Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Subfamily: | Equinae |
Subtype: | † Tarpan |
- Equus f. equiferus pallas, 1811
- Equus f. gmelini Antonius, 1912
- Equus f. sylvestris Brincken, 1826
- Equus f. silvaticus Vetulani, 1928
- Equus f. tarpan Pidoplichko, 1951
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Tarpan (lat. Equus ferus ferus, Equus gmelini) - kholo losatha la kavalo woweta, gulu lokhalamo kavalo wakuthengo. Panali mitundu iwiri: steppe tarpan (Latin E. gmelini gmelini Antonius, 1912) ndi nkhalango tarpan (Latin E. gmelini silvaticus Vetulani, 1927-1928). Munakhala zigwa komanso mapiri okhala ku Europe, komanso kunkhalango za Central Europe. Pofika zaka za zana la 18 - 19, idafalikira kwambiri m'matanthwe a mayiko angapo ku Europe, madera akumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ku Russia, ku Western Siberia ndi ku Western Kazakhstan.
Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane koyamba kwa tarpan kunapangidwa ndi katswiri wachilengedwe waku Germany mu ntchito ya Russia S. G. Gmelin mu "Kuyenda ku Russia kuti Akafufuze Zolemba Zitatu Zachilengedwe" (1771). Woyamba mu sayansi kunena kuti tarpans si akavalo abodza, koma nyama zamtchire zakale, anali Joseph N. Shatilov. Awiri mwa mabuku ake "Letter to Y. N. Kalinovsky. Lipoti la Tarpana (1860) ndi Lipoti la Tarpana (1884) ndizolemba zakuyamba kwa kafukufuku wamasayansi wakuda. Magawo ali ndi dzina lasayansi Equus ferus gmelini kokha mu 1912, atatha.
Kufotokozera kwanyimbo
Tepe lodziyimira linali laling'ono komanso lalitali ngati mutu, koma m'makutu mwake, lalifupi, lopindika, lalitali kwambiri, nthawi yayitali komanso lalitali komanso lalitali. Mtundu wa chilimwe unali wunifolomu yakuda, yofiirira kapena yachikasu, nthawi yozizira inali yopepuka, ya murine (mbewa), yokhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakumbuyo kumbuyo. Miyendo, mankhusu ndi mchira wake ndi zakuda, zilembo zamkati pa miyendo. Mane, ngati kavalo wa Przhevalsky, wayimirira. Ubweya wofatsa unkalola kuti tsimbalo lipulumuke nyengo yozizira. Zingwe zamphamvu sizimafunikira mahatchi. Kutalika kofota kufikira 136. cm.
Mtambo wa tarpan umasiyana ndi steppe mu kukula kocheperako komanso thupi lofooka.
Nyama zinali zodyetsa, nthawi zina zolengedwa mazana angapo, zomwe zimagwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndikutulutsa mutu kumutu. Malipenga anali akhungu kwambiri, osamala komanso amanyazi.
Kuzindikiritsa tarpan ngati gawo lina la kavalo wamtchire ndizovuta zake chifukwa chakuti mzaka zana zapitazi zakhalapo kuthengo, tarpan yosakanikirana ndi mahatchi apakhomo, omwe adamenyedwa ndikubedwa ndi akavalo a tarpan. Ofufuza oyamba a steppe tarpan adati ... "kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 18, maula a pompo anali ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kapena kuposerapo a nyumba zosweka ndi ma bastard". Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, monga momwe S.G. Gmelin, tarpans anali akadali ndi mane oyimirira, koma pofika kumapeto kwawo kukhala kuthengo, chifukwa chosakanikirana ndi mahatchi abwinowa, ma tarpans omaliza a kale anali ndi ma man ofanana, ngati kavalo wanthawi zonse. Komabe, molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha craniological, asayansi amasiyanitsa tarpans ndi mahatchi apakhomo, poganizira zonsezo ndi mitundu ina yamtundu womwewo monga "kavalo wamtchire". Kafukufuku wamtundu wamakono a tarpan omwe adalipo sanawonetse kusiyana kwa mahatchi apakhomo, okwanira kupatula tarpan kukhala mitundu ina.
Kugawa
Dziko la Tarpan ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe ndi gawo la ku Europe la Russia.
Munthawi yamakedzana, phula la steppan linagawidwa kumapiri ndi kumapiri a ku Europe (mpaka 55 ° N), ku Western Siberia komanso kudera la Western Kazakhstan. M'zaka za XVIII, ma tarps ambiri adapezeka pafupi ndi Voronezh. Mpaka ma 1870s, tinakumana mgawo la Ukraine wamakono.
Nkhalangoyi inakhala ku Central Europe, Poland, Belarus ndi Lithuania.
