Kaluga, monga wachibale wake, beluga, ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zamadzi ndipo ili yodzikuza ku Russia. Malo omwe amakhala ndi malo osungirako mitsinje ya Amur komanso mabungwe awo - Sungari, Argun, Shilka ndi ena.
Mizere isanu yamapfupa imadutsa thupi la Kaluga, paliponse pomwe pali keel, yovekedwa korona kumapeto ndi kangaude kakang'ono. Nsombayi imakhala ndi khungu lowoneka bwino, lopaka utoto wonyezimira wakuda m'mbali ndi kumbuyo, loyera kapena loyera m'mimba. Amuna samasiyana pakati pa akazi kukula kwake kapena mtundu.
Kaluga ndi nsomba yovuta kwambiri, ndipo, monga nthumwi zina zonse za banja ili, amakhala ndi moyo wachizolowezi.
Amadyanso nsomba zamitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo nsomba za pinki, nsomba ya salmon, carp wamba, carp yasiliva ndi gudgeon. Kaluga ikatsegula pakamwa pake, imafanana ndi chitoliro pakuwoneka. M'lingaliro lathunthu la mawuwo, chimayamwa nyama yake limodzi ndi madzi, ndipo mwadzidzidzi imatsegula pakamwa pake.
Nsomba yayikuluyi ili ndi chidwi chachikulu: kaluga, kutalika kwake mita atatu, imatha kumeza mosavuta nsomba ya salmon mita, ndipo m'mimba mwake mumatha kukhala nsomba khumi. Kususuka kotereku kumathandizira kuti kaluga amakula kwambiri. Pazaka 10, kukula kwake pachaka ndi 10 cm, ndipo phindu lake ndi 10 kg. Akuluakulu amakula masentimita 3-6 pachaka ndipo amakhala wolemera makilogalamu 20. Izi nsomba zimakhala kwa nthawi yayitali - mpaka 80 zaka. Ndipo anthu azaka zana limodzi atha kumakula mpaka mita 5-6 ndi kulemera kwa pafupifupi tani.
Asayansi azindikira mitundu iwiri ya kaluga - ndi yam'madzi ndipo imakhazikika. Oimira fomu yoyamba kutalikiratu amapita kumalo am'madzi, ndipo oimira wachiwiri amakhalabe mumtsinje. Komanso, mawonekedwe achiwiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kaluga amalowa m'badwo wachikulire mchaka cha khumi cha moyo, koma zimachitika kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba, nsomba zimayamba kutulutsa ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha.
Izi nsomba amatuluka kumapeto kwa kasupe - oyambirira chilimwe. Pofika nthawi ino, mkazi amasankha malo pafupi ndi mwala wamalo ndi mphamvu yamphamvu. Nthawi imodzi amadzazira mazira mazana asanu ndi limodzi mpaka mamiliyoni anayi. Atasenda, wamkazi, atataya pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwake, amabwerera kumtsinje ndikutsika. Zongolowera izi zidzachitika pokhapokha zaka zisanu.
Mazira amamatira ku miyala, patatha sabata pambuyo pake mwachangu kuchokera kwa iwo, omwe nthawi yomweyo kuchokera pakubadwa amayamba kusaka. Mphutsi za tizilombo ndi ma invertebrates zimakhala chakudya chawo. Pofika zaka zapakati pa 2-3, amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 20-25 cm. Kuyambira m'badwo uno, amayamba kudya nsomba zazing'ono. Koma a Kaluga ang'ono nawonso amakopa nyama zomwe zimadya, ngakhale zamtundu wawo, ndipo zimatha kukhala chakudya chamunthu wina.
Kaluga ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Kugwidwa kwake kunachitika motheka kwambiri kuti pofika zaka za m'ma 2000 nsomba imeneyi inali itatha. Koma njira zoyenera panthawi yake zidatengedwa, chifukwa chake zidatha kubwezeretsa chiwerengero chake. Masiku ano, kugwidwa kwa Kaluga kuli kochepa, pali malo omwe amaletsedwa motsatira.
Mawonekedwe
Kaluga ndi mtundu wa beluga wochokera ku banja la sturgeon. Iye ndi wachibale wapamtima wa beluga - pafupifupi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri. Munthu wamkulu kwambiri kuchokera kumadzi oyera, nsomba za kaluga (chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe amangotsimikizira izi) zitha kutalika pafupifupi 6 m ndikulemera mpaka 1200 kg. Ndipo chiyembekezo chazamoyo zamtunduwu ndizodabwitsa, chifukwa, malinga ndi malingaliro a ichthyologists, ndi zaka pafupifupi 50.
