Anthu ambiri amadziwa mwambi wa ku Russia "mbalame m'manja ili bwino kuposa kambre kumwamba."
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwachitukuko kumatauni, gawo lalikulu limapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Komabe, ngakhale zili ponseponse zamtunduwu, zimadziwa mbalameyi kumaso - kutali ndi onse. Chifukwa chake, tsopano tidzadziwa bwino kwambiri chakhumi.
Mitundu yosiyanitsa mitundu
Great tit ndi yayikulu kwambiri kukula ndipo imakhala ndi mchira wautali. Potengera kukula kwa thupi lake, mbalameyi imakumbukira kwambiri mpheta yodziwika bwino.
Mwambiri, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumayambira 13 mpaka 17 cm, kulemera kwa mbalameyo ndi 14-21 g, mapiko nthawi ya ndege ndi 22-26 cm.
Thupi lakumwambalo limakhala ndi matenthedwe obiriwira, pansi ndi chikasu chowoneka bwino, mchira wake ndi mapiko ake amajambulidwa mumiyala yoyera. Pa nthenga zopera kwambiri, zigawo zoyera bwino zimawonekera mosavuta, mapiko aliwonse ali ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi mzere woonda.
Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa mbalame zamtunduwu umadziwika ndi chinsalu chakuda chofikira m'maso, malo owoneka bwino m'mutu, masaya oyera oyera omwe amakhala m'mphepete wakuda, malo amdima amkati omwe amafikira pachifuwa, pamimba komanso mkati mwa mawonekedwe a "taye" wakuda.
Mbali yomalizayi imadziwika kwambiri mwaimuna. Mtundu wachichepere umakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu wobiriwira wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanitsa, masaya achikasu a mbalame zazing'ono samasiyanitsidwa ndi malire amdima kuyambira mzere wa chifuwa.
Moyo
Khalidwe la ma tini limafanana ndi magulu ambiri. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi amakhala okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zingapo. M'maenje momwemo mbalamezi zimakhala ndi malo ena okwanira 1.5 mpaka 5 kuchokera pansi, koma pakakhala kuti palibe kanthu, nyumba yopanga titm imathanso kukhala mkati mwa mabowo.
Kupikisana ndi mayenje, tini tambiri timatha kuwononga zocheperako mbalame zina zing'onozing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, pali zochitika zina pomwe ma tini amphamvu komanso akulu kwambiri adachotsa ma flycatcher omwe ali pachisa.
Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimagwira nawo ntchito yomanga chisa; yamphongo sizichita nawo ntchito yofunafuna zisa. Mu clutch, monga lamulo, mazira 9-12. Yaikazi imakhala pafupifupi tsiku lonse, nthawi zambiri imawopseza adani ake ndi mulomo wokwanira ndi phokoso lalikulu.
Awiriwa amabweretsa ana awiri chaka chilichonse. Mitundu yamtunduwu sisonkhanitsa thukuta m'nyengo yozizira, koma, ngati zingatheke, imakonda kusungitsa mbalame zina mosangalala.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Nthawi yakubzala, zipatso zazikulu zimangokhalira kusaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi zake, ndikuwononga gawo lamkango la nkhango ndi tizilombo toyambitsa m'munda. Nthochi nthawi zambiri zimadyetsedwa ndi mbozi zing'onozing'ono ndi mphutsi za zipatso.
Mukugwa ndi nthawi yozizira, zipatso zazikulu zimasinthira zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maziko a chakudya cha mbalamezi nthawi yozizira ndi nthangala za rye, mbewu za mpendadzuwa za tirigu, chimanga ndi oats.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimatha kufikira izi pokhapokha zodyetsa zopangidwa ndi anthu akumatauni. Pokhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, ma tonne amathanso kusangalala ndi mafuta anyama atsopano, tchizi tchizi kapena batala.
M'malo achilengedwe, titmouse kudya korona wa zitsamba ndi mitengo. Posachedwa chipale chofewa, akufunafuna china chopindulitsa pamtunda. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, monga chakudya m'chilengedwe cha tit, mbewu za mitengo yambiri yamasamba ndi namsongole zimadzisankhira zokha.
Pakakhala mbewu zochuluka, timuyo tambiri timakonda kulimbana ndi mbalame zazing'ono komanso zochepa. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kuti musabweretse tinthu tating'onoting'ono pamlandu, koma kusamalira kupezeka kwa feeders pasadakhale!
Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira nthawi iliyonse pachaka, munthu aliyense wazitini zazikulu amatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 15. Komabe, zenizeni, gawo limodzi lokha mwa magawo atatu okhala m'tawuni ndiomwe limapulumuka kuzizira nthawi yozizira.
Pa izi titha. Monga ndikulembetsa ku chiteshi!
Ara parrot
Dzina lachi Latin: | Parus |
Chizungu: | Tomtit |
Ufumu: | Nyama |
Mtundu: | Chordate |
Gulu: | Mbalame |
Kufikira: | Odutsa |
Banja: | Tit |
Chifundo: | Ma Tits |
Kutalika kwa thupi: | 15-20 masentimita |
Kutalika kwa mapiko: | 6-8 masentimita |
Wingspan: | 26 cm |
Kulemera: | 14-20 g |
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Izi prankster ndizovuta kwambiri kukhala pamalo amodzi. Akuyenda mosalekeza. Matayala ndi zolengedwa zopanda chiyembekezo. Ili ndi gulu la mbalame lomwe silimadziwa kusungulumwa.
M'manyengo ndi chidwi chawo sichikhala. Amatha kuchita china chake chomwe chiri chopanda mphamvu za abale awo. Mwachitsanzo, ma tsiku awo odziwika bwino padziko lapansi. Chinyengo chotere chimapezeka mu tit mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yake yolimba komanso yolimba.
Miyendo imodzimodziyo imamuthandiza kupulumuka ngati chisa chake chili kutali. Tcheyo imangogwera kunthambi ndikugona. Nthawi ngati izi, imafanana ndi mpira wawung'ono. Kutha kupulumutsa mbalame ku kuzizira kwambiri.
Mtundu uliwonse ma tini mawonekedwe okha Mawonekedwe. Koma onsewa ndi olumikizidwa ndi maula ambiri okongola, zoyipa komanso kuyimba kosangalatsa. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti nthawi yovuta nyengo, si mbalame zonse zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto ndikutiwuza kaye za izi. Ena a iwo samalimbana ndi chisanu champhamvu.
Maiti ndi dongosolo la chilengedwe. Amawononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda motero amasunga malo obiriwira. Mwachitsanzo, banja limodzi la ma tulo odyetsa ana awo limatsuka tizirombo ta mitengo yoposa 40.
Kanyumba kanyumba kamakhala kopanda nthawi zonse kakhalidwe kabwino komanso kosangalatsa. Nthawi yakubzala, imadzakhala zolengedwa zoyipa, zopanda mizimu komanso zankhanza zikafika kwa ana awo. Amateteza zigawo zawo mwachangu komanso mopanda mantha.
Kukhetsa kumachitika mu mbalame kamodzi pachaka. Pofuna kudzipangira chisa, zipatso zimapezeka m'mitengo kapena m'miyala ya mbalame kapena nyama zina. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'makomo omwe adasiyidwa. Osati onse, koma alipo ena mitundu ya zipatsoomwe si aulesi ndipo pogwira ntchito kwawo atayika chisa cha chisa.
