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Kufotokozera
Pazitali 80 mpaka 95 (mainchesi 31 mpaka 37), ndi mtundu wamtambo wamtundu wofanana ndi mitundu ya mlongo wake, msimi waku India. Chingwechi chimachita imvi zambiri ndi utoto wonyezimira komanso chophimba mchira. Mchiuno muli oyera. Khosi ndi lalitali, lamaliseche, loonda komanso lakuda. Mutu wakuda ndi wowongoka komanso wopyapyala wokhala ndi chikwangwani chakuda kuwoneka woperewera pakati. Dzenje la khutu limatchuka komanso kuwonekera.
Zizindikiro zakunja za zimbale zopyapyala
Zomera za Tokokljuvy zili ndi kukula pafupifupi masentimita 103. Kulemera - kuyambira 2 mpaka 2.6 kg.
Zoyipa zobwezeretseka (Gyps tenuirostris).
Mtengowu ndiwakukulu komanso wowoneka ngati wolemera kuposa chikhalidwe cha Indian (Gyps chiratidzo), koma mapiko ake ndi ofupikirako pang'ono ndipo mulomo wake siwamphamvu kwambiri, koma wowonda kwambiri. Mutu ndi khosi ndimdima. M'mapulamu mumapezeka kusowa kwa fluff Woyera. Kumbuyo ndi mulomo ndizakuda kwambiri kuposa mbali zina za thupi. Pali makwinya ndi makatani akuzama pakhosi ndi pamutu, omwe nthawi zambiri sadziwika pa khosi la India. Kutsegulira makutu kumakhala kofalikira komanso kowonekera bwino.
Iris ndi yakuda. Waxwort ndi wakuda kwathunthu. Ming'alu yaying'ono yopyapyala ndiyofanana ndi mbalame zachikulire, koma yakhazikika kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi. Khungu pakhosi limakhala lakuda.
Zoyala zopyapyala ndizochepa kukula ndipo zikuwoneka zolemera
Zochita Zabwino Zapamwamba
Ming'alu yaying'ono-yamtundu wamtunda imakhala m'malo otetezeka, m'malo, malo otsika opanda mitengo komanso m'mapiri okwera mpaka mamita 1,500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Amatha kuwonedwa pafupi ndi mudzi komanso malo ophera anthu. Ku Myanmar, mbalame zodya nyama nthawi zambiri zimatha kupezeka mu "malo odyera a nyama," omwe ndi malo omwe amawotchera nyama kuti aziwapatsa chakudya chakudya ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira. Malo awa, monga lamulo, amakhala pamtunda wa 200 mpaka 1,200 metres, ndipo kumeneko nthawi zambiri amabweretsa nyama zakufa kuti mbalame zizipulumuka.
Ming'alu yotsala pang'ono kumakhala malo opanda malo pafupi ndi malo okhala, komanso malo osungika omwe amakhala ndi malo okhala.
Nthiwatiwa zobala zanu zimakhala m'malo otseguka
Zomera zobwezeretseka
Zomera zopendekera zoonda kwambiri zimafalikira kudera lamapiri kumapiri a Himalayas, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India (boma la Haryana), kumwera kwa Cambodia, Nepal, Assam ndi Burma. Amapezeka ku India, kumpoto, kuphatikiza chigwa cha Indo-Gangetic, kumadzulo, osachepera amakhala a Himachal Pradesh ndi Punjab. Mitunduyo imafikira kum'mwera - mpaka ku South West Bengal (ndipo mwina North Orissa), kummawa kudutsa kumapiri a Assam, komanso kudera lakumpoto kwa Nepal, kumpoto komanso pakati mwa Bangladesh. Mawonekedwe a mkhalidwe wamphesa wowonda kwambiri.
Khalidwe la mbewe yolembetsedwa kwambiri ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mavu ena omwe amakhala ku Indian subcontinent.
Amapezeka, monga lamulo, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pamodzi ndi ena omwe amadya mtembo. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimakhala pamwamba pa mitengo kapena kanjedza. Amakhala usiku pansi patsindwi la nyumba zosiyidwa kapena pakhoma lakale pafupi ndi nyumba yophera, potaya zinyalala kunja kwa mudzi ndi nyumba zoyandikana nayo. M'malo otere, chilichonse chimadetsedwa ndi chimbudzi, chomwe chimayambitsa kufa kwa mitengo, ngati mavu amagwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ngati nsomba. Poterepa, mavu owonda kwambiri amavulaza minda ya mango, ma kanjedza a kokonati ndi minda ngati atakhazikika pakati pawo.
