Nthawi zambiri polankhula za mtundu wa madzi akumwa, kutchulidwa kumapangidwa ndi acidity yake, yomwe ndi imodzi mwazofunikira. Kutengera ndi pH yamadzi, njira zamomwe zimapangidwira zimatsimikizika. Mlingo wa acidity umatsimikiza momwe ungagwiritsire ntchito, ndikugwiritsa ntchito pachuma cha dziko lonse.
Ph ndi chiyani?
Mawu akuti pH ndi chidule cha "pondus Hydrogenium", kutanthauza kulemera kwa hydrogen. Chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa ma hydrogen ion. Pamene yankho lilibe mbali, kuchuluka kwa ma hydrogen ion ndi ofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma hydroxyl ions. PH ikakhala pamwamba 7, yankho lake nlofunika. PH ikayamba zero, imakhala acidic. Madzi okhala ndi pH mtengo wa 7 amawonedwa kuti ndi osalowerera. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa pH kungatanthauze kuipitsidwa kapena kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a kapangidwe kake, kotero mawonekedwewo amawunikidwa nthawi zonse makamaka m'malo momwe madzi amafunidwira kuti anthu azimwa.
Chizindikirocho chili ndi phindu lofunika paukadaulo. Kutengera ndi mtengo wake, madzi amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe akudetsa kapena kuwonongeka kwa madzi, motero gawo ili liyenera kukhala pamlingo wina wake wamadzi onse omwe amalowa kudzera m'mapaipi amadzi. Mitengo yotsika ya pH imatha kuyambitsa dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitoliro zisathe komanso kutuluka kwazitsulo zozama kulowa m'madzi. Mitengo yapamwamba imathandizira kupangidwamo kwa depositi ndikupangitsa kuti mapaipi azikhala ochepa.
Miyezo ya ph yamadzi akumwa
Madzi mwachilengedwe ali ndi pH m'mitundu 6.5 mpaka 8.5. Madzi oyera sakhala mbali iliyonse, koma akakumana ndi mpweya, amakumana ndi kaboni dayokisaidi ndipo amaperewera pang'ono. Ndikosatheka kupeza madzi oyera kotheratu, chifukwa chake, kulibe madzi opanda pH yachilengedwe: pompopompo mumapezeka mankhwala osungunuka. Madzi a kasupe, omwe amawonedwa ngati ofewa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtengo wochepera 7. M'madzi amtsinje kapena kasupe, mtundu wa calcium kwambiri nthawi zambiri umakhala waukulu ndipo umachokera pa 7 mpaka 8.
Madzi achilengedwe ndi madzi amchere amadzimadzi okhala ndi pH yosasintha, kutengera mtundu wa acidic kapena zamchere wa zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka mkati mwake. Mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka m'madzi ndi aconic komanso ophatikizana ndi michere, yomwe, itasungunuka, imayambitsa njira zomwe zingathandize kuti pakhale madzi osokoneza bongo a electrolyte. M'madzi ambiri akumwa, mulingo wa acid-base umayendetsedwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka kaboni dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a World Health Organisation, pH yamadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakumwa imakhala ndi zofunikira pakati pa 6.5 ndi 9.5. Mtunduwu wasankhidwa kuti upeze mulingo woyenera pakati pa kulawa, kununkhira ndi kuwonekera, kukana kuyipitsidwa ndi tizilombo tina komanso kukulitsa kuwongolera kwa kukhalapo kwa zitsulo zina. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo kapena mkuwa umasungunuka m'madzi pa pH 10.
The pH yamadzi otumphuka zimatengera kuchuluka kwa mchere. Soda imapezeka ndikuwonjezera asidi wa kaboni m'madzi. Monga lamulo, kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zili mu kaboni dayokisaidi kumabweretsa kutsika kwa pH, ndipo mosinthanitsa, kutsika kwake kumatsogolera kukuwonjezeka kwa phindu.
Njira zodziwira ph
Dziwani pH yankho lanu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito zizindikiro zapadera, zingwe zoyesa kapena pepala la litmus. Njira yosavuta kwambiri komanso yotsika mtengo ndi njira ya colorimetric, pomwe kukula kwa mawonekedwe kumayerekezedwa ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro. Njira zamagetsi zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri, pomwe mita yapadera ya pH imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa acidity.
