Zikwangwani zimakhala ndi thupi lopanda kanthu, lokhala ngati mnofu komanso gulu la squat. Thupi lake ndi lalifupi komanso lokwera. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika pamtunda wa 60-90 cm, mchira - 20-24 cm. Cholemera chanyama chimafikira 22 kg, musanachitike hibernation, nthawi yophukira, imafika 34 kg. Miyendo ndi yaying'ono komanso yolimba, yokhala ndi zida zamphamvu, zopanda phokoso, zokutira pang'ono, miyendoyo ilibe kanthu. Mutu wa nyama yolusa imakhala yochepa ndi phokoso lalitali komanso lalitali, makutu ndi maso kulinso lalikulu, mchira wake umakhala wochepa komanso wamtondo. Chovala chake chikuwala, chivundikiracho ndi chovuta. Zomangira zimakhala zolimba, zazitali, koma zosafunikira, zopaka utoto wamaso kapena zofiirira zokhala ndi mtundu wa siliva, pamimba ndi zofiirira zakuda, chifuwa ndi miyendo ndimakala, mutu ndi wopepuka, magulu owoneka amdima amathamangira mbali zam'mutu kuchokera kumapeto kwa chotsekera mpaka makutu. Phokoso ndi m'mbali mwa makutu zili zoyera. Khosi ndilotsika. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayikulupo kuposa kutsogolo, misomali ndiyifupi, yosinthika ndi kukumba mink. Nyama imathamangira pamtundu waung'ono, wam'madzi pang'ono kuchokera kumbali kupita kumbali ndi zibonga zamatamba. Mayendedwe ali ngati mayendedwe a chimbalangondo.

Habitat

Dera lokhalamo ndilabwino kwambiri osaganizira. Sichikukwanira malo okhala, omwe amapezeka paliponse ku dera lonse la Europe (kupatula gawo lakumpoto la Scandinavia), Russia (kupatula malo akumwera), Caucasus. Chofunikira kwambiri pamalo okhalamo ndi kuthekera kopangira mizere. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chilombochi chimakhala m'madera onse osakakamizidwa, koma malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nkhalango zowuma, zosakanikirana, komwe kuli tchire ndi udzu. M'malo oterowo, amakonda kukumba mabowo pamalo otsetsereka a malo oponderezedwa, mitengo, matanthwe, nkhokwe ndi mitsinje. Nyamayo sikhala m'malo okhala ndi ma permafrost a nthawi yayitali, m'malo opezeka mapiri komanso ouma. Kupezeka kwa nkhokwe mkati mwa kilomita imodzi ndizofunikira kuti nyumba zoyikiramo zizikhala.

Zizolowezi

Badger amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo, koma nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka masana ndi usiku - masana mpaka 8, madzulo - pambuyo pa maola 5-6. Zilombo zimasungira malo omwe zimakonda kwambiri m'mibadwo, matauni obisika ali ndi zaka masauzande. Gawo lalikulu la moyo wa nyamayo imatalikirana mamaimili 400-500 m'nyumba yokhazikika, ndiye kuti, pamalo a mahekitala zana.

Kusuntha nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosangalatsa komanso kovuta. Akuyenda, ataweramitsa mutu wake pansi. Chikwangwani chimasambira moyenera, koma nthawi zina chimakwera m'madzi pachokha. Masomphenya ake ndi ofooka - amangomva zinthu zoyenda, ndipo kumva kwake ndikabwino. Mawu ake amafanana ndi kung'ung'udza, akung'ung'udza mokalipa, akulira mosasunthika pakakwiya kapena kuwukiridwa ndi adani.

Anthu osakwatirana amagwiritsa ntchito mabowo osavomerezeka, ali ndi khomo limodzi ndi chipinda chochezera. Mizinda yocheperako ya badger ndiyopangidwa mobiriwira pansi ndi mawonekedwe ambiri (mpaka 40-50) malowedwe ndi zotseguka zotseguka komanso maulendo ataliatali opita kuzipinda zazikuluzikulu za 2-3 zogona zomwe zimakhala ndi zinyalala zouma, zomwe zimakhala pakuya kwa 5 m.