Awiriwo akuchita bizinesi yakunyumba. Maudindo awo okha ndi omwe amagawidwa pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimabweretsa nthenga kapena ubweya wopepuka pachisa chatsopano, ndipo zamphongo zimatenga zinthu zokulirapo zomangira - moss kapena ndere.
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Kanyimbo kakang'ono komanso kowoneka bwino ndi kamtambo kamene kamatha kuzindikiridwa mosavuta ndi m'mimba mwake owoneka bwino achikasu ndi chingwe chakuda chamtali, zovekera zakuda za mutu ndi masaya oyera komanso kumbuyo kwa imvi ndi mapiko. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mulomo wawung'ono wokhazikika, womata m'mbali komanso zikhadabo zabwino kwambiri pamiyendo yawo.
Za kukula kwake, pafupifupi, zipatsozo zimakhala zazikulupo pang'ono kuposa mpheta, ndipo zimasiyana ndi iwo mchira wawo wautali. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumafika masentimita 15 mpaka 20, kutalika kumayambira 14 mpaka 20 g, mapiko ndi mpaka 26 cm.
Izi zovala ndi za gulu la Passeriformes, banja la titmouse komanso mtundu wa titmouse. Nthawi zosiyanasiyana, asayansi amati ndi mbalame zam'mlengalenga, mwachitsanzo, azores. Komabe, tsopano mitundu 4 yayikulu ili m'gulu (mtundu waukulu, imvi, kum'mawa, wobiriwira) ndi masamba awo.
Zomwe zimadya
Matayala ndi osalemera kwambiri m'zakudya, zomwe zimaphatikizanso kuti azisamalira kunyumba. Koma zakudya zawo ndi zanthawi.
M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi yodyera ndi kubereketsa, tinthu timadyera makamaka chakudya cha nyama: tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mphutsi zawo (kafadala, ntchentche, ma midges, udzudzu, nsikidzi, akangaude, nsabwe za m'masamba). Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zimadya tizirombo tambiri m'nkhalango, kuzitola pakati pa mitengo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa kuti kulamula kwa nkhalangoyi. Makolo amadyetsa anapiye awo ndi mbozi za agulugufe.
Koma nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu, titmouse amadya zakudya zam'mera mwachangu komanso mbewu zosiyanasiyana za mbewu (spruce, pine, birch, linden, phulusa la kumapiri, elderberry). Chifukwa chake m'mizinda ikukhala alendo ochulukirachulukira. Mwa njira, nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimasowa zakudya zowonjezera, chifukwa ambiri mwa anthuwa amafa ndi njala.
Mawonekedwe
Mbalame yosuntha, yokalamba. Ku Europe, gawo lalikulu kwambiri - lofanana ndi mpheta, lili ndi mchira wautali. Kutalika kwa 13-17 masentimita, kulemera kwa 14-21 g, mapiko 22-25 cm. Imakhala ndi nthenga zowala bwino, pakati pa mbalame zina imakhala yowoneka bwino pamimba yachikaso ndi "tayi" - mzere wakuda kuchokera pachifuwa kupita kumchira. Pamwamba pamutu, kapena kapu, ndi wakuda wokhala ndi ubweya wachitsulo wamtambo. Maseke ndi oyera. Pali malo oyera oyera kumbuyo kwake. Pakhosi panu pali kolala yakuda, pakhosi ndi pachifuwa zakuda. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kaso- kaso kubiriwira kapena mtundu wamtambo wokhala ndi maolivi pang'ono m'mapewa, mapiko ndi mchira wake. Pamiyala itatu yopyapyala pali nsonga zoyera, zopangira mzere wopingasa. Mtambo woonda wopyapyala woyera umaonekeranso kumapiko.
Akazi ndi ofanana ndi amuna, koma ambiri amakhala owonda pang'ono - matani akuda pamutu ndi chifuwa amakhala ndi imvi yotuwa, kolala ndi chingwe chakuda pamimba ndichoperewera ndipo nthawi zina amatha kusokoneza. Malire akumtunda apakati komanso apakati ndi abuluu kwambiri kuposa amtundu wobiriwira amuna. Zovala zamkati ndizoyera. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizofanana ndi zazikazi, komabe, chipewa chawo chimakhala chamtundu wakuda kapena maolivi onenepa, ndipo malo kumbuyo kwa mutuwo ndi ang'ono komanso osamveka. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi kutchulidwa kwina komwe - mitundu ingapo yoposa 30 imasiyanitsidwa, yomwe imasiyana mu mawonekedwe amtundu wa kumbuyo, nadhvost, chifuwa, mbali, mbali yoyera pakayendedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, ma subspecies angapo amawonetsa pang'ono zovuta zachilengedwe.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Mwa gulu la mbalame pawiri zipatso zimapangidwa, omwe atapangidwa chisa amayamba kuganizira za ana. Munthawi imeneyi, amasintha kuchoka pa anthu osangalatsa kukhala mbalame zoopsa komanso zankhanza.
Mayi tit akudikirira kuoneka kwa anapiye
Tsopano ayenera kusamalira osati iwo okha, komanso ana awo amtsogolo. Nthawi zambiri mumsuzi mumakhala mazira pafupifupi 15. Mazira a tits nawonso ndiosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi mazira a mbalame zina. Amawaza ndi madontho ofiira, omwe amakhala ngati mphete kumapeto kwa dzira.
Dzira limayikidwa kawiri pachaka. Nthawi yoyamba ili kumapeto kwa Epulo, lachiwiri layandikira kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Zimatenga masiku 13 kumenyera mazira. Nkhaniyi imakhudzidwa ndi mkazi yekha. Wothandizana naye panthawiyi amasamala kuti asafe ndi njala.
Akazi atatha kukhala opanda chithandizo, wamkazi samachoka pachisa masiku ena angapo, akumawotha ana ake. Nthawi yonseyi, mwamunayo amasamalira banja lake mwakufuna, amawanyamula chakudya ndikuwateteza kwa adani.
Masiku 16 amafunikira anapiye kuti azitha kutsamira, ayime pamapiko ndikukonzekera kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Pofika miyezi 10 anapiye ali okonzeka kubereka. Matiti amakhala pafupifupi zaka 15.
Kufotokozera kwa tit
Mawu akuti "tit" adapangidwa kuchokera ku dzina "mtundu wa buluu", chifukwa chake, limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi utoto wa mbalameyi, Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), yemwe kale anali wa mtundu wa tits. Mitundu yambiri yomwe kale inali yamatini enieni tsopano yasinthidwa kukhala m'gulu la mitundu ina: Sittiparus, Machlolophus, Periarus, Melaniparus, Pseudopodoces, gaits (Poecile) ndi ma cock a buluu (Cyanistes).
Makhalidwe ndi malo okhala ndi ma tini
Ambiri sakudziwa mbalame zosamukasamuka tit kapena ayi. Koma uyu ndi wokhalitsa m'mizinda yathu.
Nthawi yanjala yokhayi, nthawi yozizira imaweta pomwe nkhosazi zimapita kumalo abwino kuti zikapulumuke.