Khalidwe la mbewe yolembetsedwa kwambiri ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mavu ena omwe amakhala ku Indian subcontinent.
Mphesa zolemekezeka zowopa zimawopa anthu ndipo zimathawa poyandikira, zikukankha mapiko awo pansi. Kuphatikiza apo, miimba imathanso kuyenda modabwitsa m'mwamba ndikuwuluka popanda kuwulutsa mapiko. Amakhala nthawi yayitali ndikufufuza malowa kufunafuna chakudya, ndikuyamba ulendo wautali kuti apeze nyama zakufa. Nthenga zokhala ndi maulendo atatu zimatha kuwuluka mozungulira mozungulira mabwalo. Ali ndi masomphenya akuthwa modabwitsa omwe amatha kudziwa kuvunda mwachangu, ngakhale atabisika pansi pa mitengo. Imathandizira kusaka kwa kukhalapo kwa akhwangwala ndi agalu, zomwe zimapereka chiwitso chowonjezereka kwa miimba ndi kukhalapo kwawo.
Mtembo umadyedwanso munthawi yomwe zalembedwa: kuchokera pa 60 mpaka 70 mimbulu palimodzi ndikutha kuchotsa mtembo wa makilogalamu 125 mumphindi 40. Kulowetsedwa kwa nyama kumayendetsedwa ndi zolimba komanso mikangano, pomwe amanjenje amakhala mwamkokomo kwambiri, amakuwa, amafuula, amawombera, ndi komwe.
Mphepo zolemekezeka zolimba zimawopa anthu ndipo zimathawa poyandikira
Zing'onoting'ono, zowonda kwambiri, zimagona usiku wonse pansi, osatha kukwera m'mwamba. Kuti akweze thupi lawo lolemera, ankhandwe ayenera kubalalika, ndikupanga mapiko akulu. Koma chakudya chomwe amadya sichimalola kuti akwere kumwamba. Nthawi zambiri mavu owonda amakakamizidwa kudikirira masiku angapo kuti chakudya chimbezedwe. Pakudya, ming'alu imapanga masango akuluakulu ndikupuma pa chisa chimodzi. Awa ndi mbalame zachikhalidwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala gawo la gulu lodziwika bwino, amalumikizana ndi mitundu ina akamadya mitembo.
Kubwezeretsanso vunda wotsika mtengo
Ming'alu yobwezeretseka kuyambira mu Okutobala mpaka Marichi. Amamanga zisa zazikulu zowoneka bwino, zomwe zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 60 mpaka 90 cm komanso kuya kwa 35 mpaka 50. Chidacho chimakhala kutalika kwa mamita 7 - 16 kuchokera pansi padziko lapansi pamtengo waukulu womwe umakula pafupi ndi mudziwo. Pali dzira limodzi lokha mu clutch, makulitsidwe limatha masiku 50.
Pafupifupi 87% ya anapiye okha omwe amapulumuka.
Ming'oma yotsala imamanga zisa zazikulu
Mkhalidwe wotetezedwa wam'munda wochepa thupi
Zomera zobwezeretseka zili mu CHITSITSO CHA CRITICAL. Kugwiritsa ntchito zovalazo ndi mankhwala kumayambitsa chiopsezo ku mbeuyo. Zomera zopendekera zoonda kwambiri zidasowa ku Thailand ndi Malaysia, kuchuluka kwake kukupitirirabe kumwera kwa Cambodia, mbalamezo zimakhalabe ndi moyo chifukwa cha chakudya chomwe anthu amapereka. Ku Nepal, Southeast Asia ndi India, mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhalanso zopanda chakudya.
Zoyala zobiriwira pang'ono zimayesedwa ngati mtundu womwe uli pangozi.
