Ufumu | Nyama |
Mtundu | Chordate |
Gulu | Zotulutsa |
Kufikira | Scaly |
Banja | Aspids |
Chifundo | King cobras |
Onani | Mfumu Cobra |
Sizikudziwikiratu kuti chifukwa chiyani nkhonoyi inkadziwika kuti ndi yachifumu. Mwina chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu (4-6 m), komwe kumasiyanitsa ndi maziko a nkhanu zina kapena chifukwa cha chizolowezi chodyera njoka zina, kunyoza makoswe ang'ono, mbalame ndi achule.
Imatha kukhala ndi vuto kukankha nthiti kuti chifikire kumbuyo. Kutupa kwa khosi kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha makutu amkati mwa khungu. Pali malo ocheperako pamwamba pa mutu wa njokayo, maso ndi ochepa, nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima.
A Portugal adapatsidwa dzina loti "cobra" ndi Apwitikizi omwe adafika ku India koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1600. Poyamba, adatcha kuti "bulob" ("cobra de capello"). Kenako dzina lake linataya gawo lachiwiri ndipo linapatsidwa oyimira onse a fuko.
Habitat
Cobras amakhala kokha ku Old World - ku Africa (kudutsa kontinenti yonse), Central ndi South Asia (ku India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). Nyama zoterezi ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi ndipo sizimapezeka kuti chipale chofewa chimakhala nthawi yozizira, chosakhalitsa ndi cobra wa ku Central Asia, womwe kumpoto kwake kumafika ku Turkmenistan, Tajikistan ndi Uzbekistan. Malo okhala njokazi ndi zosiyanasiyana, koma malo owuma ndiwokongola kwambiri.
Malo omwe amapezeka ndi cobra ndi ma shrubber, zipululu ndi theka, mitundu yambiri imapezeka m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, koma njoka izi zimapewedwa m'malo otentha kwambiri. M'mapiri, cobras amapezeka kutalika kwa 1500-2400 m.
Monga zilombo zonse zamtundu wa cobra, zimangokhala zokhazokha, koma ma cobras aku India komanso achifumu ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi izi.
Kulongosola kwa King Cobra
Pakati pawo, herpatologists amatcha njoka hannah, kuyambira ku dzina lake Lachilatini Ophiophagus hannah, ndikugawa zobwezeretseka m'magulu awiri akulu akutali:
- Continental / Chinese - yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yotalikirana ndi mawonekedwe onse mthupi,
- chilumba / indonesian - anthu a monochromatic okhala ndi mawanga ofiira osagwira pakhosi komanso mikwingwirima yopepuka (yopyapyala).
Mkazi ndi mamba
Malinga ndi mtundu wa njokayo, ndikotheka kumvetsetsa kuti ndi iti mwa mitundu iwiri yomwe ili: aang'ono a gulu la Indonesia akuwonetsa mikwingwirima yopepuka yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi zishango zam'mimba zomwe zili pachimtengo. Zowona, palinso mitundu yapakatikati chifukwa cha malire omwe afupika pakati pa mitundu. Mtundu wa masikelo kumbuyo umatengera komwe amakhala ndipo ukhoza kukhala wachikaso, bulauni, wobiriwira komanso wakuda. Masikelo osabereka nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka komanso otsekemera.
King cobra amatha "kukula". Kulira ngati khungubwi kumatuluka kummero pamene njokayo ikwiya. Chida cha "kubangula" kwakuya kwambiri ndi matembenukidwe amiyala yomwe imamveka pamayendedwe otsika. Chododometsa, koma njoka ina yoyaka imayesedwa njoka yobiriwira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwera patebulo la Hana.
Moyo
Palibe chifukwa chotsimikizika, "mfumukazi" siimakonda kuonedwa. Amakonda kukhala m'mapanga amdima kapena m'makola, omwe ali ambiri m'nkhalango. Amakwerekanso mitengo ndikusambira bwino, komabe amakonda kuthera nthawi yayitali pansi. Pakugwidwa ndi adani kapena kuthamangitsa mdani, njoka imatha kuyenda mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, mwayi wopulumukira kwa njoka ndikuthawa siwukulu kwambiri.Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale aukali mudzaphunzira pang'ono. Posachedwa, pali chizolowezi chosamutsa mfumu cobras pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, ndipo pali chifukwa chofotokozera izi.
Choyamba, nthawi zambiri mdera lino limachitika nthawi yamvula ndipo, chachiwiri, kufalikira kwa zinthu zaulimi mdziko la Asia kumabweretsa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe ndi njoka zachilengedwe izi. Kuphatikiza pa izi, cobras nthawi zambiri amawonedwa m'malo obzalidwa kumene makoswe ambiri amakhala, ndipo komwe kuli makoswe, palinso njoka zazing'ono - chakudya chachikulu cha cobra yachifumu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Cobras amadya timiyala tating'ono, mbalame (ma passerines ndi zisa, mwachitsanzo, mbuzi), abuluzi, achule, mikanda, njoka zazing'ono, mazira. King cobra amangodya zovalazo, ndipo abuluzi amadya kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasaka njoka zina. Omwe amazunzidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala omwe ali ndi poizoni kwambiri komanso abale apachibale a cobras - kraits ndi ma proid. Cobras imapha nkhuku zawo ndi kuluma, ndi kubaya poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri m'thupi lake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ma cobras nthawi zambiri amaluma mano awo m'manja mwa wogwirayo ndipo samamasula nthawi yomweyo, ngati kutafuna, mwakutero amapereka chidziwitso chothandiza kwambiri cha poizoni.
Poison ya King Cobra
King cobra amatha kuyang'anira kudya kwa poizoni pakuwukira, kutseka zisa za poizoni kudzera m'misempha. Kuchuluka kwa poizoni womwe umadyedwa kumadalira kukula kwa omwe akuvutikawo ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhala wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mlingo wowopsa. Poizoni neurotoxin weniweniyo samagwira njokayo, ndipo sasowa poizoni akadya munthu yemwe wadyedwa ndi iyo. Nthawi zambiri, pofuna kuyesa kuwopseza munthu, njokayo imaluma “osakwatiwa,” popanda kubayiratu poizoni.
Banja la Cobra ndi Meerkat
Mwachidziwikire, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti cobra imasowa ululu makamaka posaka, ndipo mwangozi kapena kuwonongeka kwakupha sikofunikira. Mafuta a cobra ali ndi vuto la neurotoxic. Poizoni wa poizoni amatchinga minyewa, yomwe imayambitsa kupweteka kwamisempha, kupuma komanso kufa. Mphamvu ndi voliyumu yake (mpaka 7 ml) ndizokwanira kupha munthu m'mphindi 15 pambuyo pa kuluma koyamba kwathunthu. Zikatero, mwayi woti umwalira umatha kupitirira 75%. Koma, poganizira mawonekedwe onse amakhalidwe achiboliboli, ambiri, kuluma kokha ndi komwe kumaphetsa anthu. Komabe, panali zochitika zina pamene njovu zaku India zidamwalira patatha maola atatu kapena anayi kuluma kwa mfumu, ngati kuluma kudayikidwa kumapeto kwa thunthu kapena kumala (zala zokhazo za thupi la njovu zomwe sizivuta kulumidwa ndi njoka. Ku India, anthu omwe amafa chifukwa cholumwa ndi njoka yakumwa. kuti chaka chilichonse kuchokera kulumidwa ndi njoka zapoizoni mdziko muno zimapha anthu opitilira 50.
Kubala cobras
Cobras zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Kutengera ndi nyengo yomwe akukhalamo, nthawi yobala kwawo imatha nthawi yamasika komanso miyezi yozizira. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yakukhwima kwa king cobra imayamba mu Januware -February. Amuna amamenyera akazi, koma osaluma. Cobra yamphongo imathanso kudya chachikazi ngati yatulutsidwa ndi wina pamaso pake. Kukwatirana kumayambitsidwa ndi chibwenzi, pomwe mwamunayo amakhutira kuti mkaziyo sadzadya nawo (ndi chifuwa chachifumu).
Mating repitles amatenga ola limodzi. Pambuyo pa miyezi 1-3, yambiri ya ma cobras (ovipositing) imayikira mazira, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumasiyanasiyana kutengera mtunduwu ndipo kungafanane ndi zidutswa za 8 kapena 80. Mtundu umodzi wokha, nkhanu zam'mimba, zomwe ndi za nyama zamoyo. Amabweretsa ana 60 amoyo nthawi.
Ma cobras oviparous amayikira mazira awo pachisa cha masamba ndi nthambi (Indian and Royal cobras) omangidwa ndi iwo, m'maenje, m'miyala pakati pamiyala. Chidutswa cha chisa cha mfumu cobra chimatha kufika mita 5, njoka imamangira paphiri kuti madzi amvula asadzaze madzi. Kutentha kofunikira popanga ana aang'ono pa madigiri 24-26 Celsius amathandizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwamasamba owola.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nkhanu, zazikazi, komanso nthawi zina zazimuna, nthawi zambiri zimateteza mbadwo wamtsogolo mpaka mbendera. Pomwepo makanda asanaonekere, makolowo amayang'anitsitsa kwa iwo kuti pakatha nthawi yayitali njala itha iwowo asadye. Ana amphaka omwe adawonekera kale ali ofanana kwathunthu ndi oyimira amtundu ndi mtundu, komanso ndi oopsa. Choopseza cha cobra ndi chochitika chatsopano, ndipo njoka zomwe zimangotuluka mazira zimawuma zikaona ngozi, monga akulu akulu. Patsiku loyamba, makanda amadya mabowo a zisa za mazira, osungidwa pambuyo pomenyera.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale ndi poizoni wamphamvu, ma cobras amakhalanso ndi adani. Njoka zazikulu, zowongolera abuluzi zimatha kulimbana ndi nyama zazing'ono, ndipo mongooses ndi meerkat nyama zazikulu. Ngakhale kuti nyamazo sizikhala ndi vuto la kupweteka kwa chifuwa cha mamba, zimasilira mwachisawawa ndi mphodza zabodza zomwe zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphindi ndikupumira pansi chakumutu. Cobra yomwe yagwidwa munjira ya mongoose kapena meerkat ilibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Kuteteza, ma cobras ali ndi zida zingapo.
Cobra ndi mongoose
Choyamba, izi ndizoyikika kwambiri, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ya siginecha. Ngakhale cobra, atakulitsa hodiyo, imakhala yowopsa kwambiri pamaso pa munthu, kwenikweni, machitidwe oterewa amalola kupewa msonkhano wosayembekezereka ndi njoka ndikuupewa. Cobra nayenso amakwaniritsa zoterezi. Kachiwiri, ngati mugwira kapena kusuta mimbulu, sipangapite nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi zambiri, m'malo mwake, cholumikizacho chimagwirizanitsa njira zina zowopseza - phokoso lofuula komanso chindapusa chabodza, pomwe njoka sigwiritsa ntchito mano oopsa. Ndipo ngati izi sizingathandize, amatha kuluma. Collared cobra amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa "ochita" kwambiri padziko lapansi la njoka. Pakakhala ngozi (ngati kulavulira ndi poizoni sikunathandize) iye amatembenuka ndikuyamba, ndikutsegula pakamwa pake, mochenjera ngati wamwalira.