Mutu wa nsomba umakhala ndi mawonekedwe atatu. Kuchokera kumwamba imakutidwa ndi zikopa zing'onozing'ono. Thupi limakhala lalitali. Pazipalalazi pali mizere isanu ya mbale zam'madzi. Iliyonse imakhala ndi choyala m'mphepete. Mimba yake ndi yoyera ndipo kumbuyo ndi kobiriwira. Khungu la nthumwi iyi limakhala lolimba komanso lotupa. Pakamwa pake pamapindika komanso kwakukulu. Pansipa pali tinyanga totetekedwa kuchokera kumbali. Izi ndi zomwe nsomba ya Kaluga imawoneka, chithunzi chake ndi chabwino kwambiri ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake osangalatsa. Nyama imawerengedwa ngati chakudya chamtengo wapatali. Amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi katundu wambiri wochiritsa.
Kodi Kaluga amakhala kuti?
Nsombazi zimapezeka makamaka m'mphepete mwa Amur. Imadziwika ngati mtundu wamadzi oyera, koma nthawi zina imapezekanso pafupi ndi gombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk Kaluga. Nsomba, makamaka, achinyamata ake, amapezeka pafupi ndi zilumba ndi peninsulas monga:
Kodi nsomba zimadya chiyani?
Monga ma sturgeon onse, ndi wadyera. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, mwana wachinyamata Kaluga amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kenako, ikakula, imayamba kudya mwachangu zamtundu wina wa nsomba. Akuluakulu amakonda kuwona muzakudya zawo:
Mitundu ina ikadzayamba kutuluka, imaphatikiziridwa ndi sukulu ndikumeza anthu akulu aku Kaluga. Nsombayo, yotsegula pakamwa pake, imayamwa nyama ndi madzi. Kulakalaka kumakhala kosangalatsa: munthu wamamita atatu akhoza kumeza mosavuta nsomba yayitali ya mita imodzi. Mimba yake imasunga nsomba zingapo zazingaku. Kuphatikiza apo, kaluga amatha kudya nsomba zazing'ono, shrimp, ngakhale ana ake.
Kuswana
Imakula mwachangu kwambiri: 10 cm, kutalika mpaka 10 kg pachaka, ndi zina mpaka zaka 10. Kenako imawonjezera masentimita 6 pachaka, ndipo mpaka 20 kg ya Kaluga kulemera. Nsomba, kaya ndi zazikazi kapena zazimuna, nthawi zonse zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Amakhala okhwima pakufika zaka zosachepera 17. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri kukhwima kwa nsomba zamtunduwu kumabwera zaka 22.
Zochulukitsa zikugwera pa Meyi-Julayi. Pakadali pano, mkaziyo amapeza malo oyikira mazira. Uku ndikulavula miyala. Pamalo otere, Kaluga wachikazi amapanga mazira 600,000. Mwa njira, caviar wake ndi wakuda, ndipo kukula kwa mazira m'mimba mwake kuli pafupifupi 4 mm. Kubereka kumadalira kukula kwa chikazi. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, imachepa pafupifupi pafupifupi chitatu ndikutsikira mumtsinje. Kuponya kaphikidwe kotsatira kudzachitika mwa iye patatha zaka zisanu zokha.
Mazira amakankhidwira kumiyala, pakatha masiku 7 mwachangu amatha kuwonekera. Nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudya mphutsi ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zamkati. Pakadutsa miyezi ingapo, Kaluga wachinyamata azikhala wamtali pafupifupi 25 cm. Nsomba pakadali pano zimasinthira kudyetsa nsomba zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri, iye mwiniyo amakhala chakudya cha abale ake okalamba.
Nsomba zamtundu wa Kaluga ndizovuta kwambiri masiku ano, chifukwa chake ndi loto labwino kwambiri la asodzi aliyense.
Zochita ndi moyo
Pali mitundu ingapo ya nsomba — akudutsa, mabwinja ndi kukula kwa Kaluga. Nyama zonsezi zimamera kuti ziziphulika ku Amur. Palinso malo okhala a Kaluga - njira "yokhazikika" imawoneka kuti ndi yachilendo - nsomba sizitsika munyanja ya Amur, kapena kuyenda m'njira zake.