Utoto woyamba wa dzuwa utangotuluka, m'mwezi wa February, ndipo mbalame yam'madzi imayamba kusangalatsa anthu ndi twitter yawo.
Nyimbo ya Tit kulira ndikofanana ndi mabelu a jingle. "Qi-qi-pi, in-chi-in-chi" - ndipo adatinso, - "pini-p-hrrrzh" amadziwitsa okhala m'mizinda za kubwera kwamasika.
Amati za titmouse, ngati za mthenga wa dzuwa wamasika. Munthawi yotentha, nyimboyo imakhala yovuta komanso yoderera: "Zin-zi-ver, zin-zin".
Mverani mawu a mbalame
Mtunduwu ndiwothandizirana ndi anthu, titmouse amakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'mapiri amizinda yayikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa kuwona momwe zimakhalira. titmouse kumwamba. Kuuluka kwawo ndi sayansi ya momwe amauluka mothamanga koma nthawi yomweyo kupulumutsa mphamvu, amangokopa ukadaulo wake.
Kugudubuka kwa mapiko maulendo kangapo - mbalameyo idakwera mumlengalenga, kenako nkungokhala pansi, ndikufotokozera mofatsa mlengalenga. Zikuwoneka kuti kuuluka koteroko sikungathe kuongoleredwa, komanso amakwanitsa kuyendetsa bwino pansi.
Komwe kumakhala
Mitundu yodziwika bwino - gawo lalikulu - imatha kupezeka paliponse mu Europe ndi Asia komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mitundu ina imakhala m'malo ang'onoang'ono - m'maiko ena a Asia.
Zimakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zowola kapena pafupi ndi madera ena ndi malo ena otseguka. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame siziopa konse anthu ndipo mwakufuna zimakhala m'minda ndi m'mapaki amumizinda.
Chopereka chachikulu kapena chachikulu
Mtunduwu ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri lokhala ndi mchira wautali. Ali ndi nthenga zowoneka bwino kwambiri: tumpy wachikasu wokhala ndi “tayi” wakuda, chipewa cha nthenga za buluu ndi zakuda, masaya oyera ndi malo oyera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Kuzungulira khosi la munthu wamkulu pali chingwe chakuda. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kwa imvi kapena kwamtambo. Zambiri zamapiko ndi mchira - m'mayimidwe abuluu. Akazi ndi opepuka pang'ono kuposa amuna. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya maolivi.
Kuyimba
Gawo lalikulu limakhala ndi mawu omveka bwino - akatswiri amadziwa mpaka mamiliyoni 40 amawu omwe amapanga. Kuphatikiza apo, mmodzi yemweyo yemweyo amatha nthawi imodzi kusintha pakati pa zinthu zitatu ndi zisanu, zosiyana mgulu, nthawi, mawu ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu. Yaimuna imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri, ikuimba chaka chonse, kupatula kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira.
Nyimboyi ndi nyimbo yayikulu ya "qi-qi-qi-pi", "ying-chi-ying-chi", kukuwa ndikulira kwambiri "pin-pin-hrrrzh". Chapakatikati, nyimbo yodziwika bwino "zin-zi-ver", "zin-zin". Amawomba mofuula komanso mwakachetechete, kenako ndikuyamba kufuula kuti: "Pini-pini", ngati kumalizira, kenako amanjenjemera mwamantha: "pin-tarara" kapena kubwereza ndi whist yake yokhala ndi mawu osamveka: "fi-fi". Pakutha kwa dzinja, kuyambira mwezi wa February, matimu akulu amakhala amoyo. Mu thaw, nyimbo zawo ziwiri kapena zitatu zovuta kumva zimamveka kale - kubwereza kwamtundu wa kulira kapena nthawi zina mawu akuti "qi-qi-fi-qi-qi-fi" kapena "tsu-vi-tsu-vi-tsu-vi" ) Woimba aliyense amakhala ndi luso lapadera. Tsiku ndi tsiku, malingaliro awa amakula kwambiri ndipo amatenga nthawi, osadziwa chidwi ndi chiyambi chawo. Mankhusu amakhala ndi kubangula kofananako, koma m'gawo la 10, limasokonekera kwambiri. Nyimbo nthawi zambiri imamveka polankhulana pakati pa mamembala, kapena mbalame ikakhala yosangalala. Kuphatikiza pa kuyimba komweko, palinso nyimbo yotchedwa sub-song - melodic chete yokhotakhota, "purr", yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika mu February kapena Marichi.
Gray tit
Mitundu ya imvi imasiyana ndi gawo lalikulu lokhala ndi yoyera kapena yoyera. Pamitu yawo, mbalamezo zimakhala ndi kakhalidwe kakuda kokhala ndi malo oyera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi masaya. Zambiri mwa mapiko zimayang'aniridwa ndi mtundu wa bulauni wofuka. Imvi imakhala ku Asia.
Dera
Kugawidwa ku Eurasia kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kummawa, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse ku Europe, kupatula Iceland ndi kumpoto kopanda kumpoto kwa Scandinavia, Kola Peninsula ya Russia. Ku Asia, kulibe zigawo za circumpolar ndi polar a Siberia, m'malo okwera ndi zipululu za Central ndi Central Asia, ku Middle East kumwera kwa Israel, Syria ndi kumpoto kwa Iraq. Ku Scandinavia ndi Finland, kumpoto kukwera mpaka 68 ° C. w. Amadziwika kum'mawa m'chigawo cha Arkhangelsk, akadali chakum'mawa kumapeto kwa Pechora. M'masamba a Ob, Yenisei komanso chigwa cha Lena, sizimapezeka kumpoto kwa malo a 61.Kunja kwa dziko lalikulu, amadziwika ku Britain, Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sisily, Krete ndi zilumba zina za Aegean, Kupro.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Titmouse ndi gawo limodzi la banja lalikulu la titmouse. Ndiwo oyimira wamkulu wa odutsa Passerformes. Kutalika kwa gawo la 10 kumatha kufika masentimita khumi ndi asanu. M'mbuyomu, chakhumi chimatchedwa "titmouse." Mbalamezi zinkatchedwa chifukwa cha nyimbo ya nyamayo, yomwe imawoneka ngati "zin-zin". Pambuyo pake pokhapokha, mbalamezo zidakhala ndi dzina lawo lamakono, lomwe limachokera ku mawonekedwe azithunzi zofunikira. Dzina "tit" m'mitundu yambiri ya Asilavo limveka chimodzimodzi.
Mbalame zazing'ono, zantchito izi zimawonedwa kwambiri pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, pali lamulo la King Louis waku Bavaria, lomwe linaperekedwa m'zaka za zana lakhumi ndi chinayi, lomwe limanenanso zoletsa mwamphamvu za kuwonongedwa kwa zipatso. Mbalamezi zimawonedwa kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri, zinali zosatheka kuzisaka. Lamulo lidalipobe mpaka pano.