Lingaliro la zakudya zamchere
Lingaliro la zakudya zamchere zimakhazikitsidwa pazowonadi izi, koma zimapanga lingaliro lodzifunira: chakudya ndi kukonzekera kwake zimatha kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji kwa acidity kapena alkalinity (pH level) yathupi.
Mwa lingaliro la lingaliro ili, akukhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kuchokera kumagulu a "alkalizing" ndi "osalowererapo" kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pabwino la asidi, popeza chakudya chodziwika bwino ndi anthu ambiri amati chimapangitsa asidi kuperewera thupi, ndikuchisintha kukhala njira yabwino yopititsira patsogolo matenda opatsirana komanso kukula kwa zotupa za khansa.
- Zinthu zomwe zimapanga "Acididi" zimaphatikizapo mapuloteni onse amanyama (nyama, nkhuku, nsomba, mkaka), mowa, khofi, zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi, zakudya zamafuta zamafuta, etc.
- Zakudya zopanda ndale zimaphatikizapo mafuta achilengedwe, mbewu zonse ndi masamba okhuthala, komanso shuga.
- Mankhwala a mchere ndi monga zipatso, masamba, nyemba, mtedza ndi mbewu.
Ndikugogomezeranso kuti kuthekera kwa chakudya “mwakutsatira” kapena “kuphatikiza” thupi lathu ndikungoganiza, kopatsa chidwi. Ngati mungayang'ane mwachilengedwe njira yachilengedwe yokonzera homeostasis ndi thupi, mupeza kuti lingaliro ili liribe maulalo ofooka.
Kodi pH ndi chiyani kuyeza?
pH ndi chisonyezo cha ntchito ya hydrogen ions mu njira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ntchitoyi akutiuza za acidity yake. The pH imasiyana kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 14. Komanso, mtengo kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 7 umawonetsa kuchuluka kwa asidi, 7 amatanthauza kuti yankho silikhala lofanana, ndipo mtengo kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 14 umawonetsa kuchuluka kwa alkali.
Omwe amatsatira zakudya zamchere amakuwunikira kuti muwone ngati mukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mkodzo wanu. Zachidziwikire aliyense amakumbukira maphunziro a umisisitimu wapasukulu ndipo mapepala olemba masamu adatsalira. Zingwe zimasintha mtundu wawo kutengera kapangidwe kazinthuzo ndikutiuza zomwe zimathiridwa mu chubu choyesera. Momwemonso, zingwe zoyeserera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zidziwike momwe zimayambira. Malinga ndi njira ya "zamchere" pazakudya, mutha kusangalala ngati kuyesedwa kwanu kukuwonetsa kusakhala nawo kapena mkodzo wamkodzo. Acidity yapamwamba ndi chiphokoso.
Koma chinthu ndichakuti magawo osiyanasiyana a thupi lathu amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pH. Mwachitsanzo, esophagus imakhala ndi asidi wambiri, womwe umakonzedwa ngati chakudya. PH yam'mimba imayambira 2 mpaka 3.5 - ndipo izi ndizabwinobwino. Kumbali ina, pH ya magazi imakonzedwa mwamphamvu pa 7.35-7.45, ndiye kuti, magazi athu amakhala amchere pang'ono. Kusintha kwa magazi oyambira m'magazi kumatha kupha, kumachitika motsogozedwa ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri ndipo sikumagwirizana kwathunthu ndi thanzi.
Kusamalira homeostasis, thupi limachotsa zonse zosafunikira ndi mkodzo, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ina yapadera komanso yovuta. Madzi awa amatha kukhala ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu mu pH, sizitanthauza chilichonse, kupatula kuti thupi silikufunikira chinthu pakalipano. Ndipo zowonjezera zamchere zomwe zimachotsedwa zimangotanthauza kuchepa kwake, koma sizikhala ndi thupi lonse la pH.
Matendawa
Otsatira zakudya zamchere amakhulupiriranso kuti acidity ya zinthu ndi yomwe imayambitsa mafupa, matenda opita patsogolo a minofu ndi mafupa am'mimba omwe amatsukidwa kuchokera kumafupa. Mwachitsanzo, amaganiza kuti kusowa kwa calcium m'mafupa kumalumikizidwa ndi gawo lawo pochotsa asidi owonjezera m'thupi. Komabe, zenizeni, impso ndi kupuma zimathandizira pochita izi, koma minyewa ya mafupa samakhudzidwa nawo konse.