Ambiri mwa mbalame ku Indian subcontinent adamwalira ndi anti-yotupa mankhwala diclofenac, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira ziweto. Mankhwalawa amachititsa kulephera kwa impso, chifukwa chotsatira chake chomwe miimba imafa. Ngakhale mapulogalamu ophunzitsira omwe amapereka chidziwitso pakuopsa kwa mankhwalawa kwa mbalame, anthu akumderali akupitilizabe kuigwiritsa ntchito.
Zomera zobwezeretseka zimayesedwa ngati mtundu wina wokhala pangozi
Mankhwala achiwiri othandizira Chowona Zanyama omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku India, ketoprofen, amwalanso foroxocep vulture. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupezeka kwake kwa nyama zovunda m'makola okwanira kumatha kupha mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zifukwa zinanso zomwe zimakhudza kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha toklyuvloi vulture:
- kutsitsa gawo la nyama muzakudya za anthu,
- kuyeretsa nyama zakufa
- "mbalame chimfine",
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ku Southeast Asia, kutha pang'ono chabe kwa mtundu wocheperako womwewo ndi chifukwa chakutha kwa zinyama zazikulu zakuthengo.
Kuyambira 2009, pofuna kusungira vhungwa locheperako, pulogalamu yokhazikitsanso mitunduyi yakhazikitsidwa ku Pincore ndi Haryana.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mkhalidwe ndi Chitetezo
Mtunduwu wakuchepa kwambiri kuchuluka kwake m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu iyi ndi khosi la India kwatsika ndi 97% yonse ndipo ku India chiwopsezo cha chaka chilichonse cha mitundu iyi chiri pafupifupi 16% munthawi ya 2000-2007. Anthu akumtchire amakhalabe kumpoto ndi kum'mawa India kudzera kumwera kwa Nepal ndi Bangladesh, ndipo kuli anthu ochepa ku Burma. Dera lokhalo lomwe limapezeka ku Southeast Asia m'chigawo cha Steung Treng ku Cambodia. Gululi limakhulupirira kuti ndi mbalame pafupifupi 50-100. Kupulumuka kwa tchire ku Cambodia mwina chifukwa chakuti diclofenac, yomwe ndi poizoni wamiyala, silipezeka pamenepo. Royal Society for the Protection of birds (RSPB) yaika pafupifupi anthu pafupifupi 1,000 a Sagittarius omwe amakhala kunja kwa pafupifupi 1000 mu 2009 ndipo akuyerekeza zonena za kutha kwathunthu m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.
Zomera zokhala ndi gawo lochepa ndi mtundu wotetezedwa womwe walembedwa pamndandanda wa Zowonjezera II za CITES popeza kuchuluka kwake kwatsika kwambiri. Kuchepa kwake kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osapweteka a anti-yotupa (NSAIDs) diclofenac pantchito nyama. Diclofenac imakhala poizoni wamatsenga, imayambitsa kulephera kwa impso, ndipo imasinthidwa ndi meloxicam (NSAID ina), yomwe siili poizoniyu. Kugulitsa kwa diclofenac ndi koletsedwa ndi lamulo ku India, komabe, diclofenac idagulidwabe mosavomerezeka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ziweto.
Mapulogalamu obzala mu ukapolo ku India akufuna kusamalira zachilengedwe, ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti ming'aluyo imatha kumasulidwanso kuthengo pomwe chilengedwe sichikhala ndi diclofenac. Kuyanjana pakati pa Russian Union ku North-West Banks ndi London Zoological Society chifukwa chotsatira choyambira bwino mu ukapolo mu 2009, a Thin-Billed Vultures adaswedwa ndipo adaleredwa mokha ku Haryana ndi West Bengal.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Curlew wokhala ndi mitengo yaying'ono ndi mbalame yayitali. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumatha kufika masentimita 40, ndipo mapikowo ndi masentimita 88. Kunja, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi curlew (Numenius phaeopus). Otsika okhaokha omwe ali ndi thupi labwino komanso mawonekedwe ake. Zambiri mwa mbalamezi ndi zofiirira kuchokera kumtunda zowoneka ndi mikwingwirima ndi mitundu yambiri. Kunja kwa nyumbayo kumakutidwa ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono owala. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amakhala ndi utoto wofanana, ndipo mulomo wa akazi ndi womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wautali. Amakhulupirira kuti izi zimathandizira oyimira amuna kapena akazi osiyanasiyana kuti apewe mpikisano wazakudya ndi wina ndi mnzake.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Kupindika - kumapeto kwa Russia. Nthawi yomaliza chisa cha mbalame zamtunduwu zidapezeka mu 1924 m'dera la Omsk. Kuyambira pamenepo sipanakhalepo data yodalirika pa malo oponderezedwako. Asayansi amati mbalame zimadyera ku taiga ya Siberia. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti ma curlews amapita kukazizira kumayiko a ku Mediterranean.