Nthawi ndi nthawi, mabatani amatsukidwa ndi mabaji, zinyalala zazitali zimaponyedwa mumsewu. Ngati eni ake alibe vuto ndi chilichonse, burashiyo imabadwa, bondo lililonse lotsatira limathandizira kuti pakhale nyumba yovuta kupeza ntchito. Mbendera yakale - malo omwe amakhala ndi burulu waukulu - imatha kukhala pa chiwembu chofika hekitala imodzi. Ngati zingatheke, banja la badger limakhala ndi zingwe ziwiri ziwiri zitatu, zomwe zimasinthidwa ndikukhalamo milungu iwiri ndi itatu. Nthawi zambiri mitsinje yoyandikana imalumikizidwa ndikuyenda, ndikupanga matawuni oyipa. Nzika zimayankhulana popanda kusamvana, kuchezera zipinda za anansi awo. Dzenje la badger limakhala loyera nthawi zonse, zidutswa za chakudya chosamalizidwa sizikugona, monga zimakhalira ndi nkhandwe.

Zisanu

Badger ndiye okhawo omwe amaimira marten, obisalira nyengo yachisanu. Pofika nyengo ya kugwa, chilombo chimapeza mafuta ochulukirapo, omwe amalemera pafupifupi kawiri. Pofika nthawi, dzenje lidakonzedwa kale, chipinda chotsekera chadzaza ndi zinyalala zatsopano, zotsegulira mkati mwake zimatsekedwa ndi dothi ndi masamba. Ngati nthawi yozizira nyama zingapo zangokhala pachikhatho, chilichonse chimagona kuchipinda chocheperako.

Nyamazo zimaleka kuwonekera pambuyo pokugwa chisanu woyamba (kumapeto kwa Okutobala - Novembala), nyengo yotentha imakhalabe yamphamvu mpaka Januwale. M'malo omwe mulibe chiphala choyera ngati chipale chofewa, ma bebi samanama kwa nthawi yayitali, amabisalira dzenje kwa masiku angapo panthawi yanthawi yoipa. Kutentha, nyama zimadzuka ndi chiyambi cha chipale chofewa, kutentha kukayamba pa zero.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Badger ndi nyama yopatsa chidwi, menyu ake amaphatikizapo zakudya za nyama ndi zomera. Kuchokera ku chakudya cha nyama zomwe zidachokera mu zakudya zimaphatikizapo:

• makoswe ngati mbewa
• mbozi, mbozi,
• nsikidzi zosiyanasiyana
• njuchi, mavu,
• mbalame zazing'ono
• zalaula
• nyansi
• nkhono, zazisoni,
• abuluzi, njoka.

Kuchokera ku zakudya zam'mera, nyama imakonda:

Kufunika kwa zipatso kumachulukira kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kumapeto, pomwe zinthu izi zimatsogolera pakuphatikiza mafuta. Nthawi ndi nthawi amadya nsapato zaphokoso, kudya phwando lamphesa lamadzimadzi. Masana, nyamayi imadya chakudya chokha cha 0,5 makilogalamu, kumapeto kwa chilimwe kudya, kudya chilichonse chomwe chimatha. Pazifukwa izi amayamba kunenepa, ndikuwonjezera kulemera kwawo ndi 4-5 kg. Pofika nyengo yozizira, ma badger ambiri amakhala ovuta, aulesi, osasiya mabowo.

