Albatross - Imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi - mwina mbalame zam'madzi kwambiri kuthengo. Kuyambira kale, Albatross amadziwika kuti ndi wabwino kwambiri. Oyenda panyanja amawona chizindikiro chabwino pakuwonekera kwa mbalamezi pafupi ndi chotengera, ndipo ena amakhulupirira kuti ma albatross ndi mizimu ya anthu oyenda panyanja omwe afa.
Anthu amakhulupirira kuti ngati muvulaza albatross, ndikumupha kwambiri, kuzunza koteroko sikungalandire, posachedwa muyenera kulipira. Ndipo ma albatross okha kwa mamiliyoni ambiri a zaka akhala akuwongolera miyoyo yawo, osawonetsa kuzunza dziko lapansi ndi anthu.
Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza
Gulu la World Classization la Zinyama Zakuthengo limatulutsa albatrosses ngati gulu la agumbwa, banja la mbalame za m'madzi. Ofufuza zakale amakhulupirira kuti mtunduwu ndi wakale kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi zomwe zatsala, makolo akale a albatross okhala padziko lapansi zaka 20-30 miliyoni zapitazo. Achibale apamtima amtundu wamadzi amadziwikanso, zakale zomwe asayansi akuyerekeza zaka 70 miliyoni.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa zotsalira pamolekyu akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mbalame imodzi yakale, yomwe albatrosses idachokera. Zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi za albatrosses ndizofala kwambiri kumpoto kwambiri kuposa kumwera. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana idapezeka m'malo omwe ma albatrosses amakono sakhala - mwachitsanzo, kumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean, mu Bermuda komanso North Carolina (USA).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Albatross
Akatswiri amasiyanitsa mitundu 22 ya albatross. Pakati pawo pali nthumwi zazing'onoting'ono - osati zazikulu kuposa seagull wamba, koma pali zimphona zenizeni zokhala ndi mapiko aopitilira mamitala 3.5. Albatrosses ang'ono, monga lamulo, ali ndi maula akuda kwambiri, matupi osuta komanso a bulauni, akuluakulu ndi oyera oyera kapena okhala ndi malo amdima mdera la mutu kapena mapiko. Makamaka a albatross amalumikizidwa zolimba ndi thupi, pansi pa nthenga pali kuwala komanso kutentha, komwe kapangidwe kake kamafanana ndi kak.
Makulidwe a albatrosses achinyamata ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu okhwima. Kuti mukhale ndi utoto wachikulire, kukula kwachichepere kumafuna zaka zingapo.
Albatrosses ali ndi mlomo wawukulu komanso wolimba, kumtunda kwake womwe umawerama. Kumbali zonse ziwiri, pagombe la mulomo wapamwamba, malembedwe awiri amphuno omwe ali ndi machubu amapezeka mosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka mbalame ndi fungo labwino kwambiri komanso kuthekera kupeza nyama mwa kununkhiza. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha izi, gululi liri ndi dzina lina - tubular.
Matumba a albatross ndi olimba, amasuntha bwino komanso molimba mtima. Zala zitatu zakutsogolo ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba, zomwe zimamuthandiza ndikusambira bwino bwino. Mbali yayikulu ya albatross ndi mapiko ake apadera. Zapangidwa m'njira yoti zizitha kupatsa mbalame mwayi woyenda mtunda wautali ndikukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali mlengalenga. Mapikowo ndi olimba, amakhuthala kutsogolo ndipo ndi yopapatiza kutalika.
Albatross imamangidwa pafupi ndi madzi pogwiritsa ntchito kukwera kwa mafunde. Pouluka, mafunde akudza ndi mlengalenga ndi omwe amayendetsa ndi kuwongolera mayendedwe ake. Njira zonsezi zimathandiza kuti ma albatross azisunganso mphamvu ndi mphamvu zawo. Albatross amangoyendetsa mapiko ake kuchokera pomwe amachoka kuti athe kuchoka pamalopo ndikukula.
Kodi albatross amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Albatross
Malo okhala madera ambiri a albatross nthawi zambiri amakhala madzi oundana a Antarctica ndipo nthawi zambiri dera lonse lakumwera. Kumeneko amagawidwa m'chigawo chonse. Ma albatrosses osamukira amatha kupezekanso ku Northern Hemisphere. Zowona, sizimafikira malo ozizira kwambiri, osangokhala pamalo otentha kwambiri.
Koma kwa mitundu ina ya albatross, gombe lakumpoto la Pacific ndi malo okhalamo. Awa ndi ena oimira a fuko la Phoebastria omwe asankha madera awo kuchokera ku Alaska ndi Japan mpaka ku zilumba za Hawaii.
Ndipo mitundu yapadera kwambiri - Galapagos Albatross - ndiyokhayo omwe amadzala pachilumba cha Galapagos. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kayendedwe ka mphepo kofunikira pokonzekera, malo abata a equator satha kudutsa mbalame zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolefuka m'mlengalenga. Galapagos albatross imagwiritsa ntchito mphepo yoyambitsidwa ndi madzi ozizira a Humboldt, ndipo chifukwa cha izi ili ndi mwayi wopatsa chakudya komwe abale ake ena sangafikire.
Asayansi a ornithologists amayang'anira kayendedwe ka ma albatross kwambiri pamadzi. Samapanga ndege nyengo, koma nthawi ya kubereka ikangotha, magulu awo amabalalitsidwa, nthawi zina amapanga maulendo ena mozungulira ozungulira, ngakhale kuti omaliza amatanthauza mitundu yakum'mwera ya mbalame.
Kodi albatross amadya chiyani?
Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ma albatross amatulutsa chakudya chokha pamwamba pa nyanja, kusambira ndi kusaka squid, nsomba ndi zakudya zina zomwe zimatengedwa ndi mafunde kapena zimasiyidwa atatha kudya nyama zam'madzi kuchokera kumadzi. Kuyesera kukhazikitsa kwa mawu a capillary echo mu thupi la mbalame zololedwa kupeza deta pazomwe zimatha kusaka mozama.
Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina siyambira m'madzi kuchokera pansi pamadzi, pomwe ena - mwachitsanzo, osuta a albatross - amatha kulowa pansi mpaka pakuya mita 5 kapena kupitilira apo. Kuphatikiza apo, milandu yovumphira m'madzi imadziwika kwambiri - mpaka 12 metres. Albatrosses amasaka madzi ndi mlengalenga.
Zakudya zawo zazikulu ndi nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi:
Zawonedwa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imakonda zosiyana. Pazakudya za ena, nsomba zimasamba, pomwe zina amadya kwambiri nyamayi. Makhalidwe akudya amawonetsedwa posankha malo okhala colony. Albatrosses amakonda kukhazikika komwe nyanja ndi zolemera kwambiri pazakudya zawo zomwe amakonda.
Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi akatswiri a ornithologists awonetsa kuti carrion ikhoza kupezeka mndandanda wazinthu zina za albatrosses - mwachitsanzo, albatross woyendayenda. Mwina awa ndi zinyalala za nsomba, zotsalira za chakudya cham'muna zam'madzi kapena nzika zam'madzi zomwe zimafa ndikutulutsa. Komabe, mbalame zambiri zimakonda chakudya chokhacho.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Albatross ku Flight
Albatrosses amadziwika ndi gulu lamoyo, amakhala m'midzi. Nthawi zambiri, njuchi zimakhala pachilumba china, chomwe chimasankhidwa molingana ndi mwayi wopita kunyanja kuchokera mbali zonse. Pamenepo amapanga awiriawiri, amapanga zisa ndi kuswana.
Pamoyo, amasankha madera a World Ocean, pomwe squid ndi krill ndizokwanira, zomwe zimapereka chakudya. Ngati chakudya chimasowa, mbalame za albatross zimachotsedwa m'malo osungirako zinyalala ndikuzitumiza kuti zikafune malo abwino.
Kuti apeze chakudya, mbalamezi zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali. Amasaka makamaka masana, ndipo amagona usiku. Kuphatikiza apo, kale anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ma albatross amagona mwachindunji akuuluka, pomwe mbali yakumanzere ndi kumanja kwa ubongo kumayendetsedwa ndi wina kuti apume. Tsopano ndikudziwika kuti amagona makamaka pamadzi. Kugona ndi kochepa, kupuma komanso kubwezeretsa mphamvu iwo amafunikira maola awiri kapena atatu okha.
Kutha kuwuluka mlengalenga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kumapangika kwambiri mu albatross kotero kuti pafupipafupi mtima wake pakuthawa koteroko umakhala pafupi ndi vuto la mtima patchuthi.
Albatrosses, ngakhale ali ndi chidwi komanso mlomo wawukulu wakuthwa, samachita zachiwawa. Zomwe zimangovutitsa ndikusaka chakudya komanso kubereka ana. Ndi makolo oleza mtima komanso osamala komanso olimbikitsa abale awo pakagwa ngozi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Awiri a albatrosses
Anthu okhala ku Albatross ali ndi gulu labwino kwambiri. Akuluakulu akulera ziweto zazing'ono. Komanso, ngakhale anapiye atasiya kale chisa cha kholo, amafunikira chikhalidwe kuchokera ku mbalame zokhwima pang'ono ndikupeza, kuphatikiza m'magulu okhazikika, kutengera maluso ndi maluso olumikizirana ndi anthu amtundu wina komanso amuna ndi akazi.
Albatrosses amakhala nthawi yayitali kwa mbalame - pafupifupi zaka 50, nthawi zina zochulukirapo. Kutha msambo kumachitikanso mochedwa, pofika zaka 5. Koma ngakhale pamenepo iwo, monga lamulo, salowa nawo gawo logwira kubereka, koma amatero patapita zaka zambiri, pofika zaka 7-10.
Achinyamata amasankha wokwatirana naye kwa zaka zingapo. Ali koloni nthawi yakuberekera, amaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane komanso machitidwe a masewera akukhwima, chomwe chimakhala chachikulu kuvina. Uwu ndi magulu angapo osunthika ndi mawu - kuwonekera ndi mulomo, kuyeretsa maula, kuyang'ana mozungulira, kuyimba, ndi zina. Kukula kwachichepere kumafuna nthawi yochulukirapo kuti udziwe luso ndi luso lokopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Wamphongo, monga lamulo, amayesa kukopa akazi angapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo amachita izi mpaka m'modzi wawo adzabwezeretsa. Banja likadzapangidwa, titha kuganiza kuti banja lenileni la mbalame, omwe ali m'banjamo akhalabe okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake mpaka kumapeto. Kusintha kwa zibwenzi mu albatrosses kumachitika kawirikawiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kusayesa konse kubereka.
Awiriwo omwe adangopangidwapo kumene amakhala ndi mawu awoawo, omwe awiri okha ndiamamvetsetsa. Amamanga chisa pomwe chachikazi chimangodziikira dzira limodzi lokha. Koma amawaswa, amateteza kwa adani, ndipo atatha kusamalira anapiye osungidwa - makolo onse awiri.
Albatrosses nthawi zambiri amapanga zisa momwe adadzibera.
