Chimbalangondo ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yoposa ngakhale mkango ndi njati. Chilombochi chakhala chikuyenda Padziko Lapansi pafupifupi zaka 5 miliyoni, ndipo munthawi imeneyi chidayandikira. Makulidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ali m'timtunda wa 1.2 mpaka 3 metres, ndipo unyinji umasiyana kuchokera 40 makilogalamu mpaka toni. Zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi thupi lalikulu, khosi lotuwa komanso mutu waukulu wozungulira.
Nyamayi imapatsidwa nsagwada zamphamvu zomwe zimathandiza kutchera zakudya zilizonse. Makoko akulu amakhala kumbali ya mano aang'ono akutsogolo. Chilombo chimayenda pamiyendo yolimba.
Chimbalangondo sichingodziwa bwino kwambiri nkhalangoyi, komanso chimasambira bwino kwambiri. Mtundu uliwonse umatha kuyenda mtunda wautali pamadzi. Ndipo choyera chimakhala ndi nembanemba m'magazi ake, chimalola kuti chizisambira mofulumira kwambiri. Chilombocho chimakwera mitengo mwachabe, ndikuchikwera m'masekondi angapo. Zonsezi zimamupangitsa kukhala wothamangitsa, yemwe nthawi iliyonse amatha kugwira nyama, kulikonse komwe abisala.
Kumva ndi kuwona kwa zimbalangondo sikumapangidwa bwino, zomwe sizinganenedwe pokhudza kununkhira. Nyama imatha kununkhiza ngakhale fungo lokomoka ndikuzindikira komwe ikachokera. Chifukwa cha izi, imayang'aniridwa bwino m'malo.
Chithunzi cha khola la chimbalangondo
Mtundu wa ubweya wa chimbalangondo umatengera mitundu yake. Imatha kukhala yakuda, yofiirira, yoyera. Mtundu wa pakhungu umatsimikizidwanso ndi chizindikiro. Woyera amakhala ndi khungu lakuda pansi pa chofunda. Izi zimathandiza kuti dzuwa lizitentha kwambiri nyengo yozizira. Muli bulauni, imvi. Nthawi zina matenda osowa amapezeka mu zimbalangondo, chifukwa chomwe tsitsi pakhungu limasowa kwathunthu. Wodziwika kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi wamkazi wamkazi Dolores, yemwe amakhala ku Leipzig Zoo.
Kufotokozera kwa brown chimbalangondo
Kutalika kwa thupi la chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi mita 1-2, kutalika kwake kufika mita imodzi, kulemera kwake kuli mulingo 300 kg00 kg. Mwambiri, ma subspecies amatha kusiyanasiyana kutalika ndi thupi, koma abambo amakhala akulu nthawi zonse kuposa akazi.
Zimbalangondo za bulauni zimakhala ndi thupi lamphamvu, kufota kutalika, mutu waukulu, makutu ndi maso ang'ono. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, kutalika kwa 65 mpaka 210 mm, kutalika kwambiri kuchokera ku ubweya. Zowonjezera ndizolimba, zikhadabo zamphamvu, sizitha kuzimiririka, 8-10 cm kutalika. Chimbalangondo ndi nyama yamiyendo isanu, yopingasa. Ubweya wake ndi wokulirapo, wowoneka bwino.
Mtundu wake umasinthasintha, onse amagawo amtundu womwewo, komanso m'dera limodzi. Ubweya wopaka utoto kuchokera kuthunzi lowala kupita kumtambo wabuluu komanso pafupifupi mithunzi yakuda. Mtundu wamba wamba ndi wonyezimira. Pali malo owala m'khosi ndi m'chifuwa cha ana omwe amadzala pomwe nyamayo imakula. Brown imabala molt kamodzi pachaka, kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika mpaka m'dzinja.
