Dzina lachi Latin: | Falco rusticolus |
Gulu: | Falconiformes |
Banja: | Zonama |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Nyamayi imakhala yayikulu-yayikulu (khola lalikulu kuposa khwangwala), pomwe yayikulu kwambiri imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, yopanda mapiko komanso yayitali, yokhala ndi "thalauza" lokongola pamtambo. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 48-63 masentimita, unyinji wa amuna ndi 0,8-11.3 kg, zazikazi ndi ma 1.4-2.1 kg, mapiko ndi 110-160 cm. Imafalikira kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri pamene kusaka imagwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera ndi kuwuluka, amakhala pamalo okwezeka mu tundra.
Kufotokozera. Makulidwe amitundu yambiri ya mbalame zachikulire amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku imvi zotuwa, okhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima pamizeremizere pamwamba, okhala ndi mikwingwirima kapena malo owoneka ndi mivi mbali ndikuwoneka ndi mivi yooneka ngati mbewa kuchokera kumunsi, mpaka pafupi koyera, kokhala ndi mivi owoneka amdima wopingasa pamsana ndi mapiko. Mtundu wakuda, wonyezimira, ndi wamitundu yoyera nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa. Utawaleza ndi wakuda, mphete ya orbital, sera ndi mbali zina zamiyendo ndi zachikasu.
Wachichepere amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, kunsi kwa nyumba zake kumakhala miyala yakuda, yamdima, yotalika kwambiri, yokhala ndi "masharubu" patsaya imapangidwa bwino. Mu morph yoyera, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zazing'ono kumasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa akuluakulu okha pakutali, ndipo osasunthika, kosesa kapena kachidutswa kakapangidwe ka teardrop pa thupi ndi mapiko. Mphete ya orbital, nthenga, miyendo yopanda mawonekedwe ndi imvi. Mbalame youluka, mapiko ake ndi otakata, mchirawo ndi wawutali, ndi mikwingwirima yosiyanasiyana; mu mbalame za white morph, zimatha kufotokozedwanso. Mtundu, kukula kwake ndi kuchuluka kwake, mbalame yokhala kapena kuwuluka ndikuuluka ndikuuluka ikhoza kusokonezedwa ndi goshawk.
Gyrfalcon imasiyana ndi mapiko owongoka, kusapezeka kwa nsidze yoyera, mtundu wa maso (nthawi zonse wakuda), njira yocheperako komanso yokhazikika pamunsi pamunsi pa thupi. Amasiyana ndi peregrine falcon pamibadwo yonse pakukula kwake kochulukirapo, kusowa kwa zikopa zakuda ndi "masharubu" pansi pamaso, ndikusiyana ndi masaya owala, mapiko omwe samalozera kumtunda, ndi mchira wokhazikika. Kuuluka ndikuuluka pang'onopang'ono, osasunthika. Amasiyana ndi wosenda chifukwa cha kusakhalapo kwa matayidwe amtundu wankhono ndi owoneka bwino, ndikuwonetsedwa mowoneka bwino ndi mikwingwirima mchira, mbalame yaying'onoyo imasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso kukula kwakukulu.
Voterani. Kufuula kopusa "keyek-keyek-keyek. "Nthawi zambiri imafalikira ndi nkhawa pachisa. Nthawi zambiri chete.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Malo okhala ndi ozungulira, amakhala ku tundra, nkhalango-tundra, kumpoto kwa nkhalango, m'miyala yamiyala kumpoto kwa Eurasia ndi North America; m'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zambiri (zazing'ono kwambiri) zimasamukira kumwera - kuchokera ku nkhalango-tundra kupita ku nkhalango yotsekeredwa, ena amakhala m'malo obisalako. Ndiwosowa, waphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Russia, m'chigawo chake cha ku Europe palibe opitilira 50 omwe adapulumuka. Mbalame zoyera za morph ndizosowa kwambiri m'chigawo chathu. Chiwerengerochi chikupitilizabe kugwa, makamaka chifukwa chogwira mosaloledwa anthu osamukasamuka komanso kusonkhanitsa anapiye achisamba a falconry (gyrfalcon ndi mbalame yotchuka yosaka).
Moyo. Chakudyacho chimakhazikitsidwa ndi zoyera komanso tundra magawo ake; chimagwiritsanso ntchito mbalame zina, malemu, mavu. Imagwira nyama mlengalenga komanso pansi. Amatha kudya zovunda, kulowa mumsampha. Madera okongoletsa a awiriawiri osungika amasungidwa kwazaka zambiri. Imakhala chisa m'mawa, ikadali chisanu, m'miyala yamiyala, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, imakhala zisa za adani komanso makwangwala pamitengo kapena m'miyala ya geodetic.