Mpaka pano, mtundu wa zipatso umaphatikizapo mitundu inayi ikuluikulu, yomwe imagawidwa m'magulu ambiri a subspecies:
- imvi. Kusiyanitsa kwake kwakulu ndi mawonekedwe achilendo amimba - imvi kapena yoyera. Malo okhala mbalamezi ndi gawo lonse la Asia,
- munthu wamkulu. Iyi ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu. Mbalame zotere zimakhala ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri, wokondwa: pamimba wachikasu, wamtundu wakuda, wamtundu wamtambo kapena wobiriwira. Agalu akuluakulu ndiofala kwambiri. Zimapezeka ku Eurasia konse,
- kubiriwira kumbuyo. Mbalame zoterezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa azitona mchira, mapiko, kunenepa kwam'mimba,
- kum'mawa. Maonekedwe ake, nyamayo imawonekanso ngati gawo la imvi. Imakhala ndi imvi, koma imakhala ku Sakhalin, Japan, m'maiko ambiri a Far East. Imapezeka ku zilumba zazikulu za Kuril.
Amuna ndi akazi: kusiyana kwakukulu
Kugonana kwa dimorphism mu toto kumafotokozedwa mofooka. Zachikazi, monga lamulo, ndizopepuka pang'ono kuposa zazimuna, koma kwakukulu mitundu yawo imagwirizana. Chochititsa chidwi: mzere wakuda wautali pamimba ya mbalame mwaimuna amakula mpaka mchira, ndipo mwa akazi, m'malo mwake, umakhala wocheperako. Maulalo ang'onoang'ono amakhalanso osiyana pang'ono, ndi mitundu ya bulauni ya azitona yomwe imapezeka mu mtundu wake.
Ndi zomwe zili ndi tulo kunyumba, palibe mavuto. Kwa mbalame, khola lalikulu limasankhidwa (masentimita 45 ndi 30 cm ndi 40 cm) kapena mlengalenga. Pamodzi ndi mitundu yina ndikofunika kuti zisathe, makamaka ngati kuswana kwa mbalame kumayenera.
Zofunikira zam'manja
Zingwezi siziyenera kuyima powala ndi dzuwa.
Nyumba yanymayi idzafunika akumwa awiri - mmodzi amwe, ndipo yachiwiri posambira. Mbalamezi zimangolambira njira zamadzi. Ndipo amazolowera manja a mwiniwake, amathanso kukhala m'manja.
Zodyetsa
Monga chilengedwe, kunyumba, ma tini amafunika chakudya chosakanizika. Maziko abwino kwambiri azakudya atha kukhala osakanikirana ndi mazaza oyera, kaloti ndi mazira a nkhuku, komanso zosakaniza zingapo za chimanga. Chithandizo chenicheni cha titmouse ndi mphutsi za ufa. Iyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya makamaka nthawi ya chakudya.
Mwa njira, ngati mungalole titmouse kuti itulutsidwe, ayeseranso kupeza chakudya chake - kaya ndi makeke, kapena makeke.
Kodi amabala ali mu ukapolo?
Ngati ma buluu agundana pamalo amodzi, ndiye kuti patapita nthawi mbalame zimayamba kusowa, zomwe ayenera kusiya zomangira - nthambi, udzu, nyemba. Mwanjira imodzi, chilengedwe chachikazi chimakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 15. Mu ukapolo, monga lamulo, ochepera. Yaikazi imasaka mazira kwa masiku 13, kenako anapiyewo amakula pafupifupi milungu itatu. Nthawi yonseyi, yamphongo imasamalira mkazi ndi mwana.
Zosangalatsa
- Pali mitundu iwiri yonena za komwe dzina la "gen" limachokera. Loyamba likuwonetsa mtundu wa buluu, womwe umapezeka mu Blue Tit, mbalame za buluu, zomwe kale zinali zamtundu wa genus. Ndipo njira yachiwiriyo imafotokoza dzina la mtundu wamtundu wa mbalamezi, momwe mumatha kumva mawu oti "siii-siii".
- Sitimayi sikhala ndi masheya awo nthawi yozizira, koma ndizosavuta kupeza ndikudya zakudya zomwe mbalame zina zimapanga,
- Nthawi zambiri mazira ochezeka komanso ochezeka nthawi yakudya ndi kuswa mazira amakhala aukali kwambiri ndipo amathamangitsa alendo osawadziwa ochokera kudera lawo,
- Matayala sakhala pachabe amatchedwa kuti nkhwangwala, kotero kuti njere imodzi yam'mimba nthawi yotetezedwa imateteza mitengo osachepera 40 ku tizirombo.
- Matiti amakhala m'chilengedwe kwa zaka 1-3, ndipo amatha kukhala mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 15.
Mangati ma toni okhala
Moyo wa titmouse mu chilengedwe umakhala wochepa kwambiri ndipo, monga lamulo, ndi zaka zitatu zokha. Ikasungidwa mu ukapolo, Great Tit imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa moyo wa nyama yokhala ndi mbeyu yodabwitsayi kumadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kutsatira malamulo okonzanso komanso malamulo odyetsa.
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Akazi achikhumi amakhala ndi gawo locheperako komanso losenda pamimba. Zachikazi zazomwe zimakhala zazikulu ndizofanana kwambiri ndi amuna, koma ambiri, amakhala ndi maonekedwe obiriwira pang'ono, kotero matalala akuda m'mutu ndi pachifuwa amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda, ndipo kolala ndi mkanda wakuda pamimba ndizocheperako pang'ono ndipo zimatha kuthyoka .
Mitundu ya ma Tits
Malinga ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi International Union of Ornithologists, mtundu wa Parus umaphatikizapo mitundu inayi:
- Gray tit (Parus cinereus) - mtundu womwe umaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo yomwe kale inali ya mtundu wa Great Tit (Parus zazikulu),
- Bolshak, kapena Big tit (Parus wamkulu) - Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri komanso yambiri,
- Kummawa, kapena ChiJapan (Parus wocheperako) - mtundu woyimiriridwa ndi magulu angapo nthawi imodzi, omwe sasiyananso pakusakanikirana kapena pafupipafupi.
- Mitundu yokhala ndi masamba obiriwira (Parus monticolus).
Mpaka posachedwa, mitundu yam'mawa kapena yaku Japan idatchulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wa gawo lalikulu, koma chifukwa cha zoyeserera za aku Russia zitha kudziwa kuti mitundu iwiriyi imangokhala bwino.
Habitat, malo okhala
Gawo lakumaso limayimiriridwa ndi magulu khumi ndi atatu:
- R.c. Ambiguus - wokhalamo pachilumba cha Malacca komanso chilumba cha Sumatra,
- P.c. Caschmirensis wokhala ndi imvi kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Afghanistan, kumpoto kwa Pakistan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India,
- P.c. сinereus Vieillot - magulu aang'ono omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Java ndi Zilumba za Sunda Little,
- P.c. desоlorans Koelz - wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Afghanistan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pakistan,
- P.c. hainanus E.J.O. Nartert ndi wokhala ku Hainan Island,
- P.c. intermedius Zarudny ndi wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Iran komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Turkmenistan,
- P.c. mahrättarum E.J.O. Nartert ndi wokhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India komanso chilumba cha Sri Lanka,
- P.c. panorum E.J.O. Nartert ndi wokhala kumpoto kwa India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, chigawo chapakati komanso kumadzulo kwa Myanmar,
- P.c. sаrаwacensis Slater - wokhala pachilumba cha Kalimantan,
- P.c. sturay Kölz - wokhala kumadzulo, pakati komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India,
- P.c. temrlrum Meyer de Skhauensee - wokhala pakati ndipo kumadzulo kwa Thailand, kumwera kwa Indochina,
- P.c. vauriеi Rirli - wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India,
- P.c. ziaratensis Whistler ndi wokhala pakati komanso kumwera kwa Afghanistan, kumadzulo kwa Pakistan.