Kaluga ali ndi zaka zingati
Kukula kwa akazi ndi amuna ku Kaluga sikuchitika nthawi imodzi – Amuna okhwima zaka 1-2 m'mbuyomu. Nsombayo "yakonzeka" kubereka ana mchaka cha 15-17 cha moyo, bola itafika pafupifupi 2m. Zikuyerekezera, zaka za moyo wa aliyense ndi zaka pafupifupi 48-55.
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Zina zambiri
Kaluga wamkulu kwambiri, wogwidwa ndi nsomba, anali ndi kutalika pafupifupi 5 m 60. Komabe, asayansi akunena kuti anthu ena amatha kutalika mamita 6 ndikulemera kuposa tani.
Maonekedwe a munthu ali ndi mbali zingapo, malingana ndi ikhoza kusiyanitsidwa ndi oyimira ena amtunduwu:
- Thupi limakhala lalikulu kwambiri komanso lokwera, lalitali pang'ono, lokakamizidwa pamwamba ndi pansi. Imakhala ndi imvi yowala ndi utoto wonyezimira. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zizioneka ngati beluga.
- Mutu umafanana ndi trapezoid, womwe umamaliza ndi kufinya kwamkono. Khalidwe ili m'njira inayake limapangitsa munthu kuti azioneka ngati shaki.
- Pakamwa pa Kaluga ndi lalikulu kwambiri, pang'ono kumapita pamutu ndipo kamakhala pansi kowomberedwa.
- Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mkamwa mulibe mano.
- Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono timakhala kumbali iliyonse ya gawo lamalowo. Mosiyana ndi nthumwi zina za kalasi iyi, anyani a Kaluga amangamira molunjika. Nsomba sizingathe kuzikweza chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso kukula kwake.
Ali ndi masharubu
Ndi masharubu omwe asodzi ambiri amasiyanitsa pakati pa Kaluga ndi Beluga. Anthuwa ndi ofanana kwambiri, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kwa munthu wopanda nzeru kuti awone kusiyana kwake. Koma atayang'anitsitsa, titha kudziwa kuti njira zopangidwe ndi masamba sizikupezeka pa tinyanga ya kaluga. Mu beluga amatchulidwa, motero ndizotheka kusiyanitsa anthu onse.
Kusiyana kwina ndi njira yamafupa omwe amaphimba mbali zamitundu yonse ya ma sturgeon. Ku kaluga, sakutchulidwa kokwanira, ndipo woyamba wa iwo ndi wocheperako. Njira zamkati mwa beluga zimatchulidwanso, ndipo yoyamba, yomwe ili pafupi ndi mutu, imakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi zina zonse.
Muvidiyoyi muphunzira zambiri za nsomba zazikulu 10:
Zochita ndi chikhalidwe
Pali malingaliro ambiri okhudza momwe nsomba za Kaluga zimapezekera, popeza adakumana nazo m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, mumchere wamchere ndi madzi abwino. Pakadali pano, oimira ambiri amtunduwu amakhala ku Amur basin ndi nyanja. Ngakhale kuti nsomba ndi ya madzi oyera, pali milandu pomwe idagwidwa munyanja ya Okhotsk. Anthu amatetezedwa, ndipo kugwira kwawo sikokwanira.
Mitundu ya moyo wamunthu imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri: kanjira kocheperako komanso kokhala, komwe osiyana pang'ono ndi wina ndi mnzake:
- Njira yocheperako imakhala ndi dzina lachiwiri - madzi am'madzi, chifukwa nthawi yomwe amawaza nsomba amazisiya pamtsinje ndi mtsinje, ndikatha kutha. Kusiyanitsa kwamtunduwu ndikupita patsogolo mwachangu.
- Malo okhala kapena mtsinje adakhala ndi dzina lachiwiri, chifukwa nthawi yowerengera sichimachoka m'malo omwe munkadziwika, koma kukwera pang'ono kokha.
Kaluga amakonda kukhala m'magulu, ngakhale nsomba ngati izi sizifunikira chitetezo cha gululo.
Nsomba imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ndipo imakhala pafupifupi zaka 50. Pali anthu omwe amakhala zaka zoposa 55.
