Zidyera zazing'ono masana m'nyumbaKestrel wamba ndi wadyera wamba. Uku ndikulira kwake kwa mwana "Kli-Kli-Kli-Kli" kumveka kumapeto kwa nkhalango. Ndiye kestrel kamene timawona nthawi zambiri pamwamba pamtunda ndikugudubuzika pamalo amodzi, ngati kuti kwanyamulidwa chingwe chosawoneka. Kukula kwa mbalame yokhala ndi nkhunda. Ali kujambulidwa bwino ndi ma toni ofiira, amuna ndi abwino kwambiri. Zingwe zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku chisa zimatha kuzolowera ukapolo ndipo zimayamba kukhala zosavuta.
Kestrel ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zothandiza kwambiri. Ma kestrel athu, omwe amabweretsedwa ndi anapiye ochokera kudera la Stalingrad, akhala akumbukiridwa ngati mbalame zoseketsa komanso zosangalatsa. Tidawadyetsa makamaka nyama. Mwachionekere anadya mosavuta kuposa anyamatawo. Anapiyewo atakula, ankakhala limodzi m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakonda kusewera. Zina mwa zotchingira panali mtengo. Kugwiritsa ntchito, ma kestrel adayamba masewera achinsinsi ndikusaka. Wina anali wobisala kumbuyo kwake, akugwiritsitsa khungwa, ndipo akutuluka. Wina ananamizira kuti akufuna mnzake. Ndipo pomwepo adadziponya yekha: kuthamangitsa ndikukwiya. Nthawi zina masewera ankasowetsa imodzi ya mbalamezo ndipo kestrel imasiya, pomwe ina imapitilirabe kusangalala: kugwira dzanja kapena kuwongolera pansi, ndikuyiponyera mlengalenga, ndikuyesera kuigwira ndi mlomo. Zonsezi zinkachitika modabwitsa komanso kulumpha kwa mbalameyo. Kutengedwa mwachitsanzo, mbalame yodontha idatengedwa pamasewera omwewo. Iwo anayambitsanso kukangana pamodzi. Ndipo, kwenikweni, nthawi izi ma kestrels ankawoneka ngati akusewera kitti kuposa mbalame. Kudzitengera kestrel, musaiwale kuti iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za mbalame - othamangitsa mitengo m'minda.
Steppe kestrel imasungidwa ndi wasayansi ya zamanyama M.N. Kishkin. Adawonekera munyumba pafupi ndi Kustanay ngati kamwana kakang'ono kodontha. Amadyetsedwa nyama (nthawi zambiri mwanawankhosa) ndi tizilombo tina tambiri (makamaka kafadala ndi kafadala). Chakudya chokondedwa kwambiri cha mbalame ndi pupae wa euphorbiaceae, omwe amapatsidwa nthawi yozizira. Kuphatikiza pazomwe zili pamwambapa, kestrel adadya ndi zina zambiri.
Kukongola kwa zowonera zitha kuweruzidwa ndi nkhani ya mwini wa kestrel iyi. Nthawi ina mbalame, itakhala pampando womwe wa chipindacho, idawona Drosophila akuwuluka patebulo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda si kakakulu kuposa utoto. Kestrel inawuluka ndikugwetsa ntchentche ndi dzanja lake, kapena,, zala zake zokulungidwa mu cam.
Kestrel ankakonda kusambira m'mbale yamadzi. Pokhudzana ndi. izi zinali zowopsa. Pulofesa wapamwamba kwathunthu anabwera kudzaona mbuye wake. Poona chonyezimira, mbalameyo imawulukira pamutu wa mlendoyo ndikuyamba kugwedezeka ndikugwedeza mapiko ake, monga momwe amachitira pakusamba. Ma Kestrel anali ndi zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa zosasangalatsa ndichakuti mbalameyi idatulutsa zolembera, zolembera, maburashi m'manja mwake kapena kuwayang'ana m'chipindacho. Iye anaba chilichonse chobedwa patsinde pansi pa denga. MN Kishkin adawona kestrel kukhala "barometer" yabwino kwambiri. Maola 3-4 asanasinthe nyengo, adagona: adatseka maso ake, kugona komanso "kugwedeza mutu."
Kestrel uyu adakhala mu ukapolo, akuwuluka momasuka mozungulira chipindacho, zaka zopitilira zinayi. Mbalameyi inali yodetsedwa kwathunthu, ndipo, inali yofunika kwambiri ponseponse. Adamwalira chifukwa chosazolowereka - adadya kirimu wowawasa kwambiri, yemwe amawakonda kwambiri. Kudziyimira pawokha kunawonetsa kuti mbalameyo idagwa chifukwa cha matumbo amkati, pomwe wowawasa zonona adapanga khokho lokhazikika.