Kuphatikiza apo, chimodzi mwazomwe zimatsimikiziridwa pakukula kwa mafupa ndi kuchepa kwa collagen, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusowa kwa ma orthosilicic ndi ascorbic acid muzakudya. Kafukufuku samapeza mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa "acidity" yazakudya kapena mkodzo ndi mafupa. Koma zakudya zopatsa mphamvu m'mapuloteni, m'malo mwake, zimakhala ndi phindu pa thanzi la musculoskeletal system.
Mitsutso yambiri imazungulira mozungulira momwe asidi amathandizira pakupewa komanso pochiza zotupa za khansa. Anthu omwe amalimbikitsa zakudya zamchere kuti kuphatikiza zakudya zomwe "zimapangika" thupi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale malo osalowerera omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa.
Mfundo iyi ilinso ndi zovuta zingapo. Choyamba, monga tidamvetsetsa kale, lingaliro lakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa "thupi lonse" ndilokayikira kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kwa maselo a khansa kuti apange asidi pawokha pamlingo waukulu kwambiri kotero kuti palibe chakudya chomwe chingathe kutsutsana chatsimikiziridwa. Nthawi yomweyo, khansa imathanso kukhazikika m'malo osalowerera ndendende, monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi maphunziro angapo a labotale.
Nanga mano?
A bwino acid-m'munsi bwino malovu kumakhalapo pa pH ya 5.6-7.9. Acidity yapamwamba imatha kubweretsa dzino. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa acidity kapena alkalinity pamlomo wamkati kungasokonezenso microflora yake, yomwe ingasokoneze thanzi.
Popeza mashuga ndi zakudya zabwino zokhazikika zimayamba kulowa mkamwa mwathu, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kawo komwe kamayambitsa matenda. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, zochitika zazifupi za kuchuluka kwa acidity sizimakhudza chikhalidwe cha mano. Ngati chakudyacho ndichabwino, ndipo mukatha kudya mumatsuka kapena kutsuka pakamwa panu, ndiye kuti palibe chodandaula.
Mwachidule
Kutalika kwa asidi m'thupi lathu kumayendetsedwa ndi makina ndi ziwalo zambiri. Kulowa munjira iyi kuchokera kunja ndikovuta. Palibe umboni kapena umboni wa sayansi wotsimikizira kufunika kokana zakudya “zopatsa thanzi” ndikusankha zakudya zomwe "zimakonda kwambiri".
Kuphatikiza apo, ma amino acid omwe amapezeka muzinthu zanyama ndizomwe zimapanga kwambiri maselo, minofu ndi ziwalo, ndipo kusowa kwawo kwa zakudya ndizowopsa.
Nthawi yomweyo, kupewa zakudya zoyengedwa komanso kukonda masamba ndi zipatso sizipweteketsa munthu aliyense, ngakhale zitakhala bwanji momwe zimakhudzira umunthu wamkati wamkati mwathupi.
Pepala la Litmus
Njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri kuyeza mulingo wa pH ndi pepala la litmus, momwe utoto wa litmus umagwira monga chisonyezo cha asidi ndikuzindikira kuchuluka kwa acidity. Litmus ndi utoto wazomera womwe umasanduka wofiira mu asidi ndi buluu m'munsi. Mapepala a litmus akakumana ndi yankho, amasintha mtundu kutengera pH yamadzi. Ngati yasandulika yofiira, ikuwonetsa chilengedwe acid, pamenepa titha kunena kuti pH ndi yochepera 5. Blue ikutanthauza kuti ndiye maziko, pomwe chizindikirocho chidzakhala pamwamba pa 7.
Kuwongolera ndi kusamalira mita ya pH
Kaya ndi dothi, m'madzi, kapena yankho la hydroponic, kuyeza milingo ya pH ndi gawo lofunikira pakulima bwino. Kukula bwino kwa mbewu kumatengera malo omwe zipatso zanu, masamba, ndi zokongoletsera zimayambira. Ndipo monga kusintha magawo a pH m'nthaka kapena m'madzi kungathandizire mbewu kukulitsa, mulingo wosayenera wa pH ungayambitse kudwala kwake kapena ngakhale kufa.
