Kutentha kwadziko kumapangitsa kuti madzi oundana asungunuke padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo ku Antarctica. M'mbuyomu, kumtunda kudakutidwa ndi ayezi, koma tsopano kuli malo ambiri omwe ali ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje, wopanda ayezi. Izi zimachitika pagombe la nyanja. Izi zikuthandizidwa ndi zithunzi zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera pama satelayiti, komwe mutha kuwona mpumulo wopanda matalala ndi ayezi.

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Titha kuganiza kuti madzi oundana anasungunuka nthawi yachilimwe, koma zigwa zopanda madzi oundana ndizitali. Mwinanso pamalo ano pamatha kutentha pang'ono. Matalala osungunuka amathandizira kupanga mitsinje ndi nyanja. Mtsinje wautali kwambiri ku kontinentiyo ndi Onyx (30 km). M'mphepete mwake mumakhala chisanu chaka chonse. Nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi kusiyana kwa madzi kumawonedwa pano. Mulingo wokwanira walembedwa mu 1974 +15 digiri Celsius. Palibe nsomba zomwe zimapezeka mumtsinje, koma pali algae ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.

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M'madera ena a Antarctica, ayezi wasungunuka, osati kokha chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kutentha kwa dziko, komanso chifukwa cha mafunde amlengalenga omwe amayenda pa liwiro losiyanasiyana. Monga mukuwonera, moyo ku kontinentiyo siwopindulitsa, ndipo Antarctica sikuti ndi ayezi ndi chipale chofewa, pali malo otentha ndi matupi amadzi.

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Madzi opaka mafuta

M'nyengo yachilimwe, madzi oundana amasungunuka pa Antarctica, ndipo madzi amadzaza zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa cha momwe nyanja zimapangira. Ambiri aiwo adalembedwa m'magawo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma amapezekanso pamitunda yayitali, mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a Queen Maud Land. Pa kontrakitala pali malo ambiri osungirako. Mwakuyeruzgiyapu, nyengu zinandi mumphepete mwa nyanja.

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Mitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja zazikulu za Antarctica

Kwa nthawi yayitali anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ku Antarctica ndiye malo okhawo kumene kulibe mitsinje yomwe imayenda mosalekeza. Zimaganiziridwa kuti nthawi yachilimwe ikayamba chisanu ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, mitsinje yakanthawiyo imawonekera m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mapiri a Antarctic, omwe amakhala ndi madzi osungunuka.

Komabe, m'malo ena, kusungunuka ndi kuwonongeka kumatha kuonekera m'malo akuluakulu omwe amakhala kutalika kwambiri. Makina amakulu amadzi amadziwika pa Ket-Litsa Glacier ndi McMurdo Ice Shelf ndi pa Lambert Glacier. Amadziwika kuti kumtunda kwa Lambert Glacier, njira yosungunuka yogwira imayambira pamalo okwera mamitala 900 pamwamba pa nyanja.

M'mbuyomu, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti madzi amayenda pakati pa ayezi pang'onopang'ono. Koma Kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsa kuti nyanja za Antarctic "zimaphulika" ngati nkhata imatuluka mu botolo, ndikutulutsa mitsinje yomwe imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.

Mitsinje ya subglacial imawonekera bwino pazithunzi za satellite.

Mkuyu. 1. Mitsinje ya pansi pamadzi.

Nyanja ku Antarctica zimapezeka pagombe.

Monga mitsinje ndi mitsinje yamayiko, nyanja ndizopezeka apa. Muli nyanja zingapo zazing'ono zam'madzi.

Gawo lamadzi mu chirimwe limatsegulidwa mwachilengedwe, ndikumasulidwa ku ayezi. Koma, pali ena omwe samazizira, ngakhale nyengo yozizira kwambiri.

Nyanja zamchere zimagawidwa ngati yopanda kuzizira. Madzi mwaiwo ndi ochulukirapo. Izi zimathandizira kuti malo osungira azisunga zomwe zili mumadzi amadzimadzi. Malo osungirako zachilengedwe ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Nyanja Chithunzi ku Banger oasis.

Mkuyu. 2. Dziwe Lake.