Kupeza chakudya cha mwana wankhuku, albatross imatha kuuluka mtunda wokwana mailo 100,000. Popeza atali mtunda wotere, kholo lokhala ndi tsitsi sangathe kubweretsa chakudya chatsopano m'chisa, chifukwa cha chitetezo, amumeza. Mothandizidwa ndi michere ya m'mimba, chakudya chimasanduka chakudya chopatsa thanzi, chomwe ma albatross amakhala pamilomo ya tambala.
Ntchito yolera ana mu albatrosses imatha pafupifupi chaka. Pambuyo pokhapokha nthawi iyi, anapiye okhwima komanso olimba amayimirira mapiko ndikuwasiya zisa za makolo. Monga lamulo, iwo sabwerera. Ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi kapena makolo awiri ali okonzekera kubadwa kwa mwana watsopano. Izi zimapitilira mpaka wamkazi atakwanitsa kubereka.
Adani Achilengedwe a Albatrosses
Chithunzi: Albatross pamadzi
M'malo osankhidwa ngati chisa cha albatrosses, monga lamulo, palibe adani omwe angalowe m'malo. Izi zokhazikitsidwa ndi mbiri yakale sizinalole kukula kwa mbalame zodzitchinjiriza. Chifukwa chake, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa iwo ndi nyama zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi anthu - mwachitsanzo, makoswe kapena amphaka achabe. Amapha mbalame zazikulu ndikuwononga zisa zawo pakudya mazira ndi anapiye ang'ono.
Amadziwika kuti mbalame zazikuluzikuluzi zimatha kuvutika ndi makoswe ochepa - mbewa, zomwe sizimathanso kusaka nyama zosavuta ngati mazira a albatross. Makoswe, amphaka, makoswe amafalikira ndikuswana m'malo osadziwika kwambiri kuthamanga kwambiri. Amasowa chakudya, chifukwa chake, albatrosses osakonzekera zoopsa zoterezi azitha kulowa pachiwopsezo.
Koma sikuti makoswe amtunduwu ndi omwe amawopseza ma albatrosses. Alinso ndi adani m'madzi. Shaki omwe amakhala m'malo a m'mphepete mwa mbalame momwe mbalame zimakhalira, amazunza achikulire, ndipo nthawi zambiri - nyama zazing'ono. Nthawi zina albatross amathanso kudya nkhomaliro ndi nyama zina zazikulu zam'madzi. Pali milandu yodziwika pamene chigoba cha albatross chinapezeka m'mimba mwa chinsomba. Anamezedwa, mwina, mwamwayi pamodzi ndi chakudya china, popeza mbalame sizinalole menyu achinsomba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Albatross
Modabwitsa, ma albatross, omwe ndi adani ochepa kuthengo, akuwopsezedwa kuti adzawonongedwa. Mwanjira ina iliyonse, iyi ndi vuto la munthu.
M'mbuyomu, kusaka kwachangu kwa alubatross kunapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya anthu ichoke m'madera ena. Izi zidachitika ndi zisa za mbalame pa Island Island. Anawonongedwa ndi alenje akale a ku Polynesia omwe anapha mbalame pofuna nyama. Mpaka pano, anthu a albatross ku Island Island sanachiritsidwebe.
Ndi chiyambi cha kukula kwa usodzi ku Europe, kusaka kwa albatross kunatsegulidwanso kumeneko. Zokhala ndi ziwonetsero zopanda chisoni zowonongeka kwakukulu, osati chifukwa ch nyama lokoma, komanso zosangalatsa, kukonza masewera, kapena kungowagulira nyambo.
Ndipo m'zaka za zana la 19, kuphulika kwa khungu la albatross yoyera kunayamba, ndikumakhala m'mbali mwa kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean. Mbalame zinaphedwa chifukwa cha maula okongola, omwe amapanga zipewa. Chifukwa cha izi, anthu pafupifupi onse adasowa padziko lapansi.
Pakadali pano, mwa mitundu iwiri ya ma albatrosses, mitundu iwiri ili pafupi kutha, mtundu wina wa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi uyesedwa woopsa, ndipo asanu ali pachiwopsezo. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza kwambiri mbalame ndi kusodza kwa nsomba zazitali. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi fungo la nyambo, zimameza limodzi ndi zibowo, zomwe sizimatha kudzipumulanso. Kuphatikiza pa usodzi wopakidwa, kusodza kwa nsomba zazitali kumapangitsa kuti gulu la albatrosses liwonongeke, mpaka kufika anthu pafupifupi zana limodzi pazomwezi.
Albatross Guard
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Albatross
Pofuna kupewa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma albatross kuthengo, asayansi ndi mabungwe azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akupanga njira zoteteza. Amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi makampani asodzi ndi maboma amayiko.
Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zimafa nthawi yayitali pakusodza, kugwiritsidwa ntchito machenjezo:
- ogulitsa mbalame,
- mitengo yolemera
- kusodza kwakuya
- kuyendetsa usiku.
Zochitika izi zimawonetsa kale zabwino. Koma cholinga cha asayansi ndikubwezeretsanso zoyambira zachilengedwe mu malo okhala ndi ma albatross. Kuti achite izi, akugwira ntchito pochotsa nyama yakunja kuzilumba.
Polankhula za zochitika zachilengedwe mokhudzana ndi albatrosses, munthu sangathe kulephera kutchula gawo lofunikira kwambiri - kusaina mu 2004 kwa Pangano la Kuteteza Albatrosses ndi Petrels. Zimapatsanso maphwando maguluwo njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa mbalame nthawi yosodza, kuyeretsa malo okhala ndi albatrosses ochokera kuzinyama zomwe zidayambitsidwa, ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Chikalatachi chimakhala ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu chosungira kuchuluka kwa nyama zakuthengo za albatross kuthengo.