Kuswana

Nthawi yoweta ya badger imatha kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Okutobala, koma nsonga yeniyeni imayamba mu Seputembara. Nyama izi ndizopondera. Zikwangwani za pakati zimatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri, kuyambira masiku 270 mpaka 450. Kuyambira mwana mmodzi mpaka anayi amabadwa omwe amakhala akhungu ndipo amadalira abambo ndi amayi awo kwa milungu isanu. Amayamba kudyetsa pambuyo pa miyezi itatu, kuyamwa mkaka kwa miyezi inayi. Zikwangwani zimakonzekeretsa mabowo a ana asanaoneke, yaikazi imaberekera iwo pamenepo. Ana akamakula ndipo safunikanso kukhala ndi bowo, amasinthidwa ndi atsopano, ndikuchotsa zinyalala zocheperako. Asanakhale hibernation, kugwa, ana amasiyira dzenje, ndikusiya njira yodziyimira payokha.

Badger ndi bambo

Pankhani yaulimi, mbidzi imabweretsa zinthu zambiri zofunikira, ndikuwononga mbozi zophera tizilombo - the May bug, komanso chimbalangondo, makoswe. Koma kukhazikika pafupi ndi munthu, chirombo sichichita manyazi kudya mwachindunji m'mundamo. Badger imakumbidwa chifukwa cha khungu ndi mafuta. Khungu ndiloyenera kupanga mitundu yotsika mtengo ya ubweya, mafuta osiyanasiyana amakonzedwa kuchokera kumafuta, nthawi zina amatengedwa ngati njira yochizira mabala. Nyama ya nyama ndiyoyenera kudya, ubweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maburashi. Masutukesi ndi zinthu zina zimapangidwa kuchokera ku chikopa cha badger.

Nyama sizikhala pachiswe kwa anthu. Koma amadwala kwambiri - matenda a chiwewe. Chifukwa chakuti woipayo amatha kulekerera matenda, akupitilizidwa kuwonongeka kwambiri. Pofuna kusaka njuchi, katemera amachitika ku Europe. Kuphatikiza pa kuthetsa nyamayo ngati chonyamula matenda, kuyisaka kumachitika ku Russia ndi ku Ukraine kuti mugwiritse ntchito mafuta ake pamankhwala azikhalidwe. Zotsatira zakuchotsa padziko lonse lapansi, woipayo adakumana ndi vuto lothetsa, adalembedwa mu Red Book of the International Organisation for the Protection of Natural.

Kusaka kwapa Badger

Kusaka koipitsitsa kumachitika m'njira zingapo. Nyama imasakidwa ndi agalu othawa. Ndikwabwino kutenga fosholo ndi inu kukumba dzenje. Woyimba ndi mnzake kwambiri agalu, chifukwa mlenje amakakamizidwa kumuthandiza kuthana ndi nyamayo mwachangu. Kusaka kungachitike popanda agalu. Mutha kupanganso chobisalira pamtengo, popeza kuchokera pamenepo mutha kuwona kutuluka kuchokera pabowo. Kutayamba kwamdima, nyamayo imasambira mochenjera. Pakadali pano, mlenje amayenera kukhala osamala, simuyenera kuwombera pamphindi yomweyo, koma kungowonetsetsa kuti chilombochi chikuchoka kutali ndi kwawo.

Kutalika kwa nyama chilombo ndi zaka 5-6. Omwe atenga nthawi yayitali ndi anthu omwe apulumuka mpaka zaka 10-12. Ali ku ukapolo, nyama zimakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zochulukirapo. Wolemba mbiri yakale yemwe amakhala zaka zambiri ndi munthu amene wakhala zaka 16.

Kalulu

Woyipa, woimira banja la a Kuniya, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuti azisokoneza ndi nyama iliyonse. Koma kuwona chikwangwani si ntchito yophweka. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti nyamayo imakhala ndi moyo wosangalala usiku ndipo imakonda kukhala maola ake onse usana, ndipo nthawi yozizira imadzaza mbeta! Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu masiku ano kumayesedwa ngati nkokhazikika, ndipo kupindula ndi kuvulaza nyama kwa anthu nkovuta kwambiri kuyesa.