Akatswiri a herptolo amawona njoka iyi kukhala yosangalatsa kwambiri komanso yodabwitsa, koma amalangiza oyamba kuti aziganiza zambirimbiri asanayambe kunyumba. Chovuta chachikulu chagona pakuzolowera chakudya chatsopano: simungamudyetse njoka, mapira ndi abuluzi.
Njira ina (makoswe) yowonjezeramo ndalama ndi zovuta zina:
- Ndi kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, chiwindi chamafuta nchotheka,
- Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, makoswe monga chakudya chimakhudza kwambiri zochita za njoka.
Kusintha chakudya cha mamba m'makola kumatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndipo zitha kuchitidwa m'njira ziwiri. Pinyama choyambirira choyambirira, amadyedwa ndi njoka zosokedwa ndi makoswe, pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama ya njoka. Njira yachiwiri imaphatikizanso kutsuka nyama yam'mimba kuchokera kununkhira ndikuikuta ndi chidutswa cha njoka. Makoswe sawerengedwa ngati chakudya. Njoka zachikulire zimafunikira malo owotchera ndi kutalika kwa ma 1.2. Ngati cobra ndi yayikulu - mpaka 3 mita (ana obadwa kumene amakhala ndi matanki okwanira kutalika kwa 30-40 cm).
Pa malo ophunzitsira omwe muyenera kukonzekera:
- Driftwood / nthambi (makamaka njoka zazing'ono),
- wakumwa wamkulu (cobras amamwa kwambiri)
- gawo lapansi mpaka pansi (sphagnum, coconut kapena nyuzipepala).
Sungani kutentha mu terariamu mkati mwa + 22 + 27 madigiri. Kumbukirani kuti mfumu cobras imakonda chinyezi: chinyezi sichiyenera kugwa pansi pa 60-70%. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsata izi panthawi yomwe mudzasungunuka. Ndipo musaiwale za kusamala kwambiri panthawi yonse yomwe mwakopeka ndi mfumu cobra: valani magolovesi ndikusunga patali.
Cobra pachikhalidwe
Ndizosangalatsa kuti mtima wopatsa ulemu kwa cobras unapangidwa ndendende komwe kuli mitundu yayikulu komanso yoopsa kwambiri yomwe imakhala - ku India, Egypt. Zowonadi ndi zakuti anthu akumayiko awa, mongodzipereka akugawana madera ena wamba, aphunzira bwino miyambo yawo ndipo akudziwa kuti njokazi ndizolosera, zodekha, motero sizowopsa. Kwa nthawi yayitali panali ntchito yapadera ya wojambula njoka. Inalandidwa ndi oonerera ochenjera omwe amadziwa kuthana ndi njoka kuti zisadabwerenso kudziteteza.Cobras anali atavala mabasiketi kapena m'mitsuko, potsegula pomwe caster adayamba kusewera chitolirochi ndipo njokayo idawoneka kuti ikutuluka ndikuvina nyimbo.
M'malo mwake, ma cobras, monga njoka zonse, ndi ogontha, koma amatengera kusewera kwa chitoliro ndikutsata "mdani" uyu ndi mawonekedwe, kuchokera kunja kumawoneka ngati kuvina. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso, ochita masewerawa amatha kudodometsa chidwi cha njokayo kotero kuti adaloleza kumpsompsona njokayo, mmisiri waluso kwambiri samakonda kuti asatenge ngozi ndikuchotsa mano owopsa kumaso. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu ambiri, kuchotsa mano kunalibe. Poyamba, cobra woletsedwa poyizoni sangathe kugwira, komanso kugaya nyama yake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti singachedwe kufa ndi njala. Kusintha njoka miyezi ingapo ndi ntchito yowonjezereka kwa osayenda bwino pamsewu. Kachiwiri, owonera angafunse kwa eni ake kuti awonetse mano owopsa a mamba kenako wochita zachinyengo angadzachotsedwe mochititsa manyazi ndikusowa ndalama. Ndi ma cobras okhaokha aku India ndi ku Egypt omwe adaphunzira kuwonda.
Kuphatikiza apo, ku India, ma cobras nthawi zambiri amakhala m'makachisi, mosiyana ndi malo okhala, palibe amene adawachotsa pano. Cobras samangokhala nzeru yokhayo komanso inali nkhani ya kupembedza, komanso adachita zinsinsi za olondera. Akuba usiku, akuthamangitsa chuma, anali ndi mwayi uliwonse wamdima kuti ulumidwe ndi njoka. Mbiri imadziwanso njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito "cobras". Nthawi zambiri amaponyedwa mnyumba ya anthu omwe amakana kuti akufuna kuchita nawo popanda kudziwika ndi milandu. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti mothandizidwa ndi cobra, Mfumukazi yodziwika bwino yaku Egypt, Cleopatra adatekhetsa moyo wake. Masiku ano, cobras imapweteketsabe anthu. Zowona, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha njoka zokha osati kuchuluka kwa zigawo zina - kulibe malo mwachilengedwe komwe mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino imabisala kwa anthu.
Cobra pa chigoba cha Tutankhamun
Malo oyandikana nawo nthawi zambiri amasintha kukhala "mikangano", chaka chilichonse kuchokera kuluma kwa nkhanu ku India (mpaka pang'ono ku Africa), mpaka anthu chikwi amafa. Kumbali ina, motsutsana ndi poizoni wamankhwala am'kati, pali mankhwala omwe amapangidwa m'magulu a njoka. Cobra poiz ndiwofunikanso popanga mankhwala angapo. Mwa izi, njoka zimagwidwa ndi "kuyamwa mkaka", munthu m'modzi amatha kupereka zidutswa zingapo za poizoni, koma zaka zake sizikhala mu ukapolo, chifukwa chake izi zokwawa zimafunikira chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, cobra ya ku Central Asia yalembedwa mu International Red Book.
Molondola kwambiri machitidwe a mamba komanso ubale wawo ndi ma mongooses adafotokozedwa ndi Rudyard Kipling munkhani "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi".
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Pamalo abata njoka ya cobra osati zodabwitsa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ya utoto wofewa, yambiri yowoneka, imvi komanso yakuda. Zowona, pali zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, cobra wofiirira wofiira ndi mtundu wa njerwa yopsereza, ndipo nkhokwe yaku South Africa imakhala yofiyira.
Thupi la njoka izi limakhala lolimba, koma osati lomata, mutu ndi wochepa. Mano akutsogolo ali ndi poyizoni, njira yopangira poizoni imadutsa mwa iwo, ndikutseguka kumapeto kwa mafangawo. Pambuyo pawo pali mano osakhala poizoni.
Mu thupi lonse, kuyambira kumutu mpaka mchira, pamakhala mikwingwirima yosunthika, ngati mphete zomangira. Mbalame yochititsa chidwi ya ku India, njira, nthawi zina imakhala ndi malo amodzi pamalo. Kenako imatchedwa monocle (monocle ndi chinthu chagalasi limodzi chokhazikitsa mawonedwe).
Mitundu ina ya nkhanu imasambira ndikukula mitengo.
Kuti muteteze kwa adani, cobras imakhala ndi machenjezo. Uwu ndiye malingaliro odziwika bwino, ake ndi kubodza kwanyengo. Sali othamangira kuti aukire munthu, ngati izi sizofunikira. Kubweza chiwembu ndikututumuka, malo omwe akukonzekera sakukonzekera kuukira, koma ndikufuna kuchenjeza. Ngati chiwopsezo sichinadutse, amaluma.
Cobra mu chithunzi pa intaneti, nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa panthawi yomwe kuchenjezedwa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti amalola kujambulidwa. Koma musatengeke kwambiri! Musaiwale kuti njoka zapoizoni, wina anganene - chakupha chakupha.
Nthawi zambiri, mikangano imachitika chifukwa choti munthu, kukulitsa dera lomwe amakhala, amalowerera gawo la njokayo. Palibe pobisalira ife. Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuwombana. Chaka chilichonse ku India, anthu ngati chikwi amafa ndi kulumidwa kwa zokwawa izi. Ku Africa, pang'ono.
Cobra imatha kuukira kuchokera patali mita
Mawonedwe omwe ambiri amawavomereza pamtunduwu amachokera pakuzidziwa bwino, zachifumu komanso kolala. Mwathunthu, mitundu 16 ya njoka iyi imadziwika, imalumikizidwa ndi makhalidwe wamba - chiwopsezo chachikulu komanso kuthekera kokula "hood".
Achibale awo akuphatikiza zakudya zinanso zapoizoni - ma asidi, zowonjezera, ma mambas, kraits (zodzala zapoizoni zochokera ku banja lachiwonetsero), taipan (zodzikongoletsera zochokera kwa proid, poizoni wawo umakhala woopsa kuposa cobra poizoni) ndi ena. Mitundu yonse yamakhola siyochepa kukula. Chimodzi mwa zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri ndi nkhanu zam'madzi za ku Angola, mpaka 1.5 m.
Chachikulu kwambiri chimadziwika kuti ndi cobra kapena hamadriad. Kukula kwake ndikosangalatsa - 4.8-5,5 m. Koma mosiyana ndi njoka zikuluzikulu zapoizoni - boas ndi ma pythons, sizowoneka ngati zazikulu. M'malo moonda komanso mafoni. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 16 kg. Cobra ikhoza kugawidwa osati ndi malo okhala, koma mawonekedwe awo.
1. Shchobovye cobras, monga zina zonse zotsatirazi, zimakhudzana ndi ma spobras. Alibe nyumba yayikulu kwambiri, koma chishango cha nsagwada chakulitsidwa, kuti athe kukumba pansi akusaka nyama.
2. Cobras yamadzi amatchedwa chifukwa cha moyo wam'madzi wamadzi. Mwina ndi okhawo amene amadya nsomba. Amakhala ku Africa.
3. Collared cobras, khungu la imvi, pafupi ndi mutu wakuda, ngati kolala. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu ndikuti m'nsagwada yapamwamba palibe mano ena kumbuyo kwa poyizoni. Komanso kope la ku Africa.
4. Mfumu Cobra chosangalatsa kwambiri njoka izi. Miyoyo ku India, Indonesia, Philippines ndi Pakistan. Pakati pa cobras imadziwika kuti ndi chiwindi chambiri, imatha kukhala ndi zaka 30. Mu moyo wonse, kupeza kukula.
5. Cobras ya m'nkhalango kapena mitengo ya mamba, monga momwe dzinalo limanenera, amakhala pamitengo ya m'nkhalango za ku Equatorial Africa. Amawoneka ndi maso akulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanu, koma amakhala ndi mano ndi mano.
