(Nkhaniyi idalembedwa ndi Lyubarsky G. Yu.)
Embic embia (Haploembia solieri Rambur)
Pali mtundu umodzi wokha mu mtundu wa Haploembia - H. solieri. Embic - mtundu wamtundu wa thermophilic, womwe umapezeka makamaka m'madera a Mediterranean. Ku USSR, ndizofala ku Caucasus ndi Crimea. Embias ali ngati tizilombo pakati pa tizilombo. Amakhala ndi thupi lofiirira, lofewa, lofiirira lomwe mutu wake umatsogozedwa, pomwe pamakhala timaso tating'ono ndi mawonekedwe akuda. Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi mapiko, pali awiriawiri awo. Kutalika kwa kamwana koyambira sikuposa masentimita 1.2. Embi amatha kusinthanso (kubwezeretsa) miyendo yotayika. Mimbulu yomwe imagwidwa ndi ntchito yosungirayo imazirala kwambiri kotero kuti nkovuta kudziwa, yomwe, siyimawonjezera chidwi cha gulu ili la tizilombo. Koma ngati muyang'anitsitsa. Mwambi wina umatsatira wina. Pamene maimelo adawoneka Padziko lapansi sakudziwika. Maudindo omwe amapanga magulu azachilengedwe akhala ali chinsinsi. Posachedwa pokhapokha pakhala kotheka kudziwa kuti emboli ndi achibale akutali a ntchentche, makhungwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono monga mapete ndi zoopter, zomwe sizidziwika bwino ndi anthu ambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti, ma emboli adazolowera moyo wautali, mitengo yowola, etc. Zotsatira zake, adatenga thupi lokwera lotere lomwe limakwaniritsidwa kuti lizikwera m'mizere yopapatiza. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha zoipa ndi gawo loyambirira la tarsus, momwe mumakhala timinyewa tokhala ndi timiyala tambiri tomwe timatulutsa ululu. Tizilombo ta silika timapezeka tambiri tambiri, koma pazowopsa zokha zimapezeka m'matumbo. Zojambula za ukonde wa kangaude, zopindika, zokhala ndi mabowo ambiri, zofanana ndi kangaude kapena kankhungu, zimapangidwa kuchokera ku silika wamtunduwu. Zingwezi zimadutsa m'nthaka, pansi pa miyala, pansi pa makungwa a mitengo yowola ndipo nthawi zina m'malo obisika komanso amthunzi zimabwera pamwamba. M'magawo amenewa, mazirawo amakhala moyo wawo wonse akungoyenda munjira zasiliva zanyumba yayikulu ndipo kawirikawiri, amatuluka usiku. Pakaŵavya ŵanandi mwa mafumbo ghanandi. M'mayilo osiyanasiyana, nyerere, tizilomboto tating'ono timakonda kubisala. Nyumba ya emby ndi mzinda wonse. Embi amakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndipo nthawi imeneyi amakwanitsa kulera ndi kubereka. Chifukwa chake, mbadwo wachikulire, ana ake, ndi mphutsi zazing'ono, zomwe sizisiyana kwambiri kuchokera kwa achikulire, zimakhala pamodzi pazenera zazitali za kangaude, chifukwa emboli ndi a tizilombo tosakwanira. Zachidziwikire, kusamvana kumachitikanso: pali milandu ya anthu omwe amatha kudya nyama nthawi yayitali, nthawi yayitali, makamaka amuna, akudya mphutsi. Embi amawoneka ngati nyama zankholoni. Samangokhala pafupi, komanso amakonza chakudya chambiri m'misika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti atha kukhala ndi ubale wapadera ndi abale awo. Ndi malamulo ati omwe amayendetsa ubalewu?
Zinsinsi za mzinda wa cobweb ndi okhalamo sizinathe. Mpaka pano, ntchito zake sizinaphunziridwe bwino. Amaganiziridwa kuti microclimate yapadera imapangidwa pandime za cobwebby - ofunda, achinyontho, omwe owopsa amawakonda kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ali osavuta kuyendetsa. Embias ndi zolengedwa zokongola. Amathamanga mwachangu podutsa m'ming'aluyo, akumamatirira kuma cobwebs ndi njerwa ndi kapangidwe kake kamene kali ngati pamiyendo 4 yakutsogolo. Embium akuthamanganso ndiyapadera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti amatha kuthamanga mofunikira kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo: miyendo yawo imakokedwa kotero kuti kuyenda mbali zonse ziwiri kumachitika mosavuta. Ndi kuthamanga uku "kumbuyo", kutuluka kwa kumapeto kwa m'mimba kumakhala ngati anangula - maimelo akumva njira patsogolo pawo, kutembenuka mosazindikira ndikuthamanga kuzungulira zovuta zomwe akumana nazo.
