Kodi ng'ombe ya Steller idadyetsa kuti? * Amayi

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Wofunsidwa wa Sayansi Yachilengedwe Nikolai Vekhov. Chithunzi cha wolemba

Pachilumba cha Bering, chomwe chili m'gulu la zisumbu za Commander Islands, ndinakumana koyamba m'chilimwe cha 1971, nditayamba kuphunzira pasukulu yophunzitsa zamankhwala ku Moscow State University, ndinatola zofunikira kuphunzira zisudzo. Kuyambira pamenepo ndakhala ndichidwi ndi chilichonse chokhudzana ndi Commanders, ndipo sindinasiye maloto anga kuti ndikhalenso m'magawo awa. Zaka zitatu zapitazo, pakuyitanidwa ndi utsogoleri wa Komandorsky Reserve, ndinapita pachilumba chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri cha zisumbu - Medny, komwe ndidaphunzira zamalo achilengedwe.

Zomwe zilumbazi zimakhala ndi zinsinsi zambiri. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mbiri ya zomwe zapezedwa ndikukula kwa madera amenewa. Ofukula a Commander Islands anapeza m'madzi awo chilombo chachikulu cham'madzi, chomwe, mwa malamulo onse a biology, sichingakhale m'madzi ozizira a kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean.

Kodi chilombo ichi ndi chiyani chomwe chidzawakonzera?

Zolinga zoyambira gawo lomaliza la Second Kamchatka Expedition cha 1733-1743 motsogozedwa ndi woyendetsa maofesi owoneka bwino komanso owunikira polumikizana ndi Captain-Commander Vitus Bering (onani Science and Life No. 5, 1981) zinali zazikulu: kufufuza gombe la Arctic la Siberia ndi Far East, kuti usadziwe oyendetsa maulendo apanyanja opita kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa America, ndikufikanso kugombe la Japan. Kupambana kwakukulu kwaulendo wosayerekezeka uku ndi kupezeka kwa Commander Islands.

Pa Juni 4, 1741, ma boti awiri apaketi, "Woyera Mtumwi Peter" motsogozedwa ndi Vitus Bering ndi "Woyera Mtumwi Paul", yemwe woyang'anira wawo adasankhidwa Alexey Ilyich Chirikov, adachoka pagombe la Kamchatka m'dera la Petropavlovsk Ostrog, pomwe mzinda wa Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky udakula. Posakhalitsa adasiyidwa ndi chifunga champhamvu ndipo adasitha wina ndi mnzake. "Woyera Peter", atasaka masiku atatu osafuna sitima yachiwiriyo, adayenda yekha. Ngakhale kuli chimphepo chamkuntho ndi chimphepo champhamvu, bwatolo la paketi lidakafika ku Chilumba cha Kodiak kugombe la America. Pobwerera, ngalawa ya oyendetsa sitimayo olimba mtima, yothamangitsidwa ndi nyengo yoopsa, idalephera ndipo idawonongeka. Imfa idawoneka ngati yosapeweka, koma mwadzidzidzi oyendetsa sitimayo atawona mwadzidzidzi chisumbu chosadziwikacho ndikufika pa Novembala 4, 1741. Zambiri pachisanu pachilumbachi chinali chiyeso chovuta. Si onse omwe ankayimirira. Commander Commander Vitus Bering amwalira. Apa adayikidwa. Chilumbacho chidadziwika pambuyo pake, ndipo zisumbu zonse, kuphatikizapo zilumba zinayi (Bering, Medny, Ariy Kamen ndi Toporkov), zidatchedwa zilumba za Komandorski.

Sitima yachiwiri yonyamula katundu "Woyera Paul Paul", motsogozedwa ndi wamkulu wa mkulu wa asilikali Alexei Chirikov, adafika pagombe la America ndipo pa Okutobala 11 chaka chimenecho adabwerera ku Kamchatka.