Albatross - cholengedwa chodabwitsa. Zachilengedwe zinawathandiza kukhala ndi luso lapadera, mphamvu komanso kupirira. Ndani amadziwa, mwina mbalame zokongola komanso zonyada zam'nyanja zimabweretsa zabwino. Pali chinthu chimodzi chotsimikizika - amafunika chitetezo chathu komanso kutitsogolera. Ndipo tiyenera kuwapatsa ngati tikufuna kusunga mbalame zodabwitsazi kuthengo kwa ana athu.
Kufotokozera
Albatross alibe wolingana pakati pa fuko lonse lomwe lili ndi mbewa zokhala ndi mapiko, pokhapokha ngati ma dinosaurs ena owuluka akakhala ndi mapiko achikulire chotere.
Maonekedwe a albatross amangokhala okongola. Mutu waukulu wokhala ndi mlomo wokulira wokulirapo kumapeto, wobzalidwa pakhosi lamphamvu, umaphatikizika popanda msoko ndi torso yayikulu yozungulira, wopatsa mphamvu zozizwitsa. Kukongoletsa kosangalatsa kwa ma plumage ngati kuti kumagogomezera umodzi wake. Zambiri mwa mbalame zachikulire ndizosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri imakhala mutu woyera, khosi ndi chifuwa, ndipo kumbuyo ndi gawo lakunja la mapiko limakhala lakuda.Palinso ena omwe nthenga zawo zimakhala zofiirira kwambiri, ndipo pachifuwa ndimtambo wakuda. Mumtambo wamalonda a albatross, maula ndi oyera bwino, ndipo makuponi ndi nsonga za mapiko ake okha. Mapiko otambalala amafikira 3.7 metres ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 1,3 mita.
Palinso mitundu ina yotchedwa albatrosses ya miyendo yakuda, utsi wamtambo wakuda komanso utsi wamtambo. Zowonjezera zawo zimakhala pafupifupi za imvi kapena zofiirira.
Nthawi zambiri mbalame zazing'ono zakunja zimasiyanasiyana ndi albatrosses achikulire, mtundu wake umasintha chaka ndi chaka ndipo umakhala wokhazikika pachaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi, chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha moyo.
Mitundu ina ilibe mawanga kuzungulira maso, ndipo nthawi zina mumatha kuwona malo achikasu kapena imvi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Zimachitika kuti mutu ndi wachikasu kwathunthu, ndipo mulomo ndi wapinki.
Mlomo wa albatrosses ndi wamkulu, wokhala ndi m'mphepete lakuthwa, wokhoza kugwira zolimba ngakhale utali waukulu. Ili ndi kapangidwe kosangalatsa kwambiri. Muli mtundu wambale ya nyanga, ndipo m'mbali mwake muli machubu - mphuno. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti amakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe amatha kupeza chakudya, ngakhale kuti maso awo ndiabwino.
Ambiri mwa mbalame zomwe amachokera ku gululi alibe miyendo yolimba, ndipo samayenda pamtunda. Albatross alibe chojambula ichi, ali ndi mawondo olimba ndipo amatha kuyenda ndi mapazi oyenda bwino. Mawotchi ake amatikumbutsa pang'ono za ma tsekwe. Amangokhala ndi zala zitatu zokha zolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda m'madzi ngati nkhumba. Palibe chala chakumbuyo konse.
Moyo
Albatross kunyanja amamva bwino munyengo zilizonse. Pamadzi, mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi imangokhala ngati tiwolokere, chifukwa cha mpweya wake, wosanyowa. Nthawi zambiri, albatross samatha kuyenda pamtunda kwa milungu ingapo, ngakhale amagona pamadzi.
Mapiko akuluakulu amamupatsa mwayi wokhala mlengalenga, pafupifupi osakukutira, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphepo, ngati cholembera. Ali ndi njira yosangalatsa yowuluka. Imawuluka ndikupanga kuchepa kwakanthawi, pomwe imatenga liwiro, kenako imakwera m'mwamba mumtsinje womwe ukubwera, osatulutsa mapiko ake, koma kungosintha mbali yakuthengo. Nthawi zambiri ma albatross samakwera kumwamba, amayesera kukhala pafupifupi mamita 10-15 kuchokera pamadzi, popeza pamalo otsetsereka kwambiriwo ndi mumtsinje wamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa cha njirayi, amatha kuwuluka kwa nthawi yayitali pamwamba pamafunde, pafupifupi osasunthira mapiko ake.
Komabe, ndi mapiko akuluakulu chotere, mbalamezi zimasuluka. Nyengo yanyanjayi pamtunda kapena nyanja yodontha ndizovuta zake. Nyengo zotere, amakakamizidwa kumangodumphira mafunde, kudikirira kuti mphepo iwombe. Pamtunda, amasankha malo pamalo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimachitika monga paraglider.
Mitundu ya Albatrosses
Amsterdam, lat. Diomedea amsterdamensis. Mapiko a albatross awa ndi opitilira mamitala atatu, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 120 cm, kulemera mpaka 8 kg. Amakhala ku zilumba za Amsterdam, kumwera kwa Indian Ocean. Mtundu uwu wa albatross uli pangozi. Pali ochepa awiriawiri.
Royal, lat. Diomedea epomophora. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyi kuli kosiyanasiyana masentimita 110 - 120, mapiko ndi kuyambira 280 mpaka 320 cm, kulemera kwake sikapitilira 8 kg. Kukhazikika kwa malo okhala mbalamezi ndipo ndi New Zealand ndi zilumba zozungulira. Kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame yachifumu ndi zaka 58.