Embi amadya kwambiri pozola zinyalala za mbewu, koma nthawi zina zimadziunjikira, zimaswa mwachangu ma invertebrates angapo ang'onoang'ono, monga michira ya phazi, nsikidzi zazing'ono, ndi nsikidzi. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kupezanso kachilomboka komwe kamapezeka ku Crimea, pansi pa miyala kumwera, kotenthetsedwa ndi dzuwa, malo otsetsereka a m'madzi okumbidwa ndi udzu. Pano, pamalire pakugawidwa kwa mitunduyi, i.e., m'malo abwino kwambiri, mazirawo adataya amuna awo ndikusintha gawo la parthenogenetic, i.e. kubereka anamwali. Ndipo komweko kufupi ndi ku Roma, ndiye kuti, kumwera chakumwera kwa mzere, amuna ndi akazi onse alipo. Chapakatikati, mazira amayika mazira m'makomo awo a silika, pomwe mphutsi zoyera za bulauni zimatuluka, pomwe mwezi wa Meyi umakhala utakhazikika kale. Mumthawi yosavomerezeka - youma kwambiri kapena kuzizira kwambiri - mazirawo amatha kudzipatula, ndikusiya dothi lakuya mpaka 1-1.5 m ndikuima kuti apange zipilala zamangaude.
Zolemba za morphological
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono (10-14 mm) tosintha bwino. Thupi ndi cylindrical, elong. Zida zam'kamwa zikukuta, miyendo ikuyenda, m'chigawo choyamba chamanja, zotumphukira zimayikidwa. Thupi limatha ndi matchalitchi ataliitali, omwe amagwira ntchito kukhudza mukasunthira tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
Kugawa
Umboni wokumbikawo ndi wofalikira kudera la Mediterranean (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, France, Yugoslavia), kuphatikizapo zilumba za Canary, Corsica, Madeira, Sardinia. Mitunduyo imaphatikizaponso: Crimea, Russia (kumpoto kwa Caucasus). Africa (Egypt, Morocco), Mexico, USA (Arizona, California, Oregon, Texas, Utah).
Chidule cha Embium
Ndipamene nyamazo zinayamba kuwopsezedwa, monga zimachitika kawirikawiri, adayamba kuthana nazo kwambiri. Chidwi cha maimidwe azakudya chikukula ndipo pang'onopang'ono zambiri zikubwera zokhudza iwo. Asayansi sanadziwe kuti mazirawo atawoneka liti padziko lapansi, akukhulupirira kuti izi zitha kuchitika zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuphatikiza apo, kwa nthawi yayitali sakanatha kudziwa komwe kuli koyipa kwambiri pakusakaza kwa tizilombo. Posachedwa pomwepo zidadziwika kuti ndi abale akutali a mitengo yamakutu ndi miyala yamiyala. Ali ndi thupi lalitali lokwera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tizilomboti timazolowera kukhala ndi moyo ndi matabwa owola komanso zinyalala zomera.
Zoipa zoyipa - tizilombo touluka.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya tizilomboti ndi gawo loyambirira la mbali ya kutsogolo. Gawoli lili ndi tiziwalo tambiri tambiri timene timatulutsa silika. Tizilombo tofananira timapezeka mu tizilombo tambiri, koma pazowopsa zokha zimakhala pamiyendo. Ulusi wa kangaude womwe umakhala ndi mabowo ambiri opangidwa kuchokera ku silika wa mluza. Tsamba ili ndilofanana ndi nkhungu ya bowa kapena kangaude. Zingwe zoterezi zimapezeka m'nthaka, pansi pa mitengo yowola, pansi pa miyala, m'malo osiyanasiyana amithunzi.
Achikulire Empusa
Nyimboyo imakulowa - woimira dongosolo la mantis. Imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apachiyambi: mutu wopapatiza kwambiri wokhala ndi maso akulu, wopatsa kachilombo ka mawonekedwe ake koyipa. Awiri azilonda ang'onoang'ono am'manja (mwa amphongo amakhala amthenga) ndi nyanga. Kutsatira mutu ndi chifuwa chachitali ndi miyendo yayitali. Mapiko ocheperako ndi akuthwa amaphimba mapiko akumbuyo - lonse, lozunguliridwa ndi kupuma lopakidwa ndi fan. Mwachidule, kachilombo kowoneka ngati owopsa, okonzekera kuukira, magazi.