6. Desert cobra - njoka yokhala ndi nkhani. Amatchedwa "njoka ya Cleopatra." Mfumukazi adaigwiritsa ntchito kuti adziphe yekha, chifukwa cha kufulumira kwa poyizoni wa njoka'yi. Ndi yakuda, yonyezimira, yokutidwa ndi mamba yaying'ono, imakhala ku Egypt ndi mayiko a Middle East. Wachiigupto cobra wakuda - njoka chakupha kwambiri. Ululu wake umagwira mofulumira kuposa poizoni wam'mimba. Pakangotha mphindi 15, imfa imachitika chifukwa cha ziwalo za kupuma.
7. Kumulavulira cobras gwiritsani ntchito njira yachilendo yophera munthu yemwe akumenya. Samaluma, koma kulavulira, kuwombera poyizoni pochita kulipira. "Cholemba" kwambiri mwa iwo chimadziwika kuti India akamulavulira cobra. Colobred waku cobra wa ku Africa alinso ndi luso ili. Njira yolusa yaukazitape ili ndi potulutsa pamaso pa dzino.
Amafinya tiziwalo tawo tapoizoni, ndipo timadzi tapoizoni timatulutsa ngati pampu. Njokayo idawombedwa modabwitsa, ngati makina ochita kupanga okha. Zitha kuwombera 28 nthawi imodzi! Amatha kufikira mtunda wa mamita awiri, ndikugundika pachuma chofanana ndi ndalama yanjubile. Izi sizachilendo. Sikukwanira kumulavulira mzindawo. Zizindikiro zotsogola. Wovutitsidwayo amataya luso loyenda, watayika kale.
Cobra - kufotokoza ndi chithunzi. Kodi mamba imawoneka bwanji?
Kutalika kwa mamba kumadalira zaka zapakati panu. Njoka izi zimakula moyo wawo wonse, ndipo zitakhalapo, zimakula.
Kuchokera pazolembedwa zimadziwika kuti cobra yaying'ono kwambiri ndi Mozambique (lat. Najamossambica), kutalika kwa nyama ya nyama yachikulire ndi 0.9-11.05 m, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 1.54 m. Cobra wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi cobra (lat. Ophiophagus hannah), yofika kukula kwakukulu kwa 5.85 metres ndi unyinji wazoposa 12 kg.
Kumanzere kuli cobra waku Mozambique, kumanja kuli cobra yachifumu. Olemba chithunzichi (kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja): Bernard DUPONT, CC BY-SA 2.0, Michael Allen Smith, CC BY-SA 2.0
Pamalo abata, ma cobras ndi ovuta kusiyanitsa ndi njoka zina.Pokhala okwiyitsidwa, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe: kukweza matupi awo kumtunda pamwamba pa nthaka, kukulitsa ziwalo za khomo lachiberekero ndi thunthu, ndikupanga kunamizira kwa mawu.
Chifukwa cha minofu yowoneka bwino, magulu 8 a nthiti zodzitchinjiriza amakula ndi kupanga zomwe zimatchedwa hood, zomwe zimasiyanitsa cobras ndi njoka zina. Mwa njira, ndikuthokoza kwa hood yomwe cobras imabweza mdani.
Makongoletsedwe a cobras amatha kusinthika. Mitundu ya chipululu ndi ya mchenga wachikasu, yamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wobiriwira, okhala m'malo omwe amakhala ndi mbewu ndizosiyanasiyana. M'malo otentha, pomwe mbewu za mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapezeka, mitundu yowala imakhala: coral cobra (lat. Aspidelaps lubricus) ndi kulavulira kofiyira (obiriwira). Naja pallida) Njoka Yodabwitsa (lat. Naja naja) imakongoletsedwa ndi mabwalo owala kumbali yakumaso kwa thupi lakumwamba. Chizindikiro cha cobras ndi kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yakuda moposerapo, yowonekera kwambiri pakhosi.
Kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja: coral cobra (lat. Aspidelaps lubricus), kaphokoso kofiyira cobra (lat. Naja pallida), njoka yowonera (lat. Naja naja). Olemba chithunzichi (kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja): Ryanvanhuyssteen, CC BY-SA 3.0, Pogrebnoj-Alexandroff, CC BY 2.5, Jayendra Chiplunkar, CC BY-SA 3.0
Mutu wa nkhanuyo ndi wozungulira kutsogolo, phwete kuchokera kumtunda, wokutidwa ndi zikopa zomwe sizili pamasaya. Popanda khosi, imayenda mokwanira m'thupi. Makala kumbuyo kwa chimbudzi ndi osalala, ndipo mbali yamkatiyo imakutidwa ndi zishango zowala zowonjezera.
Maso a cobra ndi akuda, ang'ono komanso osasunthika, atakutidwa ndi filimu yopyapyala yowonekera yomwe idapangidwa mkati mwa mawonekedwe a eyel. Amatetezedwa bwino ku fumbi komanso kuwonongeka kwa chinyontho, koma chifukwa cha zokutira, mawonekedwe a cobra sawoneka bwino. Kanema wamaso amachoka ndi khungu pakasungunuka.
Mu njoka za masana, monga nkhwangwa, kamaso ka maso kali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.
Nsagwada ya kumtunda kwa njokayo ili ndi zida zazikulu zokwanira (6 mm mwa mitundu ya ku Central Asia), mano akuthwa, owopsa. Mano a cobra sakhala okwanira, chifukwa chake zobwezeretsedwa amakakamizidwa kuzigwira mwamphamvu kuti zibwere kangapo kamodzi. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka zida zoyipazi, oimira banja lofunikirawa ndi amodzi mwa njoka za prothoracic (protoglyph). Mano awo oopsa amakhala kutsogolo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba, "msoko" umawoneka kunja kwawo, ndipo poizoni sakutulutsa poyambira kuchokera kunja, koma mkati mwa dzino kudzera mu njira ya ululu. Mano amakhala osasunthika m'nsagwada. Chifukwa chakupezeka kwawo komanso poizoni wabwino wopangira zida, kulumidwa ndi mamba kumwalira.
Pambuyo pa mano awa, njoka zapoizoni zimakhala ndi zina zomwe zimasinthira zikuluzikulu zikawonongeka. Pazonse zazikulu za mano a 3-5 pamakhala chibwano chapamwamba cha cobras. Ndiwowongoka, owonda, owongoka ndipo sanapangidwira kubera ndi kutafuna. Cobras imeza wozunzidwa onse.
Thupi lanzeru, lomwe ndilofunikira kwambiri kwa njoka, limafufuza zaukadaulo (chiwalo cha Jacobson, chomwe chili ndi mabowo awiri mkamwa mwake mwa chapamwamba) mophatikiza ndi lilime. Lilime lalitali, lopapatiza, lokhazikika limagwedezeka, limanjenjemera m'mwamba kapena palpate zinthu pafupi nalo, ndipo limabisanso patchire la nsagwada lapamwamba lomwe limatsogolera chiwalo cha Jacobson. Chifukwa chake nyamayo imasanthula kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chilichonse chomwe chili chapafupi kapena patali, chimazindikira nyama, ngakhale kanthu kakang'ono ka zinthu zake kamakhala mlengalenga. Chiwalochi chimakhala chokhudza mtima kwambiri, mothandizidwa ndi njokayo mwachangu komanso molondola imapeza wolakwayo, wokondana naye kapena madzi am'madzi.
Ziphuphuzi zimakhala ndi fungo labwino. Mphuno zawo zili kumbali za kutsogolo kwa chigaza. Alibe khutu lakunja, ndipo m'lingaliro lomwe ife timazolowera, cobras ndi agonthi, chifukwa samazindikira kugwedeza kwamlengalenga. Koma chifukwa cha kutukuka kwa khutu lamkati, amatenga kunjenjemera pang'ono kwambiri. Njoka sizilabadira kulira kwa munthu, koma zindikirani bwino kwambiri kunjenjemera kwake.
Cobras molt kuchokera 4 mpaka 6 pachaka ndipo amakula moyo wawo wonse. Kukhetsa kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 10.Pakadali pano, njoka zimabisala m'misala, popeza matupi awo amakhala pachiwopsezo.
Kodi cobras amakhala kuti?
Njoka zokhala ndi "hood" ndi nzika za Dziko Lakale (Asia, Africa). Matendawa ndi otentha kwambiri ndipo sangakhalepo komwe matalala amayamba. Chosiyanacho ndi cobra ya ku Central Asia: kumpoto, malo ake amaphatikizapo gawo la Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan. Ku Africa, cobras amapezeka kudera lonse. Cobras amakhalanso ku South, West, East ndi Central Asia, ku zilumba za Philippines ndi Sunda. Amakonda malo owuma: ma savannas, zipululu, chipululu. Zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zotentha, m'mapiri mpaka pamtunda wa 2400 m., M'mipata ya mitsinje. Ku Russia, cobras sakhala moyo.
Cobras ndi njoka zam'manja kwambiri, zimatha kukwawa kudutsa mitengo ndikusambira. Amagwira makamaka masana, koma m'mipululu simusiku. Kuthamanga kwapakati kwa mphiri ndi 6 km pa ola limodzi. Sangathe kupeza munthu wothawa, koma awa ndi mawu onyenga, chifukwa mimbulu simunyoze anthu. Munthu amatha kugwira njoka mosavuta.
Kodi cobra amadya chiyani?
Ambiri mwa nkhanu ndi nyama zolusa, amadya amphibians (achule, ma soads), mbalame (pansi zokhala ndi malo ocheperako, mbuzi), zirombo (nthawi zambiri kuposa njoka zina, abuluzi ambiri), zolengedwa zazikazi (makoswe), nsomba. Amatha kudya mazira a mbalame. Mitundu ina sapereka mitembo.