Kuyenda, lat. Diomedea Exulans. Mapiko amtunduwu wa albatross ndi okulirapo kuposa mitundu ina yonse ndipo amafikira masentimita 370. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mpaka 130. Chifukwa cha mapiko ake akuluakulu, mbalame za albatross zomwe zimayendayenda zimatha kuuluka kwambiri. Malo awo okhalamo ndi zisumbu zapansi: Crozet, South Georgia, Kerguelen, Antipode ndi Macquarie. Amakhala zaka pafupifupi 30, koma zaka 50 zidakumananso.
Tristan, lat. Diomedea dabbenena. Kunja, Tristan albatross amafanana ndi kuyendayenda, ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali adatumizidwa ku mtundu womwewo. Kusiyana kokhako ndikuti Tristan ndiocheperako pang'ono kuposa kuyendayenda kukula, ndipo maula ang'onoang'ono ndi akuda pang'ono, kupatula apo, amatenga mtundu wautali woyera. Tristan albatrosses amakhala pachilumba cha Tristan da Cunha. Chiwerengerochi chili pafupifupi awiriawiri ndi theka.
Galapagos, lat. Phoebastria irrorata. Dzina lachiwiri la mbalameyi ndi lavy albossoss. Thupi pafupifupi 80 masentimita, kulemera mkati mwa 2 kg. Wingspan mpaka masentimita 240. Galapagos albatross ndiokhawo pakati pa mbalame zonse za albatross zomwe sizikhala mu Antarctic ozizira, koma m'malo otentha. Malo odyerako ndi Galapagos Archipelago, chilumba cha Hispaniola. Pambuyo pa anapiye ambiri, ma albatross amasungidwa m'mbali mwa Ecuador ndi Peru.
Mtundu wakuda, lat. Phoigastria nigripes. Mbalame yokhala ndi mapiko otalika pafupifupi 1.8 m Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 68-74 Kutalika kwamoyo: mpaka zaka 50. Malo okongoletsa - Zilumba za Hawaii ndi zilumba za Torishima. Nthawi zina amatsatira zombo zophera nsomba ndikudya zakudya zotayidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, zimawulukira ku nyanja ya Bering ndi Okhotsk.
Albatross Buller, lat. Thalassarche bulleri. Amakula kutalika mpaka masentimita 81. Mapiko ake ndi apamwamba mpaka 215 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi mpaka 3,3 kg. Mtundu wa mbalame za albatross Buller umatchedwa Walter Buller, katswiri wa zamankhwala ku New Zealand. Masamba okongoletsa ndizisumbu za Solander, Chatham ndi Snares. Pakati pa zisa, amakhala kudera la New Zealand, ndipo nthawi zina amapezeka kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Pacific kufupi ndi gombe la Chile.
Wosuta Kwambiri, lat. Phoebetria fusca. Imakula mpaka masentimita 89. Mapiko ake ali pafupifupi mamita awiri. Kulemera mpaka 3 kg. Amakhala kumwera kwa nyanja zam'madzi za Indian ndi Atlantic. Chisa chofiyira chakuda cha albatrosses pazilumba za Prince Edward, Tristan da Cunha, Gough. Madera awo ang'onoang'ono amapezeka kuzilumba za Amsterdam, Saint-Paul, Crozet ndi Kerguelen. Kunja kwa nyengo yakubereketsa, albatross wakuda wakuda amayenda m'madzi a Indian Ocean pamtunda wa 30 ° mpaka 64 °.
Wosuta pang'ono, lat. Phoebetria palpebrata. Mbalame mpaka kutalika kwa 80 cm.Wingspan mpaka 2.2 m.Malemu mbalame mpaka 3.5 kg. Zoweta kuzilumba zambiri za South Pacific: Amsterdam, Campbell, Auckland, South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Prince Edward, Saint-Paul, Antipode, Heard Island ndi MacDonald Islands. Kuyendayenda kudutsa Nyanja Yonse. Amakhala mpaka zaka makumi anayi.
Osadulidwa, lat. Thalassarche melanophrys. Mbalame yokhala ndi kukula kwa thupi mpaka 80-95 cm.Wingspan mpaka 2,5 m ndikulemera mpaka 3.5 kg. Malo omwe pali zisa ndi gombe la Auckland Islands, South Georgia ndi Tristan da Cunha. Colony ili ndi awiri opitilira 170 miliyoni. Mmodzi mwa albatross wautali, amakhala ndi zaka 70. Pakati pa nyengo yakubereketsa, ma albatrosses akuda bii amakhala kum'mwera kwa Indian, Atlantic, ndi Pacific.
Imvi, lat. Thalassarche chrysostoma. Mbalameyi ndi yayitali masentimita 81 ndipo imakhala ndi mapiko a 2 metres. Zilumba pazilumba zambiri za Nyanja Yam'mwera: South Georgia, Kerguelen, Diego Ramirez, Crozet, Prince Edward, Campbell ndi Macquarie, kuzilumba zomwe zili mphepete mwa Chile. Zimakhala m'madzi am'nyanja za Antarctic, ndipo nthawi zina zimawulukira m'madzi otsetsereka. Ma albatross achichepere otuwa amayendayenda kudutsa Nyanja Yonse mpaka madigiri 35 kumwera kotentha. Albatross wokhala ndi mutu wamtambo amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zachangu kwambiri. Pouluka mozungulira, amatha kufikira liwiro loposa 100 km / h ndikuwuluka pa liwiro lalitali kwambiri. Mphepo yamkuntho mu 2004, zinajambulidwa kuti albatross yokhala ndi imvi, ikubwerera ku chisa chake, idawuluka maola asanu ndi atatu ndi liwiro la 127 km / h. Uwu ndi mbiri yathunthu ya kuthamanga mu mbalame zowuluka mozungulira zomwe zalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Record.