Mbiri yakale ya pH.
Lingaliro chizindikiro cha haidrojeni yoyambitsidwa ndi Distdsen fizikisi wa ku Danish mu 1909. Chizindikiro chimatchedwa pH (ndi zilembo zoyambirira za mawu achi Latin potentia hydrogeni Kodi mphamvu ya haidrojeni, kapena pondus hydrogeni Kodi kulemera kwa hydrogen). Mu chemistry, kuphatikiza pX nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mtengo wofanana lg X, komanso kalatayo H Pankhaniyi, sonyezani kuchuluka kwa ma hydrogen ion (H + ), kapena,, ntchito ya thermodynamic ya hydroxonium ions.
PH mita
Mothandizidwa ndi mita za pH, mutha kudziwa bwino acidity. Zida zoyezera izi zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ya potentiometric. Ndiwofunikira pakutsimikiza kolondola kwa pH mu njira zothetsera (mwachitsanzo, pampu, madzi amchere, ma aquariums, dziwe, etc.).
M'mamita a pH, electrode yagalasi imamizidwa mumadzi oyesa. Zotsatira zake, magetsi a galvanic amapangidwa pakati pa mbali zamkati ndi zakunja zamagalasi electrode. Voliyumu iyi imatengera pH yamadzi. Mphamvu yawo yamagetsi imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma elekitirodhi awiri. Kuwona kwa kuyesa kwa zida zamakono kuli mpaka magawo a 0,01 pH.
Kudziwitsa ph pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zoyeserera
Mothandizidwa ndi mapepala a litmus, mutha kuyeza acidity ndi chisonyezo chimodzi, kuwonjezera apo, muyeso woterewu sudzakhala wolondola. Pochita izi, timiyeso tomwe timanyowa muzosakanikirana ndi zomwe zili ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mzere woyezera umayatsidwa mu njira yoyesera, ndipo magawo ake amakhala ndi utoto, kutengera mtundu wa pH wamadzimadzi, womwe umatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wophatikizika. Ngati mtengo wake umakhala wokulirapo mu asidi, mzerewo umakhala mtundu wa lalanje; m'chigawo chachikulu, mtundu umasintha kukhala wobiriwira kukhala wamtambo. Munthawi iliyonse ya acidity, kuyesedwa koyesa ndi 1 kapena 2 unit. Zowona, pali timitengo tapadera pomwe gawo ili ndi 0.3 magawo.
Phindu lamadzi amapaipi ndi makina ena
Mlingo wa pH wamadzi apampopi nawonso ndi wofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwunikira. Ngati pH ya madzi akumwa apampopi ili pansi pa 6.5, ndiye kuti mkuwa uyenera kulowa mkati mwake. Mkuwa kwambiri ungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, makamaka kwa ana ndi makanda. Kuphatikiza apo, legionella amakula bwino m'malo okhala acidic, ndipo zitsulo zolemera zimasungunuka bwino mu njira za acidic.
Madzi oterowo amakhala ndi kukoma kosasangalatsa kwa wowawasa, kukoma kwazitsulo. Imatha kupaka utoto, kumira komanso ngakhale nsalu mu utoto, ndipo imapangitsa kulephera koyambirira kwa makina ochapira, zovala.
Tapa madzi ndi pH pamwambapa 8.5 amadziwika kuti ndi "ovuta". Madzi oterowo si owopsa thanzi, koma angayambitse matope ndi ziwiya zapanyumba. Imakhala ndi kukoma kwa zamchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khofi ndi tiyi asamve. Ngati pH ya madzi apampopi ikwera pamwamba pa 11, ndiye imakhala sopo ndipo imatha kuyambitsa khungu.
The pH ndiyofunika osati madzi okha, komanso chilengedwe china, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kusintha kwamphamvu ya machitidwe amoyo. Mwachitsanzo, pH ya magazi a anthu ndi 7.34-7.4. Ikagwera anthu 6.95 amatha kuiwala, ndipo kuchuluka kwa pH = 7.7 kungayambitse kugwidwa koopsa.
Kutulutsa kwamtengo wa PH.
M'madzi oyera a 25 ° C ndende yama hydrogen ion ([H + ]) ndi ma hydroxide ion ([OH -]) zikhale zofanana komanso zofanana ndi 10 −7 mol / L, izi zikutsatira momveka bwino kuchokera ku tanthauzo la chinthu cha madzi cha ionic, chofanana ndi [H + ] · [OH -] ndipo lofanana 10 −14 mol² / l² (25-25 C).