Kutalika kwake ndi makilomita 20. Dera lake ndi 14.7 km. sq. Ndipo kuya kumafikira pafupifupi mamiliyoni zana ndi theka. Gawo lamadzi ndi malo opitilira 10 km. sq. wokhala ku Victoria Oasis. Nyanja zikuluzikulu kwambiri ku Antarctica zibisika pansi pa ayezi.

Mwa mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda mopanda madzi, mitsinje yayitali kwambiri ndiy

Mtsinje wa Onyx ndi wamtunda wa makilomita atatu kutalika.

Dziwe la Ice

Kuphatikiza pa madzi apamwamba, matupi opanda madzi oundana amapezeka ku Antarctica. Adatsegulidwa osati kalekale. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, oyendetsa ndege adapeza mawonekedwe achilendo mpaka makilomita 30 kuya kwakuya ndi makilomita 12 kutalika. Nyanja ndi mitsinje iyi ya pansi pang'ono idasanthulidwanso ndi asayansi ku Polar Institute. Mwa izi, kafukufuku wa radar adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pomwe zolembedwa zapadera zinajambulidwa, madzi osungunuka adakhazikitsidwa pansi pa nthaka. Kutalika kwenikweni kwa malo okhala pansi pamadzi ndiopitilira 180 km.

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M'maphunziro a malo osungirako madzi oundana, zidapezeka kuti zidawoneka kalekale. Madzi oundana a ku Antarctica amapita pang'onopang'ono m'malo omwe anali pansi pa madzi oundana ndipo anakutidwa ndi ayezi kuchokera kumwamba. Zaka zoyandikira zamadzi ndi mitsinje ya subglacial ndi zaka miliyoni. Pansi pake pali matope, ndipo ma spores, mungu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera, ndi ma organic tizilombo atalowa m'madzi.

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Kusungunula ayezi ku Antarctica kumachitika mwachangu m'dera la madzi oundana. Ndifunde oundana. Sungunulani pang'ono kulowa m'nyanja, kenako ndikugundika pang'ono. Kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana kumawonedwa kuyambira masentimita 15 mpaka 20 pachaka pagombe, komanso pakati - mpaka masentimita 5.

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Lake Lake ku Antarctica

Kwa zaka makumi awiri, asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akhala akuwerenga Nyanja ya Vostok yomwe ili ku Antarctica. Pakufufuza kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala mu nyanjayi zaka zambiri mamiliyoni, makina a hydrobot adapangidwa. M'malingaliro, chipangizo chogwiritsa ntchito mutu wamphamvu wamadzi otentha chiyenera kubowola chitsime cha 3.5 km. Kupezeka kwatsopano kwa Lake Vostok kunachitika mu Marichi 2011.

Mkuyu. 3. Lake Vostok.

Madera achilengedwe a Antarctica, polumikizana ndi ayezi, amapanga zilumba za ayezi. Kupadera kwa malo apansi pamadzi a Antarctica m'malo ena ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe akuya mikono yopitilira mita. Koma chodziwikiratu kwambiri chinali chakuti mphamvu yayikulu yamatsenga yapezeka pafupi ndi chigawo chakum'mawa kwa nyanjayi.

Zitsanzo za golide ndi nsomba zomwe kale sizinapezeke zidapezeka m'madzi a mnyanjayi.

Lake Lake

Chimodzi mwa malo osungira kwambiri kumtundu waukulu, womwe uli pansi pa ayezi, ndi Nyanja ya Vostok, komanso malo asayansi ku Antarctica. Dera lake ndi pafupifupi ma kilomita 15.5,000. Kuzama m'malo osiyanasiyana amalo am'madzi ndi kosiyana, koma kutalika kwamamita 1200 kulembedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zilumba zosachepera khumi ndi chimodzi mu nkhokwezi.

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Ponena za tizilombo tamoyo, kupangidwa kwa mikhalidwe yapadera ku Antarctica kunakhudza kudzipatula kwawo kudziko lina. Pamene kubowoleza kunayamba pamtunda wowoneka bwino wa kontinentiyo, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zimapezeka pansi mwakuya, zangokhala malo okhala okhaokha. Zotsatira zake, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, mitsinje yopanda nyanja ndi nyanja zopitilira 140 zidapezeka ku Antarctica.