Kobchik ndiung'ono kwambiri, wokongola kwambiri komanso, mwina, wothandiza kwambiri pa falcon yathu. Wamphongo ndiwotuwa ndi utoto wofiirira. Chachikazi chimakhala ndi mawere osiyanasiyana, amtundu wakuda pamwambapo, achinyamata amapaka utoto wofanana, koma opepuka. Amphongo amagwira mbewa mwachangu zikafuna zambiri. Koma chakudya chachikulu komanso chofala ndizilombo zazikulu. Zabodza izi, zimakhala ndi kuthawa kosavuta komanso mwachangu, zimazigwira mu mlengalenga kapena peck (dzombe, kafadala) kuchokera kumakutu a chimanga pamunda, kuthawa kumene. Ana agalu ndiofala m'dziko lathu, koma alipo ochulukirapo kumwera kwa steppe. Pano samapanga zisa zawo, koma amagwiritsa ntchito zamatsenga zakale, nthawi zambiri. Komabe, zisa za magpie kumwera zimasinthanso mabowo a zisa zina zopanda kanthu: kadzidzi wa m'nkhalango ndi okhalamo, ma kestrel, zina ndi zina. Nthawi ina ndimayenera kunyamula katundu ang'onoang'ono awiri kupita nawo ku Moscow kuchokera ku banki ya Ilovli (gawo la Don), kuchokera ku Chigawo cha Stalingrad. Adafunikira ntchito pophunzira za kuthawa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndinkafuna kuti ndiwamasule ku malo okhala. Mwina akanakhala kuno.
Mu zisa za maula mumakhala zambiri zazing'ono zazikazi. Koma anapiye okhawo omwe adasankhidwa - otsika kapena kuyamba kuvala nthenga (pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti zomwe zidalipo kale zidakhala zosawoneka bwino kuposa izi).
Anapiyewo adawaika atatu m'mabokosi ataliitali okhala ndi maukono achitsulo mbali imodzi. Osakhala nawo banja limodzi, koma zaka. Chakudya chachikulu cha falconers chinali nyama yaiwisi, yomwe sanafune kudya. Zinali zofunika kuti ziwayike ndi khoka kwa tizilombo: anadya dzombe ndi umbombo. Mpheta zinatipulumutsa - tinawona za phindu lawo paulimi ndikutsegulira anapiye ambiri, masiku angapo - angapo. Pakadali pano, zachidziwikire, azibambo athu aang'ono sanafe ndi njala. Nthawi zina, mazira osadulidwa amapatsidwa nyama. Ngakhale chakudya chofananira, mbalame zathu nthawi zambiri zinkakula ndikukula. Tidawadyetsa katatu patsiku. Anapiye achikulirewo amatulutsidwa m'mabokosi omwe amakhala, kuyenda. Anapatsidwa mwayi wothamanga, kenako nkuwuluka. Kotero kuti azitha kuzolowera anthu, kuwakhomera pamanja.
Amunawo adaperekedwa ku Bolshevskaya biological station. Chovuta choyendetsa chinali chakuti, anjala, anapiye adalilira ma gulp makumi awiri. Anaimbidwanso ndi mbalame zina zomwe timayendetsa. Nthawi yodyetsa itangoyamba, kulira kunakulirakulira popeza kunatenga mphindi zingapo, tinkasungitsa anapiyewo m'chipindamo cha galimoto. Kuchokera pamenepo sanamveke.
Ku Bolshevskaya Biostation, mares amawoneka mwanjira yachilendo kwambiri. Tidafika kuchokera kunyengo patsiku ndi ola lokondwerera tsiku la chikondwerero chake. Mbalamezi zinali zowoneka bwino kwambiri mwakuti ndidaganiza zowagwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Wotsogolera atamaliza kuyankhula, ndinawonekera pamaso pa tebulo lolemekezeka, nditakulungidwa katani yakuda, pamapewa anga, mutu ndi mikono - kulikonse komwe kunali maresi. Tangoganizirani phokoso lomwe lidakwera patebulo. Koma amunawo anali osavomerezeka - wina anali kuyeretsa, winayo adayamba masewera ndi woyandikana naye ndikuyesera kuyigwira ndi mulomo, wachitatu, wamkuluyo, adawona china chake chomwe chimayenera kuyang'aniridwa patebulopo, ndikuwuluka, kugogoda botolo la vinyo, ndikuphwanya mbale, mwamantha, adabwerera kumapewa. Kampani yonse, kuphatikiza ma kestrel awiri ndi nkhono zitatu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, idasungidwa mu holo yayikulu.