Pakati pa omwe amagwirizana nawo a Bering, omwe adakhala opanikiza nyengo, anali dokotala komanso wodziwa zachilengedwe, wolemba zochitika zachilengedwe ku Yunivhesiti ya St. George Wilhelm Steller (onani Science and Life No. 11, 2002). Poyamba adapita kukaphunzira zaulendo wapamtunda, koma adalakalaka kutenga nawo mbali paulendo wam'nyanja womwe ukubwera. Mu 1741, a George Steller anaphatikizidwanso m'ngalawa ya boti la "Woyera wa Peter". Wasayansiyi adachitira umboni ndikuchita nawo zopezeka ku Commander Islands ndi wokhazikitsa njira zodziwonera za sayansi, nyama zam'madzi - zisindikizo za ubweya (amphaka), mikango yam'nyanja ndi ma otter a nyanja (ma beaver a nyanja), nyengo ndi nthaka, mapiri ndi malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo ena achilengedwe a mayiko awa. .

Steller anapeza pa Commanders nyama yam'madzi yapadera kwambiri - ng'ombe yam'nyanja (Hydrodamalis gigas), dzina lake atatulutsa Steller. Dzina lachiwiri - kabichi (Rhytina borealis) - linapangidwa ndi wasayansi wachilengedwe. Nyama zam'madzi zimasonkhana m'tchire ku malo otchedwa kabichi pakati pa tinthu tambiri tofiirira, makamaka tinthu tofiirira, tambiri tambiri tambiri. Poyamba, Steller adakhulupirira kuti anali kuchita ndi manatees, omwe ku North America amatchedwa manats kapena manatis (pambuyo pake dzinali linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolengedwa zonse zowoneka ngati zapamadzi zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo ng'ombe yam'nyanja). Koma posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti anali kulakwitsa.

Steller anali yekhayo wachilengedwe yemwe mu zenizeni yemwe adawona chilombochi, adayang'ana momwe adawonekera ndikumufotokozera. Malinga ndi zolemba zam'magazini zomwe a S. S. Berg adalemba m'buku la “Discover of Kamchatka and Kamchatka's Bering explies. 1725-1742 ”(L. Publishing House of the Glavsevmorputi, 1935), mutha kulingalira momwe nyamayo inkawonekera.

"Ku navel, imawoneka ngati chosindikizira, ndipo kuchokera ku navel mpaka mchira, imawoneka ngati nsomba. Chigoba chake ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi cha kavalo, koma mutu wake umakutidwa ndi nyama ndi ubweya, amafanana, makamaka milomo yake, mutu wa njati. Mkamwa, m'malo mwa mano, mbali iliyonse pali mafupa awiri otambalala, owala, osalala komanso opindika. Chimodzi mwa izo chimakhala chamkati, china kumka kunsi kwapansi. Pamafupa awa pali ma geno omwe ali ndi mitundu yambiri yomwe imatembenuka molunjika pakona ndikuwotcha chimanga chomwe nyamayo imapera chakudya chake - nyama zam'nyanja ...

Mutu umalumikizidwa ndi thupi ndi khosi lalifupi. Omveka kwambiri ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ndi chifuwa. Miyendo ndi yolumikizana awiri, yomaliza yomwe ili yofanana ndi mwendo wa kavalo. Pansi pa miyendo yakutsogolo iyi yokhala ndi cholembera chamabampu ambiri okhala ndi miyala yambiri. Kudzera pazala izi ndi zibwano zopanda pake pamavuto awo, nyamayo imasambira, ikugwetsa mbewu zam'madzi pamiyala ndipo [...] ikakankha mbali yake [...].

Kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe yam'madzi ndizovuta kusiyanitsa kuchokera kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe, msana umakhala wotchuka, mbali zakumaso ndizowonekera kutalika konse kwa thupi.

Mimba ndiyazungulira, yotambasuka ndipo imakhala yodzaza kwambiri kotero kuti, ndi bala laling'ono, matumbo amaliza. Mwakulingana, zikuwoneka ngati mimba ya chule [...]. Mchira, momwe umayandikira kumapeto, kulocha miyendo yakumbuyo, imakhala yopyapyala, koma m'lifupi mwake kutsogolo kwa fin kumayandikira theka la mita. Kuphatikiza pa kumaliza kumapeto kwa mchira, nyamayo ilibe zipsepse zina, ndipo izi zimasiyana ndi zinsomba mu izi. Chimalizitali ndi chozungulira ngati chinsomba komanso dolphin.