Zolemba Pazakudya za Brown Bear
Zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi nyama zopatsa chidwi, koma nthawi zambiri zimadya zakudya zam'mera: zipatso, ma acorn, mtedza, mizu, tubers ndi udzu. Ngati chaka chinachitika kukolola zipatso zosavomerezeka, ndiye kumpoto kwa mtunduwo zimbalangondo zimasinthira ku mbewu za oat, ndipo kumwera - chimanga, okhala ku Far East amayendera nkhalango za mkungudza. Kuphatikiza apo, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimadya tizilombo (nyerere, agulugufe), mphutsi, abuluzi, achule, makoswe (mbewa, marmots, agologolo pansi, chipmunks) ndi nsomba. M'chilimwe, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chakudya cha chimbalangondo ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi zawo. Zimbalangondo za brown sizimakonda kukhala ngati zilombo, ndipo pakati pa ziboliboli zake pali nyama zosavomerezeka monga agwape, agwape, agwape, agwape, caribou (zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimasaka kumayambiriro kwa kasupe zikamachoka m'malo awo okhalamo, ndipo pali chakudya chochepa).
Chomwe chimakonda kwambiri chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi uchi, zimadya zovunda, ndipo zimapezerapo mwayi pa kukula kwake, zimadyera nkhandwe, phala ndi kambuku. Chomwe chimakhala pachakudya chawo ndi nsomba pakumera.
Brown chimbalangondo
M'mbuyomu, zimbalangondo zofiirira zinali zofala ku Europe konse, kuphatikiza ku England ndi Ireland (zimbalangondo za Atlas), ndipo kummawa kudutsa Siberia ndipo China idafika ku Japan. Ku North America, amakhala ku Alaska kupita kumpoto kwa Mexico.
Masiku ano, mitunduyi m'mitundu yambiri yasowa, kapena yakhala yaying'ono. Ku Western Europe, anthu okhala ku Pyrenees, kumapiri a Cantabrian, Alps ndi Apennines. Zimbalangondo za brown zimapezekanso ku Scandinavia ndi Finland, ku Central Europe ndi Carpathians. Ku Asia, amakhala ku Asia Little, Palestine, kumpoto kwa Iraq ndi Iran, kumpoto kwa China ndi Peninsula ya Korea, ku Japan pachilumba cha Hokkaido. Magulu a zimbalangondo zofiirira ku Russia ndi gawo lonse la nkhalango, kupatula madera akumwera. Ku North America, ma grizzlies amapitilira ku Alaska ndi Canada.
Mbiri zonyamula zofiirira
- Chimbalangondo chakuda cha Siberiya (Ursus arctos collaris) - chogawidwa ku Siberia chakum'mawa kwa Yenisei, komanso kumpoto kwa China komanso kumalire a East Kazakhstan.
- Gobi brown bear kapena mazalai (Ursus arctos gobiensis) amakhala m'chipululu cha Gobi ku Mongolia. Ili ndi chikhalidwe cha "osowa kwambiri" ndipo ili pachiwopsezo chofuna kutha.
- Grizzlies - Ili ndi dzina la mtundu wachilengedwe cha America chimbalangondo chofiirira, chomwe chimakhala kwambiri ku Alaska, zilumba zoyandikana ndi kumadzulo kwa Canada. Anthu ochepa adatsalanso ku United States.
- Tien Shan brown chimbalangondo (Ursus arctos isabellinus) - chomwe chimapezeka kumapiri a Pamirs, Tien Shan ndi Himalayas. Ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi ma subspecies ena, ndipo mawonekedwe ake osiyanitsa ndizitali, ndizovala zazing'ono pamiyendo yakutsogolo.
- Kodiak (Ursus arctos middendorffi) - yogawidwa pachilumba cha Kodiak pafupi ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Alaska. Mabizinesi akuluakulu.
- Chimbalangondo cha brown cha ku Tibet kapena chimbalangondo (Ursus arctos pruinosus) ndi munthu wokhala kum'mawa kwa mapiri a Tibetan. Imodzi mwazosowa kwambiri.