Striped empusa ndi mtundu wamba wam'madzi wa Mediterranean wokhala ku Balkan Peninsula, chilumba cha Krete, Asia Little, Syria, Egypt. Chimakhala kum'mwera kwa Crimea, kumapiri komanso kumapiri kwamitengo. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira, monga momwe imakongoletsedwera ndi utoto wa zomerazo.
Empusa, ngati nthumwi zonse za mitundu yake, ndi nyama yolusa. Kwa maola ambiri, amatha kukhala m'malo obisalirako kuti ayang'ane kachilombo kena kosazindikira. Wosemphana ndi mnzakeyo akayandikira mokwanira, empusa amayamba kuchitapo kanthu. Pang'onopang'ono komanso mwakachetechete, akufika kwa nyama, akumakonzanso miyendo yake yayitali. Atakulungidwa sekondi yachiwiri, amayesa, kuwunika mtunda, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaponyera miyendo yake "yokoka" yakutsogolo. Munthu wachilendo wabwinobwino amasiya kuponya koyipa kumeneku. Pakadali pano, a empusa amakumbukiranso za mphaka, makamaka kukhala kambuku kokasaka.
Mapiko empusa
Amathandizira kuchulukana kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Munthawi imeneyi, yaikazi imayikira mazira 100-300 mu kapisolo wapadera kuchokera kumphamvu yothira madzi. Amapachika pamitengo ya udzu ndi zitsamba, ndipo mphutsi zimaphukira nyengo yotentha. Choyamba, amadya nsabwe za m'masamba ndi ntchentche zamasamba, ndipo akakhwima, amalakwitsa ntchentche, ma cicadas, agulugufe ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timapezeka.
Mitundu yonse ya zovala zamapemphero, ndipo ngati simunayiwala, mphamvuzi ndi yawo, ndizabwino kwambiri. Pofika nthawi ya molt womaliza, mphutsi zimachulukanso nthawi 20,000! Amakhala ngati hibernates ngati munthu wamkulu kapena mphutsi zomwe zili gawo lomaliza la chitukuko.
M'nyengo yozizira, tizilombo timatha kudya, njira zonse za moyo zimatha mwadzidzidzi. Imatsala pang'ono kufa. Munthawi imeneyi, nkosavuta kwa tizilombo kuti tizitha kukhala nthawi yozizira komanso yotentha kwambiri, chinyezi komanso chinyezi m'malo ena ake
Wodya wakufa
Pafupifupi zikwi 2000 ndi am'banja la omwe adadya kale. Amapezeka m'malo onse padziko lapansi, kupatula Australia yokha.
Zakudya zakufa, zomwe zimatchedwanso bugi za cadaveric kapena zokumba m'manda, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ndi zigawo zam'mimba. Tizilomboti timakhala ndi thupi lozungulira, mutu wachitatu ndi elytra, lomwe limaphimba thupi lonse. Omwe amapangidwa bwino pakati paanthu omwe adya-akufa. Chifukwa cha izi, kachilomboka patali kwambiri amatha kununkhira nyama zamtundu uliwonse (zonyansa zamitundu yonse). Apa akukhala, adya ndi kuyala ma testicles ake.
Munthu wakufa, ngati ungatenge dzanja, umatulutsa madzi mkamwa ndi anus, kuchokera kununkhira komwe munthuyu amazimiririka ndikulakalaka kupitiriza kulumikizana naye, ndipo mbalame kapena nyama imataya chidwi chilichonse chapambuyo pake.
Izi nsikidzi kwathunthu zifukwa dzina lawo. Ndiwokongola kwambiri. Tizilombo tina tikamadya carrion, ndiye kuti kachilomboka sikigwira nyama yakufa. Atapeza nyama yake, iyi, poyang'ana koyamba, osati kachiromboka kwambiri, kachilomboka pang'onopang'ono, ikuyamba kukumba pansi nimbly. Mtembo wofa pansi pa kulemera kwake umakhala chakuya kwambiri, mpaka pamapeto pake sudzaikidwa m'manda. Komanso, ngati chinyamacho sichikhala pamtunda, koma titi, pamulu wamatanda wakufa kapena pachitsa, kachikumbu kamasonyezadi zoyesayesa zamphamvu, koma zimukokera pansi ndikumuika m'manda.