Gulu la Cobra
Padziko lapansi pali mitundu ya njoka 37 yomwe imatha kukulitsa khosi mumtundu wa hood. Onsewa ndi a banja la Aspida, koma gulu lawo. Pansipa pali gulu la ma cobras malinga ndi tsamba la reptile-database.org (lomwe lidachitika 03/21/2018):
Banja la Aspids (lat. Elapidae)
- Genus Collar cobras (lat. Hemachatus)
- Lembani Collar cobra (lat. Hemachatus haemachatus)
- Genus Scarabidae cobras (lat. Aspidelaps)
- Mitundu yakufinya mapaipi aku South Africa (lat. Aspidelaps lubricus)
- Mitundu wamba cobra (lat. Aspidelaps scutatus)
- Genus King Cobras (lat. Ophiophagus)
- Onani King Cobra (Hamadriad) (lat. Ophiophagus hannah)
- Genus Forest cobras, kapena cobras yamatanda (lat. Pseudohaje)
- Mitundu ya mtengo wam'mawa cobra (lat. Pseudohaje golide)
- Mitundu ya Western cobra, kapena mtengo wakuda wa mamba (lat. Pseudohajenigra)
- Genus Desert Cobras (lat. Walterinnesia)
- Onani cobra m'chipululu cha ku Egypt (lat. Walterinnesia aegyptia)
- Onani Walterinnesia morgani
- Mtundu wa Cobra (kapena Real Cobra) (lat. Naja)
- Mitundu ya Angolan cobra (lat. Naja anchietae)
- Mitundu Ringed cobra (lat. Naja annulata)
- Mitambo Yofiirira cobra waku Egypt (lat. Najamonulifera)
- Mitundu Arabian cobra (lat. Najaarabica)
- Mitundu Lalikulu lofiirira lofiirira (lat. Naja ashei)
- Mtundu Chinese cobra (lat. Naja atra)
- Onani Madzi a cobra Christie (lat. Naja christyi)
- Lembani nkhanu za ku Egypt (lat. Naja haje)
- Onani Monocle Cobra (lat. Naja kaouthia)
- Mitundu Mial cobra, kumavulira kumadzulo kumodzi kumanda kumanda Naja katiensis)
- Onani Mandalay kulavulira cobra (lat. Najamandalayensis)
- Mitundu Yakuda ndi yoyera cobra (lat. Naja melanoleuca)
- Onani Mozambique cobra (lat. Naja mossambica)
- Onani Naja multifasciata
- Onani Indian cobra, njoka yowonera (lat. Naja naja)
- Mitundu Western ikulavula cobra (lat. Naja nigricincta)
- Lembani Cape cobra (lat. Naja nivea)
- Mitundu yakuda bii: (lat. Naja nigricollis)
- Mitundu Nubian akalavula cobra (lat. Naja nubiae)
- Mitundu Central Asia cobra (lat. Naja oxiana)
- Mitundu Red cobra, kapena red spitting cobra (lat. Naja pallida)
- Onani Naja peroescobari
- Lemberani Philippine cobra (lat. Naja philippinensis)
- Mitundu Andaman cobra (lat. Naja sagittifera)
- Mitundu South Philippine cobra, Samara cobra, kapena Peters cobra (lat. Naja samarensis)
- Mitundu Senegalese cobra (lat. Najasenegalensis)
- Mitundu Siamese cobra, Indochinese kulavulira cobra (lat. Naja siamensis)
- Onani kulavulira Indian cobra (lat. Naja sputatrix)
- Lembani Sumatran cobra (lat. Naja sumatrana)
Mitundu ya cobras, mayina ndi zithunzi
- King cobra (hamadriad) (lat.Ophiophagus hannah) - Iyi ndi njoka yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri ambiri azakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti lingaliro la mfumu cobra limaphatikizaponso mitundu ingapo, popeza malo ambiri ndiofala. Njokayo imakhala ku Southeast ndi South Asia. Mukukhala India kumwera kwa Himalayas, kumwera kwa China mpaka ku Hainan, Bhutan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Pakistan, Singapore, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, ndi Philippines. Imapezeka munkhalango zopanda udzu komanso zokutira udzu, zomwe sizimakonda kukwawa pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Kukula kwa mfumu yayikulu cobra pafupifupi mita 3-4, munthu aliyense amakula mpaka 5.85 mita kutalika. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa mfumu cobra ndi ma kilogalamu 6, koma anthu akuluakulu amatha kulemera kuposa 12 kg.Njoka yachikulire imakhala ndi maolivi akuda kapena thupi la bulauni yokhala ndi mphete zosasintha kapena zowala, mchirawo umachokera ku maolivi amdima mpaka wakuda. Achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala a bulauni kapena wakuda wokhala ndi mikwaso yoyera kapena yachikaso yopingasa. M'mimba mwa njoka ndi zonona pang'ono kapena zachikasu. Mbali yodziwika bwino ya chifuwa cha chifumu ndi zikopa 6 zowonjezera pamtundu wa occipital wamutu, womwe umasiyana ndi utoto.
Mfumu cobra imatha nthawi yake yambiri pansi, ngakhale ikukwera bwino mitengo ndikusambira mosamala. Imagwira ntchito masana, nthawi zambiri imasaka mtundu wake, ikudya njoka zapoizoni komanso zopanda poopsa (cobras, boig, kraits, kufiy, pythons, njoka), nthawi zina cobra imadya ana ake. Pangosinthika nthawi zina amatha kudyedwa ndi buluzi.
Mtunduwu ndi ovipositor. Poyamba, mkaziyo amamanga "chisa", akumata masamba ndi nthambi kukhala mulu wokhala ndi thupi lake. Pamenepo amaikira mazira ndi kuwaphimba ndi masamba owola kuchokera kumwamba. Imayikidwa yokha pafupi, kuteteza mwachangu ana obwera mtsogolo kwa aliyense amene, mosazindikira, angafune kubwera kwa iye. Nthawi zina bambo amatenganso mbali poteteza. Ng'ombe zimabadwa ndi masentimita 50, zokhala ndi khungu lonyezimira, ngati kuti zimamangidwa ndi riboni yachikaso ndi yoyera.
Zoopsa za mfumu cobra ndi zamphamvu kwambiri: ngakhale njovu zimafa ndi kuluma kwake. Munthu amene walumidwa ndi mfumu cobra akhoza kufa mkati mwa mphindi 30. Woyimba mtima achenjeza adani omwe akubwera, ndikumaponya kuboola mokuwa, ndikutulutsa "cobra pose", koma nthawi yomweyo ndikukwera mita imodzi pamwamba pa zinzake ndipo osasunthira kumbali mbali (mosasamala). Ngati munthu amene waona kuti njoka yaiwonongekera mbola, ayimilira, mbanjayo imayamba kugonja. Njokayo njoleza mtima ndipo siyothandiza pokhapokha ngati munthu ali pafupi ndi chisa chake.
- Njoka Yodabwitsa (Indian cobra) (lat.Naja naja) amakhala kumayiko aku Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Southern China.
Kutalika kwa njokayo kumachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 m, kulemera kumafika pa 5-6 kg. Amakhala ndi mutu wozungulira kutsogolo, wopanda malire wowoneka khosi, osandulika thupi lomwe limakhala ndi mamba osalala. Cobra waku India amapaka utoto kwambiri, ngakhale mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a anthu okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana. Pali anthu achikasu, imvi komanso bulauni. Mbali yam'mimba imatha kukhala ya chikasu kapena imvi. Achinyamata amakhala okongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, ali ndi zaka, poyamba amasintha, kenako nkuzimiririka.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya cobra yaku India ndi njira yoyera kapena yamkati kumtunda kwa thupi, yomwe imayamba kuonekera pokhapokha khomo litatsegulidwa - awa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mphete kapena magalasi. Chida choterocho chimathandiza nkhanu kuti zisamagwidwe ndi adani.
- Central Asia cobra (lat. Naja oxiana) Imapezeka ku Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, ndi Kyrgyzstan. Imabisala pakati pamiyala, m'makola oterera, m'matumbo, pakati pa masamba osowa, pafupi ndi mitsinje, m'mabwinja a nyumba za anthropogenic. Miyoyo yakuya mu zipululu zowuma.
Chinyama chakupha chija chimafikira mita 1.8 kukula kwake ndipo chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusapezeka kwa kapangidwe kake ngati magalasi kumbali yakumbuyo. Mtundu wammbuyo ya cobra umasiyana ndi bulawuni wakuda kupita pamtengo wopepuka, m'mimba mwa njokayo ndi wachikasu ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, yopyapyala komanso yowala pa achinyamata. Pamene chinyama chamtchire chikukula, mikwingwirima pamimba imasinthidwa ndi mawanga kapena zowoneka. Mitundu siyipanga magulu akulu, ndipo ngakhale mu nthawi yophukira patsamba limodzi sizotheka kudziwa anthu opitilira 2-3. Chapakatikati, pansi pazinthu zabwino, Central Asia cobras amasaka masanawa. M'malo otentha, zimawoneka m'mawa ndi madzulo okha. Mu nthawi yophukira, amatha kupezeka nthawi zambiri, koma nthawi iyi ya chaka amakhala akugwira masana. Mbalizi zimasaka mbalame, mbalame za m'mapiri, nthata zazing'ono, repitili (abuluzi, stranglers, ef). Amadya mazira a mbalame.Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba nthawi yophukira, ndipo mu Julayi cobra imayikira mazira 8-12 35 mm kutalika. Mu Seputembala, achinyamata a 30 cm kukula kwawo amawonekera.
Poizoni wa ku Central Asia cobra ali ndi tanthauzo lotchedwa neurotoxic. Nyama, yalumidwa ndi iye, imakhala yoopsa, kenako m'mimba mumatuluka, imapuma. Imfa imachitika chifukwa cha kupunduka kwa mapapo. Koma zilonda za mamba siziluma, kumangokhala kumangiriza. Poyamba, nthawi zonse amatenga chiwonetsero chakuchenjeza, amveke komanso kupatsa mwayi kwa wozunzayo kuti achoke. Ngakhale wozunzayo sabwerera m'mbuyo, amaluma kaye pang'ono - amaluma mwachangu ndikumenya mdaniyo kumaso ndi pakamwa pake atatseka mwamphamvu. Chifukwa chake amateteza mano ake ofunika kuti asasweke komanso ateteze poizoni kuti amuchotse.
- Kumulavulira cobra Indian (lat. Naja sputatrix) amakhala ku Indonesia (pa Zilumba Zing'ono za Sunda: Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Komodo, Alor, Lomblin).
Ali ndi mutu wotambalala wokhala ndi khosi, chotsekera chachifupi ndi mphuno zazikulu komanso maso akulu. Mtundu wa thupi ndi wolimba - wakuda, imvi kapena wodera. Hoodyo ndiyowunikira kuchokera kumbali yamkati. Kutalika kwa njoka ndi 1.3 m; nkhanuyo imalemera pang'ono kuposa 3 kg.
Njokayo imaponyera poizoni kulowera kwa wowukira pamtunda wa mita 2, kuyesera kulowa m'maso mwake. Mano owopsa a khunyu amakhala ndi dongosolo linalake. Kutseguka kwakunja kwa chimbudzi chamanyazi kumalunjikitsidwa kutsogolo, osati pansi. Chokwera chimabaya poizoni ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi minyewa yapadera. Nthiti imalondola kwambiri chandamale. Izi zodzitchinjiriza zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yodzitetezera ku adani akulu. Poizoni wa Cobra yemwe amalowa m'maso amatulutsa chipolopolo chakunja cha misozi ndipo mwanjira imeneyi imayimitsa wotsutsayo. Ngati simumatsuka maso anu ndimadzi nthawi yomweyo, ndiye kuti kutaya kwathunthu kumatha kuchitika.
- Cobra waku Egypt, gaya, kapena weniweni waapid (lat. Naja haje) amakhala kumpoto kwa Africa komanso ku Peninsula ya Arabia (ku Yemen). Miyoyo yamapiri, zipululu, mapondedwe ndi malo okhala pafupi ndi anthu.
Sapid weniweni amakula mpaka 2.5 metres ndipo akulemera 3 kg, "hood" wake mu mawonekedwe owonjezerawa ndi ocheperako poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa cobra waku India. Mtundu wa kumbali yakumbuyo ya cobra ndi wolimba - woderapo, woderako, ofiira, komanso wachikasu lowala, wokhala ndi mbali yowoneka bwino pamimba. Mikwingwirima ingapo yakuda m'khosi imadziwika pomwe njokayo imvera. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timawoneka bwino komanso timakongoletsedwa ndi mphete zachikaso komanso zachikaso zakuda.