Kulongosola kwa Badger

Kutalika kwa mbendera yayikulu kumafika pa 60 mpaka 90 cm, kutalika kwa mchira wake ndi 20-24 cm, kulemera mpaka 24 kg, ndipo nthawi ya hibernation isanafike 34 kg. Thupi limakhala lalikulu, lopangidwa modabwitsa, lofanana ndi mphero yolowera kutsogolo, yokhala ndi chopindika chopindika chaching'ono. Khosi limakhala lalifupi kwambiri, limakhala losaoneka. Miyendo ndiyifupi, yayikulu. Zala zakumapeto zimatha ndi zikhadabo zazitali zazifupi, zoyenera kukumba.

Ubweya wazowawa ndi woyipa. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zake ndi zofiirira zofiirira komanso zokhala ndi siliva, zakuda pansi pa thupi. Phokoso limakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda yomwe imayamba kuchokera pamphuno mpaka makutu.

Zolemba Pazakudya Zoyipa

Akalulu ndi nyama zopatsa chidwi, koma chakudya cha nyama ndichochakudya chawo. Awa ndi makoswe onga mbewa, achule, abuluzi, mbalame ndi mazira, tizilombo tambiri ndi mphutsi zake, ma buluu, nyongolotsi, kuwonjezera apo, ma badger amadya bowa, zipatso, mtedza ndi udzu. Mukasaka, mbidzi imazungulira pamalo akuluakulu, ikadumpha mitengo yomwe idadulidwa, imadula makungwa a mitengo ndi zitsa, pomwe tizilombo ndi mphutsi timabisala. Mbidzi ikulu ikulu ikhoza kutola achule 50 mpaka 70, mazana a tizilombo ndi mphutsi pakusaka kamodzi. Patsiku lomwe amafunikira pafupifupi 500 g ya chakudya, amadya kwambiri asanachitike hibernation, akamadya ndikuyenda pamafuta, gwero lamtsogolo la zakudya m'nyengo yonse yachisanu.

Mbiri yofananira yazimbudzi

Kwa ma badger pali masamba atatu kutengera kugawa:

• Meles meles meles - amakhala ku Western Europe,

• Meles meles marianensis - wokhala ku Spain ndi Portugal,

• Meles meles leptorynchus - wopezeka ku Russia.

Khalidwe loipa

Mbendera amakonda kusakaniza ndi mapiri amoyo kwa moyo wawo, nthawi zina nkhalango zam'mapiri, kumwera amakhalanso gawo la mapiri ndi zipululu zochepa. Amafunikira malo ouma, otetezedwa bwino okhala pafupi ndi dziwe kapena malo otsetsereka kumene mungapeze zakudya zambiri.

Mbendera zimakhala m'malo okumbika kwambiri m'mphepete mwa mapiri amchenga, mitsinje ndi maenje m'nkhalango. Amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi malo omwe akukhalamo, ndipo amatha kudutsanso ma mbewa awo kuchokera m'mibadwo kupita kumibadwo. Malo okhalamo akale ndi ovuta ndipo ali ndi mipando ingapo ya pansi panthaka yokhala ndi mipata 40-50 yolowera ndi mpweya wabwino, imakhala ndi mitsinje yayitali (5-10 m) yomwe imatsogolera kuzipinda zazikuluzikulu za 2-3. Zotsalazo zimayikidwa pansi pa chitetezo cha zigawo zosagwira madzi, pakuya pafupifupi 5 m, kuti madzi amvula ndi nthaka asatayike, ndikuyika ladzala ndi zinyalala zowuma. Anthu osakwatirana amakhala ndi mabatani osavuta okhala ndi khomo limodzi ndi chipinda chochezera. Zikwangwani zimasunga dongosolo lawo ndikumatsuka, ndikusintha zinyalala nthawi zonse. Zimbudzi zawo zimatha kukhala ndi ankhandwe ndi agalu achizungu.

