Pafupifupi pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu a agalu ndi agalu achikulire, komanso ankhandwe, nkhandwe, abodza, amphaka ndi mongooses adapezeka pansi pa kachisi wa mulungu wakufa Anubis ku Saqqara, mudzi wawung'ono 30 km kumwera kwa Cairo. Malinga ndi akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja aku Britain, amphaka am'mbuyomu achi Egypt adapangidwa zaka 2500 zapitazo - m'zaka za zana la IV BC e.
Zakale achizungu ndinamanganso temple ndi ma catacomb polemekeza Aiguputo milungu ya Anubis yemwe, molingana ndi nthano, anali wotsogolera akufa kumoyo wamoyo, woyang'anira manda, komanso woweruza muufumu wa akufa. Amawonetsedwa ndi mutu wa nkhandwe komanso thupi la munthu. M'mbuyomu, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja apeza m'malo awa zopezeka ndi zotsalira za nyama zina zambiri (mauwa, akambuku, anyani ndi ng'ombe). Izi mwina zikusonyeza kuti Aiguputo ankalambira milungu yina yopanga zoomorphic.
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nyama necropolis kumapezeka mu sayansi ya katswiri wofufuza zinthu zakale waku France a Jacques de Morgan ndipo adayamba ku 1897. Adapanganso mapu awiri am'manda momwe manda a zinyama adayikidwa. Komabe, mphaka izi sizinadziwike kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa kufulumira kwa chivomerezi ndi chivomerezi cha 1992 zinapangitsa kuti mphaka wamtunduwu alephere kufufuza. Kuphatikiza apo, azimayi ambiri omwe amasungidwa m'mitsuko yapadera yamadongo anaphwanyika ndikusweka. "Atafa kale, adayamba kuzunzika ndi akuda akuda, achifwamba ndi ogulitsa," zikudziwika kuti pambuyo pake maimidwe omwe kale omwe ankachira anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza pa ulimi. "
Ofufuzawo ena sanayang'anenso chidwi chawo pamaliro a nyama ku Egypt. Ndipo pokhapokha akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja okha ndi omwe amatha kufufuza bwinobwino necropolis yonse, yomwe ndi yolumikizana ndi ngalande zomwe zili ndi malo 173 ndi 140 m. "Iyi ndi mndandanda wautali wamiyala yakuda komwe kulibe kuwala kwachilengedwe. Awa ndi malo okongola kwabasi, "atero a Paul Nicholson, wamkulu wa kafukufuku, pulofesa wofukula zakale ku Cardiff University.
Zolemba zakale zamakedzana adamangidwa , mwina, m'zaka za zana la IV BC opangidwa ndi miyala kuyambira nthawi ya Ypresian gawo la Eocene (ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka 48-56 miliyoni). Malinga ndi Gazette la ku Egypt, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja apeza miyala zakale za nyama yakale yakale, yomwe inali mderalo zaka zoposa 48 miliyoni zapitazo, pamiyala yotsekera manda. Komabe, asayansi sanathe kupereka yankho lotsimikizika pakuwonekera kwa zinthu zakalezi zomwe zidalipo m'makatoni. Chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndichakuti mwala womwe manda anakhazikikapo amachokera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Eocene, pomwe panali nyanja yam'madzi ku Egypt yamakono.
Pamaliro, asayansi amawerengera amayi 8 miliyoni agalu ndi ana agalu. Komanso palimodzi adayikidwa nawo zotsalira za nyama zina, koma osapitirira 8%. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amati nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi azimayi agalu omwe mulibe zizindikiro za kufa mwankhanza. Asayansi amati ana agalu analengedwa makamaka chifukwa cha miyambo ndipo anaphedwa ndi njala ndi ludzu. "Mwina sanaphedwe, mulibe umboni wa makosi otayika omwe timapeza m'manda amphaka," adatero a Paul Nicholson. Pamodzi ndi ana agalu omwe sanaikidwe m'manda mosamala kwambiri, asayansi adakumana ndi zovuta zowonjezera za agalu akale - malinga ndi Nicholson, awa ndi nyama zomwe zidakhala ndi mwayi kuti zikule m'makachisi.
Mpambo wa nyama ku Egypt wakale udali wotchuka kuyambira 747 BC. e. mpaka 30 BC e. ndipo inatha muulamuliro wachi Roma. A Paul Nicholson, a Paul Nicholson, akuti: "Lero, alendo omwe akubwera ku Saqqara amawona malo achipululu omwe ali ndi zipilala zingapo zodziwika bwino." Komabe, mukadakhala ndi mwayi wokaona Saqqara kumapeto kwa chaka cha 747 mpaka 322 BC. chifukwa, mumawona akachisi, ogulitsa akugulitsa ziboliboli za milungu yamkuwa, ansembe akuwatsogolera pamisonkhano, anthu omwe amatanthauzira maloto. Makamaka panali alimi oweta ziweto omwe anali kulima agalu ndi nyama zina kwinakwake kuti posachedwa azilisidwa st a milungu. Unali malo abwino. "
Zikhulupiriro zinalimbikitsa malonda a nyama ndi maulendo: anthu amafika kudera lamakono la Saqqara kudzapereka nsembe kwa milungu ndikuwathokoza.
“Ntchito zamalonda mwina zikuyenda bwino kuno, osati zinyama chabe: anthu amafunika chakudya, zakumwa, pogona. Ndipo izi zimatchedwa woyambitsa bizinesi yokopa anthu ambiri, "anatero Aidan Dodson waku University of Bristol ku UK.
