ndipo akulemera makilogalamu atatu. Milandu yogwira anthu akuluakulu masekeli 7-9 (75-90 cm) sichachilendo.

Nyanja Yakuda

Nsomba zimafanana ndi flounder, koma zimachokera ku banja losiyana la scophthalmos (Scophthalmidae). Imakhala kumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi Nyanja Yakuda, Baltic, ndi Pacific. Imakula kuposa mita kutalika ndipo imalemera mpaka 20 kg. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe amanzere amaso, mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi mawonekedwe ambiri a mizu yambiri yolumikizidwa kumtunda wonse wa mbali yakumaso ya maolivi. Kuphatikiza pa chilengedwe cham'madzi, amamva bwino kwambiri malo otsika a Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mchere wa Nyanja ya Azov chifukwa chakusefukira kwamadzi, mitsinje ya Black Sea idafalikira pakamwa pa Don. Palinso subspecies yaying'ono - Azov rhombus, yomwe imakula kutalika mpaka 40-45 cm.

Mayendedwe amoyo

• Kutha msinkhu: kuyambira zaka 3-4.
• Kukula: kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka Meyi (kutengera kutentha kwa madzi).
• Caviar: mazira 2 miliyoni.
• Nthawi ya makulitsidwe: masiku 11.

Mphepete mwa mitsinje imakhala ndi madzi abwino, koma imaswana m'nyanja. Kutumphuka kumachulukitsa 25-25 m, ndipo mazira otulutsidwa m'madzi amayambira kusambira m'madzi, ndipo metamorphosis isanamire pansi, mwachangu omwe amasungidwa mazira amakhalabe pamtunda pomwe amadyera tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Pambuyo pa kukoloweka, maso a chokulirapo akadali mbali zonse za mutu. Mphutsi zophulika zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana amtundu wina ngati nsomba zina. Msodzi wamkulu wagona pambali pake pambali pake. Pafupifupi nthawi iyi, diso lakumanzere limasunthira kumtunda kwa mutu. Mbali yakumwamba ya thupi la nsombayi imadetsedwa, kenako ana amasula mpweya kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo ndikugwera pansi. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, amathawira kumadzi osaya.

Polar flounder

Mitundu yolimbana ndi ku Arctic (Liopsetta glacialis) yokhala ndi chopindika chowongolera cha mtundu wa monophonic wakuda woderako komanso mtundu wa njerwa za zipsepse. Amakonda nthaka yofewa. Muli nyanja za Kara, Barents, White, Bering ndi Okhotsk. Zimafalikiridwa nthawi yozizira pansi pa ayezi, pamvula yotentha yamadzi (mpaka - 1.5 ° C). Nthawi zambiri, nyengo yofunda imakhala m'malo otsika pang'ono a mitsinje ya Siberia. Imapezeka paliponse ku Kara, Yenisei, Ob, Tugur.

Fulonda

Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zathyathyathya imakhala m'malo amchere, omwe imakhala yosangalatsa kwambiri paphewa kopanda komanso mozama makilomita angapo. Amadziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu pa kukula kwake, mawonekedwe a thupi, mtundu wa zipsepse, mawonekedwe owoneka ndi akhungu.

Zosangalatsa wamba

Ma taxon oyambira (Pleuronectes platessa), wokhala m'madzi opanda mchere komanso opanda mchere (10-40%) kuzama kwa 30-200 m, ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri posodza. Amakhala ku East Atlantic, Mediterranean, White, Barents, Baltic ndi nyanja zina. Mtundu wawukulu ndi wobiriwira-wobiriwira ndi mawanga ofiira kapena lalanje. Imakula mpaka makilogalamu 6-7, kukula kwake kumakhala mpaka 1 mita.

Flounder yoyera-yoyera

Nyanja pansi, ikukula mpaka theka la mita. Kukula kochepa kwambiri ndi masentimita 21. Maonekedwe - chingwe chakumaso, chosakanika, mtundu wa mkaka wa wakhungu, wakhungu kapena mtundu wa tirigu wakhungu. Pali mitundu iwiri:

1. Dera loyera loyera-loyera (Lepidopsetta bilineata mochigarei) - limakhala ku gombe la Primorye ndi Nyanja ya Japan.
2. Kumpoto (Lepidopsetta bilineata bilineata) - m'madzi a Kamchatka, Okhotsk ndi Bering Seas. Onsewa amapanga anthu ambiri ku Gulf of Peter the Great (kumwera kwa Primorsky Krai) ndi Chitar Strait, chomwe chimalekanitsa Sakhalin kumtunda waukulu.

Mtundu wamtchire

Mtundu wokonda kuzizira (Limanda aspera) ndi wochokera ku mtundu wa limanda, womwe umapezeka ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk, Japan ndi Nyanja ya Bering. Pali nsomba zambiri kumadzulo kwa Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin. Amakonda kuya kwakuya kwa 15-80 metres, komwe kumamatira dothi lamchenga. Mayina ena odziwika bwino a taxon - prickly limanda ndi ma flvoteer chervonets - amaperekedwa chifukwa cha mamba ndi minga komanso thupi lozungulira lofiirira lomwe limapangidwa ndi zipsepse zagolide. Kukula kwakukulu ndi masentimita 45-50 ndi kulemera kwa 0,9-1.0 kg.

Nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere

M'mitundu itatu, mitundu isanu yapezeka yomwe imakhala m'madzi a Atlantic komanso madzi aku Pacific ndi Arctic Ocean (Barents, Okhotsk, Bering, Nyanja ya Japan). Zazikulu zazikulu ndi za halibut yoyera (Pacific - Hippoglossus stenolepis, Atlantic - Hippoglossus stenolepis), yomwe imakula mpaka 450 cm m'litali ndi kulemera makilogalamu 350.

Woyimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtunduwu ndi muvi wokhala ndi mivi (American - Atheresthes stomias, Asia - Atheresthes evermanni), samakonda kulemera makilogalamu 7-8 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 70-80. ) ndi kumbali yakhungu (ya cycloid yokhala ndi mbali yosalala). Mtunda wapakatikati ndi wakuda halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), womwe makilogalamu 35 mpaka 40 ndi mbiri ndikukula kwa masentimita 125-130.

Rhombus wamkulu

Msodzi wina, wofanana ndi chowombera, ndi nthumwi ya banja la Kalkan - the sea pheasant, kapena turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), wokhala ndi thupi lalikulu lopanda mamba. M'malo mwake, chilengedwe chimapereka njira yotchinga m'njira yamafupa ambiri. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a zipsepse ndi kukula kwake kwapadera (kutalika mpaka mita 1), nsomba imadziwikanso kuti rhombus yayikulu. Nyanja pheasant ndi mtundu wamalonda wofunika kwambiri ndipo umamera kwambiri m'mafamu ku Spain, Portugal, France, Iceland ndi China. Mitundu yachilengedwe ya flounder-turbot imaphatikizapo Nyanja za Baltic, Kumpoto, Nyanja ya Mediterranean.

Chidendene

Dzina lasayansi la mitunduyo ndi mchere wa ku Europe (Solea solea). Msodzi wa thermophilic ndi wa mtundu womwe Soleidae ndipo amakhala kum'mawa kwa Atlantic, Red, Mediterranean, South China, Baltic ndi Black Seas. Amakula mpaka 65-70 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.5-3.0. Ili ndi mkhalidwe wokoma kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, yokoma komanso yowutsa mudyo wokhala ndi mafupa ochepa. Mchere waku Europe umadziwika ndi thupi lalitali lokhala ndi masamba, lomwe limakwaniritsidwa ndi mutu wa asymmetric wokhala ndi kamwa yoyaka ndi diso lamanja. Mbali yoonayo imapakidwa utoto wonyezimira wokhala ndi madontho ambiri amdima ndipo wokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono.

Pansi pa dzina la amalonda "chilankhulo cham'madzi" ogulitsa achinyengo nthawi zambiri amagulitsa osati kokha zikwatu za nsomba zochepa zamtengo wapatali, koma ngakhale pangasium catfish, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala oimira madzi oyera ichthyofauna.

Habitat ndi moyo wapaulendo

Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kusinthika kwachilengedwe, nsomba zosalala zidayendera bwino pagombe lonse la Europe ndi nyanja zam'madzi. Flounder amamva bwino kwambiri nyengo zam'madzi amtchire ya Black, Azov, Caspian ndi Mediterranean, nyengo yotentha ya nyanja ya Baltic, North ndi Norway. Mitundu yambiri idazolowera madzi amtsinje wokhala ndi mchere wocheperako komanso wotseguka. Koma magawo ozizira am'mphepete mwa Pacific ndi Arctic Oceans - a Kara, Chukchi, Japan, Bering, Okhotsk, ndi Nyanja za Barents - ndiwopezeka kwambiri ndi nsomba zam'madzi.

Zosefukira zimakhala moyo wamtundu, zodzikongoletsa zokha monga mtundu wa malo owazungulira (kuyerekeza). Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimagona pansi kapena kumiza maso pansi. Kubisa kwachilengedwe koteroko ndizabwino kwambiri komanso nthawi imodzi kumathetsa magwiridwe awiri opulumuka - kugwira nyama kuchokera kwa obisalira osadyedwa ndi adani akuluakulu.

Ngakhale kuwonekera pang'onopang'ono komanso chizolowezi choyenda pang'onopang'ono pansi chifukwa cha mayendedwe ngati funde, Flounder ndiwosambira kwambiri. Imayamba nthawi yomweyo ndipo imatha kupanga liwiro lalitali mtunda waifupi. Ngati ndi kotheka, "ndikubowola" thupi kwa mamitala angapo mbali yoyenera, ndikutulutsa kamtsinje kamphamvu pansi mpaka madziwo. Nyanjayo ikayimitsidwa, nsomba zimatha kugwira nyama yomwe yabisala kapena kubisala kwa yoopsa.

Kodi chozungulira chimadya chiyani?