Mu clutch mumakhala mazira awiri (4 mpaka 7), osakhala ovuta, koma oyera ndi mawanga. Yaikazi imagwiranso ntchito kwa masiku 28-30, yamphongo imanyamula nyama yake, ndipo nthawi zina imadzisinthira kwakanthawi. Chovala choyambirira cha anapiye ndi choyera, chachiwiri ndi loyera. Pa chisa, nthunzi imakhala yaukali, mwachangu imathamangitsa adani. Zisa za Gyrfalcon zimatetezedwa kuti zizitha kuziteteza kumtunda ndi atsekwe ndi mbalame zina bwinobwino.
Kusamuka pambuyo pa nesting kumatha kudutsa kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa malo okhala malo, mayendedwe amatengera kukhalapo kwa malo okhala ndende zoyera. Panyengo yozizira-yozizira imasuntha kutsegulira komanso zithunzi zamitundu. Chovala chomaliza chachikulire chimapezeka ndi zaka 3-4.
Zizindikiro zamunda
Chachikulu kwambiri mwa chabodza. Kulemera kwa yamphongo ndizochulukirapo kuposa 1 kg, ndipo yaimayi imakwana 2 kg. Mtundu wa gyrfalcon waku Siberi ndi wopepuka (wopepuka kuposa Lapland gyrfalcon), koma wosinthika: kuyambira mtundu wa bulauni mpaka pafupifupi oyera pamwamba, mbali yamkati imayera ndi mawonekedwe amdima. Mzere wakuda pakamwa wodulidwa ("masharubu") uli wosaoneka. Pamlomo, ngati ma falcons onse, dzino lodziwika bwino. Mathumba achikasu. Kuuluka kwathamanga. Gyrfalcon imafanana ndi peregrine falcon, koma yayikulu ndipo imakhala ndi mchira wautali. Mawu ndi ofanana ndi mawu a peregrine falcon, koma coarser ndi m'munsi: hoarse "kyak-kyak-kyak" kapena "kek-kek-kek" yayitali. Chapakatikati chimatha kupanga bata komanso kutalika kwambiri. Mapiri akumwera chakum'mwera - Altai gyrfalcon, omwe akatswiri ambiri amawona kuti subspecies kapena morphine ya Saker Falcon - imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri.
Pa ntchentche, mapiko akuthwa ataliatali akugunda, kuthawa kwathamanga, pambuyo pouluka pang'ono mbalameyo imathamangira kutsogolo, siyikuwuluka. Gyrfalcon wakhala pansi wowongoka. Kutali, kumtunda kumawoneka kwamdima, pansi kumakhala koyera (achikulire), kwamdima pamwambapa komanso pansi (achichepere). Liwu loti "kyak-kyak-kyak" kapena "keeek-keeek-kseek" limawoneka ngati kulira kwa falcon, koma limakhala laling'ono komanso lotsika. Mu nthawi yakukhwima, gyrfalc imatulutsa phokoso lalitali kwambiri.
Kufalitsa
Dera lotchedwa Arctic komanso subarctic ku Europe, Asia ndi North America, malo ena apadera amapezeka ku Altai, Sayan, chapakati (mwina chakum'mawa) Tien Shan. Malo omwe ali kumpoto kwambiri ali ku Greenland ku 82 ° 15 's. w. ndi 83 ° 45 ', akum'mwera kwambiri, kupatula mapiri a Asia-apakati Scandinavia, Commander Islands (Bering Island, pafupifupi 55 ° N). Mu nyengo yozizira, mpaka pafupifupi 60 ° C. w. onse mkati. America, Asia, Europe, aliyense payekha ndi kumwera.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zinthu zomwe zimadyedwa ndi gyrfalcon ndi mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, ndi zolengedwa zazinyama zochepa. Chofunikira cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha gyrfalcon pa chakudya ndi pafupifupi 200 g. Gyrfalcon imatulutsa ndikudya nyama pamalo ena mdera kapena nthawi yachisanu. Nayi zotsalira za chakudya, ndi nthito za mafupa, nthenga ndi ubweya. Anapiyewo akakhala ocheperako, amphaka amawagwira, ndipo mkaziyo nkukwatula ndikudula mutu ndi miyendo. Izi zimachitika kunja kwa chisa, ndiye kuti nthenga sizikhala ndi nthenga.