Mbalame zathu, mosakaikira, zimasiyanitsa kuchokera kwa anthu ena mkazi amene amabweretsa chakudya ndipo amakhala nawo nthawi yayitali. M'modzi mwa abwanawe, yemwe kale anali nthawi yozizira, akukhala m'nyumba yake, sanasangalale ndi anthu onse omwe anali mchipindacho, ngakhale iye anawatenga chakudya. Koma atafika alendo ochokera kuntchito, mbalameyo idasintha, ndikuuluka. Ndidakhala phewa lake ndikuwonetsa chisangalalo ndi machitidwe ake onse: adakuwa, adadzipukusa. Wina amakhala pamapewa a mayiyo kwa maola ambiri, akumayenda naye m'chipinda chimodzi. Kobchikov yemwe amakhala kumalo operekera zachilengedwe, amakonda kuyenda. Anawuluka mowoneka bwino, ndikuwomba mphezi pafupi ndi nyumbayo, koma anali amantha ndipo sanasunthire patali. Nthawi ina munthu wina wamantha adathamanga kuchokera kumbali ya mudzi. Iye anawulukira mu korona wa mtengo pamwamba pa aviary ndikubisala pamenepo: whale wakupha amamuthamangitsa. Khalidwe la amunawo lidadabwitsa kwambiri pomwe, atakwera ndege, nabwerera kunyumba kukadya. Mbalame zinakhala pamitengo pafupi ndi aviary ndikuyamba kukuwa - ndikupempha chakudya. Sankafuna kuuluka, ngakhale atawonetsedwa kuchokera pansi zabwino kwambiri. Ndinafunika kuloza makwerero pamtengo ndikunyamula zipatso iliyonse. Pamwamba, nthawi yomweyo adalumphira kuchokera phewa kupita kumapewa kapena kumutu kwa munthu, adatsika naye pansi ndikusilira chakudyacho.
Nyumbu zikuluzikulu zazikulu ndi chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri akapolo ogwidwa, ndipo china chilichonse, monga bronzes chomwe sichinadye, chikuwoneka kuti sichinthu china chilichonse. Kobchik amatenga kachilomboka "kukamwetsa cam", osawerama, amabweretsa pakamwa pake ndikuyamba kung'amba mutu wake, kenako elytra ndi mapiko. Pambuyo pake, mbalameyo imayamba kufinya kachiromboka kuchokera mkati ndipo kamphindi kaponyera, ngati chipolopolo chopanda kanthu, chitin chodyedwa bwino. Felal imatenga chakudya chilichonse kulowa mu cam, ndipo izi zimapangitsa njira yodyetserayi kukhala yosangalatsa.
Autumn wafika. Agalu anzathu angapo adapita nawo ku Moscow, ku labotale, kuti akapitirize kugwira nawo, ena adamasulidwa. Zowona, anali atamasulidwa kale, adangosiya kudyetsa. Kwa nthawi yayitali, pamenepo, ma maitala yaying'ono adawulukira kunyumba. Adafuwula, kuitana anthu, adakhala pansi pazenera ndikugogoda pagalasi ndi milomo yawo, kuyesera kulowa m'chipindacho, chomwe adakwanitsa nacho bwino mchilimwe pomwe mawindo adatseguka. Agalu amatiyendera pang'ono, kenako nkuzimiririka. Tidangodziwa mathero a m'modzi wawo basi - "mlenje" wina adamuwombera (kuwerengera ngati kambuku!).
Kufotokozera kwa galu
Kobchik ndi mitundu yosiyana mu banja la falcon, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi falcon komanso kestrel. Utoto ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi zofanana kwambiri. Kusiyanaku kumakhala kwakukulu. Kobchik ndi wotsika kwambiri kwa abale ake, onse kukula komanso kukhala ndi mapiko.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalameyi idalandira dzina "kobchik" kuchokera ku liwu lakale lachi Russia "kobets". Pansi pa lingaliro ili, abodza amaphatikiza zabodza zonse zazing'ono zosaka. Popita nthawi, dzina lakale la Russia la mbalameyi lidasamukira kumayiko ena achisilavo ndipo adafika ku Europe. Dzina lachifalansa la mitundu ya mini-falcon iyi ndi "kobez".
Mawonekedwe
Feline yaying'ono yopanda 200 gramu, imafika kutalika 34 cm ndipo imatha kudzitama ngati mapiko a 75 cm okha. Amuna amtunduwu wabodza ndi ochepa kuposa akazi. Mlomo wa falcon umadziwika ndi mbalame yakudya - yosokerera, koma yayifupi koma osati yolimba ngati ya abale am'banja. Zala zam'miyendo ndizosiyana ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu, misomali ndiying'ono.
