Pamodzi ndi nyerere ndi anthu, khungubwi lakuda ndi chinthu chokhacho padziko lapansi chomwe chimasonkhanitsa magulu ake ankhondo kuti aukire abale kuti alande zigawo zawo. Dzina lachi Latin la akhwangwala ndi Corvus corax, kuchokera pomwepo zikuwonekeratu kuti alibe chochita ndi khwangwala.
Zikhala zodziwikiratu ngati mungoyang'anitsitsa chithunzi cha khwangwala. Izi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame, zomwe zimachokera ku banja limodzi. Komanso, mbalamezi zimakangana pakati pawo. Raven ndi gulu la Passeriformes ndipo ndiye woimira kwambiri m'mudzimo.
Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe a mbalame
Makamaka, thupi la akhwangwala limatha kutalika kwa 70 cm, ndipo mbalame yayikulu nthawi zina imalemera mpaka ma kilogalamu awiri. Miyeso yaikazi ndiyocheperako pang'ono. Ili ndi mlomo waukulu, wokulirapo ndi mchira wopota, womwe khwangwala yemweyo sangadzitamande. Makongoletsedwe amakopa chidwi: mbalame imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yakuda yosinthika pang'ono m'mizere pafupi ndi khosi, pomwe pamimba pamakhala pang'onopang'ono, zitsulo.
Khwangwala ali ndi mapiko a mita imodzi ndi theka. Mbalameyo imakhala ndi nthenga zoloza pakhosi, ndipo pansi pa mulomo, ndi msinkhu, zimapangika ngati "ndevu". Monga maula, mulomo ndi miyendo ya akhwangwala amakhalanso akuda bii. Zovala pamiyendo ndizokhota. Raven iris mithunzi ya khofi.
Kufanana ndi mbalame zina
Zofanana zimatha kupezeka ndi nthcito, koma khwangwala ndi wamkulu kwambiri ndipo amasiyana m'njira zingapo. Pokhapokha utoto wa thupi m'makung'alu ndi monophonic, ngati mumtundu womwewo kapena khwangwala wakuda. "Kru" wotsika, wamphongo kapena "m'mphepete" wamtali kapena wautali, womwe umadziwikanso kuti wokhotakhota, umamveka m'mawu a mbalame. Amakhulupirira kuti akhwangwala amatha kutsanzira mawutsanzirani mawu a nyama zina.
Kufalikira
Kugawidwa kunalandiridwa pafupifupi kulikonse m'dera lotchedwa Holarctic, lomwe limakhudza dziko lonse lapansi. Kuchokera kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Russian Federation, Alaska ndi Greenland mpaka kumpoto kwa chipululu cha Sahara, Arabia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Kumene sakupezekanso ku South America. Komabe, ngakhale ili ndi gawo lalikulu chotere, mbalamezi zimataya ziwerengero zake chaka chilichonse.
Malo okhala nthangala
Zitha kuwoneka kuyambira pandime yapitayi kuti akhwangwala amatha kusankha malo ena ake monga malo okhala, kuchokera kuchigwa mpaka kumapiri, kuchokera kuchipululu kupita ku tundra. Komabe, amapewa nkhalango zowirira zowirira. Mbalame zimakonda nkhalango zotambalala kapena, ngati kumpoto, zitsamba pafupi ndi dziwe ndi marhes. Madera akum'mwera komwe amakhala, amakonda mapiri ndi zigwa. Amakhala ngakhale ku Himalaya, kutalika kwakukulu.
Khwangwala, monga lamulo, sakhazikika pafupi ndi munthu. Ngakhale zadziwika posachedwa kuti khwangwala wakuda adayamba kuwonekera m'midzi yoyandikana ndi midzi yomwe idasiidwa. M'mizinda ikuluikulu kuti mudzamuwone, kupatula lamulo. Komabe, nthawi zina chithunzi cha khwangwala chimalowa mu mandala. M'mizinda, mbalame zimatha kukhala m'malo okhala osakhazikika. Makungu amatha kukopeka ndi chakudya chotsika mtengo pamafakitale, zomera zopangira nyama kapena pabwalo la ziweto.