Ngati kutsata kwa mitundu iwiri ya ayoni mu yankho kuli ofanana, ndiye kuti yankho limakhala kuti silinachite nawo. Pamene asidi amawonjezeredwa ndi madzi, kuchuluka kwa ma hydrogen m'mayoni amachepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma hydroxide ions kumachepa, ndikungowonjezera maziko, m'malo mwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma hydroxide ion achuluke, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma hydrogenxide kumachepa. Liti [H + ] > [OH -] akuti yankho lake ndi acidic, ndipo [OH − ] > [H + ] - zamchere.
Kuti zitheke kulingalira bwino, kuchotsa zotayirira zoyipa, m'malo mokhala ma hydrogen ion amagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wawo wamalonda, omwe amatengedwa ndi chizindikiro china, chomwe ndi hydrogen explement - pH.
.
Zopeza
Mtengo wa pH wamadzi ndikofunikira osati kungosankha zida zamapaipi. Kufunika kwamadzi kapena mchere wa alkaline ndikofunikanso pa thanzi la munthu, chifukwa njira zamakono zomwe zimadyera zimakonda kupereka thupi ndi asidi wambiri. Mabati amasinthasintha ma asidi awa osati m'madzi akumwa, komanso m'thupi lathu. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa mu acidified, maselo ofiira am'magazi amathandizana ndipo kayendedwe ka okosijeni mthupi kamachepa kwambiri. Zakudya zokhala ndi asidi wambiri zimakhudza thanzi ndipo zimayambitsa kuperewera kwa okosijeni komanso ma cell slagging. Chifukwa chake, pH yoyenera yamadzi imathandizira kukonza bwino.
Kodi pH ndi chiyani?
PH ndiye chidule cha "hydrogen index", chomwe chimawonetsa acidic kapena alkaline (zoyambira) za chinthu. Mulingo wokhazikika wa pH (nthawi zina umatchedwa acidity kapena alkalinity wadogo) kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 14, ngakhale magawo awa amatha kupitilira. PH ikakwera kwambiri, mankhwalawa amayamba kwambiri. Kutsika pH, acidic kumachepa kwambiri. A pH ya 7.0 ili ndi acidity yachilendo komanso zamchere. Kufotokozera kwamaluwa onse a novice: "Acid" ndi chinthu chowopsa, komabe, chinthu chomwe chimakhala chamchere kwambiri chitha kukhala chowopsa kwa anthu ndi zomera. Kodi mumadziwa kuti pH ya bulitchi ndi 12.0 -12, .6?
Kodi pH ingayezedwe bwanji?
Ngakhale ndizosatheka kudziwa mtundu wa pH wamadzi, pH ya dothi imakhudza mtundu wake. Nthaka yokhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira nthawi zambiri imakhala yamchere kwambiri, pomwe dothi lomwe limakhala ndi chikasu kapena lalanje limaphatikizanso acidic. Pul ya dothi imatha kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosanthula pH kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chomwe chimapangidwira poyesa nthaka.
Mlingo wa pH wamadzi ungayesedwe pogwiritsa ntchito ma reagents omwe amapaka mapepala, mwina ngati m'malovu amadzimadzi, kapena mita ya pH ya digito. Mu mizere yoyesa (pepala lowonetsa) ndi madontho a reagent, njira zoyerekeza mitundu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale poyamba ndi zotsika mtengo, pamapeto pake, zidzagula ndalama zambiri kuposa mita ya pH. Kuphatikiza apo, mapepala onse awiriwo ndi madontho amakhala ndi tsiku lotha ntchito, sapereka kulondola kwakukulu, ndipo kufananizira kwamitundu kumasulira mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mikwingwirima yambiri imawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa milingo ya pH ndi gawo la 0.5. Likukhalira kuti mukamagwiritsa ntchito pepala loyezera pH, kusiyana pakati pa pH 7.0 ndi pH 8.0 kudzakhala mitundu iwiri yapinki ya pinki. Ndipo chochita pamenepa, anthu omwe ali ndi khungu lautoto? Mita pH ya digito, kumbali ina, ili ndi chophimba chowonetsera mulingo wa pH, chifukwa chake, palibe kutanthauzira komwe kumafunikira: wosuta amangomiza chipangizocho mu yankho ndikuyang'ana kuwerenga.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mita ya pH ya dothi ndi madzi imakhala ndi masensa osiyanasiyana, omwe ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Onetsetsani kuti chipangizochi chomwe mwasankha chikukwaniritsa zosowa zanu.