Gawo lalikulu ndi wokhala kudera lonse la Middle East ndi Europe, limapezeka kumpoto ndi Central Asia, komwe kumakhala madera ena kumpoto kwa Africa. Mitundu khumi ndi isanu ya gawo lalikulu ili ndi malo osiyana pang'ono:
- P.m. rhrodite - wokhala kum'mwera kwa Italiya, kumwera kwa Greece, zilumba za Nyanja ya Aegean ndi Kupro,
- P.m. blanfordi ndi wokhala kumpoto kwa Iraq, kumpoto, kumpoto kwa chigawo chapakati komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Iran,
- P.m. bokharensis - wokhala m'dera la Turkmenistan, kumpoto kwa Afghanistan, kumwera kwa chigawo chapakati ku Kazakhstan ndi Uzbekistan,
- P.m. sorsus - wokhala m'dera la Portugal, kumwera kwa Spain ndi Corsica,
- P.m. eski - wokhala m'zigawo za Sardinia,
- P.m. exсesus ndi anthu okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kuchokera kumadera akumadzulo kwa Morocco mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tunisia,
- P.m. Ferghanensis - wokhala ku Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan komanso kumadzulo kwa China,
- P.m. karustini - wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan kapena Dzungarian Alatau, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China ndi Mongolia, Transbaikalia, madera omwe amakhala kumtunda kwa Amur ndi Primorye, gawo lakumpoto kufikira pagombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk,
- P.m. Karelini - wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Azerbaijan komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iran,
- P.m. majоr - wokhala kumene ku Europe, kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa chigawo chapakati, komanso kumpoto kwa Spain, ma Balkan ndi kumpoto kwa Italiya, Siberia chakum'mawa mpaka Nyanja ya Baikal, kumwera chakumapiri kwa Mapiri a Altai, kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, kumapezeka ku Asia Minor, ha Caucasus ndi Azerbaijan kupatula kumwera chakum'mawa,
- P.m. Mallorsay - wokhala kuazilumba za Balearic,
- P.m. Nevtoni - wokhala ku Britain Isles, Netherlands ndi Belgium, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa France.
- P.m. niethаmmеri - wokhala m'malo a Krete,
- P.m. terraesanctae - wokhala ku Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Egypt,
- P.m. Turkstanistanus ndi nzika yakum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan komanso madera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia.
Kuthengo, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana m'nkhalango, nthawi zambiri m'malo otseguka komanso kumapeto, ndimakhazikika m'mphepete mwa malo osungirako zachilengedwe.
Chigawo chakum'mawa kapena chachi Japan chimayimiridwa ndi mabungwe asanu ndi anayi:
- P.m. amamiensis - wokhala kumpoto kwa zilumba za Ryukyu,
- P.m. сommixtus - wokhala kum'mwera kwa China komanso kumpoto kwa Vietnam,
- P.m. dagletensis - wokhala pachilumba cha Ullyndo pafupi ndi Korea,
- P.m. kagoshimae - wokhala kum'mwera kwa chilumba cha Kyushu ndi zilumba za Goto,
- P.m. Wamng'ono - wokhala kum'mawa kwa Siberia, kumwera kwa Sakhalin, kum'mawa kwa chigawo chapakati komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Korea ndi Japan,
- P.m. nigrilоris - wokhala kum'mwera kwa zilumba za Ryukyu,
- P.m. nubiolus - wokhala kummawa kwa Myanmar, kumpoto kwa Thailand komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Indochina,
- P.m. okinaway - wokhala pakati pa zilumba za Ryukyu,
- P.m. Tibetanus ndi munthu wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Tibet, kumwera chakumadzulo komanso kumwera kwa chigawo cha China, kumpoto kwa Myanmar.
Mitundu yobiriwira yobiriwira yafalikira ku Bangladesh ndi Bhutan, ku China ndi India, komanso ikukhala ku Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand ndi Vietnam. Malo okhala zachilengedwe zamtunduwu ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe komanso nkhalango m'malo otentha, madera otentha komanso nkhalango zotentha.
Ndalama
Panthawi yobereketsa, ma tulo amadya ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono, komanso mphutsi zawo. Magawo okhala ndi magulu owononga mitundu yambiri amaononga tizilombo tambiri m'nkhalango. Komabe, maziko a chakudya cha gawo lililonse panthawiyi nthawi zambiri amayimiridwa:
- mbozi za gulugufe
- akangaude
- zida zazing'ono ndi nsikidzi zina,
- tiziromboti, kuphatikizapo ntchentche, udzudzu ndi midges,
- Zamoyo zokhala ndi mapiko apakati, kuphatikiza nsikidzi.
Ma titmala amathanso kudya mapete, orthopterans mwa mawonekedwe a ziwala ndi ma crickets, chinjoka chaching'ono, reticuliformes, earwigs, nyerere, nkhupakupa ndi mphero. Mbalame yachikulire imatha kusangalala ndi njuchi, pomwe mbola imachotsedwa kale. Kutayamba kwamasamba, ma tuni amatha kusaka nyama monga tinyama tating'onoting'ono, komwe, atachoka nthawi yanyengo yozizira, amakhalabe osagwira ndi mbalame. Nkhupakupa zimadyetsedwa, monga lamulo, ndi mbozi zamitundu yonse ya agulugufe, omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo sikuposa 10 mm.
M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, ntchito zamitundu yambiri zodyetsa, kuphatikiza mbewu za hazel ndi beech yaku Europe, zimawonjezera kwambiri mu zakudya zam'mimba. Mbalame zimadyera m'minda ndikufesedwa ndi zinyalala za chimanga, rye, oats ndi tirigu.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia nthawi zambiri zimadya zipatso ndi mbewu zina mwazomera zambiri:
- anadya ndi paini
- mapiri ndi linden,
- lilacs
- nsapato
- sorelo wamahatchi
- pikulnikov,
- burdock
- redberryberry
- Irgi
- phulusa laphiri
- mabuluni
- hemp ndi mpendadzuwa.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mtundu waukulu ndi mitundu ina yamtunduwu, kuphatikiza Blue Tit ndi Muscovite, ndikuchepa kwa masheya awo omwe nthawi yachisanu. Mbalame zachinyengo komanso zam'madzi zotere zimatha kupeza mwaluso kwambiri zomwe zinatengedwa ndikubisala pakugwa kwa mbalame zina. Malinga ndi akatswiri, nthawi zina nthumwi za mtundu wa Great Tit zimatha kudya zovalazo.