Yankho kapena chisankho 3

Antarctica ndi koyamba kuzizira kwamuyaya, komwe kutentha kumatentha kwambiri mpaka 37 digiri Celsius, komabe pali mitsinje ndi nyanja, ngakhale ndizachilendo kwambiri.

Mitsinje ya Antarctica

Mitsinje imangowoneka kuno kwakanthawi chilimwe m'mbali mwa nyanja kapena m'malo otentha a Antarctic, pomwe kusungunuka kwa matalala ndi ayezi kumayamba. Pofika m'dzinja ndi kuyamba kwa chisanu mu mitsinje yakuya yoyala pansi yoyikira ndi mafunde, mayendedwe amadzi, mitsinje ndi yokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Nthawi zina njira zimatsekedwa ndi chipale chofewa ngakhale pakubwera, kenako madzi amatuluka mumphepete mwa chipale chofewa. Ngati chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa sichili chokwanira, chimakhala chowopsa kwa munthu amene wagwiritsidwapo.

Mitsinje yayikulu kwambiri ku Antarctica ndi Onyx ndi Victoria. Mtsinje wa Onyx umayenda kudzera mu Wright oasis ndikuyenda ku Lake Wanda. Kutalika kwake ndi 30 km, kumakhala ndimilandu ingapo. Mtsinje wa Victoria, womwe umayenda m'mphepete mwa dzina lomweli, umakhala wotsika pang'ono ku Onyx. Palibe nsomba m'mitsinje iyi, koma pali algae ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.

Madzi a antarctica

Nyanja zikuluzikulu za ku Antarctica zimakhazikika pamadzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Gawo lamadzi mu chirimwe limamasulidwa ku ayezi. Ena amakhala ophimbidwa ndi ayezi nthawi zonse. Pakadali pano, pali nyanja zomwe sizimazizira ngakhale nthawi yozizira ndimphamvu yozizira kwambiri. Awa ndi nyanja yamchere, kutentha kwa kuzizira komwe, chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zam'madzi, ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zero.

Nyanja zikuluzikulu zaku Antarctica ndi izi:

• Lake Lake, lomwe lili pakati pa mapiri kumapiri a Banger. Dzinali limalumikizidwa ndi cruuosity wamphamvu. Kutalika konse kwa nyanjayo ndi 20 km, m'derali ndi 14,7 sq. Km, ndipo kuya ndiopitilira 130 m.
• Nyanja ya Vostok, yoyezera pafupifupi 250 × 50 km ndi kuya kupitilira 1200 m, ili pafupi ndi siteshoni ya Vostok Antarctic. Nyanjayi imakutidwa ndi madzi oundana oundana pafupifupi mamiliyoni 4000. Malinga ndi asayansi, zolengedwa zamoyo ziyenera kukhalamo.
• Nyanja ya Wanda, yomwe ili pamtunda wa Victoria Land, ili ndi kutalika kwa 5 km komanso kuya kwa mita 69. Nyanja yamchereyi imadzaza kwambiri.

Zosangalatsa

Madera ena ku koleniko kozizira kwambiri adadziwika, pomwe kusungunuka kumachitika, ndikutsatira kwamadzi. Amapezeka pamalo okwera kwambiri ndipo amakhala m'malo akulu. Mitsinje yayikulu kwambiri ili pa chisanu:

Pamwamba pa chomaliza, kusungunuka kumawoneka kale pamtunda wa 900 m pafupi ndi nyanja. Mitsinje yatsopano yomwe ikudzaza ndi madzi nthawi zonse imafika pagombe, ndipo imayandikira mtunda wa 450 km.

Mtsinje waukulu kwambiri komanso wautali kwambiri, womwe umayenda pang'onopang'ono pansi pamadzi, pansi pa madzi oundana ndipo siwongolowera pansi pamadzi oundana, ndi Onyx. Kutalika kwake, imafika pa 30 km, ili pamalo otchedwa Wright (Victoria Land). Chachitali kwambiri ndi mtsinje wa Victoria. Komwe kuli malo omwewo.

Madzi oundana akamabwera, madzi amatsika kwambiri ndipo mitsinje yakuya yokhala ndi magombe otsetsereka imadzazidwa ndi chipale chofewa. M'malo ena amadutsa ndi milatho ya ayezi kummawa ndi kumadzulo. Zimachitika kuti ngalande zamkati zimakhala zodzaza ndi chipale chofewa chisanathetse madzi osefukira. Zikatero mitsinje imayenda kudzera m'mizere "yozizira" ndi chisanu ndipo siyowoneka kunja.