Kodi ma pH amayenda bwanji?
Ngakhale kuti pali zida zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zoyezera mulingo wa pH, kuyambira pamanja pamtengo wotsika mtengo mpaka ma labotale, mawonekedwe a pH ambiri amakhala ndi electrode yagalasi ndi chubu chowongolera. Mita ya pH imayesa kugwira ntchito kwa ma hydrogen ion, ndikupanga voliyumu yaying'ono pama elekitirodi ndi mu chubu chowongolera. Kenako, chipangizocho chimasinthira voliyumu iyi kukhala yamtengo wa pH ndikuyiwonetsa pawayilesi.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma pH ambiri a digito ali ndi thermometer yomanga yomwe imangolipira zokha zosochera zilizonse kuchokera pazoyambira 77ºF (25 ° C). Gawoli limatchedwa Automatic Temperature Compurance (ATC).
Kodi kuwunika kwa mita ya PH ndi chifukwa chani ndikufunika?
Kuwerengera kuli kofanana ndikukonza, ndipo monga chida chanyimbo chikuyenera kusinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, momwemonso mita iyenera kuyatsidwa bwino kuti mupeze zotsatira zoyenera.
Njira yokhayo yodziwira ngati mita ya pH ndi yoyenerera ndikuyerekeza ndi mtengo wotsimikizika womwe umadziwika kuti "solution buffer". Njira zothetsera zotsekemera ndizamadzimadzi, koma zitha kugulidwanso mu ufa wa ufa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi madzi osungunuka kapena osankhidwa kuti apange mtanda watsopano nthawi iliyonse.
Kuwerengera kwa mita iliyonse kuyenera kuchitika pafupi kwambiri momwe mulingo womwe ungayang'anire. Mukayang'ana mtunduwo, onjezerani chida chomwe chili pakati pamtunduwu. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mupeze zotsatira zolondola kwambiri mukamayang'ana njira ya acidic, mita ya pH iyenera kuyatsidwa ndi pH ya 4.0. Mitundu yambiri yamadzi ili m'malo osiyanasiyana a pH 6.0 mpaka pH 8.0. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'ana pH yamadzi, kuwerengetsa chida chanu ndi mtengo wa pH wa 7.0 chidzakwanira. Mitengo itatu yodziwika bwino ya pH yowerengera ndi 4.0, 7.0, ndi 10,0. Malangizowa akukhudza mitundu ya pH kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 14, komabe, mawonekedwe ena amapezeka.
Kuti mupeze zotsatira zolondola, mita ya pH ingafune kuyesedwa kamodzi, kawiri, kapena katatu. Zida zina zimatha kuwerengeka nthawi imodzi, komabe, wopangayo angalimbikitse mfundo zina ziwiri kuti zitsimikizike bwino. Kusiyanaku kumachitika chifukwa cha ukadaulo wa chipangizocho ndi mtundu wa ma elekitirodi omwe amagwiritsidwamo.
M'mamita a pH, kaya mu analog (muvi uwonetsa kuchuluka kwa pH) kapena digito (mulingo wa pH ukuwonetsedwa ngati nambala pazenera), ntchito ya analog kapena digito yowunikira imaperekedwa. Kuwerengera kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito screwdriver yaying'ono, yomwe imakonza zowerengera mpaka zikugwirizana ndi phindu la yankho. Kuwerengera kwadijito kumachitika mwa kukanikiza mabatani am'mwamba ndi pansi mpaka kuwerenga ukufanana ndi phindu la yankho la buffer. Mamita pH ya digito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito calibration.
Zipangizo zina zimaperekanso kuwerengera, pomwe chipangizocho chimangozindikira kufunika kwa yankho ndikudziwonjezera lokha ndi mtengo wake. Iyi ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri yoyerekezera, koma ndikofunikira kuti mita yotereyi ilinso ndi gawo lowerengera bwino pakukonzekera bwino komanso / kapena kupeza zovuta.