Khalidwe la chimbalangondo cha brown
Zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi nyama zamnkhalango. Ku Russia, amakonda mitengo yolimba yomwe ili ndi mitengo yayitali ya mitengo yowuma, zitsamba ndi udzu wa moyo, amalowa tundra, ndi nkhalango zazitali zamapiri. Ku Europe amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zamapiri, ku North America - ku tundra, mapiri a mapiri ndi pafupi ndi mapiri.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala okha, ndipo akazi amakhala ndi ana amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Nyamazo zimakhala zakutchire, ziwembu zawo zimakhala malo 73-414 km², mwaimuna nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazikazi. Chimbalangondo chimakhala ndi malire a mundawo ndi fungo lokhala ndi "badges", ndiye kuti, imapanga zikamba pamitengo. Nditha kupanga kuyendayenda kwakanthawi komwe kumagwirizana ndikusaka chakudya. Zimbalangondo za brown zimagwira ntchito tsiku lonse, koma koposa zonse - m'mawa ndi madzulo.
M'moyo wa adaniwa, nyengo ndi nyengo imatchulidwa. M'nyengo yozizira, zimbalangondo zimadya mafuta osaneneka (mpaka 180 makilogalamu), mu kugwa imagona m'mapanga, omwe amapezeka m'malo owuma, m'maenje pansi pamphepo yamkuntho kapena pansi pa mitengo. Nthawi zina kukumba malo okhala panthaka kapena kupeza mapanga ndi miyala m'miyala. Monga lamulo, zimbalangondo zimabwera kumalo osungira nyengo yachisanu chaka ndi chaka. Kutalika kwa nthawi hibernation, kutengera ndi malo omwe nyamayo imakhala, ndi masiku 75-195 (kuyambira Okutobala-Novembala mpaka Marichi-Epulo, ndiye kuti pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi). Amuna ataliatali motalikirana ndi chimbalangondo chokhala ndi chimbalangondo, amphongo akale amatuluka pamaso pa aliyense. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo, nyengo yotentha yozizira kwambiri, kubisala sikufanana ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, komanso amadziunjikira nkhokwe yamafuta, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, chimbalangondo chimataya mafuta pafupifupi 80 kg.
Kugona kwa nyengo yozizira kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira sikuli kuya, kutentha kwa matupi awo panthawiyi ndi madigiri 29-34. Pakakhala ngozi, nyamayo imatha kudzuka mwachangu ndikuchoka kuphanga, ndikupita kukafuna yatsopano. Ngati pakugwa chimbalangondo sichikwanitsa kunenepa, ndiye kuti chimadzuka pakati pa chisanu ndikuyamba kuyendayenda pofunafuna chakudya (pamenepo imatchedwa ndodo yolumikizira). Ndodo yolumikizira ndiyowopsa, chifukwa chifukwa cha njala imakhala mdulidwe wopanda chisoni ngakhalenso kumenyera anthu. Chimbalangondo choterocho sichikhala ndi mwayi woyembekezera kupuma.
Ngakhale chimbalangondo chofiirira chimawoneka chovuta, chimatha kuthamanga kwambiri ndikuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h, kusambira ndi kukwera mitengo, makamaka ndikadali mwana. Kumenya kumodzi kuchokera kumapazi a chimbalangondo chokhala ndi nthawi yayitali kumaphwanya msana wa nkhumbira, gwape kapena mphira.
Kubalirana kwa chimbalangondo cha brown
Akazi amabereka kamodzi zaka 2-4. Awo estrus amapezeka mu Meyi ndipo amakhala mpaka Julayi, masiku 10-30. Munthawi imeneyi, nthawi zambiri abambo opanda phokoso amakhala abangula mokweza, kumenyana kumachitika pakati pawo, mpaka amafa.
Mimba imayamba ndi gawo lina, mluza suyamba kukula Novembala. Pazonse, zimatha masiku 190-200. Ng'ombe zimabadwa m'makola mu Januware-February. Mu zinyalala za chimbalangondo, ana pafupifupi 2-3 (okwera 5) olemera 500-600 g, kutalika pafupifupi 23 cm, wokutidwa ndi ubweya wochepa, wakhungu, wogontha. Ndime zotseguka pazaka ziwiri zokha, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi maso amatseguka. Pakupita miyezi itatu, ana amphindi amakhala ndi mano a mkaka, ndipo amadya kale zipatso, amadyera ndi tizilombo ndi mphamvu komanso zazikulu. Kulemera kwawo pofika pano kumafika pa 15 kg, ndipo theka la chaka kale 25 kg. Kuyamwa mkaka kumatenga miyezi inayi. Mwana wotsatira adzapatsa chimbalangondo pokhapokha chaka chimodzi.