Gaya amagwira masana, nkhanu zimadyetsa zazing'ono zazing'ono, zokwawa, zolengedwa zapamadzi ndi mbalame. Njoka imatha kusambira ndi kukwera mitengo.
- Cobra wakuda-wamanjenje (wakuda-wakuda). Naja nigricollis) odziwika kuti amatha kupha molondola poyizoni m'maso mwa amene akuukira. Pali njoka kum'mwera kotentha kwa Africa - kuchokera ku Senegal kupita ku Somalia komanso ku Angola kumwera chakum'mawa.
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafikira 2 metres, kulemera kwa cobra kumafika 4 kg. Kupaka utoto - kuchokera ku bulauni pang'ono mpaka bulauni, nthawi zina ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa. Khosi ndi mmero zimakhala zakuda, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndimizeremizere yoyera.
Mwanthawi yosakwiya, cobra imatha kuwombera poyizoni maulendo 28 motsatana, ndikuponya gawo la 3,7 mg. Amenya chandamale moyenera, koma nthawi zina amasokoneza zinthu zowoneka ndi maso ake - mabatani a thalauza, kuyang'ana pompopompo, zina. Zoopsa za nkhanu zakuda sizibweretsa kutupa, koma ngati zingalowe m'maso, zimangotaya kanthawi. Pofufuza momwe aponyere poyizoni wamtundu wamtunduwu, asayansi adapeza kuti mkati mwa minyewa yapadera, khomo lolowera la trachea limatsekanso. Izi zikuwonetsa kuwuluka kwa ndegeyo, komwe sikungosunthidwa ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya.
Mbalizi zimasaka mbewa zing'onozing'ono, abuluzi, zokwawa ndi mbalame. Popeza amakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, amakhala wotakataka kwambiri usiku, kubisala m'maenje a mitengo, m'miyala yamkati, m'ming'alu ya nyama masana. Ichi ndi nyama yodumphitsa m'mimba;
- Cobra yakuda ndi yoyera (lat. Naja melanoleuca) amakhala ku Central ndi West Africa: kuchokera ku Ethiopia ndi Somalia kum'mawa kupita ku Senegal, Guinea ndi Gabon kumadzulo, kuyambira ku Mozambique, Angola, Zambia ndi Zimbabwe kumwera kupita ku Mali, Chad ndi Niger kumpoto. Amakhala munkhalango, savannah, m'mapiri mpaka pamtunda wamamita 2800 kumtunda kwa nyanja. Imatha kukwera mitengo.
Mbali yamkati ya cobra yamtunduwu ndi yachikaso ndi mikwaso yakuda ndi mawanga osawoneka bwino osabalidwa. Akuluakulu amakhala odera akuda kapena abulauni wokhala ndi chitsulo chazitsulo ndi mchira wakuda. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi utoto wakuda ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka. Kutalika kwa cobra nthawi zambiri kumafikira mamita awiri, nthawi zambiri anthu a 2.7 mamita samapezeka.
Chinyama sichimavulira poizoni. Mwachilengedwe, njoka imakhala pafupifupi zaka 12, ndipo cobra imakhala ndi zaka 29. Zosagwira masana masana, zimadya nsomba, makoswe, nyama zakuthambo, mbalame, kuyang'anira abuluzi ndi abuluzi ena. Ululu wake ndi wachiwiri pakati pa njoka za ku Africa pambuyo poizoni wa Cape Cobra. Amayikira mazira 26 mumibulu yazinyama, mitengo yobowola. Ana a 35 cm masentimita kutalika amawonekera pambuyo pa masiku 55-70.
- Cape Cobra (lat. Naja nivea) amakhala ku Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Botswana. Imakonda mapiri, mapiri ndi mapiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osungirako zinyalala.
Uwu ndi njoka yoopsa, mbali yakumunsi ya khosi yomwe nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa ndi chingwe chofiirira. Mtundu wa cobra ukhoza kukhala wachikasu, wachikasu mopepuka, wamkuwa, wabulauni, wamkuwa, wowoneka bwino kapena wokhala ndi zidutswa. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1.2 mpaka 1.5 m, ngakhale kuli anthu ena mpaka 1.8 m kapena kuposa. Kuphatikiza pa kudya nyama, Carrion amadya. Imasaka masana, koma masiku otentha ikayamba kugwira ntchito, imatha kulowa m'nyumba za anthu posaka mbewa ndi makoswe. Poizoni wake amadziwika kuti ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ku Africa. Yaikazi imayikira mazira 20.
- Ranged wamadzi akhungu (lat. Naja annulata) - Ichi ndi nyama yapoizoni yokhala ndi mutu wocheperako komanso thupi lowonda mpaka 2.7 m kutalika ndikulemera 3 kg. Kutalika kwa nyama yam'madzi yachikulire kumasiyana pakati pa 1.4 ndi 2.2 m. Poyenda mpaka kufika pa 25 metres, iye amagwira nsomba ndikudya zokha. Pocheperako, amadya achule, ma soads ndi amphibians ena. Itha kukhala pansi pamadzi mpaka mphindi 10.
Cobra am'madzi okhala ndi dothi amakhala ku Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Angola. Malo okhala njokayo ndi monga mitsinje ndi nyanja, momwe zimathera nthawi yayitali, komanso malo oyandikira: m'mphepete mwa mitengo ndi mitengo yokutidwa ndi tchire ndi mitengo, ndi ma sevannah.
- Collared cobra (lat. Hemachatus haemachatus) kudzipatula mu mtundu wosiyana chifukwa cha zinthu zina zofunika kuzisiyanitsa. Mosiyana ndi ma cobras ena, alibe mano ena kumbuyo kwa mano owopsa. Ino si njoka yayitali kwambiri, ndipo imafikira mamilimita 1.5, yokhala ndi bulawuni wakuda kapena wakuda, pomwe mikwingwirima imapitilira. Mitundu yamtundu woyipa kwambiri imapezeka nthawi zambiri, koma mutu ndi tsinde la cholengedwa ichi nthawi zonse zimakhala zakuda, ndipo mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yachikasu imakhala pamimba. Pafupifupi mitundu yakuda kwathunthu, pamakhala mzere wopepuka pakhosi. Chizimba cha njoka yakupha iyi ndi yopapatiza.
Collared cobra amakhala ku South Africa (Zimbabwe, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland). Apa, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kulavulira poyizoni, adatchedwa "spy slang" - njoka yalavulira.
- Monocle Cobra (lat. Naja kaouthia) - Njoka yokhala ngati dzira yopezeka ku China, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, ndipo akukhulupiriranso kuti ikapezeka ku Nepal. Zamoyozo zimasambira mwangwiro, zimakhazikika kumapiri, m'nkhalango ndi m'minda, komanso m'mapiri, zimakwawa pamalo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo okhala mpunga, ndipo zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi matauni ndi midzi.Nyamayi imagwira ntchito masana komanso usiku, koma imakonda kusaka usiku.
Pa khosi la njoka yapoizoni pali bwalo limodzi lowala, osati awiri, monga njoka zina zozizwitsa. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa nyama yankhokweyi ndi 1.2-1,5 m, kutalika kwake ndi 2.1 m. Anthu omwe ali ndi zonona-imvi, achikaso ndi mtundu wakuda amapezeka. Monoclean cobra ndi wamanjenje komanso wankhanza mwachilengedwe.
- Siamese cobra (lat. Naja siamensis) amakhala kudera la Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia ndi Laos. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, imapezekanso ku Myanmar. Zinyama zimakhala m'malo otsika, zitunda, zigwa komanso nkhalango, nthawi zina zimafika komwe munthu amakhala.
Kukula kwa njoka yakutali ndi 1.2-1.3 m, kutalika kwake ndi 1.6 m.Mtundu wamtunduwu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamiyala imawonedwa. Kummawa Thailand, Siamese cobras ndi amodzi ma olive, obiriwira kapena bulauni. Pakatikati pa dzikolo mukukhala anthu okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yautali kapena yopyapyala yakuda ndi yoyera mwanjira yamikwati. Kumadzulo kwa Thailand, mitundu ya nkhanuyi ndi yakuda. Mapangidwe omwe ali pa hood ndi osiyana nawo. Itha kukhala V-mawonekedwe kapena U.
Siamese cobra ndi ovipositing, yogwira usiku.
- South Flap Cobra waku South Africa (lat. Aspidelaps lubricus) -Munthu wokhala kumwera kwa Angola, Namibia komanso Cape Cape South Africa.
Ili ndi njoka yoopsa yochokera m'mimba kuchokera pansi pa 0.45 mpaka 0.7 m, yokhala ndi mutu wozungulira, wokutidwa kutsogolo kuchokera pamwamba ndi zishango zazikuluzikulu zitatu. Mutu wa cobra ndi wofiyira ndi mikwingwirima yakuda iwiri, umodzi umayambira mphuno mpaka korona, umadutsa m'maso, winayo, wopingasa, umadutsa woyamba pakhosi. Thupi la mphiri ndi wapinki, wachikasu kapena lalanje, wopinganizidwa ndi mphete zakuda.
Cobra waku South Africa ndi nyama yozizira yomwe imakhala m'makola kapena pansi pa miyala, ikusankha zipululu komanso malo amchenga. Chakudya chaobiri chimakhala tating'onoting'ono, makamaka choyambanso.
Adani a Cobra achilengedwe
Ana abadwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakonda kudyedwa ndi abuluzi, abuluzi amanjoka. Circaetus gallicus), nkhumba zamtchire. Njoka zina zimadyanso nyama zapamadzi, makamaka, nkhanu zaufumu zimachita izi. Koma adani omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri komanso osagwirizana ndi cobras m'chilengedwe ndi meerkat ndi mongooses. Alibe chitetezo chamkati mwa njoka izi, zimapambana chifukwa chokhwima komanso malingaliro.
Kuluma kwa Cobra: Zizindikiro ndi zotsatira zake
Chifukwa cha kukula kwa mano, mano a nthabwala nthawi zambiri amaluma “kuluma” (ndikuwoneka), kenako poizoni wawo sulowa m'thupi la munthu. Ma cobras enieni amapangira kuluma kopitilira muyeso mopitilira 50% ya milandu.
Mafuta a poid (ma cobras nawonso am'banja lino) ali ndi katundu wa neurotoxic. Imayimitsa chizindikirochi kuchokera ku khungu la minyewa kupita ku minofu ndipo imadziwika ndi chiwongolero chilichonse payokha. Zotsatira zake, maselo amasiya kumvetsetsana ndikuchita ntchito yawo.
Pamalo ochita kuluma kwacobra ku Central Asia, edema yakumaloko imatha kuwoneka mphindi 10, ikufika patadutsa tsiku kapena awiri. Zingwe zozungulira zotupa zimayamba kuda, ndipo dera lawo likukula. Necrosis amakula mu 20% ya milandu, makamaka ndikumenyedwa kutali ndi mbali ya mbali ya dzanja.