Zachikasu, lat. Thalassarche chlororhynchos kapena Atlantic chikasu albatross. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyi ndi mpaka 80 cm ndipo mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi mamita 2.5. Malo okopa pachilumbachi Osafikirika, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Middle, Stoltenhof, Gough. Nthawi zambiri zimauluka pamwamba pa madzi a Nyanja ya Atlantic kuyambira madigiri 15 mpaka 45 madera akumwera pakati pa Africa ndi South America.
Mutha kuwona ma albatross, mbalame zokongola komanso zonyada izi, m'madzi ambiri am'nyanja ndi padziko lapansi. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa mbalame za albatross ndi mbalame zokhazokha ndipo mphepo yakuyendayenda imayendetsa padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo ngakhale amatha nthawi yayitali m'madzi ndi pamlengalenga, kuti apitirize mpikisano wobwerera kumtunda. Zakhala zachikhalidwe pakati pa oyendetsa sitimayi kuti mizimu ya anthu oyenda panyanja yakufa ikhazikitsidwe mu ma albatross, chifukwa chake ngati wina akufuna kuononga mbalameyi, adzalangidwa.
Kodi ma albatross amakhala kuti?
Malo obadwira a albatrosses ndi ku Antarctica ndi zilumba zozungulira. Koma mbalamezi sizikhala kwamuyaya, koma chisa chokha. Kwa nthawi yonseyi, ma albatross amatha kuuluka mtunda wautali kuchokera kumadera omwe amakhala, koma kulikonse komwe amayenda, kamodzi pachaka amabwerera kwawo, komwe amapeza wokwatirana naye ndikutulutsa anapiye awo. Pomwe mwana wakhanda akukulira, makolo onse awiri akumulera ndi kumudyetsa. Ndipo mbalame ya albatross ikafika kuphiko, banjali limasokonekera ndipo aliyense amathawukira bizinesi yake. Koma patatha chaka chimodzi adabweranso ndipo ngati onse ali amoyo komanso athanzi, ndiye kuti adzatembenukanso, kupitiriza liwiro lawo.
Komanso mbalame zazing'ono sizikhala m'malo. Choyamba, amakhala pafupi ndi komwe adabadwira, ndipo akakhwima, amapita kukayang'ana nyanja. Nthawi zambiri amadziphatikiza ndi maulendo obwera kunyanja, osoka nsomba kapena oyendetsa nsomba oyandama omwe zinyalala zochokera pokonza nsomba zomwe zimawapatsira chakudya zikumaponyedwa munyanja. Chifukwa cha zombozi, zimawuluka kwamtunda wamakilomita nthawi zina ngakhale kumpoto kwa dziko.
Koma kulikonse komwe ali, ndi kuyamba kwa masika, amawuluka kupita kudziko lakwawo. Momwe amapezera njira yobwerera kwawo ndikadali chinsinsi, koma amawuluka kupita komwe adabadwira. Kumeneku, albatrosses amatenga wokwatilana ndi kupanga banja. Kuzungulira kwa moyo kumapitilira.
Ma albatross osamukira kumayiko ena amakhalanso ku North Hemisphere. Zowona, sizimafikira malo ozizira kwambiri, osangokhala pamalo otentha kwambiri. Oimira genus Phoebastria amapanga madera awo kuzilumba kuchokera ku Alaska ndi Japan mpaka kuzilumba za Hawaii.
Mtundu wapadera wokhala ndi zisa pa zilumba za Galapagos - a Galapagos. Pa equator, bata ndi bata zimakhala pafupipafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisathe kuthana ndi albatrosses ambiri osatha mphamvu yogwira ndege, ndipo Galapagos imawuluka momasuka imagwiritsa ntchito mphepo yamphamvu yozizira ya Humboldt yamakono ndikudyetsa komwe abale ake ena sangathe kufikira.
Amadya chiyani?
Albatrosses amadalira nsomba, osati zazikulu kapena ma octopus, krill, mitundu yonse ya crustaceans, yomwe mafunde amaponyera pansi panyanja. Kuwona kuchokera mumlengalenga momwe mumadyera madzi, nsomba, squid kapena octopus, albatross imagwera pansi ndikuwombera m'madzi ndi muvi, kubaya mzere wamadziwo nthawi zina mpaka akuya mita 10, ndikugwira ndikugwera pamadzi.
Koma amatha kudya osati chakudya chokhacho, osanyoza anthu okhala m'madzi, omwe amapezeka munyanja zikuluzikulu. M'malo momwe nsomba zimasonkhana, ngakhale ndi mbalame zina zambiri zouluka kukadyetsa, Albatross amamva ngati mbuye, chifukwa ndi petulo wamkulu yekha amene angakane.
Nthawi zambiri amadziphatika podzuka ndi zombo zam'nyanja ndikuyenda nawo kwa nthawi yayitali, akudya zinyalala zonse zoponyedwa mnyanja. Ndipo akakumana ndi malo osambira nsomba zoyandama, ndiye kuti m'malo oyandama oterowo ma albatross ambiri amatenga ndalama zawo kwa miyezi ingapo ndikuwuluka kuseri kwa sitimazi kwazitali zambiri kuchokera kunyumba kwawo. Koma kwa albatross, iyi ndi njira wamba ya moyo, mbalame zoyendayendazi zimangokhala m'njira.
Kuswana
Nyengo yakubereketsa, ma albatross amapanga magulu otchedwa ma colonies, pomwe mazana, kapena osawerengeka, awiriawiri amaphatikizana mwamtendere nthawi imodzi. Amakhala moyo wotsutsana, amangopeza wokwatirana naye ndi kukhalabe wokhulupirika mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo. Akuluakulu omwe amatha kuyambitsa banja amakhala wazaka 6 ndikuyamba kufunafuna wokwatirana naye. Zimachitika kuti zimatenga zoposa chaka chimodzi, koma zaka ziwiri kapena zingapo. Koma banjali litaganiza, amayamba kudziwana bwino. Zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri kuwona momwe chibwenzi chimagwiritsidwira ntchito, pamene pamsonkhano albatross amachita nyimbo ngati yakukondana. Izi zitha kutenga masiku angapo.