Mfundo yoti anthu a ku Egypt wakale amagwiritsa ntchito nyama zopitilira mtsogolo zidadziwika kale. Ngakhale wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma Juvenal adalemba kuti "Aigupto amisala" opembedza milungu yoyipa, ndipo mutha kupeza mizinda yonse yodzipereka kwa amphaka, nsomba zamtsinje kapena agalu.
Akuluakulu ndi ana agalu adayikidwa zaka pafupifupi 2,5 zapitazo m'mphanga zamatchi pafupi ndi kachisi wa mulungu wakufa Anubis. Ku Egypt, m'matchati amakale akale, manda akuluakulu agalu okwanira mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu operekedwa kwa Anubis adapezeka. Necropolis ili pafupi ndi Kachisi wa mulunguyu ku Saqqara - mudzi 30 km kumwera kwa Cairo.
Nkhani yasayansi yokhudza necropolis imasindikizidwa m'magazini ya Cambridge Antiquity. Monga mukudziwa, m'derali muli necropolis likulu la ufumu wakale wa Memphis, pomwe akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja apeza kale zolemba zakale zokhala ndi zotsalira za nyama zina zambiri (ibisi, agogo, anyani ndi ng'ombe zamphongo).
Kuphatikiza pa gulu lankhondo la agalu, lomwe limachita chidwi kwambiri, patapezeka chinsalu chosazolowereka pachimake cha nkhonya zam'madzi zaka zoposa 48 miliyoni, zofanana ndi abale a manatees ndi ma dugongs, nevnov.ru akuti.
"Lero, alendo omwe akubwera ku Saqqara amawona malo achipululu okhala ndi zipilala zingapo komanso zipilala zingapo zodziwika bwino pazipembedzozi. Koma mukadakhala ndi mwayi wokaona Saqqara kumapeto kwa nyengo ya kumapeto kwa zaka za 747 mpaka 322 BC, mukawona akachisi ogulitsa akugulitsa ziboliboli za milungu yamkuwa, ansembe otsogolera miyambo, anthu akuwonetsa kumasulira kwa maloto. Makamaka panali alimi omwe anali kuweta agalu ndi nyama zina kwinakwake kuti pambuyo pake azikatungidwa polemekeza milungu. esto ", - akutero wolemba mabuku wotsogolera Paul Nicholson, pulofesa wofukula zakale ku Cardiff University.
Nicholson anati: "Ma Catacomb ndi mzere wautali wamiyala yakuda. Kuwala kwachilengedwe sikulowa kumeneko, ndipo malowa kwathunthu amawoneka okongola."
Katembo adamangidwa, mwina, m'zaka za 4th BC kuchokera pamwala kuyambira nthawi ya Ypresian gawo la Eocene (i.e, pafupifupi zaka 48-56 miliyoni).
Malinga ndi TASS, kupembedza kwachinyama kumeneku kudakula bwino ku Egypt kuyambira 747 BC. mpaka 30 BC Mu ulamuliro wa Aroma, iwo adazisiya. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nyama necropolis kumapezeka mu sayansi ya katswiri wofufuza zinthu zakale waku France a Jacques de Morgan ndipo adayamba ku 1897. Adalemba mapu awiri am'manda momwe mazimayi a nyama adayikidwapo.
Komabe, m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja sanawafikirepo, ndipo mchenga wosunthika ndi chivomerezi cha 1992 ku Egypt chinatsekereza konse mwayi wochepera. Pakadali pano akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja akwanitsa kupenda ma necropolis onse, omwe ndi mgwirizano wamtali, wopanda magwero masana.
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Nyama zimaperekedwa nsembe kwa milungu yakale ya ku Aigupto kapena kugulitsidwa pamsika
Ku Egypt, asayansi adatulusa azimayi pafupifupi 8 miliyoni agalu, ankhandwe, nkhandwe, amphaka, mongooses ndi falcons. Malirowo adapezeka pansi pa kachisi wa mulungu wakufa Anubis ku Saqqara, lipoti znaj.ua.
Asayansi aku Britain adapeza zolemba zakale za ku Egypt zomwe zidamangidwa zaka 2500 zapitazo - m'zaka za 4th BC. Akatswiri ofufuza zakale adaphunzira necropolis yonse ndikuwerengera pafupifupi mamiliyoni 8 a agalu akuluakulu ndi ana agalu popanda zisonyezo zilizonse zakufa mwankhanza. Asayansi amati nyama zinali zodyedwa mwapadera ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyambo ndi miyambo. Anthu okhala ku Egypt wakale ankalambira milungu yosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zonse ankapereka nsembe kwa iwo.
"Mwina sanaphedwe, mulibe umboni wa makosi osweka omwe timapeza m'manda amphaka," atero a Paul Nicholson, wamkulu wa kafukufuku, pulofesa wofukula zakale ku Cardiff University.
Chifukwa chake, katswiri wofufuza zinthu zakale Aidan Dodson wa pa Yunivesite ya Bristol ku UK ananena kuti necropolis yomwe idapezeka kale inali imodzi mwa malo ogulitsira.
M'mbuyomu, asayansi adapeza zolemba zakale kwambiri pakhungu la azimayi awiri achiigupto zaka 5000 zapitazo. Kujambula kwa infrared kunatsimikizira kuti mawanga amdima padzanja ndi zithunzi za nyama ziwiri zokhala ndi nyanga.