Zizindikiro zodziwika za kulumidwa kwenikweni kwa cobra:
- kugona, komwe kumayamba pafupifupi pambuyo pa ola limodzi, kuyambira mphindi 15 mpaka maola 5
- kuyera mumaso
- kufalikira kwa bondo lam'maso (ptosis)
- kusanza ndi kusanza
Gawo lotsatira, pangani:
- ziwalo (paresis) zamilomo, minofu yamaso, lilime, pharynx
- kupuma pafupipafupi
- profusani kupulumuka
- munthu wolumidwa samatha kusuntha nsagwada yake ya m'munsi, kutembenuzira mutu wake, kugona pambali pake.
- poyizoni amatha kupweteketsa, kusanza kwamagazi pambuyo pa mphindi 30
- Zizindikiro zakulephera kwamtima nthawi zina zimawonedwa: kuzizira kwambiri, kutuluka thukuta, kuchepa kwambiri. Zizindikiro izi zitha kutchulidwa kuposa neurotoxic.
Mwa anthu omwe sangadwale ndi poizoni, ming'oma ndi kutentha thupi kokha ndi zomwe zimawonedwa.
Choyamba thandizo kuluma kwa mamba
Ngati cobra ilowa, ndizosatheka ndipo sizikupanga nzeru kuchita zinthu zotsatirazi:
- ikani phwando
- khalani ndi malo oluma
- kuphimba kulumidwa ndi thonje lokutidwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu,
- khalani ndi mayendedwe
- kumwa mowa.
Thandizo loyamba la kulumidwa kwa mamba ayenera kukhala motere:
- khazikitsani mtima pansi wodekha,
- onetsetsani kuti kuluma sanali "abodza" (osati kwapamwamba monga momwe zikunenera),
- Kuyamwa ululu wa chifinya cham'mimba pakatha mphindi 20 kuchokera kuluma. Ngakhale kuwonongeka mkamwa, poyizoni sakhala ndi nthawi yolowetsa magazi mokwanira, ngati amalavula nthawi zonse, osamezedwa,
- yesani kudziwa mtundu wa njoka kapena kuti isafe ndi chizindikiritso,
- konzani nthawi yakuluma,
- gwiritsani mabala ndi antiseptic, mowa, yankho lake, njira yobiriwira yazonenepa kapena ingotsuka ndi sopo wamadzi,
- muwapatse chakumwa chakumwa chaukali,
- ikani chovala chosavunda pamalowo mukuluma, thilitsani gawo loyambalo la thupi, ndikuwapatsa malo okwezeka,
- Ngati wovutikayo apuma movutikira, ndikofunikira kuti mum'lamule, ngati atero,
- aperekeze mimbulu kuchipatala.
Chithandizo cha njoka yakumwa ndi njoka zamankhwala zili ndi magawo atatu:
- Kupha phulusa la njoka pogwiritsa ntchito njoka (kapena poizoni wa njoka yamtundu umodzi) kapena seramu ya polyvalent.
- Chithandizo cha pathogenetic cha poizoni wa neurotoxin chimaphatikizapo mankhwala othana ndi nkhawa, ndipo pankhani ya kupuma ziwalo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopumira.
- Mankhwala othandizira, zomwe zimadalira thanzi lakumwa ndi kapangidwe ka poyizoni wa cobra. Izi zimaphatikizanso chithandizo cha mawonetseredwe am'deralo (necrosis).
Chithandizo cha kulumidwa ndi njoka chilichonse chimaphatikizanso kuyambitsa tetanus tetanus.
Cobra poiz ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake
Cobra poom ndi madzi okwera mtengo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, biology ndi cosmetology pazolinga zotsatirazi:
- Popanga mankhwala ochepetsa mavutowo - seramu yomwe imayamwa pambuyo pakuluma njoka zapoizoni.
- Ziwopsezo za Neuroparalytic za cobras zimatha kuletsa kukhudzidwa kwa mitsempha. Katunduyu wa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matenda.
- Kusakaniza kwa Central Asia cobra venom (najaxin), njira ya sodium kolorayidi ndi novocaine kumakhala ndi mphamvu ya analgesic.
- Kuphatikizidwa kwa zigwa za njoka ndi za njoka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kukula kwa zotupa zopweteka.
- Mankhwala okhala ndi antithromboplastic kanthu adzipatula ndi poizoni wa Central cobra.
- Cobra ululu umagwira bwino matenda a khunyu, chifuwa chamkati, chifuwa cham'mimba, chibayo, mitsempha ya mtima, kutupa ndi minofu, nyamakazi, matenda a Alzheimer, matenda a Parkinson ndi schizophrenia.
- Mbali ya cobra poid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupondaponda zinthu zomwe zimakana ziwalo zoumba.
- Zomwe zimayambitsa poizoni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza kwachilengedwe monga zinthu zoyeserera pakuyendetsa kwa kukhudzidwa kwa mitsempha ndi magwiridwe antchito am'mimba.
- Poizoniyo amawonjezeredwa ndi mafuta onunkhira omwe amatha kupukusa minofu ya nkhope ndikuchita ngati Botox. Zimapangidwa ngati zonona.
Cobra nyama ndi kukhazikika kwake
Njoka zimadyedwa m'maiko ambiri, ndipo nyama ya cobra imawonetsedwa ngati yokoma kwambiri. Ku Malaysia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, maphunziro onse oyamba ndi achiwiri aphika kuchokera pamenepo. Barbecue amapangidwa ndi izo, yokazinga, stewed ndi kuwiritsa. Ku China, amadya khungu lokhazikika la njoka, kumwa magazi ake atsopano, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakonzedwa kuchokera ku cobra bile. Ku Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, nyama, magazi, bile, poizoni ndi chakumwa cha mamba ndi chakudya. Amakhulupilira kuti munthu yemwe adadyazo amatenga mawonekedwe a cobra, nzeru zake, kulimba mtima, kulimba komanso thanzi. Ku Thailand, njoka zimathiridwa mchere, kuzifutsa, mowa umapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo.
Khungu la Cobra ndi momwe limagwirira ntchito
Chikopa cha Cobra cholimba, cholimba, chili ndi mawonekedwe komanso mawonekedwe osazolowereka. Zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku icho ndi zotanuka, zofewa komanso zosalala nthawi yomweyo.Opanga otsogola kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apange zowonjezera za fashionistas: nsapato, zikwama, ndolo, zingwe zowonera, zingwe za mathalauza, zovala. Zinthuzi zimapangidwanso m'malo olanda nyama kumafamu aku Asia, pomwe cobra yachifumu, yomwe kale ndi yosowa, imawonongedwa.
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Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Cobras zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Nyengo yozizira kumayiko otentha ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri nyengo yakukhwima kwa nkhokwe zaku India. Koma mitundu ina imapanga ndandanda yawo. Mwachitsanzo, Central Asia cobra imakonda masika. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nkhanu ndi za mazira. Collar cobra imayima padera, ndi yowoneka bwino, ana ake ali ndi njoka pafupifupi 60.
Pakatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu atachira, mayi woyembekezera amayikira mazira. Ziwerengero zawo zimasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu, kuchokera pamitundu 8 mpaka 70. Mazira amaikidwa m'malo obisika, m'miyala yamiyala, m'ming'alu, m'masamba a masamba. Womanga amayang'anira mabwinja.
Munthawi imeneyi, makolo omwe ali ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri ndi amphaka achi India komanso achifumu, omwe amapanga mwanzeru chisa cha ana amtsogolo. Tangoganizirani momwe zimavutira kuti achite izi popanda miyendo.
Njoka zimatola masamba mulu umodzi kutsogolo kwa thupi, ngati chofunda, kugona pansi ndikuwusamalira. Ndipo abambo am'banjapo nthawi iyi ali pafupi komanso amatetezanso chisa. Makolo ndi ankhondo kwambiri panthawiyi, amatha kuukira cholengedwa chilichonse chomwe chili chapafupifupi popanda chifukwa.
Pomaliza, mazira omwe anaikidwa ndikusungidwa mosadzikonda kotero, ana "achifumu" amawonekera. Njoka zazing'ono zili kale ndi poizoni, ngakhale zikugwiritsa ntchito mwamantha. Pafupifupi amatha kusaka nyama yaying'ono, yomwe idakhala pafupi. Nyongolotsi kapena cholakwika ndi choyenera kwa iwo. Mtundu wawo ndi wokuluka kuyambira pobadwa.
Kuti mudziwe zaka zingati zomwe zolengedwa zimatha kukhalamo zachilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndipo ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala ndi zaka 29. Kuti muchepetse poyizoni, njoka zimagwidwa ndi "kuyamwa mkaka", nthumwi imodzi imatha kupatsa poizoni zingapo.
Poyenera, ndikofunikira kuti awasiye. Koma nthawi zambiri amapitilira njira yosavuta ndikuwayika iwo mu snarium kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi yayitali. Zikatero, njoka siikhala motalika. Pali kale munthu wotchulidwa mu Red Book - Central Asia cobra.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za cobras
- Chifukwa cha poizoni wake wogwira ntchito bwino, nkhamba za ku Aigupto zidakopa chidwi cha anthu kwa nthawi yayitali. Ma silika ake anali okongoletsa korona wa pharaoh, popeza amamuyesa ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu. Oweruza kuti aphedwe ndi achifwamba ku Egypt, chisomo chake chidalongedwa ndi nkhwangwa m'malo mophedwa pagulu. Malinga ndi nthano, Cleopatra, pofuna kupewa kuzunza ndi kuzunza a Octavian Augustus, atataya chiyembekezo chodzimasula, adapempha kuti amubweretsere cobra, komwe adamwalira.
- Kulavula kaphokoso kopanda ndiye tarthex wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ngati poizoni wake sabweretsa zotsatira zake, ndiye kuti amagona kumbuyo kwake, natsegula pakamwa pake ndikudziyerekeza kuti wafa.
- A Snake Charmers adasokeretsa nkhokwe zaku India ndi ku Egypt. Amadziwa bwino kuthana ndi zodzikongoletsera kuti chitetezo chawo chisakhale chankhanza mwachindunji. Pamene njoka idakweza kumtunda kuchokera mudengu, caster adasewera chitolirochi: chamoyocho chinasokoneza thupi, kutsatira mayendedwe a munthu, osati chifukwa cha mawu a nyimbo. Otsatsa ena adatulutsa mano a cobra, koma sizinamveke bwino, chifukwa mano osachedwa kutaya anali ndi mano omwe adalowe m'malo mwake, ndipo tiziwopsezo totseka m'malo mwa mano omwe adatulutsidwa anapitilizabe kupanga poizoni.
- A Joseph Rudyard Kipling, m'buku lake la Rikki-tikki-Tavi, adafotokoza bwino za machitidwe ndi zilembo za mamba ndi mongoose.
- Cobra imatha kukhalabe ndi moyo kwa miyezi itatu: zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuteteza mazira mpaka pomwe awaswa.