Khungu la nyama ili ndi mawonekedwe apawiri. Khungu lakunja ndi lakuda kapena lofiirira wakuda, inchi yakuda komanso yofiyira, pafupifupi ngati nkhata, pali makola ambiri, makwinya ndi zodetsa nkhawa kuzungulira mutu [...]. Khungu lamkati limakhala lokwera kuposa bovine, lokhalitsa komanso loyera. Pansi pake pali wosanjikiza wamafuta womwe umazungulira thupi lonse la nyama. Makulidwe amafuta ali ndi zala zinayi kukula kwake. Kenako amatsatira nyamayo.

"Ndimayesa kulemera kwa nyama yokhala ndi khungu, minofu, nyama, mafupa ndi viscera pa mapaundi 200."

Steller adawona mitembo yayikulu yanyumba ikulirakulira pamtunda wamtali, womwe, mwa kuyerekeza kwake koyenera, amawoneka ngati mabwato aku Dutch adasunthira pansi. Ataziwona kwakanthawi, asayansi yachilengedwe adazindikira kuti nyamazo zimakhala m'gulu la nyama zomwe sizimadziwika kale m'gulu lankhondo zam'madzi. M'dongosolo lake analemba kuti: "Ngati atandifunsa kuti ndawawona angati ku Bering Island, sindingachedwe kuyankha - sangawerenge, ndiwowerengeka ... Mwangozi, ndidapeza mwayi wamiyezi khumi kuti ndione momwe moyo ndi zikhalidwe zikuyendera. mwa nyama izi ... Tsiku lililonse ankawoneka pafupi ndi khomo lanyumba yanga. "

Kukula kwa kabichi kunali kofanana ndi njovu kuposa ng'ombe. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa chigoba chachiwonetsero chakuwonetsedwa ku St Petersburg Zoological Museum, komwe, malinga ndi asayansi, ali ndi zaka 250, ndi mamita 7.5 Mitundu yakumpoto ya zolengedwa zam'madzi zochokera ku banja lakale la sirems inali yopambana kwambiri: kufikira pachifuwa cha colossus chotere kuposa mita 6!

Malinga ndi malongosoledwe otsalawo a mamembala omwe amachoka pa ulendowo Vitus Bering ndipo atapita kukawedza asodzi a Commander, malo omwe ng'ombe za Steller zinali zochepa kuzilumba ziwiri zazikuluzikuluzi - Bering ndi Medny, ngakhale akatswiri amakono akunena kuti malo ake anali ochulukirapo panthawi ya prehistoric. Modabwitsa, nyama zidapezeka m'madzi ozizira, kum'mwera pang'ono kwa malire a ayezi, pomwe abale ake apamtima - dugongs ndi manatees - amakhala m'madzi otentha. Zikuoneka kuti, khungu lakuda lomwe linali ngati khungwa la mtengo komanso mafuta osiririka omwe adathandizira ng'ombe ya Steller kuti isamawotchedwe mozizira.

Titha kumaganiza kuti mbalame zamkabichi sizidayende mtunda wautali kwambiri chifukwa sizimatha kulowa m'madzi pofunafuna chakudya, komanso, munyanja zidayamba kugwidwa. Nyama zinkadutsa pakati pa msondodzi mothandizidwa ndi zitsa ziwiri kutsogolo kwa thupi, zokhala ngati zingwe, ndipo m'madzi akuya zimadziwunjikira cham'mbuyo, zimawomba nkondo ndi chingwe chachikulu. Khungu la kabichi silinali losalala, ngati manatee kapena dugong. Pakatikati pa nyamayi panali dzina lanyama - Rhytina Stellerii, lomwe limatanthawuza "Steller Steller".