Mitundu yambiri yamamita a pH ndi yolembedwa ndipo imakonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, kuwerengera kwa fakitale kumayenera kuonedwa ngati mwayi kwa ntchito zochepa chabe, kuwerengetsa kumatha kusunthika panthawi ya mayendedwe, ndizothekanso kuti kuwerengera kwa fakitale sikungakhale koyenera pazosowa zanu. Ndipo, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, nthawi ina, mita yonse ya pH imafunanso kusinthidwa.
Mosasamala njira yanambala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chipangizo chanu, nthawi zonse werengani mwatsatanetsatane bukuli ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a wopanga.
Zotsatira zabwino, sinthani mita ya pH ndi:
- Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi - kamodzi pa sabata
- • Ngati simugwiritsa ntchito - kamodzi pamwezi
- Ngati mukuganiza kuti kuwerenga si kolondola
- • Mukamayang'ana madzi akumwa (acidic kwambiri kapena madzi oyambira)
- • Mukamayang'ana zakumwa zingapo (kuyenda pakati pa ma acid ndi besi)
- • Mukasintha sensor (ma electrode)
Kusamalira mita ya pH?
Ngakhale zili ndi njira zambiri zoyikonzera pH mita, mtundu uliwonse ndi wopanga adzakhala ndi zofunikira zake. Nthawi zonse tsatirani malangizo apulogalamu yanu ndipo mudzatha kuigwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi komanso mavuto ochepa.
Kuphatikiza pakuwongolera pafupipafupi, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera ndikusamalira sensor ya pH kudzapereka moyo wautali komanso zotsatira zolondola. Mamita ambiri a pH amagwiritsa ntchito ma sensor a galasi (ma electrodes) ndi machubu owongolera omwe ayenera kusungidwa mu njira zakonzedwa mwapadera. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chida chamanja, yankho la chosungira nthawi zambiri limakhala lachitetezo cha chipangizocho. Osataya njirayi, muyenera! Kwa masensa ambiri a pH, ndikofunikira kuti sensor ikhalebe yonyowa m'njira yoyenera.
Ma sensor a pH ambiri amatsukidwa ndi kupukutira m'madzi opanda madzi kapena opakidwa madzi. Sansani madzi owonjezera ndikubwezera sensor mu njira yosungira.
Moyo wa sensor ambiri a pH ndi pafupifupi zaka 1-2. Ngati muwerengedwa osakhazikika ndikuvuta kuvuta, ikhoza kukhala nthawi yoti musinthe sensor (kapena chipangizo chanu ngati sichikupereka mwayi wogwirizira sensa).
Mlozera wofunikira wa yankho la pOH.
Chotulukacho sichotchuka pang'ono. pH mtengo - chosonyeza kufunikira kwa yankho, pOHomwe ali ofanana ndi logarithm ya ndende (yonyansa) mu yankho la ion OH − :
monga momwe mungasungire madzi aliwonse pa 25 ° C, zomwe zikutanthauza kutentha:
.
PH imayang'ana mu mayankho osiyanasiyana acidity.
- Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira pH ingasiyane pokhapokha ngati 0 - 14, itha kupitilira malire awa. Mwachitsanzo, pamisonkhano yambiri ya hydrogen ion [H + ] = 10 −15 mol / l, pH = 15, pamsonkhano wa hydroxide ion wa 10 mol / l pOH= −1.
Chifukwa pa 25 ° C (nyengo zonse) [H + ] [OH − ] = 10 −14 , zikuwonekeratu kuti pamatenthedwe awa pH + pOH = 14.
Chifukwa mu acidic njira [H + ]> 10 −7, motero, mu njira za acidic pH 7, pH yosagwirizana ndi yankho ndi 7. 7. Kutentha kwambiri, kusunthika kwa madzi kosalekeza kumawonjezereka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chogwiritsa ntchito madzi ionic chimachuluka, ndiye kuti ndaleyo izikhala pH = 7 (yomwe ikufanana nthawi yomweyo kuchuluka kwina monga H + choncho OH -), ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha, m'malo mwake, osalowerera pH zimawonjezeka.
Njira zodziwira mtengo wa pH.
Pali njira zingapo zodziwira kufunika kwake. pH zothetsera. Mlozera wa haidrojeni pafupifupi mukuyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro, kuyeza molondola kugwiritsa ntchito pHmita kapena kutsimikizika mwa kusanthula mwa kupanga acid-base titration.