Pali kukambirana kwapadera za maula. Poyamba, sizolimba kwa mbawala monga, mwachitsanzo, kwa gyrfalcon kapena peregrine falcon ndipo ili ndi mtundu wa "looser". Kachiwiri, mtundu wa mbalameyi umatengera osati zogonana, komanso zaka. Chifukwa chake, ana a nkhandwe zazing'ono amakhala ndi zobiriwira zachikasu. Mu lalanje (mwa akazi) ndi ofiira (mwa amuna) amatembenukira pokhapokha mbalameyo ikadzakula. Mlomo wake umadwalanso ndi zaka, kukhala waimvi.
Amuna achimuna ndi "ovala" owoneka bwino kuposa akazi. Makamaka amakhala a bulauni, amthenga nthenga zakuda komanso m'mimba owala lalanje ndi "panties". Akazi amachotsedwa "pachimake". Mitengo yawo ndi yofiirira komanso yokhala ndi matamba kumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira. Zachilengedwe zimangosangalatsa ndi "tinyanga tating'ono" takuda pafupi ndi mulomo.
Zofunika! Ma subspecies okhala ndi miyendo yofiira - Amur - amadziwika ndi mitundu yowala ya maula komanso "masaya" oyera oyera.
Moyo
Amakonda ma biotopu a mosaic okhala ndi predominance ya malo otseguka, m'nkhalango malo - malo anthropogenic. Amadyetsa makamaka ndi tizilombo tambiri, tomwe timagwira mlengalenga komanso pansi. Pazakudya, dzombe, ziwala, ankhandwe, nthawi zina amadyera pang'ono makoswe, abuluzi. Nthawi zina mbalame zimatsagana ndi ng'ombe zazikudye, zimagwira ng'ombe zowopsa. Monga kestrel, imapachikika mlengalenga posawuluka. Imafika nyengo yozizira kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Meyi. Zoweta mochedwa; nesting imayendetsedwa ndi ndege yomwe ikupangika, nthawi zambiri.
Nthawi zambiri mabanja amakhala m'malo okhala nkhalango, zisa za akhwangwala, maula, maula, nthawi zambiri samagwiritsa ntchito zingwe m'miyala, m'miyala, m'maenje. Komwe falcon imakhala yofala, nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanga timagulu tambiri mpaka makumi ndi mazana awiriawiri, mwachitsanzo, m'malo okhala kapena osiyidwa. Malo okhala amatha kupanga nyengo imodzi, ndipo amatha zaka zingapo. Mu clutch pali mazira atatu kapena 6 a dzimbiri kapena mtundu wa ocher, makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 22-27, wamwamuna ndi mkazi wolowerera mosinthika. Chovala choyambirira cha anapiye ndi choyera, chachiwiri ndi loyera. Ma chike amatuluka chisa ali ndi chaka chimodzi, kukhala okhwima pofika zaka zosakwana chaka. Ntchentche za nyengo yozizira mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala, zimasamukira m'matumba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachilendo kwa falcons.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Malo omwe amagawikirako gawo la falcon ndi nkhalango yam'mphepete mwa Eurasia, kuyambira ku Eastern Europe ndi Balkan Peninsula kumadzulo mpaka kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Vilyui, Mtsinje wa Lena komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal kum'mawa. Kumpoto kumakhala mitundu yofanana ndi yaying'ono yaying'ono - Amur falcon yaying'ono.
Ana agalu ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka. M'nyengo yozizira, amasamukira kum'mwera kwa Africa, ndipo pang'ono kum'mwera kwa Asia. Ndege zimachitika nthawi zonse m'magulu akulu, mosiyana ndi nthumwi zina za banja la falcon.
Amphongo wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mizere ya akhwangwala kapena matsenga, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'maenje, mumiyendo, komanso m'miyendo. Mbalame zimapanga magulu akuluakulu ndi awiriawiri. Kuchokera m'malo okizira nyengo yachisanu amabwerera ku Meyi, ndipo amanyamuka kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Oyambitsa miyendo yofiyira mofiira amaberekera mochedwa, popeza nthawi yokhala chisa chawo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe kubadwa kwa dzombe ndi tizilombo tina.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Monga nthumwi zonse za mabanja awo, mbalamezi ndi zilombo, koma chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwambiri kwa zolengedwa zowoneka bwino, sizikhala ndi mwayi, chifukwa zimakonda nyama zing'onozing'ono. Amadya tizilombo tambiri, mwachitsanzo, agulugufe, omwe amawasaka, akuwuluka otsika.
Pamwamba pansi, chakudya chokwanira chimawazungulira m'miyezi yotentha. Pofuna kuti amugwere, mbandaku wawagwira pa ntchentche ndi mdomo wake. Khungubwe, dzombe ndi udzu - zolengedwa, zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati osaka okhala ndi mbewa, zimagwira mwachindunji matupi awo pansi.