Kunyumba King Cobra (lat.Ophiophagus hannah). Chithunzi chojambulidwa: Vassil, CC0
Momwe muyenera kukhala mukakumana ndi cobra
Okhala m'derali omwe malo omwe nkhanu zimakhalamo akhala akudziwana kale ndi anthu oyandikana nawo awa, adaphunzira za chikhalidwe chawo chodekha, chosangalatsa, ndikugawana nawo gawo popanda kuwopa. Alendo akufuna kukhumba: adawona njoka - osapanga phokoso, osagwedeza manja anu, osayimilira mutu, osafuwula, kuyesera kuwopseza.
Komabe samakumverani ndipo sangayamikire luso lapadera. Njokayo sidzakufulumirani mwachabe. Poizoni wake ndi chinthu chovuta kudziunjikira. Kukuwonongerani kwa inu, atha kusala osasaka, kuti apewe zinthu zosafunikira. Cobra pankhaniyi ndi njoka yachuma.
Imadziunjikira chiphe kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti muziigwiritsa ntchito mwambiri. Woyesererayo ayesa kupewa kuukira mwachindunji, ayamba kugwirika, ndikupanga ziwonetsero zabodza 10, ngati kuti anene kuti kuukira kwotsatira kudzakhala kowopsa. Modekha komanso mofatsa yesetsani kuchoka m'gawoli. Khalani osamala komanso osamala, ndipo mudzapewa mavuto.
Zinthu ndi malo okhala nkhanu zaku India
Indian cobra (kuchokera ku Latin Naja naja) ndi njoka yapoizoni yochokera ku banja la asidi, mtundu wa cobras weniweni. Njoka iyi ili ndi thunthu lomwe limalowa mchira, 1.5-2 mita kutalika, yokutidwa ndi mamba.
Monga mitundu ina yonse ya cobra, Mmwenye amakhala ndi kakhomo komwe kamatseguka pamene gawo ili lasangalatsidwa. Hood ndi mtundu wa kukula kwa thupi, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chakukula nthiti mothandizidwa ndi minofu yapadera.
Utoto wa thupi la cobra ndiwotchi, koma waukulu kwambiri ndi mithunzi yachikasu, yofiirira, nthawi zambiri yamchenga. Pafupifupi mutu pali mawonekedwe enaake ofanana ndi pince-nez kapena magalasi pafupi ndi contour, ndi chifukwa chake waku India cobra wozizwitsa.
Asayansi amagawa nkhanu za ku India m'magulu akuluakulu angapo:
- blind cobra (wa ku Latin Naja naja coeca),
- monocle cobra (kuchokera ku Latin Naja naja kaouthia),
- kulavulira India (kuchokera ku Latin Naja naja sputatrix),
- Taiwanese cobra (kuchokera ku Latin Naja naja atra),
- Central Asia cobra (kuchokera ku Latin Naja naja oxiana).
Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tafotokozazi, pali mitundu ingapo yocheperako pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri mtundu wa nkhanu zochititsa chidwi za ku India amati indian king cobrakoma uku ndikuwona kosiyana pang'ono, komwe ndi kwakukulu ndi kusiyana kwina, ngakhale kukufanana kwambiri.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi malovu aku India
Indian cobra, malinga ndi subspecies, amakhala ku Africa, pafupifupi ku Asia komanso, ku India. M'madera omwe kale anali USSR, nkhanuzi ndizofala pakukula kwa maiko amakono: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan - boma la Central Asia cobra limakhala kuno.
Amasankha malo osiyanasiyana okhala kuchokera m'nkhalango kupita kumapiri. Pamiyala yamatanthwe, amakhala m'miyala ndi m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ku China, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'minda ya mpunga.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa India wa cobra
Mitundu ya njoka zapoizoni siziopa munthu konse ndipo nthawi zambiri imatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba yake kapena kuminda yolimidwa kuti ikololedwe. Nthawi zambiri indian cobra naya amapezeka m'nyumba zosiyidwa, zotayika.
Cobra yamtunduwu sichiwopseza anthu ngati sawona chiopsezo ndi nkhanza kwa iwo, imaluma, kubayirira poizoni, kumangodziteteza ndipo nthawi zambiri siiyo mimbulu yomwe imasokoneza, koma imakhumudwitsa.
Kupanga koyamba, kumatchulidwanso kuti ndi yachinyengo, India cobra samatulutsa chakupha, koma amangopanga mutu, ngati chenjezo kuti kuponya kotsatira kungaphe.
Chithunzithunzi ndi cobra wa ku India
Zochita, ngati njokayo idatha kubaya poizoni pakuluma, ndiye kuti kulumidwa kulibe mwayi wopulumuka. Giramu imodzi yokha ya ndulu ya cobra ku India imatha kupha agalu opitirira zana limodzi.
Kumulavulira cobra Kodi masamba am'madzi otchedwa Indian cobra amatchedwa chiyani Nthawi zambiri samaluma.Njira yachitetezo chake imakhazikitsidwa ndi kapangidwe kazake ka ngalande za mano zomwe chiphe chake chimalowetsedwa.
njira izi zili osati pansi pa mano, koma ndege awo ofukula ndi pamene ngozi limapezeka mu mawonekedwe a chilombo ndi, njoka ili sprinkles poizoni pa izo, mpaka mamita awiri, aiming mu maso. Ngati ululu akulowa diso Kakhungu, ndi amayaka diso ndi nyama wotaya losavuta kumva za masomphenya, ngati poizoni si mofulumira kusambitsa, mopitirira wathunthu khungu n'zotheka.
Dziwani kuti cobra yaku India imakhala ndi mano achidule, osafanana ndi njoka zina zapoizoni ndipo m'malo mwake amakhala okhwima, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawadula ndikuphwanya, koma atsopano amabwera mwachangu m'malo mwa mano owonongeka.
Mu India, pali mamba zosiyanasiyana terrariums ndi anthu. Anthu kuphunzitsa mtundu wa njoka ntchito phokoso la zida mphepo, ndi iwo ali wosangalala kwambiri zithunzi zosiyanasiyana ndi chotenga mbali.
Pa intaneti mutha kupeza mavidiyo ambiri komanso chithunzi wa mamba Indian ndi munthu amene akuimba chitoliro, amapanga mbali imeneyi adzauka pa mchira, kutsegula nyumba ndi, titero, kuvina nyimbo lozungulira.
Amwenye ali ndi malingaliro abwino ku mitundu iyi ya njoka, powayesa chuma chamayiko. Anthu awa ali zikhulupiriro zambiri ndi epics kugwirizana ndi mamba Indian. M'maiko ena, mamba uyu ndi kotchuka kwambiri.
Imodzi mwa nkhani zodziwika bwino kwambiri zokhudza nkhokwe ya ku India ndi nthano ya wolemba wotchuka Rudyard Kipling wotchedwa "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi". Limasimba za nkhondo pakati pa opandamantha mongoose pang'ono ndi mamba Indian.
Kodi kuchita ngati pang'ono mamba
Ngati adatha kukhumudwitsa njokayo kapena kukwiya, ndiye kuti ikhoza kuukira. Chonde dziwani kuti malo a kuluma zapoizoni ndi zambiri mkono ndi mwendo, zimene zikusonyeza zinalephereka chidwi munthu. A kuluma wa mamba aliyense akhoza chakupha ngati tingathe Sadadzipangire. Kusiyanitsa kokha ndi nthawi yowonekera.
Mwachitsanzo, ululu wa yayikulu Asian mamba amachita pa munthu pang'onopang'ono, imfa sadzafika nthawi yomweyo, koma pakapita maola angapo, kapena masiku angapo. Ndipo mfumu mamba ndi kutitsogolera pano. Poizoni wake amagwira ntchito theka la ora, ndipo munthu amatha kufa. Kodi ndinene kuti ngati panali milandu pamene ngakhale njovu anafa ake kuluma!
mamba njoka - neurotoxin yolimba. Lanu minofu kutilepheretsa, mtima wako wayamba ndithu ndipo inu suffocate. Pali ululu kwambiri, koma nseru, suffocation, chizungulire, kusanza, kupweteka, kukomoka, ndipo chikomokere zitheka.
Thandizo loyamba ndi ili:
- Ikani munthu kuti mutu ndi pansi pa thupi.
- Mosamala fufuzani zovala zonse; madontho a mankhwala poizoni zikhale pa izo.
- Ngati muli ndi syringe ku nduna ya zamankhwala kapena babu la mphira, yamwetsani poyizoni pachilondacho. Chabwino, ngati mankhwala adzakhala ndi magolovesi zachipatala, amavalira. Inu simusowa kuti aziyamwa pakamwa, izo sadziwa zimakhudza inu. Itha kukhala ndi omwe akukhudzidwa kawiri.
- Muzimutsuka chilonda ndi madzi oyera, ntchito aukhondo, ouma wosabala kuvala, kukanikiza izo mwamphamvu.
- Mamba njoka sayambitsa minofu necrosis, kotero inu mukhoza ntchito tourniquet kwa theka la ola pamwamba m'dera kuluma, ndiye izo ziyenera kusunthidwa. Chidule: Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa alendo opanga alendo sikungachitike nthawi zonse, ndikuluma kwina njoka izi ndizotsutsana kwathunthu!
- Ikani ayezi m'malo kuluma, ngati nkotheka. Cold amachedwetsa zotsatira za poizoni.
- Ndikofunika kuti musenzetse dzanja lanu lomwe lakhudzidwa, ndipo makamaka yesetsani kuonetsetsa kuti wolakwirayo akuyenda. Ululu kufalikira mofulumira pa kayendedwe, pamene magazi limayenda intensively kwambiri thupi lonse.
- Kumwa madzi ambiri kotero kuti poizoni excreted ndi impsozo.
Ngati nseru ikulandirani, nthawi yomweyo muzitsuka maso anu bwino lomwe. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti nthawi yomweyo dokotala. Apo ayi, kuiwala. Kuchokera ku njoka izi mumakhala mankhwala omwe amachokera ku poizoni wawo. Komanso zipangizo kukonzekera kwa mamba njoka kwa kupanga mankhwala chambiri.
Kodi mamba ndimalota za
Njoka mu maloto zimachitika pafupipafupi.Ife tiri mu nkhondo zosaoneka ndi iwo pa mlingo majini, ndi Subconsciously kuipa m'dziko athu anafotokoza mu mawonekedwe a njoka. Mabuku ambiri amaloto, pogwiritsa ntchito izi, amayesa kuchenjeza za zovuta zomwe zikubwera.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mumalota mphonje yakuda - konzekerani mavuto, njoka zambiri - dikirani miseche, cobra imasambira - imakusilira, ikupindika kukhala mphete - zinthu zosayembekezeka, zabodza - yang'ana mnzake. Ngati iye wakudya wozunzidwayo - inu mudzapusitsidwa, kapena mantha kuba.
Ngati mukuvina mpaka chitoliro - muli ndi anzeru. Njokayo ikuyandama kwa inu kapena ikukwawa - mavuto anu adzatha posachedwa. Mulimonsemo, kukumbukira zimene zimachitika mu maloto ndi inu ndi chokwawa. Kodi maloto a njoka yamkati ndi chiyani? ndizotheka kumvetsetsa ndikusintha zenizeni.