- Pakuyerekeza koyipa kwa kuchuluka kwa ayoni a hydrogen, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri Zizindikiro zoyambira acid - utoto wa organic, mtundu wake womwe umatengera pH Lachitatu. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino: litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl lalanje (methyl lalanje), etc. Zizindikiro zitha kukhala m'mitundu iwiri mitundu - ya acid kapena yayikulu. Kusintha kwamtundu wazisonyezo zonse kumachitika mu acidity yake, nthawi zambiri kumakhala magawo 1-2.
- Kuonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito pH kutsatira Chizindikiro chadziko lonse, yomwe ndi yophatikiza zizindikiro zingapo. Chizindikiro chapadziko lonse lapansi chimasintha bwino mtundu kuchokera ku chofiira mpaka chikasu, zobiriwira, buluu kukhala violet pakusintha kuchoka ku acidic kupita kudera lamchere. Tanthauzo pH Njira yodziwitsa ndi yovuta ku turbid kapena mitundu yankho.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera - pH-meter - imapangitsa kuti athe kuyeza pH m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso molondola (mpaka ma 0.01 mayunitsi pH) kuposa ndi zizindikiro. Njira yotsimikiza Ionometric pH kutengera ndi muyeso wa mphamvu yamagetsi yoyendetsedwa ndi millivoltmeter-ionometer EMF ya galvanic circ, yomwe imaphatikizapo ma electrode agalasi, kuthekera kwake komwe kumatengera kuchuluka kwa ma ioni H + mu njira yozungulira. Njirayi ili ndi kulondola kwakukulu komanso kosavuta, makamaka mutatha kuyang'ana kwa ma electrode a chizindikiro m'malo osiyanasiyana pHzimapangitsa kuti athe kuyeza pH opaque ndi mitundu utoto mayankho ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Njira Yofufuzira — acid base titration - imaperekanso zotsatira zenizeni zodziwira acidity ya mayankho. Njira yothetsera vuto lodziwika bwino (yodzipereka) imawonjezeredwa kuti yankho lomwe likufufuzidwa. Akasakanizika, zimachitika ndi mankhwala. Mulingo wofanana - nthawi yomwe wokambayo ali wokwanira kumaliza zomwe zachitika - zimakhazikika ndi chizindikiro. Pambuyo pake, ngati kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho lowonjezereka ndikudziwika, acidity yothetsera imatsimikizika.
- Mphamvu ya kutentha pamitengo pH:
0.001 mol / L Hcl pa 20 ° C ali pH = 3pa 30 ° C pH = 3,
0.001 mol / L NAOH pa 20 ° C ali pH = 11.73pa 30 ° C pH = 10.83,
Mphamvu ya kutentha pamitengo pH lofotokozedwa ndi kudzipatula kosiyanasiyana kwa hydrogen ions (H +) ndipo sikulakwitsa koyesa. Mphamvu yamagetsi singalipiridwe ndi zamagetsi. pHmita.
Udindo wa pH mu chemistry ndi biology.
Acidity ya sing'anga ndikofunikira kwambiri munjira zamankhwala, ndipo kuthekera kwadzidzidzi kapena chifukwa cha zochita zina nthawi zambiri zimatengera pH Lachitatu. Kuti mukhalebe ndi mtengo wake pH momwe amagwirira ntchito, popanga maphunziro a labotale kapena popanga, njira zotayirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga phindu nthawi zonse pH pamene kuchepetsedwa kapena ngati asidi pang'ono kapena alkali amawonjezeredwa ku yankho.
Chizindikiro cha haidrojeni pH Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito asidi-m'munsi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe.
Pazinthu zamitundu mitundu, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka komwe kumachitika machitidwe amoyo ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kukumana kwa hydrogen ions mu yankho kumakhudza nthawi zambiri zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zinthu zina zama protein, motero, kwa kugwira ntchito koyenera kwa thupi, kukhalabe ndi acid-base homeostasis ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kukhala mwamphamvu kwambiri pH Zachilengedwe zimatheka chifukwa cha zochita za thupi.
Mu thupi laumunthu m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kalozera wa hydrogen ndiosiyana.
Matanthauzidwe ena pH