Ziwopsezo zotere zimayang'aniranso mbalame zazing'ono, nkhunda, mpheta ndi mbalame zina zomwezo zimayamba kuzunzika. Ana agalu amadya makoswe, amadya mbewa ndi tinthu tina tating'ono, abuluzi, ochenjera, atawona omwe amathamangira kuthawa.
Zabodza izi, ngakhale zili zazing'ono, sizingamaope konse. Milandu amadziwika pamene abuluzi amawukira mbalame zazikulu kuposa iwo, ngakhale izi sizichitika tsiku ndi tsiku. Akatswiri azachilengedwe akuti ndi mboni za izi. Mwachitsanzo, tidawona, mwachidule momwe munthu wina wamng'ono adayesera heron. Osatero ayi, koma pomupangira iye chakudya, koma ndi chiyembekezo chodzakhala ndi chisa chake.
Panthawi ya kulera ana, chakudya chokhala ndi ululu chotere chimafunika kwambiri kudyetsa ana ake. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimasaka masana, mosiyana ndi zina zambiri zabodza. Mwa njira, zochita zawo zamtunduwu zimabweretsa zabwino zambiri.
Kuthandiza kwa mbalame paulimi, chifukwa chake kwa anthu onse, ndizovuta kwambiri kuzidalira. Chaka ndi chaka, amawononga zochuluka zosawerengeka za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'minda.
Kuswana
Ziwombankhanga zamtunduwu zimawulukira ku malo okhala mu Meyi. Kobchiki samamanga zisa zokha, koma amangokhala m'nyumba zosiyidwa. Amagwiritsanso ntchito mitengo yopanda tanthauzo pomanga. Nkhandwe zazing'ono zimakhazikika m'midzi yaying'ono.
Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 3-4, koma nthawi zina mazira amatha kukhala 7-8. Amuna ndi akazi omwe ali pachibwenzi. Izi zimatenga milungu 4.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimayamba kuwuluka mwezi umodzi pambuyo pobadwa, mphindi iyi igwera kumapeto kwa Juni - kuyambira Julayi. Makolo amadyetsa ana awo masabata awiri owonjezera. Kenako mbalamezo zimayamba kudzilamulira.Kobchik amachoka m'malo akumapeto kwa August - koyambirira kwa Seputembala.
Mbalame izi zimawuluka mwachangu. Pothawa, amapitilira kulira kwakanthawi. Pafupifupi zaka zoyambira kukhala zaka kuthengo ndi zaka 15-17. Okhazikika nthawi yayitali amakhala ndi zaka 25.
Zosangalatsa
- Zidyerazi zimakhala zaka 12-16, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - mpaka 18. Anthu okhala ku Africa kuno, akuweta, amatola zazing'ono kwa iwo kwa zaka zingapo. Mbalame sizibwereranso ku malo okhala. Amagwira tizilombo, mbewa ndi tizirombo tina m'minda ya eni, mwanjira iyi, zimachulukitsa zokolola.
- Ana a nkhono nthawi zonse amakhala m'matumba, amuna amathandizira achikazi akamaswa mazira. Munthawi imeneyi, zimakhala zovuta kugwira. Mbalamezi ndi zodekha komanso zamtendere, zimadzipatsa tulo ndi kumvetsera kwa mwini wake. Chifukwa chokha chokonda kuuluka nthawi zambiri chimawulukira mwiniwake. M'masiku akale, mapiko awo adadulidwa kuti asathe kupita kutali. Koma, nthawi yomweyo, panali zochitika zina pamene anthu adamwitsa mbalame, kuiwalola kuti iuluke, ndipo idawuluka ndi nyama.
- Zinyama zodyerazi zing'onozing'ono nthawi zambiri zimagunda chachikulu chotere, poyerekeza ndi iwo, mbalame, monga heron. Komabe, sachita izi pofuna kuti apange ndalama kwa iye, koma kuti atenge chisa chake.
- Mbalame ndizothandiza kwambiri pakuchulukitsa tizirombo paulimi, kuwononga, potero, "kuchiritsa" mundawo.
- Mbalame yamtunduwu nthawi zonse imakhala tcheru ndikuopa anthu. Pafupi naye, muyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri. Waling'onoyo akaona kuti china chake chikumuopseza, agwiritsa ntchito milomo yakuthwa komanso mulomo wolimba.
Lero, mabodza awa adalembedwa mu Red Book. Mtunduwu ukuyamba kuchepa, uli ndi mwayi wokhala "pafupi ndi owopsezedwa," ndipo akufunika kutetezedwa. Chiwerengero cha agalu ofiira chikucheperachepera. Kusaka mbalamezi m'maiko ambiri ndizoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azamalimi kumathandiza makamaka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwawo. Dera lawo lanyama limachepa, chifukwa cha izi kubadwa kwa mbalame kumakhalanso kuvutika. Kuteteza falcon, ndikofunikira kuletsa kudula mitengo yayikulu kumapiri a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndikulimbikitsa kuteteza mitundu pakati pa anthu akumidzi. Dziwani malo okhalamo, pangani malo okhala nyama zakuthengo ndi njira zapadera zotetezera falcon yaying'ono.