Idyani zakudya zamoyo
Mawonekedwe Amphamvu
Zoyimira gulu la nthenga za ray ndi za adani ndi kusaka mitundu yaying'ono mosangalala. Izi zimawonekera mwa anthu pafupifupi kuyambira pakubadwa, pamene mwachangu ayamba moyo wawo:
- The mwachangu amayamba kusaka masabata 2-3 atabadwa, koma malinga ndi momwe kutentha kwa madzi mu dziwe kuli koyenera kuti akula.
- Nyama yoyamba ndiyo mphutsi zosiyanasiyana za anthu okhala m'madzi, tizilombo ndi oimira ma invertebrates.
- Pakapita kanthawi, ana amatsikira pansi, pomwe amakhala ndi mwayi wofufuza oyimira crustaceans ndi anthu ena ochepa. Izi ndizofunikira kuti Kaluga wachichepere azikhala wamphamvu ndikukula, chifukwa posaka anthu okulirapo ndikofunikira kuwachulukitsa.
- Nsombazo zikafika miyezi 10-12, minnuna yaying'ono, chinsomba cha wakupha ndi ena oimira posungawo amakhala nyama yawo.
- Akamakula komanso kukulira, kaluga amadya chakudya chilichonse chomwe angapeze.
Nsomba izi zimatha kumeza nsomba zonse
Chum, nsomba za pinki ndi oyimira ena a nsomba amaonedwa kuti ndiye amakonda kwambiri za Amur Kaluga. Nsombazi ndizowonekera kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zina asodzi omwe adatsegula m'mimba mwake adapeza zoposa 25 kg za nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zamitundu mitundu.
Ofufuza za nyama amati Kaluga amatha kumeza nsomba mpaka theka la mita. Pakhalapo nthawi zina pomwe akuluakulu amadyapo zing'onozing'ono. Kumeza mwachangu nyama mwachangu kumatheka chifukwa chamilomo yayikuluyo, yomwe ilibe mano. Amatsegula ndi kutunga madzi pafupi ndi nyama. Wodwalayo alibe nthawi yoti achite kuchokera kudabwitsidwa ndipo amalowa m'mimba mwa Kaluga.
Ngakhale zakudya zimasiyana siyana, palinso zaka zanjala pomwe nsomba sizikwanira kudyetsa kaluga. Mu mbeera eno, abadde ayinza okuggya kaluga emmere mu bingi. Ndi milandu iyi, molumikizana ndi kuukira kwa chiwembu, zomwe zimayambitsa pang'onopang'ono mitunduyi.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya kubereka
Zakudya za Kaluga
Kaluga ndi nyama yoopsa yoopsa, m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake idya zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi ma invertebrates. Akuluakulu amadya nsomba zazikuluzikulu za mumtsinje - nsomba zambiri zimakonda kukhala "zabwino kwambiri" za Kaluga.
Kudera lamapiri la Amur (malo okhala ndi malo owonekera a Kaluga), chum ndi pinki nsomba kukhala chakudya chachikulu, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamalonda zaposachedwa, cannibalism sichachilendo.
Pakamwa pa nyama yolusa imakhala ngati chitoliro - chimayamwa nyama ndi mtsinje wamadzi. Chikhumbo cha nsomba ndichachikulu kwambiri - Kaluga wamamita atatu amatha kumeza mosavuta nsomba yayitali kapena nsomba yayikulu-m'mimba - m'mimba momwe muli nsomba khumi ndi ziwiri. Kulakalaka izi kumapangitsa kuti nyengoyi ikukula msanga ndikufikira zazikulu.
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Adani achilengedwe
Popeza nsomba zamtundu wa Kaluga ndizinyama zomwe zimadya ndipo zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri zachilengedwe, ilibe adani mwachilengedwe. Koma Kaluga - nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda - "chuma" chenicheni kwa asodzi - si nyama yofatsa komanso yokoma kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zilibe mafupa. Ndiwo maubwino awa omwe adapangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale chinthu chosodza kwambiri popanda chilolezo.
Osaka nsomba mosaloledwa amavala anthu okhwima kuyambira 5 mpaka 20 kg, zomwe mwachilengedwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Chifukwa cha kugwidwa kumeneku, kuchuluka kwa nyamazo kunatsika kangapo konse, monga momwe zimakhalira pakukula kwake, chomwe chinali chifukwa cholembera nsomba za Kaluga mu Red Book. Ndizotheka kupulumutsa mtundu wa zachilengedwe pokhapokha ngati chilengedwe komanso anthu ogwidwa asakuzindikira adayimitsidwa ndikuzindikirika kwa zinthu zakale.