Kuti mudyetse, tini timakonda kuyendera odyetsa mbalame m'mizinda ndi m'mapaki momwe amadyetsa mbewu za mpendadzuwa, zotsalira za chakudya ndi mkate, komanso batala ndi zidutswa za mafuta anyama. Komanso, zoweta zimapezeka mu korona zamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamiyala yamitengo ndi masamba a undergrowth kapena zitsamba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Muli gawo lalikulu kuti pakati pa mitundu yonse ya anthu omwe amapita kumeneko pali mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wazinthu zosaka, ndipo atapha kachidutswa kofiyira, oatmeal wamba, wouluka wakuwombera, mfumu yokhala ndi mutu wachikasu kapena chipewa, wolusa wazaka zokhala ndi ulusi amasokoneza ubongo wawo kwa iwo.
Zipatso zomwe zimakhala ndi zipolopolo zolimba kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mtedza, zimayamba kuthyoledwa ndi mulomo. Chakudya chachikulu ndichakudya. Zoyimira zamtunduwu ndizodziwika bwino monga ma scavenger osatha komanso wamba nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zomwe sizimadziwika.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Mdziko lathu, Bolshaki, zomwe ndi mbalame zodontha komanso zong'ambika pawiri, akuyamba kulumikizana kwawo mokwanira komanso akhama, ali ponseponse. Oimira zamtunduwu nawonso amakwezedwa limodzi. Mbalame zimakonda kukhala m'malo okhala nkhalango zowuma, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo osungirako zinyama ndi m'minda. Madera otentha olowera sakukwanira kukhala ndi tini tating'onoting'ono. Zisa zam'mimba zimayikidwa niches pamiyala yakale kapena m'maenje a mitengo yakale. Komanso, nthawi zina mumatha kuwona oyimilira amtunduwu mu zisa zakale, osiyidwa ndi omwe kale amakhala, omwe amakhala pamtunda wa mamita awiri mpaka asanu ndi amodzi. Modzipereka, mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhala mosakhazikika bwino ndi anthu.
Pomanga zisa ndi mbalame, masamba owonda ndi msipu amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso mizu yaying'ono yazomera ngakhalenso mbewa. Gawo lamkati mwa malo odyerapo limakutidwa ndi ubweya, ma cobwebs, thonje, fluff ndi nthenga, mkati mwake mumakhala thirakiti yapadera, yokutidwa ndi ubweya wa kavalo kapena ubweya. Kutalika kwa chisa cha tsiyanasiyana kumatha kutengera kutengera kwa malo odyera, koma miyeso ya thireyi yamkati nthawi zonse imakhala yofanana: ndi kuya kwa 40-50 mm, mainchesi ake ndi 40-60 mm.
Dzira limodzi lokha limakhala ndi mazira okhathamira oyera khumi ndi khumi ndi sheen pang'ono. Tizilombo tambiri komanso timadontho tofiirira tambiri timabalalika pamwamba pa chipolopolo, chomwe chimakhala ngati corolla kumbali yakumbuyo kwa dzira. Masamba akuluakulu amaikira mazira kawiri pachaka. Kuyika dzira koyamba kumachitika mu zaka khumi zapitazi za Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo kwachiwiri - pafupifupi pakatikati pa nthawi yachilimwe.
Mazira amaswa ndi achikazi pasanathe milungu ingapo. Nthawi yonseyi, yamphongo imasamalira yaikazi ndi kumudyetsa. Masiku angapo apapi oswedwa amakutidwa ndi imvi, kotero mkazi samasiya chisa chake, koma amawotcha ana obadwa ndi kutentha kwake.
Wamphongo nthawi imeneyi amadyetsa osati wamkazi, komanso ana ake onse. Pambuyo poti matupi a amphaka atakutidwa ndi nthenga wamba, zazikazi ndi zazikazi zimayamba kudyetsa ana awo akuluakulu komanso osusuka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Munthawi yakukhwima, tambala sakhala okondwa komanso osakhazikika, koma mbalame zomwe zimalimbana kwambiri ndi m'bale aliyense.
Pakatha masiku pafupifupi khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri, thupi la anapiyewo lakutidwa ndi nthenga, motero amakhala okonzekera kudziyimira pawokha, koma sabata inanso mbalame zazing'onozi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi makolo awo, omwe nthawi zina amayesa kuzidyetsa. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono totere timafika pachaka chathunthu pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
Adani achilengedwe
Matiti ndi mbalame zothandiza kwambiri, ku horticulture komanso nkhalango zachikhalidwe.Chimodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri chiwerengero chonse cha mitundu yonse ya zipatso ndi njala panthawi yachisanu yozizira. Kutengera kuchepa kwa chakudya m'nyengo yozizira kuti ambiri oimira amtunduwu amafa chaka chilichonse. Komanso m'chilengedwe, martens akuluakulu, ma weasel, amphaka ena amtchire ndi nthumwi zochokera kubanja la amphaka, abulu akulu akulu ndi nyama zina zouluka zikufuna mosaka mitundu yonse ya zipatso.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mpaka pano, ma subspecies ambiri a tits ndi ochulukirapo, chifukwa chake, safunikira chitetezo chokwanira kapena chitetezo. Komabe, pali mitundu yocheperako komanso yocheperako yomwe pakadali pano yatsala pang'ono kutha.
Mwachitsanzo, Baleen Tit (Panurus biarmicus), yomwe ndi mbalame yosowa komanso yophunzitsidwa bwino kum'mwera kwa Palaearctic wokhala ndi malo owoneka, pano sikuti amangokhala otetezeka pamodzi ndi mbalame zina zazing'ono zopanda chitetezo, komanso adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. Yew kapena Japan tit ikuphatikizidwanso mu Red Book la Russia lero, ndipo oimira amtunduwu amapezeka pokhapokha ku South Kuril Islands, chifukwa chosowa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa.
Habitat
Munthawi ya chisa, imakhala m'nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri zowola komanso zosakanikirana, komwe zimapezeka m'malo otseguka, m'mphepete, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ku Europe, ambiri kwambiri amafika m'nkhalango za mitengo ya maoak, momwe mumapezeka mitengo yambiri. Ku Siberia, zisa kunja kwa taiga, nthawi zambiri sizimapitirira 10-15 km kuchokera komwe anthu amakhala. Mu nkhalango yamdima yopitilira sichisowa. Nthawi zambiri m'malo a nkhalango, pomwe imakhazikika m'nkhokwe za msondodzi ndi mitengo yobiriwira, komanso m'malo otseguka ndi mitengo yosowa. Ku Mongolia, amakhala kumapiri okhala ndi mitengo komanso malo opanda chipululu. M'mapiri amakwera m'mapiri a Swiss Alps mpaka 1950 m, m'mapiri a Atlas mpaka 1850 m pamwamba pamadzi.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizindayi ndi ntchito za anthu zidakhudza bwino kufalikira kwa mbalameyi - kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kunathandizira kuti malo okhala malo abwino azikonzera chakudya chambiri, ndipo kudyetsa nthawi yozizira kumathandizira kupirira zaka zoyambira. Titmouse amakhala mofunitsitsa m'minda, m'mapaki (kuphatikiza ena akumatauni), kulima dimba, kunja kwa minda, m'malo obzala nkhalango ndi mitengo yazitona. M'nyengo yozizira, imalowa m'magulumagulu osakanizika ndi mbalame zina ndikusambira kosaka chakudya.