Kodi falcon imawoneka bwanji?
Kobchik ndi wa oyimira ang'ono abanjawa, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumasiyana 28 mpaka 34 sentimita.
Mapiko ndi mapentimita 69-77, ndipo kutalika kwa mapiko ndi masentimita 22-35. Mbalamezi zimalemera, pafupifupi, 130-200 magalamu. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi.
Zabodza zazing'ono zamtundu wa zabodza zazing'ono.
Chingwecho chili ndi mulomo wachidule. Zala zimakhala zofooka ndizovala zazing'ono, zomwe sizachilendo kwa falcons. Amuna ali ndi mitundu yambiri ya bulauni. Nthenga zowongolera ndi zakuda. Gawo lakumunsi lanyama ndi chovala chamkati limakhala lofiira. Akazi, monga lamulo, ali ndi khungu laimvi, pomwe kumbuyo kumakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima. Pali mikwingwirima yayitali pamimba.
Mu nyama zazing'ono, mtunduwo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa achikulire. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, msana wawo ndi woderapo, ndipo mchirawo umakhala wopanda mikwingwirima.
Amuna ndi ogwira ntchito kumunda: amagwira makoswe ovulaza.
Mlomo wake ndi wamtambo, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi umakhala wakuda. Kuzungulira maso pali mphete zachikasu zomwe zimakhala ndi kamvekedwe kofiira pazaka zambiri. Mapazi ang'onoang'ono ndi achikasu. Kwa amuna akuluakulu, miyendo ndiyofiyira, ndipo mwa akazi achikulire, malalanje.
Khalidwe la feline m'chilengedwe komanso zakudya zake
Ana agalu amasaka masana. Maziko a chakudya ndi tizilombo. Zabodza zazing'ono zimawagwira pansi kapena kuzigwira mlengalenga ndi ma thumba awo. Ziphuphu ndi mbewa zing'onozing'ono zimagwera m'manja mwa adani. Tizilombo tating'ono timapanso mbalame zina.
Izi zabodza zimasamala kuti ziziwuluka pamwamba pa nthaka. Kuwona kuchokera m'mlengalenga kachilombo kapena mbewa yayikulu, mbalameyo imayamba kuwuluka mapiko ake mwamphamvu, motero imawombera m'malo mwake. Kenako imagwa pansi mwachangu ndikugwira nyama. Ngati wogwiridwayo akufuna kubisala, ndiye galuyo amamuthamangitsa.
Kanyama kakang'ono kamene kamakhala mbalame yodya nyama.
Phindu la feline ndi kukula kwa anthu
Agalu ang'onoang'ono kwa anthu ndiwofunika kwambiri chifukwa amafafaniza tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mbewuyi isasungidwe. Izi zabodza zazing'ono ndizothandiza kwambiri panthawi yanthawi yowonjezereka yowerengeka ya makoswe.
Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa ma red-maoto akuchepa kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa omwe anthu amathiririra minda kumathandizira. Kudya kwam'madzi kwa mabodza kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, komwe sikungathe, sikungakhudze chiwerengero cha anthu.
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Zopatsa zina:
Kusodza ndodo yosodza
Usodzi wamavu
Kuwedza mphete
Usodzi wa Mug
Nyama za mdera la Saratov
Kobchik (lat. Falco vespertinus) - mtundu wa mbalame yolusa ya genc falcons. Mitundu yambiri, yodziwika ya nesting. Zomwe zimakumana ndi izi zimadziwika kuchokera kumadera onse amchigawochi, komabe, kufalikira kofiira kumapangika mosiyanasiyana. Mbalameyi idalandira dzina "kobchik" kuchokera ku liwu lakale lachi Russia "kobets". Pansi pa lingaliro ili, abodza amaphatikiza zabodza zonse zazing'ono zosaka. Kapangidwe kakang'ono, kophatikizana ndi kakhalidwe kofanana ndi kestrel, koma kopanda mapiko. Imodzi mwa mbalame zochepa zomwe zimadya nyama yakumatauni, limodzi ndi ma kestrel ndi capelin, imakhala malo osungiramo nyama omwe amakhala m'nyumba zam'mizinda yosanja zambiri komanso nyumba za anthu, mapaki amtawuni ya Saratov. Bokchik nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti imakhala ku Saratov yomwe, pano, pamodzi ndi kestrel wamba, ndiwotchuka kwambiri pakati pa zilombo, iwo amakhala 69,5% (kwa nthawi ya nesting) ndi 74.8% (chifukwa chosamukasamuka) kwa anthu onse ochulukirapo. mbalame zodyedwa. Kuchuluka kwa mzere kumalire amtawuni ndi 2.6 ind./km2.