Mbawala ya gyrfalcon imagwira nyama mwachisawawa, ikawulukira kuchokera kumtunda ndipo, ikung'amba mapiko, imagwira miyendo yake. Amagwira mbalame zowuluka nthawi zambiri. Amapha nyama yogwidwa ndi mulomo, akumthyola khosi kapena kuluma mutu. Kunja kwa nthawi yakuswana, agalu amphongo amodzi, onga abodza ena, amasaka payekhapayekha, koma mwachiwonekere amasunga malo amodzi osaka. .
Kuswana
Ma gyrfalcons ndi okhwima kuyambira chaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Mabanja amakhala okhazikika.
Nthawi zambiri samamanga zisa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zisa za akhwangwala kapena njoka. Zingwe zimapezeka pamiyala, m'miyala kapena m'miyala, nthawi zambiri pamiyala yomwe imakutidwa ndi mzere kapena padenga, koma nthawi zina pamiyala. Chidacho chimakhala choyambirira, chokhala ndi mbewa zazing'ono za moss, nthenga, udzu wouma. Kukula kwachilengedwe kumakhala pafupifupi 1 mita mulifupi ndi 0.5 m kutalika. Gyrfalcons, monga lamulo, amakhala mu chisa chomwecho kwa zaka zambiri komanso ngakhale makumi (kwa European North, palinso zochitika pamene ma falcons adakhala mu chisa chomwechi kuyambira zaka za zana la 17 mpaka lero).
Chiwerengero cha mazira nthawi zambiri amakhala 3-4.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi komanso mu Ogasiti achichepere amasamukira ku malo okhala. Broods amamatira limodzi mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala.
Kuchepetsa zinthu
Ma gyrfalcons amawonongeka chifukwa cha kupha anthu, ndipo ku North komanso misampha, makamaka kwa nsomba za arctic: mu misempha ya Taimyr ya nkhandwe za ku arctic imayikidwa poyera, pamiyala yachilengedwe komanso yokumba. Ngati alibe zida zoteteza, agiriki osamukira ku tundra kugwa, gwiritsani ntchito zida zowukira, kugwera mumsampha ndikufa. M'malo osaka awiri okha ku Western Taimyr okhala ndi malo pafupifupi 2,000 km² mu Novembala-Disembala 1980-1981. Zabodza 12 zidawonongeka mu misampha ya arctic.
Kusaka kwa Grisfalcon
Mu Middle Ages, a Krechets ankadziwika kwambiri ngati mbalame zosaka nyama pa falconry (onani Falcons) ndipo chombo chapadera chimatumizidwa ndi boma ku Denmark chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku Denmark.
Ma gyrfalcons amagwira ngati mbalame zosaka, zomwe zimagawidwa kukhala zoyera K. (Falco candicans, groenlandicus) - zabwino kwambiri komanso zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, Icelandic K. (F. Islandicus), Norland kapena wamba ("imvi") K. (F. hyrfalco) ndi wofiyira K. (F. Sacer) - tsopano akuyamikiridwa kwambiri ku Bukhara, Khiva, Kyrgyz steppes, Algeria, Persia ndi India, komanso m'mbuyomu ku France, England komanso kusaka kwa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, komwe adakakumbidwa ku Arkhangelsk Bay. ndi ku Siberia. Mbawala za mbalame zouluka kwambiri (zotchedwa haut-vol), ndipo zimaponyedwa pansi kuti zizigwira - "zimamenya" kuchokera kumtunda, nthawi zina zimagwira ndi zikhadabo zake ndikuzitenga ndi iyo kapena kungoyipha ndi mphamvu yotulutsa [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1212] .
Ara parrot
Dzina lachi Latin: | Falco rusticolus |
Chizungu: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Ufumu: | Nyama |
Mtundu: | Chordate |
Gulu: | Mbalame |
Kufikira: | Zofanana ndi Falcon |
Banja: | Zonama |
Chifundo: | Zonama |
Kutalika kwa thupi: | 55-60 cm |
Kutalika kwa mapiko: | 34-42 masentimita |
Wingspan: | 120-135 cm |
Kulemera: | 1000-2000 g |
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Gyrfalcon ndi falcon yayikulu ndipo imakhala ndi mapiko a masentimita 120 mpaka 135, kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame ndi masentimita 55 mpaka 60. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi 1 kg, pomwe zazikazi zimawachulukitsa kukula ndikufikira 1.5-2 makilogalamu. Thupi la mbalameyo ndi lalikulupo, mapiko ake ndiwakuthwa, lalitali, ndipo mchirawo ndi wautali.