Moyo
Curlew-wobwezeretseka ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndizochepa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika zokhudzana ndi zamoyo komanso moyo wawo. Kusokonezedwa, kupindika kumapangitsa muluzi wosokosera, kenako mawu okuluwika a "bi, bi, bi, bi". Chifukwa cha izi, anthu aku Siberia adapatsa mbalameyo dzina laulemu. Liwu lake wamba limamveka ngati "kurli, kur-li", ndichifukwa chake dzina la Chingerezi la Curlew lidawonekera - curlew. Malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka zingapo, zidapezeka kuti chisa cha Curly curlew ndizokhumudwa pang'ono pansi, pang'ono pang'ono ndi udzu. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira anayi mu clutch.
Mitundu yamtunduwu ya mbalame imadyera ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono: tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, ma nyansi a pansi, ma mollusks, omwe amapeza ndi mulomo wotalika kwambiri kuchokera kumatope a viscous, dothi kapena silt. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri ma curlews nthawi zambiri amasankha malo okhala ndi madzi abwino. Nthawi zina, mwayi ukapezeka, khungubwe locheperako limatenga gawo lawolo mwachindunji padziko lapansi. Kunja kwa nyengo yakuswana, imakhala mbalame yodyetsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi abale ake apamtima.
Ndizosangalatsa
Curlew amasonyezedwa chithunzi cha Russian bird Conservation Union. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa zochitika za bungwe lino, mpikisano wa logo yabwino kwambiri udalengezedwa. Talandila zojambula 26 kuchokera kwa akatswiri khumi. Zotsatira zake, kujambulidwa komwe wojambula ndi katswiri wa zamatsenga Eugene Koblik adapambana. Sizinakhale zothandiza kwambiri, komanso zophiphiritsa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, mathero amtunduwu adzadalira akatswiri aku Russia munjira zambiri. Tili ndi chiyembekezo kuti apezabe malo okhala malo ocheperako a Curlew ndikusungira zachilengedwe zomwe zili pamalo ake osakhalamo!
Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia
Mitundu yocheperako kapena yocheperako ndiyo mitundu yosowa kwambiri ya Russia yokha, komanso nyama zapadziko lapansi. Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi akhala akuyesera kuti apeze umboni wotsimikizira kuti mbalameyi sinathere kuthengo. Zofufuza zimachitika ndi maulendo akuluakulu a sayansi komanso okonda kwambiri, omwe okha amapita ku ngodya zosavomerezeka ku Russia. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse zopezeka zamtunduwu ndizosowa komanso ndizokhazokha. Ngati akatswiri a zamankhwala amatha kupeza mbalame imodzi kapena itatu, izi zimatheka. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu, pafupifupi nthumwi 50 zokha zamtunduwu zomwe zidapulumuka! Curlew yaying'ono-yololedwa ndi Mitundu yokhayo ya ku Europe yomwe malo ake oswana sakudziwika.
Kufotokozera kwa kulemba chizindikiro SIP
Poyerekeza ndi mtundu wina, waya wa SIP ndi chinthu chonyamula magetsi pakadali pano, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi zilembo zitatu za dzinalo:
- C - zikutanthauza kuti waya amadzithandiza wokha,
- Ndipo - chikuwonetsa kupezeka kwa kutchinjiriza ozungulira amoyo,
- P - akuti iyi ndi nderendalama ndendende, ngakhale kukhalapo kwa zokutira ndi insulating komanso ma cores, chifukwa omwe amatha kufanana ndi chingwe.