Ng'ombe zam'nyanja, monga tafotokozera kale, zinali zamasamba. Atakumana ndi magulu azikuru, adatuta nkhalango zam'madzi zamitengo yayitali kutalika. Malinga ndi Steller, "nyama zomwe sizikwaniritsidwa, zimatha kudya, chifukwa chosakhuta, nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika m'madzi. Panthawiyo, zikamadyedwa chonchi, zilibe nkhawa zina, mphindi pafupifupi zinayi kapena zisanu zilizonse akatulutsa mphuno zawo pamodzi ndi kasupe wamadzi kuti atulutse mpweya m'mapapu. Phokoso lomwe amapanga nthawi yomweyo limafanana ndi nthawi yomweyo yamahatchi, yolumpha ndi yolira [...]. Sakhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zikuchitika, osasamala konse za kuteteza moyo wawo ndi chitetezo. ”

Ndikosatheka kuweruza kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe ya Steller panthawi ya Vitus Bering. Amadziwika kuti Steller adawona kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kabichi komwe kuli anthu 1,500-22,000. Ma Mariners ati adaona nyamayi pa Commanders "zochulukazo." Makonda akuluakulu adawonedwa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Bering Island, pa cape, yomwe kenako imadziwika kuti Cape Manati.

M'nyengo yozizira, ng'ombe zam'nyanja zinali zochepa kwambiri ndipo, malinga ndi Steller, zinali zoonda kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kuwerengera ma vertebrae onse. Munthawi imeneyi, nyama zimatha kulowa pansi pa madzi oundana, osakhala ndi mphamvu zowakankha ndi kupumira mpweya. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amapezeka kabichi wosweka ndi madzi oundana ndikutsukidwa. Chiyeso chachikulu kwa iwo chinali chimphepo chamasiku onse ku Commander Islands. Ng'ombe zam'madzi zopanda ntchito nthawi zambiri sizinali ndi nthawi yopumira m'mphepete mwa gombe, ndipo adaponyedwa ndi mafunde pamiyala, pomwe adamwalira chifukwa chomenya miyala. Owona m'maso adati abale nthawi zina amayesera kuthandiza nyama zovulala, koma, monga lamulo, sizinaphule kanthu. "Chithandizo chofananira" chofananacho asayansi pambuyo pake adazindikira mu machitidwe a nyama zina zam'madzi - ma dolphin ndi anamgumi.

Zochepa sizodziwika za moyo wa ng'ombe zam'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, Steller adadabwitsidwa ndizodziwika bwino kwa kabichi. Amawalola anthu kuyandikira pafupi kwambiri kuti athe kugwirana ndi manja kuchokera kumtunda. Osangogwira. Anthu ankapha nyama chifukwa cha nyama yokoma. Kuchulukitsa kwa ng'ombe kunachitika mu 1754, ndipo omaliza anazimiririka pafupifupi 1768. Mwanjira ina, ng'ombe yam'nyanja - mtundu wakumpoto kwambiri wa banja la zozizwitsa zachilendo - idawonongedwa zaka 27 zokha itapezeka.

Pafupifupi zaka 250 zapita kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, koma ngakhale masiku ano, pakati pa asayansi komanso anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi, pali othandizira ambiri omwe amathandizira kuti "siren kumpoto" ndi amoyo, kungoti, chifukwa cha ochepa, ndizovuta kwambiri kuipeza. Nthawi zina zambiri zimawoneka kuti "monster" uyu adawonedwa wamoyo. Nkhani zowonera ndi maso zomwe zimapereka chiyembekezo kuti nyama zazing'onoting'ono za Steller zitha kukhalabe ndi moyo m'malo opanda phokoso. Mwachitsanzo, mu Ogasiti 1976, kudera la Cape Lopatka (dera la kumwera kwenikweni kwa Peninsula ya Kamchatka), akatswiri awiri a zamatsenga akuti adawona ng'ombe ya Steller. Amadzinenera kuti adziwa zinsomba, zinsomba zakupha, zisindikizo, mikango yam'nyanja, zisindikizo, zotsekera panyanja ndi walruse bwino ndipo sangathe kusokoneza nyama yosadziwika ndi iwo. Adawona chilombo chikuyenda pang'onopang'ono m'madzi osaya pafupifupi mikono isanu. Kuphatikiza apo, owonera adanena kuti imayenda m'madzi ngati funde: woyamba mutu udawoneka, kenako thupi lalikulu ndi mchira. Mosiyana ndi zisindikizo ndi ma sandraya, omwe miyendo yake yakumbuyo imakanikizidwa ndikuyang'ana ngati ntchentche, munyama adawona kuti mchirawo unali ngati chinsomba. Zaka zingapo izi zisanachitike, mu 1962, zidziwitso zakukumana ndi manat zidachokera kwa asayansi kuchokera ku chombo chofufuzira ku Soviet. Oyendetsa sitima adawona nyama zazikulu zisanu ndi imodzi zakuda zomwe zimadya m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi Cape Navarin, ndikutsukidwa ndi Nyanja ya Bering. Mu 1966, nyuzipepala ya Kamchatka idafotokoza kuti asodzi awonanso ng'ombe zam'madzi kumwera kwa Cape Navarin. Kuphatikiza apo, adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwatsatanetsatane zanyama.