Baaky amakhala moyo wamadzulo, m'mawa amatha kuwonedwa mpaka pafupifupi 8 koloko madzulo - kuyambira 17-18. Ndiwo mtundu wokhawo pakati pa marten omwe amabisalira nyengo yachisanu. Kumpoto, kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira pa badger kumayamba mu Okutobala-Novembala ndipo kumatenga mpaka Marichi-Epulo, kumwera kwa mtunduwo nyengo yachisanu yofatsa, nyama zimakhalabe zogwira chaka chonse.

Zikwangwani sizipsa mtima kulimbana ndi zilombo komanso anthu, nthawi zambiri zimabisala m'mabowo, koma wolemba zoipa amangoluma mphuno yake ndikuluma wochimwayo asanathawe.

Adani achilengedwe abwenzi

Badger pafupifupi alibe adani achilengedwe. Zowopsa zake ndi nkhandwe, lynx ndi galu, zonse zapakhomo ndi zakuthengo. Mphamvu ya anthu pa nyamayi ndi yovuta kudziwa ndipo itha kukhala yabwino kapena yoyipa. Chifukwa cha zochitika zachuma, chakudya komanso kupanga mapangidwe ogulitsa matumba zitha kusintha. Koma kugawanidwa kwa malo achilengedwe ndi misewu kumabweretsa kuti akatundu ambiri amafera panjira. Mosasamala zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa zoyipa zomwe zimasaka ndikuwonongeka kwa mabowo.

Mu Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), mbuto imalembedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili ndi vuto loti ingathe. Ndiye kuti, zamtunduwu ndizofala, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo ndikokhazikika.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za badger:

• Badger amatenga gawo lalikulu pakusintha zachilengedwe. Zimbudzi zake zopangidwa mwaluso zimakhudza nthaka, komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhalamo. M'malo omwe muli mabowo ambiri owundana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imayamba kukula, yomwe imakulitsa mosaic biogeocenosis. Kuphatikiza apo, mabowo amiyala imakhala phokoso la ankhandwe, agalu achizungu ndi mitundu ina ya nyama momwe amathawira nyengo, zoopsa komanso kuswana.
• Badger amatha kulekerera matenda owopsa monga matenda a chiwewe, chifuwa cha ng'ombe.
• Malo osungira omwe ma Badger amapangira m'minda, minda komanso pansi pa nyumba nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mikangano pakati pa anthu ndi nyama.
• Ponena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kabare kwa munthu, ma invertebrates, tizirombo ta nkhalango ndi ulimi, mwachitsanzo, mphutsi za chafer, zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zake. Zikopa za akatumbu sizofunika kwenikweni, ubweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabrashi ndi mabrashi, mwachitsanzo, kumeta maburashi.
• Badger ndi chizindikiro chotchuka. Chifukwa chake, nyamayo imawonetsedwa pamoto wokhala kumidzi yaku Meghreg ku Republic of Karelia (dzina lakutali "myagra" limatanthawuza "badger"), komanso kuvala kwamikono yakumidzi yaku Kuytezh kumwera kwa Republic of Karelia. Mbidzi yofanana ndi nkhumba imawonetsedwa pamakhalidwe akumzinda wa Shenkursk.
• Badger ndi chizindikiro cha Hufflepuff faculty mu mabuku a J.K. Harry Potter Rowling.

Kufalitsa. Kodi mbuto zimakhala kuti?

Kukhazikika kwa badger kuli kwakukulu. Imakhala yocheperako pamalowa ndipo imapezeka kulikonse ku Europe (kupatula kumpoto kwa Scandinavia), Russia (kupatula zigawo zakumpoto), ndi Caucasus.

Chofunikira chachikulu pakakhala malo okhala ndi kuthekera ndi kuthekera kokukonzekeretsa. Chifukwa chake, mbuto imakhala m'malo opanda madzi, koma malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana, komwe kumakhala udzu ndi zitsamba zambiri. Pomwepo mberayo imakonda kukumba mabowo pamalo otsetsereka a mitsinje ndi maenje akuluakulu, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, malo otsetsereka, mapiri amchenga, mitsinje yayikulu ndi mitsinje.