Ku Poland ndi East Prussia, adakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa XVIII - kuyambira kwa zaka za XIX. Ma tarpans a m'nkhalango, omwe amakhala m'malo opanga zida zam'madzi mumzinda wa Poland wa Zamosc, adagawidwa kwa alimi mu 1808. Chifukwa chakuchulukana kwaulere ndi mahatchi apakhomo, adapatsa otchedwa Polish conic - kavalo yaying'ono imvi yofanana ndi tarpan yokhala ndi "lamba" wakuda kumbuyo kwake ndi miyendo yakuda.
Kutha
Nthawi zambiri zimavomerezedwa kuti stepp tarpans idatha chifukwa cholima mapondawo pansi paminda, kutuluka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi magulu a ziweto, komanso mpaka kuwonongedwa pang'ono ndi anthu. Panthawi yachisanu yozizira idagwa, ma tarpans nthawi zambiri ankadya udzu wosiyidwa osasamalidwa, ndipo munthawi yokonzekera, nthawi zina amatenga ndikubera ma Homer, omwe munthu amawalondera. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama ya akavalo amtchire inkawonedwa ngati chakudya chabwino komanso chosowa kwambiri kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo kavalo wakuthengo anawonetsa ulemu wa kavalo pansi pa akavalo, ngakhale kunali kovuta kutengera tarpan.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, munthu amawonabe mtanda pakati pa tarpan ndi kavalo wakunyumba ku Zoo ya Moscow.
Forest tarpan idathetsedwa ku Central Europe mu Middle Ages, ndipo kum'mawa kwa masanjidwewo m'zaka za 16 - 18, omaliza adaphedwa mu 1814 mdera la dera lamakono la Kaliningrad.
M'mitundu yambiri (kuchokera ku Azov, Kuban ndi Don steppes), mahatchi awa adasowa kumapeto kwa XVIII - zaka zoyambirira za XIX. Ma tarpans atali kwambiri adasungidwa kumapiri a Black Sea, komwe anali ambiri kale mu 1830s. Komabe, pofika m'ma 1860s masukulu awo okha ndiomwe adasungidwa, ndipo mu Disembala 1879, tarpan yomaliza mwanjira yachilengedwe idaphedwa m'chigawo cha Taurida pafupi ndi mudzi wa Aghaimany (dera la Kherson masiku ano, makilomita 35 kuchokera ku Askania-Nova [K 1]. Ali ku ukapolo, zigumukirazi zinkakhala kwakanthawi. Chifukwa chake, ku Zoo ya Moscow mpaka kumapeto kwa ma 1880 kavalo adapulumuka, adagwidwa mu 1866 pafupi ndi Kherson. Otsiriza otsiriza a subspecies awa adamwalira mu 1918 mu malo pafupi ndi Mirgorod m'chigawo cha Poltava. Tsopano chigaza cha tarpanchi chimasungidwa mu Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, ndipo mafupa amasungidwa mu Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of St. Petersburg.
Amonke achikatolika amati nyama ya kavalo wamtchire ndi chinthu chabwino. Papa Gregory Wachitatu anakakamizidwa kuletsa izi: "Mwaloleza ena kudya nyama ya akavalo amtchire, ambiri, ndi nyama ya zoweta," adalemba ku nyumba yachifumu ina. "Kuyambira tsopano, Atate Woyera, musalole izi konse."
M'modzi wa mboni zakusaka kwa tarpan akulemba kuti: "Adazisaka nthawi yozizira pachisanu kwambiri: Atangoyerekeza gulu la akavalo akuthengo, akwera mahatchi abwino kwambiri komanso othamanga ndipo amayesa kuzungulira zingwe zamtunda kuchokera kutali. Izi zikachita bwino, alenjewo amalumphira pomwepo. Iwo amathamanga kuthamanga. Mahatchi othamangitsana kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo pamapeto pake, ana aang'ono amatopa ndikuthamanga chisanu. "
Kuyesa kubwerezanso zamtunduwu
Abale a ku Germany a Heinz ndi a Lutz Heck ku Munich Zoo mu 1930s adapanga mtundu wa akavalo (Heck kavalo), wofanana ndi tarpan yomwe sinawoneke. Chiwonetsero choyamba cha pulogalamuyi chinayamba mu 1933. Kunali kuyesa kobwezeretsanso tarpan phenotype mwa kuwoloka mobwerezabwereza akavalo okhala ndi zinthu zakale.
Kudera la Chipolishi la Belovezhskaya Pushcha, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kuchokera kwa anthu omwe amatengedwa kuchokera ku minda yamafamu (momwe munthawi zosiyanasiyana panali tarpans ndikubala ana), otchedwa ma tarpan-like mahatchi (ma conics), akunja akuwoneka ngati tarpans, adabwezeretsedwa mwansanje ndikumasulidwa . Pambuyo pake, akavalo a tarpan adabweretsedwa ku gawo la Belarus la Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
Mu 1999, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) mchimake polojekitiyi idagulitsa mahatchi 18 kutsogolo kwa Lake Papes kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Latvia. Mu 2008, panali ena 40 mwa iwo.