Kukonzanso
Mwa onse omwe amapitilira (kupatula shorthair, omwe amadyera), gawo lalikulu lili ndi mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wazinthu zosaka momwe umapha bongo, ndikupha - izi zimatsimikiziridwa kwa rosary, wamba oatmeal, flycatcher wophatikizidwa, ndipo mwinanso, mfumu yotsogola, kuchokera ku zinyama - mileme.
Momwemonso, gawo lalikulu limatha kupha mbalame zina. Kuyambira mu 2000s, umboni wosatsutsika wazomwe akuchita zodzaza ndi zipatso zazikulu zimawonekera m'mabuku muma magazine asayansi [ ndi ziti? ]. Chifukwa chake, mu 2010, ma ornithologists achiHungary ndi aku Germany adalemba zofunikira pakusaka nyama yayikulu kwa milemulo yogona - nyama zazing'ono (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) Zomwezi zidalandilidwa kale kuchokera ku Hungary, Poland, Sweden, koma pankhaniyi zidawonetsedwa kuti ma titmies amafufuza mwachindunji komanso mwadongosolo ndikupha mileme kuti adye. Atalowa m'phanga, ma bat anali akuyendayenda m'makoma, akufufuza ming'alu yachilengedwe, akutulutsa mileme ndi mulomo akumathyola zigamba zawo, pomwepo anadya zotupa kuchokera m'mafupa. Zowona, kalelo m'zaka za zana la 19, katswiri wazamaphunziro wa ku Britain, a Howard Saundes, analemba kuti nyengo yozizira, "gawo lalikulu limawukira mbalame zazing'ono komanso zofooka, ndikuphwanya zigamba zawo ndi mulomo wamphamvu kuti zifike ku ubongo wawo, zimagwira mileme chimodzimodzi."
Khalidwe lotere la ma tiniwu lidawunikiranso bukhu lokhudza zanyama zachilendo: Chingerezi. "Zombie Tits, Astronaut Fish ndi Zinyama Zina Zachilendo" ("Zombie Tits, cosmonauts and Animal Zina Zachilendo"), yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 2015 ndi University of New South Wales (Australia). "Zombie Tits" idalandiridwa kuphatikizidwa pamutu wa buku lino. Potere, mawu wamba akuti "zombie" akuwonetsa chizolowezi chokhala ndi zipatso kuti adye ubongo mu nyama zomwe adazipha.
Komabe, asayansi angapo ochokera ku Poland, France ndi Czech Republic saganizira kupha mileme ndi machitidwe a chakudya cham'manja. Nthawi yomweyo, zidawonetsedwa kuti ma tini opambana amawuluka kuti azisewera mawu opangidwa ndi mileme, komanso amachepetsa ntchito yawo ya "phanga" ngati akudyetsa zakudya zamafuta apamwamba.
Gulu
Gawo lalikulu lidafotokozedwa ndi Carl Linnaeus mu kope la khumi la Natural System yake mu 1758. Dzina lasayansi Parus wamkuluWolemba Linnaeus ali ndi mawu achi Latin - lat. parus - tit ndi lat. chachikulu - zambiri. Chifukwa chake, dzina lausayansi silimasinthanso tanthauzo kuchokera ku liwu lachi Russia.
Pali masamba 15 a gawo lalikulu. Mpaka posachedwa, adaphatikiza mitundu yamitundu yakum'mawa Parus wocheperako ndi imvi tit Parus cinereus. Pakadali pano, amaonedwa ngati mitundu yodziyimira payokha. Eastern titmouse ndi yaying'ono ndipo ili ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri lautoto ndi utoto - imasungidwa kokha pakhosi ndi kumbuyo kumtunda, pomwe thupi lakumbuyo ndi loyera. Ku gawo la imvi, lomwe limakhala kuzilumba za Southeast Asia, lipochromes (ma pigment omwe amachititsa ma toni achikasu obiriwira) sizikupezeka konse, ndichifukwa chake mbalameyo imawoneka yoyera.
Malinga ndi database ya International Union of Ornithologists, mitundu Parus wamkulu Ma subspecies 15 aphatikizidwa:
- Parus chachikulu aphrodite. Yofotokozedwa ndi Gyula Madagaras [de] mu 1901. Amakhala kumwera kwa Italiya, kumwera kwa Greece, kuzilumba za Aegean Sea, ku Kupro. Nambala ya ITIS: 922423.
- Parus zazikulu blanfordi. Yofotokozedwa ndi Joseph Prazak mu 1894. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Iraq, kumpoto, kumpoto kwa chigawo chapakati komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Iran. Nambala ya ITIS: 922424.
- Parus zazikulu bokharensis. Yofotokozedwa ndi Martin Lichtenstein mu 1823. Amakhala ku Turkmenistan, kumpoto kwa Afghanistan, kumwera kwa chigawo chapakati cha Kazakhstan ndi Uzbekistan. Nambala ya ITIS: 922425.
- Parus zazikulu. Yofotokozedwa ndi Otto Kleinschmidt mu 1903. Amakhala ku Portugal, kumwera kwa Spain ndi Corsica. Nambala ya ITIS: 922426.
- Parus chachikulu ecki. Yofotokozedwa ndi Adolf von Jordaens [de] mu 1970. Amakhala ku Sardinia. Nambala ya ITIS: 922427.
- Kupambana kwakukulu. Yofotokozedwa ndi Leopold Bouvre [de] mu 1857. Amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa (kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Morocco kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tunisia). Nambala ya ITIS: 922428.
- Parus zazikulu Ferghanensis. Yofotokozedwa ndi Sergey Buturlin mu 1912. Amakhala ku Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan komanso kumadzulo kwa China. Nambala ya ITIS: 922429.
- Parus zazikulu kapustini. Yofotokozedwa ndi Leonid Portenko mu 1954. Chimakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan (Dzhungarsky Alatau) kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Xinjiang), ku Mongolia, ku Transbaikalia, kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Mtsinje wa Amur, ku Primorye, kumpoto mpaka pagombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Nambala ya ITIS: 922430.
- Parus zazikulu karelini. Yofotokozedwa ndi Nikolai Zarudny mu 1910. Amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Azerbaijan komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iran. Nambala ya ITIS: 922431.
- Parus zazikulu. Yofotokozedwa ndi Carl Linnaeus mu 1758. Amakhala ku Europe konsekera kumpoto ndi kummawa kuchokera pakati ndi kumpoto kwa Spain, kumpoto kwa Italiya ndi ku Balkan, Siberia kummawa kupita ku Lake Baikal, kummwera mpaka kumpoto ndi kummawa kwa Kazakhstan ndi mapiri a Altai, Asia Little, Caucasus, Azerbaijan (kupatula kumwera chakum'mawa). Nambala ya ITIS: 922432.
- Parus chachikulu mallorcae. Yofotokozedwa ndi Adolf von Jordans mu 1913. Pamakhala Zilumba za Balearic. Nambala ya ITIS: 922433.
- Parus greattoni. Yofotokozedwa ndi Joseph Prazak mu 1894. Amakhala ku Britain Isles, ku Netherlands, Belgium komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa France. Nambala ya ITIS: 922434.
- Parus chachikulu niethammeri. Yofotokozedwa ndi Adolf von Jordans mu 1970. Amakhala ku Kerete. Nambala ya ITIS: 922435.