Onani chitsanzo cha dzina lotere - SIP-1-3 × 20 + 1 × 25-0.4, apa SIP-1 ikusonyeza chizindikiro, 3 × 20 ikuwonetsa kuti otsogolera ena atatu ali ndi gawo la 20 mm 2 lililonse, 1 × 25 imatanthawuza kuti zero zero ili ndi gawo la 25 mm 2, 0,4 ndiye magetsi oyendetsera amtunduwu.
Kutengera mtundu womwewo, mitundu isanu ikuluikulu ya mawaya a SIP ndiosiyanitsidwa, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi manambala motsatizana ndi zilembozo. Pamapeto, pakhoza kukhala ndi kalata imodzi yosonyeza mapangidwe osintha ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kusiyana kumeneku kwa ma waya omwe amathandizira pawokha kumatsimikiziridwa ndi magawo a mapangidwe, chifukwa chake zimakhala zoyenera kuziganizira ndi zitsanzo zapadera.
Kapangidwe
Mwapangidwe, mitundu yonse ya mawayilesi a SIP ali ndi otsogolera opangidwa mwanjira inayake ndi nambala yopatsidwa, imodzi yomwe imatha kukhala chingwe chothandizira mzerewu.
Mwa mitundu, amasiyana motere:
- SIP-1 - waya wamiyeso inayi komwe mitengo iliyonse imayimiriridwa ndi opendapenda opindika wina ndi mnzake. Mu mtundu uwu wa waya womwe umathandizira pawokha, utatu wa iwo umapangidwira magawo atatu ndipo umakhala ndi chida cha thermoplastic, ndipo wachinayi kuti utulutse zero, koma sunafike. Mu waya wochita nawo ndale, waya wapakati amapangidwa ndi chitsulo ndipo amanyamula. Ngati pali kalata A kumapeto kwa chizindikirocho (SIP-1A), kutulutsa zero kumakhala ndi kutchingira.
Chith. 1: Kupanga kwa waya wa SIP-1
- SIP-2 - mtundu womwewo wa waya wofanana ndi woyamba uja, kusiyanitsa kokhako kuti waya wosaloŵeka mbali watuluka. Mu mtundu wakale, zero pachakudya chake chimaphatikizidwa ndi polyethylene ya thermoplastic, ndipo mu mtundu wa SIP-2A, polyethylene wophatikizidwa, komanso gawo limodzi. Njira yachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera omwe ali ndi chiwonetsero chazambiri zakuthambo. Monga mtundu wapitawu, SIP iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mzere mpaka 1 kV.
Chith. 2: Kupanga kwa waya wa SIP-2
- SIP-3 - mosiyana ndi mtundu wam'mbuyomu, ndi mtundu umodzi wa waya wamtambo Mwapangidwe, mkati mwa SIP iyi pali waya wokunyamulira chitsulo, yemwe wazunguliridwa ndi opanga ma aluminium omwe amakhala akunyamula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumizere yamagetsi yayikulu ndi voliyumu ya 6 - 35 kV poika magawo pamtunda wautali.
Chith. 3: Kupanga kwa waya wa SIP-3
- SIP-4 - Ndi makina omwe mbali iliyonse imakhala ndi yake, koma, mosiyana ndi yakale, ilibe gawo lothandizira komanso waya wosalolera. Chifukwa chake, chizindikiro chotere sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyika mizere, popeza pali kuthekera kwa kung'ambika kwake mothandizidwa ndi katundu wam mphepo. Monga kutchingira, thermoplastic polyethylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Pali mtundu wa mtunduwo ndi zilembo H (SIP-4N), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zilipo pano ndizopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, ngati zilembo H sizikupezeka, waya wa aluminiyamu weniweni umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mtundu winawake.
Chith. 4: Kupanga kwa waya wa SIP-4
- SIP-5 - Ndizofanana ndendende ndi mtundu wapambuyo - ilinso ndi ma cores ndipo ilibe waya wosagwirizana ndi chinthu chothandizira. Kusiyana kokhako ndi mtundu wa mawu obisa otsogolera; mu SIP-5 ndi SIP-5N mamasamba ake ndi polyethylene wolumikizidwa, womwe umalola kuti kutentha kwamphamvu kugwere mpaka 30%.