Kodi ndizotheka kukhulupirira zambiri zotere? Kupatula apo, mboni zowona ndi maso sizinali ndi zithunzi kapena kanema wamakanema. Zinyama zina zapamadzi zakunyumba ndi zakunja zimati palibe umboni wodalirika wonena za ng'ombe za Steller kulikonse kunja kwa Commander Islands. Nthawi yomweyo, pali mfundo zina zomwe zimapangitsa kukayikira kulondola kwa lingaliro ili.

Wolemba mbiri G.F. Miller, yemwe amatenga nawo gawo paulendo wachiwiri wa Kamchatka, adalemba kuti: "Tiyenera kuganiza kuti iwo (Aleuts. - Approx. Author.) Amadyetsa makamaka nyama zam'nyanja, zomwe zimapezeka munyanja momwemo, izi: mahales, manats (ng'ombe za Steller. - Ndemanga za wolemba), mikango yam'nyanja, amphaka am'nyanja, ma beaver (maatter sea, kapena ma nyanja osuntha. - Ndemanga ya wolemba) ndi zisindikizo ... "Chidziwitso chotsatirachi chimatha kukhala umboni wotsimikiza wamawu a asayansi: m'zaka za zana la 20, mafupa a ng'ombe ya Steller kuyambira nthawi ya prehistoric ( pafupifupi zaka 3,700 zapitazo), yopezeka kawiri konse komanso nthawi zonse - yomwe ili ku Aleutsky x zilumba. Mwanjira ina, ngakhale kuti Steller ndi asodziwo adangoona kabichi pa Zilumba za Bering ndi Medny, kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zam'nyanjayi kuphatikizidwa, zikuwoneka kuti, ndi madzi am'mphepete mwa zilumba zakum'mawa kwa Aleutian-Commander Ridge.

Dera

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, ng'ombe za Steller zidakulitsa kwambiri nthawi yayitali kwambiri (pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazo), pomwe Nyanja ya Arctic idagawanika ndi dziko la Pacific, lomwe lili patsamba la Bering Strait yamakono, lotchedwa Beringia. Nyengo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean inali yofunda kuposa yamakono, zomwe zimaloleza kuti ng'ombe ya Steller ikhalire kumpoto chakumphepete mwa Asia.

Machedwa wapeza Pleistocene, tsimikizani zowona za kufalikira kwazinthu zambiri m'derali. Kukhazikika kwa ng'ombe ya Steller m'malo ochepa kufupi ndi Commander Islands imangotanthauza zoyipa Holocene. Ofufuzawo sapatula kuti m'malo ena ng'ombe imasowa mu nthawi zoyambirira chifukwa chazunzidwa ndi mitundu yosaka yakomweko.

Ofufuza ena aku America amakhulupirira kuti ng ombe imatha kuchepetsedwa popanda kutenga asodzi oyamba.M'malingaliro awo, ng'ombe ya Steller inali itatsala pang'ono kutha panthawi yomwe inkapezeka pazifukwa zachilengedwe.