Ngati amasonyeza yekha ofooka kuposa inu Adzagonjetsa zonse, ndipo ngati inu kupereka kwa iye m'kulota, musayese tisamadandaule kukakumana mu moyo ndi mavuto anu. Nzosadabwitsa kuti mwapatsidwa chenjezo. Gwiritsani ntchito mwachangu.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
The chokwawa wa banja la Aspids. Dzinalo la mitundu ya Chilatini limamveka ngati "cholengedwa chomwe chimadya njoka." Pakadali pano, ziyeneretsozo zimasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri - Chiindonesia ndi Chitchaina. Iwo amasiyana mtundu ndi makonzedwe a mikwingwirima pa thupi, komanso kukula (Chinese ndi akuluakulu pang'ono kuposa Indonesia).
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a njokayo
Malinga ndi malongosoledwe, mtunduwu umasiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanu zina. Maonekedwe olemekezeka ndi:
- Mutu wawung'ono wosalala.
- Kukula kwakukulu ndi makatani am'mbali mwamphamvu.
- Olive kapena zofiirira, nthawi zina ndi mphete pa thupi.
- Pafupifupi mchira "wakuda" wakuda kapena wakuda bii.
Kumbuyo nthawi zambiri kumakhala toni zingapo zakuda kuposa m'mimba.
Kodi mfumu mamba moyo?
Nyama iyi imachokera ku Southeast Asia. Cobra wodziwika bwino amapezeka mu:
A wofuna kugona wakonda m'dera lotentha ndi chinyezi mkulu, amakonda kutentha, koma salola ozizira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 1937, anagwidwa ku Negri Sembilan ndikuyika London Zoo, chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya mitunduyi. Kutalika kwake kunali kochepera kuposa 6 m.
Kodi mfumu mamba kudya?
Izi zotsogola ndi zowononga zenizeni. Cobra imasaka ndikudya mtundu wake. zakudya ake zikuphatikizapo mitundu ngati wa njoka sanali poizoni, monga:
- othamanga
- ma pythons
- kraits
- mitundu ina ya nkhanu.
Nthawi zina nyama zimameza ana awo. Kuti apeze chakudya, njoka zakukwawa kwa wozunzidwayo, amakhulupirirabe mchira wake, kenako kulumidwa mu malo yovuta kwambiri pa mutu wake.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Nyamayi imadziwika ndi nkhanza, makamaka nthawi yakukhwima, pomwe anyani amalimbirana mnzake chidwi chachikazi. Komabe, wolusa samazunza munthu poyamba pokhapokha akangoyenda modzidzimutsa. Choncho, pamene anakumana ndi njoka, muyenera zinthu modekha, amaundana ndi kuima ima mpaka nyama amakwawa kutali.
4-5 pachaka, njoka zimasungunuka, ndipo njirayi imakhala yopsinjika kwa thupi la nyama yam'madzi. Ma cobras amakhala ochepa mndende, motero samakhala m'malo a zoo.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'mikhalidwe achilengedwe, moyo wa anthu munthu angafikire zaka 35-37. Kukula kwa njoka izi sikutha kufikira imfa.
Kanema: Cobra
Amuna akhoza siyanitsa ndi akazi ngakhale kukula. Pali amuna enanso ambiri. Pakamwa pa zokwawa zoterezi amatha kutalika kwambiri. mwayi Zimenezi zimathandiza nyama phwando pa nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pamaso pa pakamwa pali ma fangali akuthwa awiri. Ndi kudzera mwa iwo komwe njira zomwe zimadutsa poyizoni zimadutsa. Wina chizindikiro cha mamba ndi nyumba.
Chovala chimakhala ndi cholinga chimodzi chomveka - kuwopa adani, adani. Njoka ikaziwonetsa ndi kusilira moipa, ndiye kuti nyama kapena munthu wapafupi kwambiri.Kuti asonyeze kuti yakuluma kuluma, nyama yothira ikhoza kuthamangira kwa mdani. Mwambo wotere nthawi zambiri umagwira bwino kwambiri - njokayo imasiyidwa yokha. Koma nthawi zina nkhanu imachita nkhondo.
Kodi mamba umakhala kuti?
Oimira mitundu ya cobra ndi a thermophilic. Sangakhale komwe kuli chipale chofewa. Komabe, palinso ena. Mitundu ya Central Asia imakhala kumpoto kwa Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, ndi Uzbekistan. Kumeneko, matenthedwe ochulukira m'dzinja ndi chisanu ali otsika kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi gawo lonse limakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa.
Malo okhala zodzikongoletsera zotere ndi mayiko a Asia ndi Africa. Ku Africa, amapezeka paliponse, kudutsa zigawo. Aspids amakhalanso ku Philippinesp, Sunda Islands. Ku Europe, Russia, Ukraine, nthumwi za mtunduwu sizimapezeka.
Pazinyumba zawo zoyendetsedwa nazo bweretsani zofunika zingapo:
- nyengo yotentha,
- kupezeka kwa chakudya choyenera
- kutali ndi mizinda, anthu.
Cobras amakonda kukhala m'malo opezeka mapiri. Amakhala m'mapululu, svannah, zipululu, nkhalango zotentha. Chiwerengero chochepa chimapezekanso kumapiri. Komabe, mpaka kutalika kwamtundu mazana awiri mphambu mazana anayi. Pamwamba zokwawa sizikwera.
Chochititsa chidwi: Cobras amakonda kukhala kuthengo. Kenako akhoza kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri. Mumzindawu, njoka yapoizoni imangodikirira zoopsa zambiri.
Munkhalango zotentha, zokwawa sizobisalira tchire, pansi pa miyala. Ali akhama: amatha kusambira, kukwera mitengo. Pali mitundu yachilendo ya nkhanu yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, komwe imasaka. Amakhala m'mitsinje.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kukucheperachepera, motero mitunduyo ili pachiwopsezo. Choyambitsa chachikulu chomwe chikuwonongeka ndikugwiritsa ntchito poizoni wawo pokonzekera mankhwala ndi zodzola. Komanso kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango zotentha kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Khalidwe loteteza
Cobra yemwe ali ndi nkhawa, amakweza kutsogolo kwa thupi mpaka 1/3 kutalika kwake, ndikukulitsa khosi ndi moyandikana ndi thupi, ndikumupukusa mokuwa. Ngati munthu kapena nyama, ngakhale ichenjezedwa, ikafika pafupi, cobra nthawi zambiri amayesa kuwopseza mdaniyo ndikumuluma mwachinyengo, kuponyera mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi ndi kumenya mdulirayo ndi mutu ndi pakamwa pake, potero amateteza mano owopsa kuti asawonongeke. Kudziyikira kumbuyo komwe kumakhala koopseza ndichinthu chobadwa nacho ndipo njoka zikasambidwa kumene zimakhala pachiwopsezo chilichonse.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Kugawidwa ku Turkmenistan (kupatula madera akumpoto chakumadzulo-kumadzulo), kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Tajikistan, kumwera kwa Uzbekistan (kumpoto mpaka kumapeto kwa Nura-Tau, mapiri a Bel-Tau-Ata ndi mapiri akumadzulo a ridkestan ridge, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, kumpoto- kum'mawa kwa Iran ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Chimakhala m'madambo komanso m'mapiri okongola, mapiri otsika, zigwa za mitsinje yokhala ndi malo amphepete mwa nyanja, mapiri ndi malo otsetsereka pakati pamiyala ndi zitsamba, nthawi zambiri pakati pa nyumba zosiyidwa, m'mphepete mwa ngalande paminda yothiriridwa, m'mphepete mwa minda ndi m'minda. Nthawi zambiri yomwe imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, imalowanso m'zipululu zopanda mchenga, pomwe imamatira m'magulu a ma gerbils omwe ali pakati pa mapiri ndi malo otsetsereka. M'mapiri, omwe amagawidwa pamtunda wamtunda wa 2000 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Chitetezo
Mwachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mamba kumakhala kulikonse, motero kumakhala kotetezedwa. M'madambo amchenga, zinthu zili bwino kwambiri: M'madera ena, chiwerengero chikuchepa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala zigwa za mitsinje, zipululu za piedmont komanso malo opezekapo malo, komwe malo omwe amawonongedwa chifukwa cha chitukuko chamachuma, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Monga mtundu wosowa (mtundu 3) udalembedwa mu Red Book of the USSR (1984), Uzbekistan (1983) ndi Turkmenistan (1985).Iwo anali otetezedwa mu nkhokwe ya Turkmenistan: Badkhyz, Repetek, Kopetdag, Syunt-Khasardag ndi Hasan-Kuli zigawo zina za Krasnovodsky malo, mu Uzbekistan: Aral-Paygambarsky ndi Karakulsky, mu Tajikistan - mu Tigrovaya Balka. Pakadali pano, mitundu yakuchepa iyi (mtundu 2) yalembedwa mu Red Book of Turkmenistan (1999) ndi Uzbekistan (2003) - gulu 3, udindo NT. Mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse kuyambira mu 1986 mpaka 1994, cobra ya ku Central Asia idalembedwa ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha (Endangered). Kuyambira cha m'ma 90s mpaka lero, ndi IUCN ndi mitundu ndi udindo ndi CHOSADZIWIKA mu List Red chifukwa chosowa deta zamakono zochuluka ake. Kuphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto II CITES.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Nyengo ya kuswana kwa cobra ili mu Januware -Februwari, kapena masika. M'nyengo yozizira, Indian mamba amakonda kawetedwe, mu kasupe - chapakati ku Asia. Mazira amaikidwa miyezi ingapo mutachira: mu Epulo, Meyi, kapena miyezi iwiri yoyambirira. Mlingo wa chonde cha aliyense wa mitunduyo ndiosiyana. Pafupifupi chiwerengero cha mazira ranges ku zidutswa eyiti kapena sevente pa nthawi.
Mazira amaikidwa m'malo obisika. Nthawi zambiri, izi ndizovala zamiyala kapena mulu wawung'ono wamasamba otsika. Pali mamba kuti abereke ana moyo yomweyo. Uku ndi njoka ya kolala. Izi zitha kubereka anthu makumi asanu ndi limodzi nthawi imodzi. zomangamanga ndi kutetezedwa ndi akazi. Oimira ena pagululi samangoyang'anira, komanso amakonzekeretsa chisa chokoma cha ana mtsogolo. Amuna nawonso amatenga gawo lokangalika. Amakhalabe ndi chimodzi wawo mpaka kuswa mwa anawo.
Panthawi ya kubereka kwa ana mu mazira, oimira ena a cobras amawonetsa kukwiya. Mwachitsanzo, Indian, cobra yachifumu. Iwo mwachangu ndiponso azitengapo kwambiri galimoto akunja kuchokera zisa za. Pakakhala ngozi yayikulu, amatha kuukira adani mosakonzekera. Kites amabadwa pawokha. Pa chiyambi kwambiri, kukhala poizoni pang'ono, anthu achinyamata agwire makamaka pa nyama yaing'ono. Ngakhale tizilombo tina titha kukhala chakudya chawo.