Chith. 5: Kumanga kwa waya wa SIP-5
Matchulidwe
Mukamasankha mtundu wa waya wa SIP, ndikofunikira kulabadira kutsatira mawonekedwe ndi magawo omwe ali ndi zofunikira za ogula ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito.
Pachifukwa ichi, maumboni otsatirawa amakumbukiridwa:
- Chiwerengero cha ziwerengero - monga lamulo, mitundu yokhala ndi zinthu zomwe zikunyamula kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito,
- Gawo - la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya waya woyatsira wekha, paramusi iyi imasiyana 16 mpaka 240 mm²,
- Kalasi ya Voltage - pali magulu awiri pazonse - mpaka 1 kV (SIP-1, 2, 4, 5) mpaka 35 kV (SIP-3),
- Njira yotentha - amatanthauza kutentha wamba, komwe waya amatulutsira magetsi kwa nthawi yayitali osataya magawo ake,
- Kutentha kwakanthawi kovomerezeka - kumatha kuchitika mwadzidzidzi, koma sikuyenera kupitirira maola opitilira 8 kuchokera pamthwalo wapachaka,
- Kutumiza ma radius - kumawonetsera kuthekera kwa ma waya popanda kuphwanya mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida zake zamkati.
Makhalidwe onse pamafanizo amtundu wonse akuwonetsedwa patebulo ili m'munsiyi:
Gome likufanizira mawonekedwe amtundu wa waya wothandizira pawokha woyika
Chizindikiro cha waya | SIP-1 | SIP-2 | SIP-3 | SIP-4 | SIP-5 |
Chiwerengero cha pano mitsempha yododometsa, ma PC | 1 ÷ 4 | 1 ÷ 4 | 1 | 2 — 4 | 2 — 4 |
Gawo la mtanda, mm2 | 16 ÷ 120 | 16 ÷ 120 | 35 ÷ 240 | 16 ÷ 120 | 16 ÷ 120 |
Zero chachikulu kunyamula | aluminiyamu yoyeserera (yokhala ndi zitsulo zachitsulo) | aluminiyamu yoyeserera (yokhala ndi zitsulo zachitsulo) | kusowa | kusowa | kusowa |
Toko maziko abwino | zotayidwa | zotayidwa | aluminiyamu yoyeserera (yokhala ndi zitsulo zachitsulo) | zotayidwa | zotayidwa |
Kalasi ya Voltage, kV | 0.4 ÷ 1 | 0.4 ÷ 1 | 10 ÷ 35 | 0.4 ÷ 1 | 0.4 ÷ 1 |
Mtundu wa kutulutsa kwapakati | thermoplastic polyethylene | kukhazikika kolimba. polyethylene | kukhazikika kolimba. polyethylene | thermoplastic polyethylene | kukhazikika kolimba. polyethylene |
Kutentha kogwira ntchito | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С | -60 о С ÷ +50 о С |
Chovomerezeka chachikulu pakati pa opaleshoni | +70 ° C | +90 ° C | +70 ° C | +90 ° C | +90 ° C |
min waya wokutira phula | osachepera 10 Ø | osachepera 10 Ø | osachepera 10 Ø | osachepera 10 Ø | osachepera 10 Ø |
Moyo wonse | osachepera zaka 40 | osachepera zaka 40 | osachepera zaka 40 | osachepera zaka 40 | osachepera zaka 40 |
Kugwiritsa | Nthambi zozungulira, - magetsi ku malo okhala, - banja. nyumba | Nthambi zozungulira, - magetsi ku malo okhala, - banja. nyumba | poika zingwe zokulirapo ndi voliyumu ya 6-35 kV | Nthambi zozungulira, - magetsi ku malo okhala, - atagona pamakoma a nyumba ndi nyumba. | Nthambi zozungulira, - magetsi ku malo okhala, - atagona pamakoma a nyumba ndi nyumba. |
Zoyala
Chifukwa kuti pomanga mawaya amtundu wodziyimira pawokha mulibe luso lapadera lomwe likufunikira, itha kuchitika kunyumba komanso panokha popanda kuyambitsa bungwe lapadera. Kukhazikitsa kumatha kuchitika paliponse pazothandizira ndi pazomangidwe zamaumba ndi zomanga. Monga lamulo, kulumikiza kukhomalo ndikosavuta kwambiri kuposa kungoyimira payokha.