Pali nthano zanzeru zakutsogolo kwa nsikidzi. Malinga ndi kunena kwina, wasayansi adaika chikwanje chomwalira pa thabwa, ndipo pulawo pamtengo womangidwa pansi. Beetles mwaulemu adakumana ndi izi. Amakumba mtengo, ndipo m'mene unagwa, anapereka thupi mwamphamvu padziko lapansi. Katswiri wofufuza malo wa ku France, Jean Fabre, amatsutsa nthano iyi. Adakhazikitsa zoyesa zingapo ndikuwonetsa kuti manda osakumba sangathe kuchita izi, koma ambiri akukhulupirirabe "malingaliro" odabwitsa a kachilomboka.
Nyama ikamaikidwa, mkaziyo amaikira mazira pamenepo ndikudikirira moleza mtima kuti mphukirayo zitulukire, zomwe zingasangalale ndi kukonzekera kwa mayi wachikondi.
Mphutsi yamanda ndi yoyera, yamaliseche komanso yakhungu. Mu thupi, limafanana ndi mphutsi za pansi. Ali ndi nsagwada zolimba komanso zolimba komanso miyendo yayifupi. Mphutsi zikuluzikulu zimachoka m'phanga momwe zidabadwira ndikugwera pansi. Kugwira miyendo ndi kumbuyo, amadzipangira dzenje laling'ono, ndipo patatha masiku khumi amasintha kukhala chrysalis.
Mawonekedwe a Biology
Imakhala m'mabotolo owuma okhala ndi chivundikiro chomera (mpaka 600 m pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja), kukhala mtundu wa chizindikiro cha mitundu ya pansi pa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Imakhala m'mizimba yaying'ono pansi pazingwe pansi pa miyala, zinyalala, komanso ming'alu. Malinga ndi malipoti, anthu aku Crimea ndi parthenogenetic. M'chaka chimapatsa m'badwo umodzi. Kuyika mazira (mpaka 30) mu Meyi kapena chilimwe. Mu Julayi, anthu osokera nthawi zambiri amapezeka panja pobisalira. Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, imalowa mu dothi (lakuya 1.5 m), ndipo theka lachiwiri la nyundo, kupezekanso pamwambapa kumakulanso. Akuluakulu ndi nymphs overwinter. Zakudya - Zomera zinyalala, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Chiwerengerochi ndi chachikulu komanso chokhazikika - mpaka anthu 105 pa 5 dm2 ya nthaka.
Moyo wa Embium
Pa moyo wawo wonse tizilombo timene timakhala pansi mobisa, timayenda mwamphamvu motsatira maphunziro awo ndipo kawirikawiri sitimangofika pamwamba usiku. Malo okhalamo Embi amafanana ndi mizinda yeniyeni momwe, kuphatikiza eni eni, okhalamo ena amakhalanso, mwachitsanzo, nyerere, nsikidzi zazing'ono komanso milili.
Embi sakhala nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
Mluza umakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi chaka, ndipo nthawi imeneyi amakula ndi kubereka. Mu ulusi wa akangaude, onse okalamba ndi achinyamata amakhala, komanso mphutsi zomwe zili zofanana ndi tizilombo tating'ono. Koma nthawi zina akuluakulu, makamaka amuna, amatsutsa mphutsi.
Asayansi sadziwa zambiri za zoyipa. Sizikudziwika chifukwa chake tizilomboti timakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu komanso chifukwa chake amamanga mizinda yayikulu pansi pa nthaka. Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha intaneti, microclimate yapadera imapangidwa - yonyowa komanso yotentha, yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri chifukwa cha zoyipa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikosavuta kuyenderera pa intaneti, ndipo mazira amayenda mwamphamvu. Mwambiri, tizilombo timeneti timakhala tambiri. Amatha kusewera cham'mbuyo komanso chammbuyo molingana. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka miyendo, komwe imatha kuyenda mbali zonse ziwiri mosavuta. Pamene mimbayo imathamangira kumbuyo, imazindikira kupitilira kumapeto kwa m'mimba kutsogolo, kotero imatha kupewa kugundana ndi zopinga zosiyanasiyana.
Imani mazira omwe amadya mbewuzo, koma amatha kudya tizilombo.
Zakudya za michere zimakhala ndi mbewu zowola, koma nthawi zina zimadyera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Chapakatikati, zazikazi zimayala ma testicles m'ndime, pomwe pali mphutsi zoyera. M'mwezi wa Meyi, akutembenukira kale kukhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akuluakulu.
Pali mitundu ingapo yoipa ku Caucasus ndi Crimea, kuwonjezera, amakhala kumayiko otentha.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.