Amuna samachita nawo ntchito yolera ana (ndipo mwina nkukhala owopsa), choncho mayi amakhala ndi makanda. Ana achikulire amathanso kuthandizira wamkazi kulera achichepere. Pomaliza, anawo amasiya amayi awo ali ndi zaka zitatu. Kutha kwawo kumatha nthawi ino, koma amakula mpaka zaka 10-11. Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndichilengedwe kuyambira zaka 20 mpaka 30, ukapolo ndi zaka 47-50.
Adani achilengedwe a chimbalangondo chofiirira
Zimbalangondo za brown zimalembedwa kuti zitha kuwonongeka ndi IUCN Red List, koma ziwerengero zake zimasiyana pakati pa anthu. Masiku ano, pali anthu pafupifupi 200,000 padziko lapansi. Ambiri a iwo amakhala ku Russia (120,000), pafupifupi 32,500 amakhala ku USA, ndi 21,750 ku Canada.A Europe ndi 14,000.
Zochititsa chidwi ndi chimbalangondo cha bulauni:
- Zikopa za zimbalangondo zofiirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matambula, nyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Chithandizo cha ndulu chimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe cha ku Asia. Machiritso amathandizidwanso kuti amabala mafuta.
- M'malo ena, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimawononga mbewu, zimawononga njuchi ndikuukira ziweto. Ndipo ngakhale mtengo wawo wasodzi uli wocheperako, kusaka mtunduwu m'madera ambiri kuli koletsedwa kapena kochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, kusaka koteroko ndizowopsa, kumafunika zida zokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yoimitsa. Chifukwa chake, kusaka chimbalangondo cha bulauni chokhala ndi mfuti ya Kalashnikov kukhoza kupha msaka, popeza chimbalangondo chimatha kumukweza ngakhale chitasinthiratu.
- Msonkhano ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira kuthengo zitha kukhala zowopsa (makamaka ndi mkazi yemwe ali ndi ana ndi ndodo zomwe atuluka hibernation). Koma nthawi zambiri zofiirira zimakhala zokha zimapewa kukumana ndi anthu.
Moyo
Mitundu yonse ya zimbalangondo imangokhala. Kusiyanako ndi koyera, komwe nthawi zina kumatha kuyendayenda ndikulanda magawo atsopano. Zimbalangondo zimakhala limodzi ndi ana aamuna pomwe zimadziwa bwino kuzungulira padziko lapansi. Amuna akuluakulu amakhala amodzi ndipo amakhala kudera linalake. Ngati anthu angapo akukhala m'nkhalango imodzi, ndiye kuti aliyense amalemekeza malire, osaka minda yake yokha.
Tsiku lonse, chimbalangondochi chimayenda kudera lake kukafunafuna chakudya. Pokhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, nyama yolusa imabweranso kuphanga - dzenje lalikulu lomwe anakumba pansi. Pamenepo amagona ndikupumula. Pafupifupi nyengo yachisanu, chilombochi chimayamba kudya chakudya chochuluka kuti chikule. Ndi nyengo yozizira, amadzisungunula, ndipo thupi lake limagwira ntchito chifukwa cha mafuta, omwe ambiri amatha kufikira 200 kg. Izi ndi zokwanira kukhala mumtundu woyimitsidwa kwa miyezi ingapo osavulaza thanzi.
Chakudya, chimbalangondo chimadya chiyani?
Chimbalangondo chimasinthasintha zochitika zachilengedwe ndipo chimatha kudya pafupifupi chakudya chilichonse. Amatha kudya zipatso zonse ndi zipatso za mitengo, ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana: akalulu, mphalapala, agwape ndi zitsamba zina zitha kukhala m'mimba mwa chilombo. Anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi amatha kulowa nawo ndikuwedza. Chimbalangondo chimachita bwino kwambiri, chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wogwira cholengedwa chilichonse mwachangu, ngakhale pansi pa madzi.