Sakhala ndi choopsa chaching'ono ngati ming'alu yoteteza madzi oundana. Zida zazikulu poyenda kudutsa m'malo otere zalephera.

Ngati mlatho wa chipale chofewa mulibe mphamvu zokwanira, ngakhale munthu amatha kulowa mkatikati mwamtsinje, ngakhale utakhala wakuya bwanji. Ngozi yotereyi siowopsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ming'alu ya ayezi, kuya kwake kwamakumi ndi mamiliyoni.

Chachilendo cha kudzikundikira kwa milingo yamadzi

Mwambiri, nyanja zamchere za Antarctic zimapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa. Monga mitsinje ndi mitsinje, ndizosiyanasiyana, ndizosiyana siyana. Mafuta opezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ali ndi nyanja zingapo zazing'ono. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ena a iwo amasulidwa ku chisanu pokhapokha mutayamba chilimwe, ena amangokhala pansi pamadzi ndipo samatseguka ndi chivundikiro, amatchedwanso kuti chatsekedwa.

Koma pali nyanja zomwe sizimazizira pachaka chonse cha Antarctic, sizimawopa kutentha kwambiri. Zosungiramo zinthu zotere zimadzazidwa ndi madzi amchere, omwe amachepetsa kwambiri mchere ndipo amangozizira pokhapokha kutentha kumatsikira zero. Ngati tizingolankhula za mitsinje yomwe yakhala itatsekedwa kwazaka zambiri, ikupezeka kokha pamayiko oyamba.

Nyanja yayikulu kwambiri ku Antarctic imaganiziridwa Curly, ili pamalo opangira banger. Imayenda pakati pa mapiri okongola motalika makilomita 20. Dera lonse ndi 14,7 lalikulu mita. km, m'malo ena kuya kumafikira mamita 150. Victoria Oasis imakutidwa ndi nyanja zingapo, zomwe zonse zimaposa 10 mraba. km Madzi ochepa pang'ono amapezeka ku Westfall.

Malo odabwitsa

Pali nyanja ku Antarctic yodziwika ndi osakhala muyezo, malinga ndi asayansi, kugawa kwamitundidwe ya kutentha kuzama konse. Anthu aku America omwe akuwerenga nyanja ya Land Victoria Land adawona chizolowezi chosawoneka bwino m'malo awa pomwe amafufuza madzi owopsa komanso achinsinsi pafupi ndi McMurdo Base ku Antarctica.

Nyengo m'deralo ndi yolimba, chifukwa kutentha kwapakati sikukwera pamwamba -20 °. Pofika chilimwe chakum'mwera, chilindikizo pa thermometer sichimakwera pamwamba pa ziro. Chifukwa chake, kumtunda kwa nyanjayo kumakutidwa ndi madzi oundana komanso dothi lakuya.

Kuchokera ku maphunziro asayansi ndikudziwika kuti kutentha m'madzi opanda madzi ozizira kumatha kupitirira + 4 °.

Pangokhala chizindikiro ichi, madzi amakhala ndi zochulukirapo kwambiri, zotsalira m'chilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, wosanjikiza kumtunda amadziwika ndi kutentha kochepetsetsa mkati mwa 0 °. Kudabwitsa komanso kudabwitsidwa kwa asayansi omwe adazindikira izi Nyanja zophimbidwa ndi ayezi wosalala kumawonetsa kutentha kwa madzi kuposa + 4 °. Mwachitsanzo, zochitika zofananira zimawonedwa ndi dziwe la Salantin ku Argentina.

Makhalidwe wamba

Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti Antarctica ndi dziko lokhalo lopanda mitsinje yomwe imayenda mosalekeza. Inde, ku Arctic kuli pafupifupi 10% ya madzi onse abwino padziko lapansi, ndipo ku Antarctica kwakhala kungoyesedwa kuti ndi chipale chofewa. Asayansi amaganiza kuti m'nthawi yotentha yokha, mkati mwa kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana ndi chipale chofewa, matupi amadzi osakhalitsa pano.