Ngati yamphongo ikonda yaikazi, imakhala nthawi yodziwana, kenako imasankha imodzi mwa zilumba zopanda Antarctic ndikudziwonetsera nyumba yawo pamenepo, ndikumanga chisa kuchokera ku mbewa ndi udzu. Akazi amtundu wa albatross amanyamula dzira limodzi lokha, lomwe amalisungunula, ndikusintha masabata awiri aliwonse. Muyenera kukhwimitsa kwakanthawi, anapiye akatha masiku 75-80, makolo onse amalephera mpaka 15-17% yakulemera kwawo panthawi yakulowerera. Mwa njira, ma albatross samawopa konse kuti anthu awalolere kulowa kwa kanyumba popanda kuwonetsa mkwiyo.
Mwana wankhuku amakula pang'onopang'ono, makolo amamuwadyetsa milungu itatu yoyamba tsiku lililonse, kenako kamodzi masiku angapo. Pazonse, kusamalira mwana wankhuku ndi pafupifupi chaka chathunthu mpaka atapeza mphamvu ndikuyamba kupeza chakudya chake. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yakukula kwa albatross imachitika pakatha zaka ziwiri, nthawi zina nthawi zambiri. Koma ziribe kanthu kuti kudutsa nthawi yayitali bwanji, mu kugwa amphongo amawulukira pachilumba chomwechi ndipo amayembekeza chachikazi, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimadza pambuyo pake. Moyo wabanja umapitilira. Koma ngati m'modzi mwa awiriwo sauluka, ndiye kuti wachiwiri amakhalabe amodzi mpaka masiku ake atha, mgwirizano wawo ulimba kwambiri.
Malo okhala nyama zakuthengo
Ma albatross ambiri amakhala kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi, atakhazikika ku Australia kupita ku Antarctica, komanso ku South America ndi South Africa.
Kupatula mitundu inayi ya gulu la Phoebastria. Atatu a iwo amakhala kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean, kuyambira zilumba za Hawaii ndikutha Japan, California ndi Alaska. Mtundu wachinayi, Galapagos Albatross, amadya gombe la Pacific ku South America ndipo amawonedwa pa Zilumba za Galapagos.
Dera lomwe magawidwe a albatross amakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kulephera kwawo kuuluka mwachangu, ndichifukwa chake kudutsana kwa gawo la bata kumakhala kovuta. Ndipo ndi Galapagos albatross okha omwe adaphunzira kuyendetsa mafunde amlengalenga motsogozedwa ndi Humboldt yamadzi am'madzi apano.
Akatswiri a Ornithologists, ogwiritsa ntchito ma satellites kuti ayang'anire mayendedwe a ma albatross kunyanja, adapeza kuti mbalame sizichita nawo nyengo zosamuka. Albatrosses amauluka kupita kumalo osiyanasiyana mwachilengedwe nthawi yoti kubereka itatha..
Mtundu uliwonse umasankha dera ndi njira yake: mwachitsanzo, ma albatross am'mwera nthawi zambiri amayenda maulendo ozungulira padziko lapansi.
Migodi, zakudya
Mitundu ya Albatross (komanso mitundu ya intraspecific) imasiyana osati mndandanda wawo, komanso zomwe amakonda, ngakhale zakudya zawo ndizofanana. Gawo lokhalo la gwero lina la chakudya, lomwe lingakhale:
- nsomba,
- cephalopods
- khalidal
- zooplankton,
- zovunda.
Anthu ena amakonda kudya squid, pomwe ena amagwira krill kapena nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, mwa mitundu iwiri ya "Hawaii", imodzi, yakuda yakumbuyo yakuda, ikugogomezera squid, ndipo yachiwiri, albatross wakuda, imayang'ana kwambiri nsomba.
Akatswiri a zamankhwala apeza kuti mitundu ina ya albatrosses imakonda kudya carrion. Chifukwa chake, albatross woyendayenda amakhala ndi nyamayi yomwe imafa ndikutulutsa, kutaya ngati zinyalala, komanso nyama zina.
Kukula kwake kunagwera menyu a mitundu ina (monga imvi kapena ma bratrosses akuda) si yayikulu kwambiri: nyamayi yaying'ono imakhala chakudya chawo, ikafa, nthawi zambiri imapita pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Osati kale kwambiri, malingaliro omwe ma albatrosses amatola chakudya pamwamba pa nyanja anathetsedwa. Anapatsidwanso zokuwa zokuzira mawu zomwe mbalamezo zimakokera. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zachilengedwe apeza kuti mitundu ingapo (kuphatikiza ndi albatross) yoyenda m'madzi imayenda pansi pafupifupi mita imodzi, pomwe ina (kuphatikiza ndi utsi wa smape) imatha kutsika mpaka 5 m, ndikukulitsa kuya kwa mamita 12.5 ngati pangafunike.
Amadziwika kuti ma albatross amapeza zofunika pamoyo wawo masana, amasambira nyama osati madzi, komanso mpweya.
Utali wamoyo
Albatrosses amatha kupezeka kuti ndi a zaka zana limodzi mwa mbalame. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amayesa kukhala zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi. Asayansi amatengera zomwe zapezeka mwa mitundu ya Diomedea sanfordi (Royal albatross). Amakhala wokhazikika pomwe anali kale wamkulu, ndipo adamutsatira zaka zina 51.