Kutengera mtundu wa taxon, ntchito zodyetsa zimatha kumadzulo, usiku kapena masana. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi chakudya chochokera ku nyama. Zowuluka zazing'ono zimadya pa benthos, nyongolotsi, amphipod, mphutsi, crustaceans, ndi caviar. Akuluakulu amadya ma ophiuras ndi ma echinoderm ena, nsomba zazing'ono, nyama zamkati, crustaceans, ndi mphutsi. Flounder to shrimp ndi capelin ndizosagwirizana kwambiri.

Komwe kumayambira kumutu kumakhala koyenera kumata kukuntha m'nthaka zomwe zimakhala m'makulidwe pansi, kusiya mafinya apumidwe pansi. Mphamvu ya nsagwada za toothy ndi yayikulu kwambiri mwakuti nsombazi zimatha kuthana ndi zipolopolo zazing'onoting'ono zamatumbo (ma cores) ndi zipolopolo za nkhanu. Zakudya zambiri zopatsa mphamvu zamapuloteni ambiri zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa onse oimira Pleuronectidae.

Zofalikira

Tekisi iliyonse imakhala ndi nthawi yopanga ndipo zimatengera dera, nthawi yanthawi yamasika, komanso kutentha kwa madzi (mpaka + 2-5 ° C). Nthawi yodziwika bwino ya mitundu yambiri imakwanira kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Meyi. Koma pali zosiyasiyana - turbo (Rhombus yayikulu) imayamba kuwonekera mu Nyanja za Baltic ndi North mu Epulo-Ogasiti, ndipo kuwombera kwa polar kumatulukanso mu Sear yodzadza ndi Ice ndi Barents mu Disembala-Januware.

Kukula kumachitika mchaka cha 3-7 cha moyo. Akazi amakhala ndi fecundity yayikulu; clutch imodzi imatha kukhala ndi mazira a 0.5-2 miliyoni omwe ali ndi nthawi ya makulitsidwe masiku 11-14. Monga malo otambalala, malo akuya kwambiri (7-15 m) okhala ndi mchenga pansi amasankhidwa, ngakhale kuti bwalo lamalonda limazungulira bwino pakuya kwa 50 m chifukwa chazomangamanga komanso kusowa kwa kufunika kokumangirira kumtunda wolimba. Fryu yoyandama imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofukula owoneka ndi mbali zoyambitsidwa bwino. Zooplankton ndi benthos yaying'ono amachita ngati chakudya chopatsa thanzi.

Nyama yopota ndi caviar - mupindule ndi kuvulaza

Nsombazi zimakhala ndi zotanuka, zowoneka bwino komanso zotsekemera. Chifukwa chachilendo cha mawonekedwe, podula, osati awiri, koma 4 ziwalo. Mtengo wa zopatsa thanzi ndi flounder ndi 90 kcal pa 100 g. Chifukwa cha zochepa zama calorie ndi Aspartic ndi glutamic acid, nyama yansomba yosalala ndi gawo limodzi la zakudya komanso kukonza zakudya. Ubwino wina wakufalikira ndi zinthu zopindulitsa thupi:

• mapuloteni oyesa kugaya (15 g),
• thiamine (0.14 mg), riboflavin (0.15 mg), pyridoxine (0.12 mg),
• mavitamini B12 (1.2 μg), B9 (6 μg), D (2.8 μg), C (1 μg),
• potaziyamu (320 mg), calcium (45 mg), phosphorous (180 mg), ayodini (50 mcg),
• mkuwa (110 μg), fluorine (430 μg), sulfure (190 mg).

Chifukwa cha machitidwe ake okhudzidwa ndi zakudya

Nsombazo zimabwereka ndendende kukakhala chithandizo chanthete, kuwira, kuyanika, kuwaza, kusuta, kuphika, kuphika mu uvuni ndi grill. Koma ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofatsa kuti nthawi yayitali yamafuta isawononge mavitamini ndi kuchuluka kwa kukoma. Zakudya zotentha ndizothandiza kwa ana, amayi apakati, anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto am'mimba komanso kagayidwe. Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a gastar ali ndi flavier caviar. Ili ndi mapuloteni ochulukirapo (> 20%) ndipo ndiwofunika kwambiri popanga mapuloteni, ndikumakhalabe ndi zopatsa mphamvu zochepa (80 kcal pa 100 g). Njira zodziwika zopangira caviar ndizomcheretsa ndi kuwaza.

Contraindication

Koma musatenge phindu lapadziko lonse la nsomba zam'madzi za padziko lonse lapansi monga chowonadi. Pali zotsutsana zomwe zimafunikira kuganizira musanadye nsomba zam'madzi:

• tsankho
• zaka za mwana mpaka chaka chimodzi,
• Matenda a chiwindi ndi dongosolo lotupa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa impso ndi chikhodzodzo.

Makamaka zofunika izi zimakhudzana ndi nsomba zamchere, zomwe zimasungabe madzi mthupi ndipo zimapangitsa kutupa. M'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala mbale zomwe zimatha kusintha mkaka wa mayi ndikupereka zovuta mu mtima.