Koma m'malo ena kuchokera pa satelayiti mutha kuwona mitsinje yayitali kutalika kwakukulu. Mitsinje yayikulu kwambiri ikusungunuka:

Pamwamba pa izi, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana kumayambira pamalo okwera mamitala 900 pamwamba pa nyanja mothandizidwa ndi mafunde am'mlengalenga komanso kutentha kwa dzuwa. Koma madzi pano amayenda pang'onopang'ono. Ndipo masamba ena akupanga zosiyana. Mitsinje ikapangika pang'onopang'ono ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono, nyanja zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo.

Amaphulika, ndikuuluka kuchokera pansi pa madzi oundana, ngati nkhata kuchokera ku botolo la champagne. Kutulutsa kumasulidwa kumafalikira mofulumira pamtunda wautali. Nthawi zambiri amapanga chilimwe. Koma pali zina zomwe sizimazizira ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Madzi mwaiwo ndi ochulukirapo komanso amchere, ndipo samakhala watsopano, chifukwa chake amakhalabe madzi osungika pamtunda wotsika.

Madzi oundana akusungunuka paphwandopo osati kokha chifukwa chotentha kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka mitsinje ndi nyanja kumakhudzidwanso ndi magulu amlengalenga omwe amayenda mothamanga kwambiri kuposa Antarctica. Dzikoli silakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa. Madzi ake amkati mwake ndi osiyanasiyana - mitsinje yayitali, malo osungira madzi oundana, nyanja zazikulu.

Mitsinje yayikulu

Antarctica ili ndi matupi ambiri amadzi omwe amapangidwa ndi mayendedwe osungunuka. Amatha kutchedwa mosiyanasiyana - mitsinje kapena mitsinje. Ambiri aiwo ndiwotalikirapo, komanso ulinso wamfupi:

• Adams - 800 m
• Onyx - 32 km
• Aiken - 6 km,
• Lawson - 400 m,
• Priscu - 3,8 km,
• Rezovski - 500 m,
• Surko - 1.6 km,
• Jemmi - 10,3 km.

Mtsinje wa Adams umayenda kuchokera pachilumbachi ndipo umalowa mu Nyanja ya Myers. Mtsinjewu ndi wocheperako - kutalika kwake sikupita mamilimita 800. Mtsinje waukulu kwambiri wa Antarctica ndi Onyx. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi oundana osungunuka, kutalika kwake kumafika 32 kilomita.

Aiken ili m'chigwa cha Taylor, chimayenda kuchokera pachilumba chosadziwika chomwe chimadutsa Victoria Land kumadzulo kupita ku Freexell. Dzinali la mtsinjewu lidapangidwa ndi a hydrologist a Diana McK Night, omwe adasanthula madera apafupi. Adapereka dzina la mtsinjewo kulemekeza wasayansi George Aiken, yemwe, pamodzi ndi gulu lake mu 1987-1991, adapanga malo osunthika pamitsinje yomwe ikuyenda mu Nyanja ya Friksella.

Lawson ndi mtsinje wa mamilimita 400 kuchokera ku Rhone Glacier kupita kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Ndipo adamupatsa dzina polemekeza Julia Lavson. Adatsogolera ulendo wokaphunzira Taylor Glacier munyengo yachilimwe ya 1992-1993.

Njira ya Prisku imayenda kuchokera ku Lake Vostok kupita ku madzi oundana omwewo. Koma madzi amayenda kuchokera m'zigawo zina zachisanu kulowa. Rezovski amakhala kumalo otsetsereka a kumadzulo kwa chipale cha Balkan, akutsuka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Bulgaria.Nayi mpingo wa St. Clement wa Ohrid. Mtsinje wa Surco ukuyenda kum'mawa kwa Wilson Piedmont Range. Adatchulidwa dzina lanyimbo yaku US Navy yemwe amagwira ntchito pa msewu pafupi ndi mtsinjewu.

Jammy ali ndimilandu ingapo kuchokera kwa anthu oundana osiyanasiyana. Koma gwero lake lalikulu la chakudya chake ndi kapu yachisanu ku Jame Ross Island. M'mphepete mwa mtsinje pali dambo losaya, ndipo m'madziwo muli zilumba zazing'ono ziwiri. Kum'mawa kwa James Ross, phokoso limachepa, koma mayendedwe ake samachedwetsedwa.