Ng'ombe ya Steller m'zaka za zana la 18, ndiyotheka kwambiri, idakhalanso m'mizilumba yakumadzulo kwa Aleutian, ngakhale zakale za ku Soviet zapitazo zidawonetsa kuti zidziwitso za kukhazikika kwa ng'ombe m'malo omwe adadziwika kale zidangotengera zakupezeka kwa mitembo yawo yomwe idatayidwa ndi nyanja.

Mu 1960 ndi 70s, mafupa amodzi a ng'ombe ya Steller adapezekanso ku Japan ndi California. Kupeza kokhako komwe kumakhala ndi zikopa zojambulidwa bwino kwambiri kuposa momwe zinadziwikira kunapangidwa mu 1969 pachilumba cha Amchitka (chikwangwani cha Aleutian), zaka zomwe mafupa atatu omwe amapezeka pamenepo akuti anali pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi ndi ziwiri ndi ziwiri.

Zosangalatsa! Mafupa ake omwe amapezeka pachilumba cha Amchitka, ngakhale anali ndi zaka zochepa, sanali otsika poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zakale zochokera ku Commander Islands.

Mu 1971, chidziwitso chidapezeka pang'onopang'ono pakupezeka ng'ombe yakumbuyo yamakungwa pakufukula kwa msasa wa Eskimo wa m'zaka za zana la 17 ku Alaska mu beseni la Mtsinje wa Noatak. Tinazindikira kuti kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, ng'ombe ya Steller inali ponseponse pafupi ndi zilumba za Aleutian komanso gombe la Alaska, pomwe nyengo yamalo amenewa inali yotentha kwambiri.

Kufotokozera

Maonekedwe a kabichi anali odziwika kwa lilac yonse, kupatula kuti ng'ombe ya Steller inali yayikulu kwambiri kuposa abale ake kukula.

Thupi la nyama anali wonenepa komanso wopindika. Zinatha ndikoterera kobo kobo komwe kamakhala ndi recess mkati.
Mutu poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi linali laling'ono kwambiri, ndipo ng'ombeyo imatha kusuntha mutu wake mbali zonsezo mokweza ndikutsika.
Nyali zinali zazifupi zazifupi zozungulira komanso zolumikizira pakati, zimatha ndi kukula kwakukulitsa, komwe kuyerekezedwa ndi ziboda za kavalo.
Chikopa Ng'ombe ya Steller inali yopanda kanthu, yopindidwa, komanso yokhwima kwambiri, ndipo monga momwe Steller ananenera, inali ngati khungwa la mtengo wakale kwambiri. Mtundu wake unali wa imvi mpaka bulauni, nthawi zina wokhala ndi mawanga oyera ndi mikwingwirima.

Mmodzi mwa ofufuza achijeremani, omwe adasanthula chikopa chosungidwa cha ng'ombe ya Steller, adawona kuti pokhudzana ndi kulimba komanso kutanuka kuli pafupi ndi mphira wamatayala amakono zamagalimoto.

Mwinanso katundu wachikopayu anali chida choteteza chomwe chimapulumutsa nyamayo pamavuto pamiyala yomwe ili mphepete mwa nyanja.

Makutu amkhutu anali ochepa kwambiri mpaka anali atasowa pakati pa khola la khungu.
Maso analinso ochepa kwambiri, malinga ndi nkhani zowona - osati zochulukirapo kuposa za nkhosa.
Yofewa komanso yam'manja milomo anali okutidwa ndi vibrissae wokulirapo ngati nthenga za nkhuku. Milomo yapamwamba sinakhale yopanda mawonekedwe.
Mano Ng'ombe yolimbitsa thupi sinalibe. Kabichi inali pansi ndi miyala iwiri yoyendera nyanga (imodzi pa nsagwada iliyonse).
Pamaso pa ng'ombe yonyansa ikuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula sichikudziwika bwinobwino. Komabe, amunawo mwachionekere anali okulirapo kuposa zazikazi.