Chifukwa chake, lingalirani za kukhazikitsidwa kwa waya wa SIP pama konkriti wolimbitsa:
- Popeza waya wodziyimira wokha yemwe ali ndi mtolo wokhala ndi chofunikira, ndikofunikira kupereka kuyimitsidwa komwe kumachotsa kuwonongeka kwa dielectric wosanjikiza. Kuti muchite izi, odzigudubuza apulasitiki, mphete ndi matanzu amaikidwa, kudzera momwe mawaya amatha kuyenda momasuka.
- Mukamayala, sikoletsedwa kukoka waya wodziyimira wokha pansi kapena panthambi za mitengo, chifukwa zimatha kuwononga mphamvu yake.
- Polowa magawo osiyanasiyana a waya wodziyimira pawokha, kupyoza kwamitundu yamitundu imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, ndikotheka kusunthira mzere kuchokera ku womwe ulipo ngakhale pansi pa magetsi.
- Asanakonzekere thandizo, waya ya SIP iyenera kukokedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosunthika (za SIP magawo 1 mpaka 3 pogwiritsa ntchito dynamometer mpaka katundu atakhazikika). Pambuyo pojambula imakonzedwa m'malo omwe amakonzedwa.
Ma fasteners onse amapangidwa ndi mafakitale, kuti athe kupezeka atakwaniritsidwa ndi waya wodziyimira wokha, womwe ungapangitse ntchitoyo kukhala yosavuta.
Chith. 6: Chitsanzo cha kumangirira waya wa SIP kumathandizo
Ntchito, zabwino ndi zoyipa
Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa kutchinjiriza, SIP ili ndi malo okwanira. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulowa magetsi munyumbayo, ndipo chifukwa cha chosanjikiza chakunja, njira zowonjezera sizofunikira pakutha khoma. Komanso waya wodziyimira pawokha ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ntchito kulumikizana kwawoko kudera lonse lamalowo kapena polumikizitsa olembetsa ku mizere ya bungwe lamagetsi. Gawo lina logwiritsira ntchito SIPs ndi mizere yaying'ono yomwe imapereka mphamvu kumidzi yonse kapena malo ogawikirako.
Poyerekeza ndi mtundu wina wa chingwe ndi waya, SIP ili ndi zabwino zingapo, zomwe ndi:
- Mawayilesi a SIP ali ndi mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi mawaya opanda zingwe,
- Sichifuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa owonjezera m'malo osakanikirana ndi othandizira, makoma komanso polowa munyumbayo chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa insulating.
- Zimatenga malo ocheperako chifukwa mawaya asonkhana pamodzi,
- Osayang'aniridwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa dzimbiri chifukwa kukhalapo kwa zigawo zoteteza,
- Osawopa kupitilira magawo oyandikana ndi mphepo yamphamvu,
- Kuchotsera magetsi mosavomerezeka kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta
Zoyipa za waya wa SIP ziyenera kukhala zolemera kwambiri za mita yothamanga, chifukwa chomwe spans imayenera kuchepetsedwa ndipo zothandizira zimayikidwa nthawi zambiri. Komanso kufunika kwowonjezera kutchingira kwa magawo ena amalo ndi ogula.
Opanga abwino
Kuti mupewe mavuto pogula waya kapena chingwe, simuyenera kungoganizira magawo akuluakulu a chinthucho, komanso wopanga. Popeza mitundu yotsika kwambiri imatha kukhala ndi gawo laling'onoting'ono, kukhazikika kwa dielectric mpaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonekedwe, etc. Ngati mwagula kale waya wodziyimira wokha ndipo osatsimikiza za mtundu wake, onetsetsani ngati gawo lawolo likugwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa papasipoti. Momwe mungadziwire gawo lamtanda kunyumba likufotokozedwa m'nkhani yofananayo - https://www.asutpp.ru/kak-opredelit-sechenie-provoda-ili-zhil-kabelya.html.
Ngati mukungogula SIP, samalani ndi opanga:
- Monga chingwe
- Rybinskkabel,
- GC "Yowonekera,
- Moskabel.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya azomera zomwe zili pamwambapa, mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti azitsatira zomwe zalengezedwazo.