Kobchik ndi mitundu yosiyana mu banja la falcon, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi falcon komanso kestrel. Utoto ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi zofanana kwambiri. Kusiyanaku kumakhala kwakukulu. Kobchik ndi wotsika kwambiri kwa abale ake, onse kukula komanso kukhala ndi mapiko. Kutalika kwa mbalame 28-3 cm, mapiko kutalika kwa 23- 35 masentimita, mapiko mpaka 65-77 masentimita, kulemera kwa 130-197 G. Lalifupi, wopanda mphamvu. Wamphongo ndi wamtambo wakuda (pafupifupi wakuda) wokhala ndi wofiyira njerwa, wobvala wamkati ndi "thalauza". Yaikazi imakhala ya imvi yokhala ndi chingwe chosinthika kumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira wake, miyendo yayitali pamimba, masharubu akuda. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zofiirira zokhala ndi zoyera pansi pazitali zazitali. Mini-falcon iyi imatchedwa "falcon", koma pali dzina lina - "red-legward falcon", chifukwa cha "mathalauza" owala lalanje ndi mawamba a utoto wofiira kapena wofiira. Mawamba, nthenga ndi mphete pozungulira maso m'mitundu imakhala yofiyira kapena ya lalanje, yaying'ono - yachikasu. Zovala zimayera zofiirira. Utawaleza ndi wakuda. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwachilendo kwa mitundu yodabwitsayi, mbalameyo idalemekezedwa ndi ansembe achikunja. Kuyambira kale, anthu wamba adasinthanitsa ma marefu kuti athandize kupulumutsa mbewu kuti zisawonongedwe ndi dzombe ndi tizilombo tina taulimi. Voterani. Mokweza kapena mokweza "Ndipo yayitali" ".
Zomwe zimakumana ndi izi zimadziwika kuchokera kumadera onse amchigawochi, komabe, kufalikira kofiira kumapangika mosiyanasiyana. Madera okhazikika kwambiri amadziwika m'dera la Volga, komwe pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi sipanakhalepo kuchepetsa kwakukulu. Poyerekeza ndi Banki Yoyenera, momwe kuchepa kwapazinthu zachilengedwe kukuonekera kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1970. Mpaka pano, malo okhala mabanki akumanja atha kufotokozedwa ngati wamba, koma owonekera.
Zisamba zingapo zapezeka m'nkhalango ya oak yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo. B. Irgiz pafupi ndi. Tavolozhka wa chigawo cha Pugachevsky, gulu la mares ang'onoang'ono angapo awiriawiri limadziwika kuchokera kudera la s. Usatovo, boma la Krasnokutsky, awiriawiri chisa m'chipinda chakale pafupi ndi dziwe pafupi ndi s. Kalonga. M'nkhalango ya Dyakovo palokha, zisa za falcon zimakhala makamaka pawiri. Zambiri mwa mbalame zoterezi zokhala ndi zisa 14 zomwe zimakhala ndi zisa zakale za magpie zidalembedwa m'nkhalango pafupi ndi mtsinje. Bizyuk, pali zida zodalirika zokhudzana ndi dziwe lodyera (pafupifupi magulu awiri) lazituni m'chigwa cha mtsinje. Volga pakati pa midzi yomwe N. Bannovka ndi Beloglinsky.
Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza malo olumikizana achimuna ndi achimuna. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe m'mphepete mwa mayiwe amtundu wamtunda m'boma la Fedorovsky, kuchuluka kwa miyendo yofiyira kumadera osakanikirana ndi ma rook kunali 1,2 pax / km ya gombe.
Chifukwa chake, mkati mwa Prieruslan steppe, maziko azakudya za mbalame amapangidwa ndi tizilombo, makamaka owawa (60% milandu) ndi orthopterans (3%). Pakadali pano, tinsomba tating'onoting'ono timathanso kugwira tizinyama tambiri, tating'ono tating'ono tambiri - ting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono (20%) ndi ma papa oteteza ana (45%). Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame nthawi zonse (10%) zimagwira mbewa zapakhomo, abuluzi okwera ndi abuluzi amitundu mitundu. Mwa mbalame zimakonda kwambiri mpheta, koma zimatha kuyendetsa mbalame yayikulu, monga nkhunda. Amasaka masana, mosiyana ndi dzina la Latin Latin "vespertinus" - "jioni". Samalani ndi nyama yobochki yochokera kumlengalenga. Poona chandamale, amayamba kupukusa mapiko awo mwamphamvu, ndikupangitsa kuti izi zizungulira malo amodzi. Kenako nyama yolusa yomwe ili ndi mwala imagwera pansi ndikugwira nyama. Ngati cholinga sichikuperekedwa nthawi yoyamba, kanyanjako amakuthamangitsa, kenako.