Ng'ombe ya Steller sinamveka kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri ankangotuluka, kuwulutsa mpweya, ndipo pokhapokha akavulala amatha kulira kwambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamayi inali ndi makutu abwino, monga zimatsimikizidwira ndi kukula kwa khutu lamkati. Komabe, ng'ombezo sizinachite kanthu chifukwa cha phokoso la maboti omwe anali kupita.

Chibale ndi mitundu ina

Ng'ombe ya Steller ndi woimira siren. Zikulu zake zoyambirira zodziwikiratu mwachionekere Ng'ombe yam'madzi yotchedwa Miugene, yemwe mafupa ake amafotokozedwa ku California.

Kholo lokhalokha la kabichi lingaganiziridwe ng'ombe yam'nyanja, omwe amakhala ku Late Miocene, zaka pafupifupi 5 miliyoni zapitazo.

Achibale amakono kwambiri a ng'ombe ya Steller mwina ndi a dugong. Ng'ombe ya Steller imaperekedwa ku banja la dugong, koma imadziwika ngati mtundu wina wa Hydrodamalis.

Moyo

Nthawi zambiri, ng'ombe za Steller zimadyetsedwa, zimasambira pang'onopang'ono m'madzi osaya, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito kutsogolo. Sanakwere, ndipo misana yawo inkatuluka m'madzi.

Nthawi zambiri mbalame za m'madzi zazikazi zimakhalira kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe, zikokozikulu (nyambo zazinkhanira) zikuluzikulu zachikopa.

Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi ndi zazikazi zimasungidwa limodzi ndi ana achimuna ndi achaka chaka chatha, koma zambiri, ng'ombe nthawi zambiri zimasunga ng'ombe zambiri. M'busa, wachinyamatayo anali pakati. Chilumikizano cha nyama wina ndi mnzake chinali champhamvu kwambiri.

Zikufotokozedwa momwe wamphongo amayenda masiku atatu kwa mkazi wakufa atagona pagombe. Mwana wa mkazi wina, wophedwa ndi akatswiri azimbudzi, nawonso adachita zomwezo.

O kubereketsa kabichi zochepa zimadziwika. Steller adalemba kuti ng'ombe zam'nyanja ndizabwino, zikukhwima, zikuoneka kuti zidachitika mchaka.

M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amapezeka kabichi wosweka ndi madzi oundana ndikutsukidwa. Chiyeso chachikulu kwa iwo chinali chimphepo chamasiku onse ku Commander Islands. Ng'ombe zam'madzi zopanda ntchito nthawi zambiri sizinali ndi nthawi yopumira m'mphepete mwa gombe, ndipo adaponyedwa ndi mafunde pamiyala, pomwe adamwalira chifukwa chomenya miyala.

Owona m'maso adati abale nthawi zina amayesera kuthandiza nyama zovulala, koma, monga lamulo, sizinaphule kanthu. "Chithandizo chofananira" chofananacho asayansi pambuyo pake adazindikira mu machitidwe a nyama zina zam'madzi - ma dolphin ndi anamgumi.

Kutalika kwa moyo Ng'ombe ya Steller, monga wachibale wake wapafupi kwambiri, amatha kufikira zaka 90. Adani achilengedwe a nyama iyi samafotokozeredwa.

Kusaka

Ogulitsa omwe adafika ku zilumba za Commander, omwe adatuta zophera nyanja pamenepo, ndipo ofufuzawo adasaka ng'ombe za Steller kuti adye nyama yawo. Kupha shrimps kabichi chinali chinthu chophweka - nyama izi zaulesi komanso zopanda ntchito, zomwe sizimatha kunyamula nyama sizimatha kuchoka pakati pa anthu kuwathamangitsa m'mabwato. Ng'ombe yosokedwa, nthawi zambiri imawonetsa ukali komanso mphamvu kotero kuti asakawo amafunafuna kuti asiyire pomwepo.

Njira yokhazikika yogwirira ng'ombe za Steller inali m'manja. Nthawi zina amaphedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamfuti.