Ndizosangalatsa! Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zachilengedwe amati mbalame ya albatross yomwe ili ndi mbewa ndipo yakhala zaka zachilengedwe zoposa 61.
Zinthu ndi malo okhala ndi nkhuku za albatross
Albatrosses ndi akumwera, ngakhale sakanalola kuwuluka kupita ku Europe kapena Russia. Albatross amakhala makamaka ku Antarctic. Mbalamezi ndi zazikulu kwambiri: kulemera kwawo kumatha kufika 11 kg, ndipo albatross mapiko zopitilira 2 m .Munthu wamba amatchedwa ziphona zazikulu, chifukwa mitundu ina yamtunduwu imawoneka chimodzimodzi.
Kuphatikiza pa mapiko akuluakulu, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mulomo wapadera, womwe umakhala ndi mbale zingapo. Mlomo wawo ndi wowonda, koma wolimba komanso wokhala ndi mphuno zazitali. Chifukwa cha mphuno zachinyengo, mbalameyi imakhala ndi fungo labwino, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osaka abwino, chifukwa kupeza chakudya m'malo otseguka madzi ndizovuta kwambiri.
Thupi la mbalameyi ndi yabwino nyengo yotentha ya ku Antarctica. Albatross - Mbalame wokutidwa bwino ndi miyendo yayifupi ndi nembanemba yosambira. Pamtunda, mbalamezi zimayenda movutikira, "phokoso" ndikuwoneka zowoneka bwino kuchokera kumbali.
Malinga ndi asayansi, ma albatross omwe ali ndi mapiko ofika mpaka mita 3 amadziwika
Popeza mbalamezi zimakhala nthawi zambiri nyengo yozizira, thupi lawo limaphimbidwa ndi kutentha komwe kumatha kukhalapo ngakhale nyengo yachisanu kwambiri. Mtundu wa mbalamezi ndi wosavuta komanso wanzeru: Imvi kapena yoyera ndi mawanga oyera. Mbalame zazimuna zonse ziwiri zimakhala ndi mtundu womwewo.
Kumene Kufotokozera kwa albatross sangakhale kuphatikiza mapiko. Malinga ndi asayansi, mbalame zimadziwika zomwe mapiko ake anali oposa mamitala atatu. Mapikowo ali ndi kapangidwe kapadera kamene kamawathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuti awafalitse ndikuyenda mozama panyanja.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa albatross
Albatrosses ndi "osamuka," osamangidwa ndi china chilichonse kupatula komwe adabadwira. Ndi maulendo awo, amaphimba dziko lonse lapansi. Mbalamezi zimatha kukhala mwamtendere popanda malo kwa miyezi yambiri, ndipo kuti zipume, zimatha kukhala m'mphepete mwa madzi.
Ma Albatrosses ali ndi liwiro labwino kwambiri la 80 km / h. Patsiku limodzi, mbalame imatha kuthana ndi 1000 km osatopa konse. Pophunzira mbalame, asayansi adaphatikiza ma buluzi pamagudumu awo ndikutsimikiza kuti anthu ena amatha kuuluka padziko lonse lapansi m'masiku 45!
Chowonadi chodabwitsa: mbalame zambiri zimamanga chisa momwe zidasokedwa. Mtundu uliwonse wa banja la albatross wasankha malo ake polera anapiye. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi malo pafupi ndi equator.
Mitundu yaying'ono imakonda kudya nsomba pafupi ndi gombe, pomwe zina zimawuluka mtunda wamakilomita ambiri kuti zikadzipezera zokha. Uku ndiye kusiyana kwina pakati pa mitundu ya albatross.
Mbalame izi zachilengedwe sizikhala ndi adani, chifukwa chake ambiri amapulumuka kukalamba. Zowopsa zake zimatha kubwera nthawi yomwe mazira angagwire, komanso munthawi yopanga anapiye kuchokera ku amphaka kapena makoswe akusokera mwachisumbu kuzilumba.
Musaiwale kuti choopsa chachikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse ndi munthu. Chifukwa chake zaka zana zapitazo, mbalame zabwinozi zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka chifukwa cha nthenga ndi nthenga zawo. Tsopano a Albatrosses akuwonedwa ndi mgwirizano wazachitetezo.
Chakudya cha Albatross
Mbalamezi sizokometsetsa komanso osati zokometsera zikafika pazomwe zimadya. Mbalame zomwe zimayenda mtunda wautali patsiku zimakakamizidwa kudya zovalazo. Carrion mu chakudya cha mbalamezi amathanso kupitilira 50%.
Choyimbira chidzakhala nsomba, komanso nkhono. Samanyoza shrimp ndi crustaceans ena. Mbalame zimakonda kusaka chakudya masana, ngakhale zimatha kuwona bwino. Asayansi amati mbalame zimatha kudziwa momwe madziwo akuzama, chifukwa mitundu ina ya albatross simasaka komwe madziwo amakhala osakwana 1 km. mwakuya.
Kuti zisagwedezeke, ma albatross amatha kulowa pansi ndi kulowa m'madzi kwa mphindi khumi ndi zingapo. Inde, mbalamezi zimayenda momasuka, kuchokera kumlengalenga komanso kuchokera pansi pamadzi. Pali nthawi zina pamene adawombera makumi akuzama kuya.
Kuyenda mwamphamvu mbalame ya albatross. Chithunzi, mutha kupeza zoposa mbalame zomwe zikuyenda pa intaneti. Mbalamezi zimatha kuyenda bwino mumphepo yamphamvu ndikuwuluka.
Albatrosses amapanga awiriawiri
Ndi nyengo yamkuntho, komanso kale ndi pambuyo pake, kuchokera pamizere yamadzi yomwe mbalame zambiri zimadya: nkhono ndi squid, nyama zina, komanso zovunda.