Malo osungira mbalame
Phula limakonda kukhala zisa m'nkhalango, pafupi ndi kasupe wamadzi. M'malo otseguka, ngati zichitika, ndi pomwe munthu yemwe samapezeka kawirikawiri, mwachitsanzo, m'manda amanda. Ndi osowa kwambiri pafupi ndi misewu yotanganidwa, ngati m'mphepete ndi chakudya.
Kusankha malo okhala mbalame, poganiza zokhala khwangwala, nkofunika kwambiri kwa iye. Khungubwe losowa limasankha maulendo ataliatali oti nthawi yozizira ithe. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyi imasankha ogontha, yosatheka kwa munthu malo, ndi mitengo yolimba. Monga lamulo, khwangwala amasankha mtengo wolimba wokhala ndi foloko yayikulu mumtengo kuti ubwerere chisa chamtsogolo, chomwe pine, oak, ndi linden ndizoyenera.
Ngati khwangwala wasankha malo achikhalidwe ngati malo osungirako malo, ndiye kuti malo osankhidwa ndi omwe amangokhala ndi masikono, nsanja zamadzi kapena matchalitchi akale.
Moyo, mawonekedwe a mbalame
Raven ndiwanzeru kwambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi dongosolo labwino lamanjenje. Mbalame zachikulire zimapitirira zomwe zinakuchitikirazi kwa achichepere, ndipo kukumbukira kwa izo kumawalola kukumbukira zonse ndikupitiliza kubwereza zikhalidwe. Ndiye kuti, titha kunena kuti, pamodzi ndi osakhudzidwa, amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe. Mbalamezi zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ena monga iwo ngakhale pakuuluka.
Mbalameyi imasambira pang'ono ndi mapiko ataliatali kuposa momwe imafanana ndi adani ake akuluakulu. Komanso, zojambula zamtundu wa mbalame ndikuyamba kwa khungubwi musananyamuke, chifukwa zimayendetsa. Ndipo ambiri, akhwangwala amamva bwino pansi.
Usiku, khungubwi limagona chisa chake, masana limasaka nthawi zonse.
Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi pangani magulu ang'onoang'ono pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira, ndipo zisanachitike iwo amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti khwangwala ndiwosiyana chifukwa, monga anthu, amalimbirana gawo. Mbalameyi munjira yoyenera imagwirana munyama, ngati pangafunike kutero. Mlomo wamphamvu, wokhotakhota, waukulu umawathandiza pankhondo. Gulu la akhwangwala opambana amakhala kumadera omwe agonjetsedwa ndipo mkati mwake amapeza chakudya chokha.
Chakudya cha Raven
Raven imakhala yopanda pake, ndipo sipewa zovalazo. Komanso, mbalameyo inaonedwa ikuwononga zisa za nyama zina. Zambiri zimatengera nthawi ya chaka. Khwangwala ali ndi maso okongola kwambiri, chifukwa chake, ngati kulibe chakudya chowoneka bwino, amayang'ana nyama zazing'ono kuchokera kumwamba - kuyambira mbewa zam'munda mpaka tizilombo. Ngati khungubwi limasokoneza mwadzidzidzi chakudya chake chamasana ndikuwuluka patali pang'ono ndi chakudya, monga lamulo, izi zikutanthauza kuti mwini wa malowo wabwerera kapena wabwera, mwina ndi nyama kapena munthu.