Makamaka chilombocho chimakhala chokoma. Chifukwa cha izi, nthawi zambiri amayendera ming'oma ya njuchi kukadyetsa uchi. Chovala chakuda ndi khungu lakuthwa limapangitsa kuti zikulume mosavuta.
Zakudya zamtundu winawake zimadalira malo. Chimbalangondo cha polar, chomwe chimakhala nyengo yozizira, chimangodya zolengedwa zokha, popeza zipatso ndi mitengo sizimera m'maderamo. Ndipo a Himalayan amatha kudya phwando la tizilombo ndi achule, chifukwa ndiwosavuta kudya ndipo ali ochulukirapo m'mayikowa.
Malo - komwe chimbalangondo chimakhala
Mitundu yambiri ya zimbalangondo imakhala m'nkhalango, koma imapezeka kumapiri, kumapiri, ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chilombochi chimagawidwa ku Eurasia, America, Arctic ndi Africa. Komanso mitundu ina imakhala ku Japan, Australia.
Nyama imasinthasintha bwino ndi chilengedwe. Amatha kukhala m'malo otentha kapena ozizira, kugwiritsa ntchito ma lairs, mapiri ndi matako amiyala ngati kungokhala usiku.
Ndi zimbalangondo zingati zomwe zimakhala - kuthengo ndi kumalo osungira nyama
Zimbalangondo zimakula ndikukula kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha nyama. Amakula pokhapokha ngati zaka 4-6, ndipo pamapeto pake matupi awo amatsiriza kupanga pofika 10-11 zokha. Panthawi imeneyi, amayamba kulemera komanso kukula.
Mu malo achilengedwe, mitundu yambiri imakhala pafupifupi zaka 27-30. Munthawi imeneyi, chimbalangondo chimatha kukumana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta zomwe zingachepetse nthawi imeneyi.
M'mikhalidwe yochita kupanga, mosamala, nyama imakhala motalikirapo: mpaka zaka 45. Pokhala malo osungirako nyama kapena malo osungirako nyama komwe zimamuyang'anira, chimbalangondo sichifunika kupita kukasaka, kulimbitsa thupi ndi maulendo ataliatali ndikuchita zina zomwe zingawononge thupi lake. Chifukwa chake, nyama zimakhala ndi mwayi wokula modekha ndikukula osati kusokoneza thanzi lawo.
Kutetezedwa
Panyengo yophukira, zimbalangondo, poganiza kuti kukuzizira kwambiri, nthawi zonse zimayamba kudya chilichonse chomwe zikumana nazo. Izi ndizofunikira kuti athe kulemera kwambiri momwe angathere, chifukwa chomwe amatha kupulumuka nthawi yayitali. Zimbalangondo zina zimadya mpaka 200 kg musanalowe ndi makanema ojambula.
Kulemera kogwira sikuchitika mwangozi, ndipo aliyense amayesetsa kudya zoposa zofunika. Kupatula apo, ngati matupi athupi sakwanira nthawi yonse yachisanu, chimbalangondo chimadzuka chisanafike. Sadzakhala ndi chosankha koma kusiya dzenje ndi kupita kukafunafuna chakudya. Koma chilichonse chikaphimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa, nkovuta kuti chilombochi chizisinthasintha mwachangu ndikudzipatsa chilichonse chofunikira. Komanso, zimbalangondo zina zomwe zilibe malo okwanira sizitha kugona konse. Kenako adzapulumuka kuyambira tsiku loyamba la chisanu, ndipo nthawi zambiri samachita bwino.
Kuchepetsa chimbalangondo kumatenga masiku 200. Munthawi imeneyi, chilombochi chili mgulumo. Samasuntha, samadya, koma amangogona. Nthawi yomweyo, mthupi lake limayenda pang'onopang'ono ndi 55%. Kugunda kwa mtima kumatsika mpaka kumenyedwa ndi 8 pamphindi, m'malo mwa masiku 50-55. Munthawi imeneyi, nyamayo imatha kukhalabe mpaka zinthu zamkati za thupi zitatha.