Makulidwe amitundu yonse yakumpoto yakugawika ndi opepuka, kumbuyo kuchokera ku imvi zofiirira mpaka pafupifupi koyera, m'mimba mwayera ndi mawonekedwe amdima. Mzere wakuda wofanana ndi "masharubu" uli pafupi ndi kamwa. Chizindikiro cha chinyengo chawonekera pamlomo. Miyendo ndi yachikasu. Mabungwe akum'mwera ali ndi utoto wakuda bii.
Girfalcon imawuluka mwachangu, samayenda mlengalenga, ndipo ikatha mapiko ochepa imayamba kupita patsogolo. Wakhala gyrfalcon kumanja.
Muli ndi zakudya zopezeka m'thupi
Kwenikweni, ma gyrfalcons amadya mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, nthawi zambiri samaphatikizanso zomwe zimayamwa mu chakudya chawo. Tsiku lililonse, nyama yokhala ndi ulusi imadya pafupifupi 200 ga chakudya chamoyo. Chimatulutsa ndikudyapo wovutikayo, gyrfalcon nthawi zonse imakhala m'malo ena pafupi ndi chisa kapena nthawi yachisanu. Apa mutha kupeza zotsalira za chakudya chake, mafupa, nthenga, ubweya. Koma m tchire ku gyrfalcon kumakhala koyera nthawi zonse - nyama yomwe yamphongo imabweretsa kupangira anapiye, mkaziyo amatuluka ndikugwetsa miyendo yake ndi mutu kunja kwa chisa.
Gyrfalcon imasaka ngati zonse zabodza zimachita. Mbalameyo imawulukira nyamayo, ndikapukusa mapiko ake ndikugwira wogwirayo ndi miyendo yake. Imapha mbalame yodonayo ndi mlomo wake, ndikuphwanya khosi kapena kuluma mutu. Gyrfalcon makamaka imasaka mbalame zouluka.
Kunja kwa nthawi yodyera, abwanamphaka amasaka imodzi nthawi imodzi, ngati mabodza onse, koma amakhalabe pafupi ndi mnzake.
Mitundu wamba ya gyrfalcon
Ma gyrfalcons amapanga mtundu umodzi mu banja la falcon, lomwe limaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo kutengera mtundu wa maula ndi malo okhala.
- gyrfalcons oyera (Falco candicans, groenlandicus), omwe amatengedwa ngati abwino kwambiri komanso amtengo wapatali,
- Ma gicfalcons aku Iceland (Falco Islandicus),
- Achi girfalcons aku Norway kapena wamba (Falco hyrfalco),
- ma gyrfalcons ofiira (Falco Sacer).
Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame
- Ku Kievan Rus ndi ku Moscow, gyrfalcons inali imodzi mwazinthu zodula kwambiri. Ma gyrfalcons oyera m'masiku amenewo anali amfumu okha kapena ma sultans. Mu falconry, ma gyrfalcons osaka anali ofunikira kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya mbalame. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwire akhwangwala ndi azitsamba, ngakhale kuthengo, atchire samasaka. Mu Middle Ages, mwambo wakusaka ndi ma gyrfalcons udapitilirabe, mwachitsanzo, boma la Danish lidatumiza chombo chapadera ku Iceland chaka chilichonse kukasaka ma gyrfalcons.
- Ku Russia lero, kugwira ma gyrfalcons kukupitilizabe kutchuka, komwe kumatumizidwa kunja, komwe mbalame imodzi ikhoza kugulitsidwa $ 30,000 kapena kuposerapo.
- Masiku ano, ma gyrfalcons nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha asodzi akuwasaka, ndipo kumpoto, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwera mumsampha zomwe zimatsegulidwa ndi nkhandwe ya Arctic.
- Nyama yotchedwa gyrfalcon imawombera mapiko ake pang'onopang'ono ndipo imawoneka yocheperapo pang'ono, mwachitsanzo, paphiri la peregrine, koma ngakhale ikamauluka mbalame imatha kuthamanga kwambiri.
- Sokolniki nthawi zonse ankayang'ana kukongola kwa ma bulosi oyera ngati chipale chofewa omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa Greenland. Kamodzi Duke of Burgundy, kuti awombole mwana wake ku ukapolo waku Turkey, adampatsa ma gyrfalcons oyera.