Pa cholinga chomwecho, amatha kutsatira magulu amtundu wa nyama kapena nyama zakutchire. Ngati m'dera lokhala mulibe chakudya chokwanira, akhwangwala amatha kuwuluka malo anthropogenic, pafupi ndi nyama kapena mafamu opangira ziweto. Mwakuyandikira kwa munthu, mbalameyo imawuluka, koma khwangwala saopa kuthamangitsa nyama zina zazing'ono zazing'ono. Nthawi zina amatenga chakudya chovomerezeka kuchokera kwa olusa kapena amafesa m'matangadza awo.
Maphika ndi zakudya
Nyama zapakhomo sizimawombedwa kawirikawiri. Ndizosangalatsa kuwona kufufuma kwa makungubwi omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Khungubwe limagwira khola lamadzi pagombe, kenako limakweza m'mwamba, kuchokera komwe limaponyera kumbuyo. Ndipo kangapo mpaka chipolopolo chimasweka kuti uchotsemo.
Khungubwe zimawonedwanso kudya mbewu ndi zakudya zamasamba osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti amakhala osachepera pang'ono, mbalamezi zimakonda kugawana nyama ndi abale awo, zomwe ndi mawu akulu. Makamaka, izi zimagwira ntchito kwa nyama zazing'ono.
Kuswana
Monga momwe zimakhalira pakhukusi, akhwangwala amene amapanga bwaloli amatenga gawo lina ndikuliteteza mwansanje. Mtunda pakati pa maiko a maukwati onsewa ndi makilomita angapo (kupatula malo ongokhala anthropogenic).
Nthawi zina kudziphatika kwa makwangwala kumalo kumakupatsani mwayi wopitilira mgwirizano mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa moyo, ndichifukwa chake amakhala ndi tanthauzo la monogamous. Mwa njira, kutha kumayamba pambuyo pa chaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Yakwana nthawi yoti khwangwala aphikire chisa.
Masewera olimbitsa thupi amatha kusiyanitsidwa chifukwa chakuti akhwangwala amphongo amayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'mlengalenga kapena, ngati pikoko, amayenda patsogolo pa mkazi ndi mchira "womasuka". Ngati wamkazi avomera, awiriwo amayamba kuyeretsa nthenga za mnzake ndikupanga chisa.
Mkaka ndi ana
Pakumanga chisa, zida (monga nthambi, nthambi, malo okumba, mauna, dongo, ndi zina) zimabwera ndi "okwatirana", koma wamkazi yekha ndiye amayang'anira kuyikapo, kenako amakola mazira pamenepo. Izi zimapitilira mpaka milungu itatu, mpaka kapangidwe kake kamalimbikitsa chidaliro cha mbalameyo: m'mimba mwake mwa chisa pamakhala pafupifupi mita, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi theka la mita.
Nthawi zambiri, akhwangwala amapangira zisa zingapo nthawi imodzi m'gawo lake, kuti angatero, ndikusintha nthawi. Koma, ngakhale chiwerengero cha zisa, zopitirira umodzi pachaka sizichitika.
Nthawi yoyamba kusamala, khwangwala wamkazi amapitilizabe anapiye ang'ono achisa. Ndiye khwangwala waphatikizidwa kale ndi theka lake amangowadyetsa. Mwana wakhanda wakhanda amadya chilichonse chomwe makolo ake amadya. Pakupitilira mwezi umodzi, anapiyewo amayamba kuuluka, ndipo chaka chimodzi mbalame imatha kudzidalira.
Pali akhwangwala angati omwe amakhala
Ngati kuthengo khwangwala amakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi zaka 15, kenako mu ukapolo mbalame imatha kukhala angapo. Mwambiri, khwangwala amawonedwa ngati chiwindi chachitali. Kodi akhwangwala angati amakhala ndi moyo komanso chakudya. Ngati anapiyewo akutulutsidwa mchisa, ndiye kuti zimatha kuwusangalatsa, koma khwangwala amangodziwa yekha mnyamatayo. Ndipo, patatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, mbalameyo imafunafuna kuuluka, ingokhala ndi nthawi yopanga chithunzi cha khwangwala.