- Parus chachikulu terraesanctae. Yofotokozedwa ndi Ernst Hartert mu 1910. Amakhala ku Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan komanso kumpoto-kum'mawa kwa Egypt. Nambala ya ITIS: 922436.
- Parus chachikulu turkestanicus. Yofotokozedwa ndi Nikolai Zarudny ndi Loudon mu 1905. Amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia. Nambala ya ITIS: 922437.
Mitundu
Kafukufuku wamtundu wa mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome b [en], adawonetsa kuti gawo la masanjidwewo ndiosiyana ndi ma tini akuluakulu, ndipo ma subspecies awa adasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana - imvi ya ku South Asia ndi gawo lakum'mawa ku East Asia.
Posachedwa, mu umodzi mwa anthu achi Dutch omwe amapezeka ndi gawo lalikulu, polotorphism imodzi ya nucleotide mu gene yapezeka motsatira Drd4 (dopamine receptor D4), monga momwe olemba amanenera, atha kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chidwi cha mbalame. Maina osankhidwa m'mibadwo inayi kuti achulukitse kapena kuchepa chidwi chake anali ndi mitundu ina m'malo mwa kaundula wa genotide. Komabe, magwiridwe antchito amgwirizanowu pakati pa ma polymorphism a DNA omwe adawonedwa ndi momwe ma titswo samadziwika.
Kanema: Tit
Mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mitu yayikulu, koma maso ang'onoang'ono ozungulira. Iris imakonda kupakidwa pamithunzi yakuda. Mitundu ina yokha imakhala yoyera kapena yofiyira. Mutu wa mbalame umakongoletsedwa ndi "chipewa" chowala. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi kanyimbo kakang'ono. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku nthenga zazitali zomwe zimamera kuchokera korona wamutu.
Ngakhale ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina, titmouse ndi "dongosolo" lenileni la nkhalangoyi. Amawononga tizilombo tambirimbiri zovulaza.
Mlomo wokulungidwa pamwamba, wokutidwa mbali. Kunja, mulomo umawoneka ngati chulu. Mphuno zimakutidwa ndi nthenga. Ali ndi mawonekedwe osalala, pafupifupi osaphulika. Khosi, gawo la chifuwa ndi lakuda. Komabe, amasangalala pang'ono. Kumbuyo nthawi zambiri kumakhala maolivi. Mtundu wachilendo kwambiri, wowala kwambiri umapangitsa ma tiniwo kukhala okongola kwambiri. Makamaka zimawoneka zokongola mosayang'ana chipale chofewa.
Matayala ali ndi miyendo yaying'ono koma yolimba. Zala pazala zakhota. Mawelesi oterowo, zibwano zimathandiza nyamayo kuti ikhale pamtunda bwino. Mchirawo umakhala nthenga za mchala thwelofu, mapiko ozunguliridwa kumapeto amakhala ndi kutalika kochepa. Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuuluka kosangalatsa. Amawombera mapiko awo kangapo, kenako nkuwuluka ndi inertia. Chifukwa chake, nyama zimapulumutsa mphamvu.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Tit ku Russia
Anthu am'banja la tit ndi nyama zolimbikira. Amangoyendayenda. Amakhala ndi moyo wokonda kucheza, kulowerera gulu lalikulu. Gulu limodzi lotere limatha kukhala pafupifupi makumi asanu. Komanso, nkhosa zoterezi zimaphatikizanso mbalame za mitundu ina. Mwachitsanzo, nuthatch. Mbalame zimagawika pawiri pakukhwima. Panthawi imeneyi, nyama zimagawana gawo la zakudya. Awiri amatenga pafupi makumi asanu.
Kuuluka sindiye nsonga yolimba kwambiri ya ma tini. Sali olimba. Komabe, izi sizisokoneza moyo wa mbalame. Mwambiri, njira yanyama imakhala ndi mitengo ingapo, mayadi. Nyumba yanyumba yosuntha imasuntha kuchoka pa mpanda kupita kumzake, kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo. Pa kuthawa, nyamayo imatha kuchita bwino mwa kugwira tizilombo touluka.
Mafunde - osati osamuka, koma nthawi zambiri mbalame zoyendayenda. Ndi chisanu chomwe chimayamba, amayandikira pafupi ndi anthu. Komabe, nthawi zina kusamuka ndikofunikira. Milandu idalembedwa pomwe anthu omwe anali ndi zipolopolo ku Moscow adapezeka ku Europe. Masana masana, nyumba yamtunduwu imafunafuna chakudya osati pamitengo, chakudya chokha. Nthawi zambiri amayendera nyumba za anthu, akuwuluka makonde ndi mitengo.
Khalidwe la buluzi ndi wokondwa kwambiri, wodekha, wolimba. Nthawi zambiri samabwera ndi mbalame ndi nyama zina. Sinicek sikuvutitsa anthu. Mutha kuwadyetsa ndi manja anu. Nyama izi zimatha kuwonetsa nkhanza pokhapokha podyetsa ana awo. Amakhala okwiya kwambiri ndipo amalowa mosavuta pamikangano ndi opikisana nawo, kuwathamangitsa m'gawo lawo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: mbalame za tit
Nthawi yakudontha mumaluwa wa maluwau imagwera nthawi yamasika. M'malo ambiri zachilengedwe kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira kumazizira kwambiri, motero mbalame zimasunga zisa zawo kuti anapiye amtsogolo asazizire. Amapanga chisa cha maukwati awiriawiri, ndiye kuti onse pamodzi amatanganidwa pakubala. Nyama zimamanga zisa m'nkhalango zowerengeka, m'minda, m'mapaki. Zisa zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Okhala ndi nyumba yawo pamalo okwera mamita awiri kuchokera pansi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nyumba zosiyidwa ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame.
M'nyengo yakukhwima, ma teremu amasintha kukhala zolengedwa zamwano. Amathamangitsa alendo osawatengera kutali ndi dera lawo, kuteteza chisa. Nyama zimamanga chisa kuchokera kuma nthambi osiyanasiyana, udzu, mbewa, mizu. Mkati mwanyumbayo mulinso ubweya, matchuthi, ubweya wa thonje. Nthawi imodzi, wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira khumi ndi asanu. Ndizoyera, pang'ono pang'ono. Pamaso pa mazirawo amaphimbidwa ndi malo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Mbalameyi imayikira mazira kawiri pachaka.
Mazira okhwima kwa masiku khumi ndi atatu. Yaikazi imachita kuswa mazira. Wamphongo panthawiyi amapeza chakudya cha mabanja ake. Akanyamuka, wamkazi samachoka nthawi yomweyo anapiye. M'masiku oyamba, anapiye amathiridwa ndi fluff ochepa. Kholo likugwira ntchito yotentha ana ake. Wamphongo panthawiyi amayamba kupezera banja lonse chakudya.
Amabadwa titmouse okha owoneka bwino, monga mbalame zazikulu. Makolo ayenera kuwadyetsa pafupifupi nthawi makumi anayi pa ola limodzi.
Nkhupakupa zimadzimiranso pakatha masiku khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri nditabadwa. Komabe, samasiya makolo awo nthawi yomweyo. Pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi anayi, a titmouse achichepere amayesa kukhala pafupi. Miyezi khumi pambuyo pobadwa, mwana amakula msinkhu.