Badger sakhazikika kumadera okhala ndi permafrost, komanso m'malo achipululu komanso opanda madzi. Kupezeka kwa malo osungirako mkati mwa 1 km ndikofunikira kwa malo okhala.

Zipinda za Nesting nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi pa madzi osungira madzi, pofuna kuteteza motsutsana ndi masamba ndi mvula pansi. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zinyalala muzipinda zodyeramo zimasinthidwa ndi zina zatsopano. Chimbudzi chimakonzedwa mosiyana ndi bowo lalikulu, osati kutali ndi ilo. Malo ozungulira pobowolerapo khomalo amakhalanso oyera komanso oyera, mbutoyo imachotsa zinyalala kunyumba.

Zikwangwani zokhazokha zimakhutira ndi zingwe zosavuta, ndi chipinda chimodzi chodyera ndi khomo limodzi. Kukhazikika kwa banja lalikulu la ma badger ndi kachulukidwe kokhala mobisalira kokhala ndi makomo ambiri ndi zotseguka ndi malo ambiri obiriwira opita ku zipinda zazikulu zogona.

Zimbudzi zoterezi, monga lamulo, zimalandira cholowa kuchokera kumibadwo kupita m'mibadwo, zikukula ndikukula. Nyumba ya baji ndiyothandiza kwambiri, yabwino komanso yothandiza kwakuti ana nkhandwe ndi agalu achizolowezi amakonda kukhalamo. Nthawi zina izi zimachitika ndi chilolezo cholembera.

Badger amakhala m'mabanja, kuchuluka kwa anthu am'banja limodzi kumatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira m'dera loyandikira. Kumene chakudya chimakhala chochepa, amakhazikika payokha. Badger amakhala nthawi yayitali m'makola awo. Pokhala kunja, mbendera nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo a 0.5 km kuchokera kubowo, nthawi zina zimachoka pamtunda wa 1.5 km.

Malire am'deralo amadziwika ndi fungo lamtundu wa musky kuti uwonetse kwa osadziwika kuti malowa ndi okhalamo. Fungo limatulutsa chinthu chakanunkhira chopangidwa ndi tiziwiti tomwe timakhala pansi pa mchira wa chiphaso, ndi chofanana kwa anthu onse am'banja limodzi, ndipo ndi ma badger chimatsimikizira ubale wina ndi mnzake.

Moyo

Nyama ndi nyama yomwe imayenda nthawi yausiku, imakhala nthawi yayitali tsiku lonse, koma nthawi zina imaphwanya "boma" ndipo imatha kuwoneka m'mawa kapena madzulo.

Choyipa chimayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso mosasunthika, chimapanga phokoso lochuluka mukasuntha: chimapumira, chingwe chokhala ndi masamba mokweza ndikudzinyamula pansi. Liwu la wolemba liwu limafanana ndi miseche, kugwa ndi zhwa.

Kodi mbuto imabisala nthawi yachisanu?

Woyipa ndiye yekhayo membala wabanja la marten yemwe amabisalira nyengo yachisanu. Koma, kutengera malo omwe akukhalako, woyipayo sangakhale wosadetsa nkhawa. Chifukwa chake, kumadera akumpoto nyengo yakale imakhala kale mu Okutobala-Novembala ndipo imagona mpaka Marichi-Epulo, komanso kumadera otentha akum'mwera, komwe nyengo yotentha imakhala yofatsa komanso yochepa, imagwira ntchito chaka chonse.

Kugona pa bedi

Pambuyo nyengo yozizira komanso chipale chofewa, chimbudzi chimaleka kuwoneka pamtondo ndikugona tulo tachisanu, pomwe matenthedwe a thupi lake amatsika mpaka 34,5'C. Pa thaw, nthawi zina imatha kudzuka ndikupita kukasamba dzuwa.