Cholinga chachikulu chokasaka ng'ombe ya Steller chinali kuchotsa nyama. Mmodzi mwa mamembala a Bering omwe adathamangitsawa akuti kuchokera ku ng'ombe yophedwa ndiye kuti amatha kupeza matani atatu a nyama. Amadziwika kuti nyama ya ng'ombe imodzi inali yokwanira kudyetsa anthu 33 kwa mwezi umodzi. Ng'ombe zozunzidwa sizidadyedwa kokha ndi maphwando anthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri zinkatengedwa ngati chakudya. Nyama ya ng'ombe zam'nyanja inali, malinga ndi zokonda zake, kukoma kwambiri.

Pali zidziwitso zomwe mu 1755 utsogoleri wa zakhazikitsidwe pafupifupi. Bering idapereka lamulo loletsa kusaka ng'ombe zam'nyanja. Komabe, pofika nthawi imeneyi, anthu am'deralo anali atatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa.

Kupulumuka mafupa

Ng ombe za ng'ombe za Steller zaphunziridwa mokwanira. Mafupa awo siachilendo, popeza mpaka pano apeza anthu ku zilumba za Commander.

M'miyuziyamu padziko lonse lapansi pali mitundu yambiri ya mafupa ndi mafupa a nyamayi - malinga ndi malipoti ena, nyumba zakale makumi asanu ndi zinayi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zili ndi ziwonetsero zotere. Nayi ena a iwo:

Zoological Museum of Moscow University,
Khabarovsk Museum of Local Lore,
Irkutsk Regional Museum of Local Lore,
National Museum of Natural History ku Washington,
London Museum of Natural History,
National Museum of Natural History ku Paris

Khungu lambiri la ng'ombe yam'madzi limasungidwanso. Mitundu ya ng'ombe ya Steller, yomangidwanso mozama kwambiri, imapezeka m'miyuziyamu yambiri. Pakati pa ziwonetserozi, palinso mafupa osungidwa bwino.

Zitsanzo zidatengedwa pamafupa omwe adasungidwa m'malo osungirako zakale kuti aphunzire mtundu wa ng'ombe ya Steller.

Sanamwalire?

Chochititsa chidwi, atatha kupha ng'ombe za Steller, dziko lasayansi lidakondwera kangapo pofotokoza za kukumana kwa anthu okhala ndi zolengedwa zapaderazi. Tsoka ilo, palibe ngakhale imodzi yomwe idatsimikiziridwa. Nkhani zaposachedwa kwambiri zikunena za Juni 2012: Malinga ndi zofalitsa zina zapaintaneti, ng'ombe ya Steller ndiyamoyo - anthu 30 adapezeka pachilumba chaching'ono cha Canctan Archipelago ya Canada. Kusungunula ayezi kunapangitsa kuti zizitha kulowa m'makona ake akutali kwambiri, komwe ma skits amapezeka. Tikhulupirire kuti mphekeserazi zatsimikiziridwa, ndipo anthu adzatha kukonza cholakwika chake.

Mwa mafani pamakhala kukambirana za kuthekera kwa kubzala kabichi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka pazosungidwa zoteteza khungu ndi mafupa. Ng'ombe ya Steller ikadapulumuka mpaka nthawi yamakono, ndiye kuti, monga akatswiri azamanyama ambiri amalemba, ndi mawonekedwe osavulaza, ikhoza kukhala chiweto choyamba cha m'madzi

Pa chikhalidwe

Mwinanso mlandu wodziwika kwambiri wonena za ng'ombe ya Steller m'mabuku akale ndi chithunzi chake mu nkhani ya "White Cat" ya Rudyard Kipling.

Mu ntchitoyi, munthu wamkulu, chisindikizo choyera cha ubweya, akukumana ndi ng'ombe zam'nyanja zomwe zidatsalira mu Bay of the Bering Sea, zosatheka ndi anthu.

Kanemayo "Kamodzikamodzi panali ng'ombe zam'nyanja", zomwe zimafotokoza mbiri ya anthu ambiri a ng'ombe za Steller komanso mavuto a Kamchatka Territory a RSFSR, adadziperekanso kwa iwo.

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