Kobchik ndi mbalame yokhala pagulu, yomwe siimakonda kuchita zabodza. Zokha, mbalamezi sizikhala, makamaka m'magulu, ambiri - mpaka awiriawiri. Koma apa ndipamene "mayanjano" aimuna amatha. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimakhala zoweta, zazimuna sizikhala ndi abale ndi chisa, ngakhale atakhala ndi udindo chifukwa cha "wokwatirana" akuswa mazira.
Agalu samapanga zisa. Izi zabodza zazing'ono sizomanga. Popanda kuvutikira ndi ntchito yomanga, amakonda kukhala ndi zisa za anthu ena. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amenewa amakhala osayendayenda kapena kumeza zisa, akhwangwala, ndi matsenga. Ngati palibe, ndiye, ngati nyumba ya nyengoyo, mnzakeyo akhoza kusankha dzenje kapena ngakhale dzenje.
Amawulukira ku malo okhala nesting mu theka loyamba la Epulo. Imakhala chisa m'nkhalango zokha: nkhalango zowirira, zogona zakale, malo osungirako zinyama ndi minda. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'midzi pafupi ndi dziwe, pomwe mumakhala zisa za abulu kapena akhwangwala. Zitha kukhazikika pafupi ndi zisa za zisa zina. Kubalanso kumayamba mochedwa kuposa zolengedwa zina zing'onozing'ono, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tambiri. Mu gawo la Prieruslan m'madera a Krasnokutsk ndi Rivne, kuyikira mazira kumayamba masiku khumi a Meyi. Clutch ya mazira 4 atsopano anapezeka pafupi Kochumbetova m'boma la Perelyubsky. Pakati pa Ogasiti, mbalame zimayamba kusamukira kwazosakhazikika, ndipo zimatha kupezeka m'minda (boma la Krasnokutsky), pafupi ndi dziwe (mudzi wa Novouspenka m'boma la Krasnopartizansky), pafupi ndi midzi (mudzi wa Dyakovka), m'minda, etc. mbalame zamtopola zouluka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala.
Ankhandwe ang'ono amawulukira kumadera akumapeto kumapeto kwa Epulo, kumayambiriro kwa Meyi ndi cholinga chokha chosiya ana awo. Amangofika ku bizinesi akangofika. Nthawi yakukhwima ndiyifupi - mavinidwe ochepa achimuna patsogolo pa mkazi kuti akope chidwi chake ndipo tsopano wakhala kale pamazira. Kusintha kwa kagulu kakang'ono kumawerengera mazira 5-7. Mazira kuti agwirizane ndi mbalame - yaying'ono, yofiyira ndi madontho amdima. Njira yogwirira mazira imatha mwezi - kumayambiriro kwa June, monga lamulo, ana obadwa kumene ang'ono amabadwa. Wamkazi ndi wamkazi amaikira mazira nawonso, akusintha maudindo. Pomwe imodzi imateteza ana amtsogolo, inayo imapeza chakudya. Anapiye ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono amakula msanga. Patatha mwezi ndi theka atabadwa - pakati pa Julayi - amatenga kale mapiko ndikusiya chisa cha makolo. Masabata awiri zimawatengera chidaliro kuti athe kulimba mtima ngati mlenje komanso kudziwa luso lothawa. Anapiye achikulire panthawiyi sauluka kutali ndi chisa cha makolo awo, ndipo makolo awo amawadyetsa. Pofika pakati pa Ogasiti, kukonzekera kwakukuru kwayamba kale kuyenda mtsogolo motalikirana kumalo ozizira. Gulu la nkhosalo limasiya chisa kumapeto kwa mwezi woyamba wa Seputembala. Ndipo pofika nthawi imeneyi, kukula kwachinyamata kwakula - mamembala onse odzilamulira komanso odziimira pawokha.
Zadziwika kuti mbalameyi ilibe adani achilengedwe. Koma, ngakhale izi, chiwerengero cha falcon chokhala ndi miyendo yofiira chimatsika chaka chilichonse. Chiwerengero cha mini-falcon chimavulala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mosasamala komanso posagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pogulitsa minda. Osati tizilombo zovulaza zokha zomwe zimafa, komanso ma mini-falcons, omwe amadya nawo mwakhama.
Kuthengo, nthawi yayitali yomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo wa feline amakhala zaka 12 mpaka 15. Ali mu ukapolo, moyo wawo umakulitsidwa mpaka zaka 20 ngakhale 25.