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Mtengo wa anthu
Pakati pa zaka za XIX, adaloledwa kugwira Kaluga popanda zoletsa, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika pang'ono ndi pang'ono kwa chiwerengero chake. Pakadali pano, nsombayi ndi yofunika kuisodzi, koma nsomba zaulere ndizoletsedwa ndipo zimatha kuyang'aniridwa kokha mutapatsidwa chilolezo chapadera.
Nyama ya munthuyu ndi yokoma kwambiri komanso yamtengo wapatali. Kaluga ndi gwero la caviar wakuda - okwera mtengo kwambiri komanso amodzi mwa mitundu yosowa kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, asayansi aku Russia ndi China akuyesera kubwezeretsa chiwerengero cha anthu. Iwo adagawana kaluga muzochita kupanga ndipo amatulutsidwa ku Amur. Koma ngati zigawenga sizisiya, sizingathandize.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mpaka pano, nsomba za Kaluga zapatsidwa udindo wokhala ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka. Chiwerengero chake ndi anthu okhwima 50-55,000 okha (azaka 15 ndi masekeli 50-60, 180 cm). pazaka zingapo zapitazi, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha zachilengedwe kwawonedwa, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwidwa kwa anthu akuchenjerera. Ngati izi zikupitilirabe, ndiye kuti kumapeto kwa zaka khumi izi, chiwerengero cha Kaluga chidzacheperanso kakhumi. Ndipo patatha zaka makumi angapo, chiwerengero cha a Kaluga chikhoza kutha konse.
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Kufalitsa
Kupezeka kwa bondo la Amur: kuchokera kumphepete kumalire kukafika kumtunda. Imapezeka ku Ussuri, Sungari, Zeya, Shilke, Argun, Onon, Ingoda, nyanja Khanka, Bologna, Orel. Nyanja sapitilira kupitirira nyanja. Muli mu Amur Liman, koma sapezeka mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndipo nthawi zambiri mnyanja nthawi zambiri sapita kupitirira malire amadzi omwe amayatsidwa ndi Amur. Kaluga amakhala m'madzi ena, mwachitsanzo, mu Nyanja ya Orel, yomwe ili pamtunda wa 50 km kumtunda wa Nikolaevsk. Kaluga amadziwika kugombe lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Sakhalin, komwe amachokera kumpoto kwa chilumbachi kukafika ku Tyk Bay komanso mumzinda wa Aleksandrovsk, nthawi zina amapezeka kukamwa kwa mtsinje (r.Viaha). Ku Amur amapanga theka-kanjira (estuary) ndi mawonekedwe okhala.
Mtengo wosodza
Nsomba zamabanja a Sturgeon kuphatikiza Kaluga, nthawi zonse zimadziwika kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pazigawo zina zonse. Koma caviar imakhala yamtengo wapatali kuposa onse mu nsomba izi, chifukwa zimakhala ndi michere yambiri yamtengo wapatali - ayodini, mafuta a omega-3 acid, mchere, mavitamini ndi mafuta ophikira m'mimba, ofunikira ku thupi la munthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kapadera ka mafupa amkati mwanjira inayake kumakhudza pafupifupi unyinji wa anthu omwe amamwa nsomba izi kuti apeze chakudya - kusowa kwa mafupa ndi msana wama cartilaginous kumapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 85% ya thupi lake kuphika mbale kuchokera ku Kaluga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchokera pamawonedwe a mankhwala, cartilage ya nsomba ndi chondoprotector yachilengedwe yachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumachepetsa kukula kwa arthrosis ndi nyamakazi.
Kuchepetsa thupi pang'ono mukatha kutentha Ndi zinthu izi zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakugwidwa kwa nyama pamlingo waukulu ndipo ndizo "zoyambitsa" zazikulu zakutha kwa mitunduyo.
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Nsomba za Kaluga - chimphona cha Amur
Kaluga ndi nsomba ya banja la sturgeon la mtundu wa Beluga. Amakhala m'madzi a chigwa cha Amur. Zalembedwa mu Red Book ngati anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Amakhala kuti nsomba izi ndi madzi abwino. Koma patapita nthawi, achinyamata adapezeka pagombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk, pafupi ndi zisumbu za Sakhalin, Hokkaido ndi Peninsula ya Kamchatka.
Nsomba zamtundu wa Kaluga ndi zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi oyera, kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 6 m, ndipo kukula kwake kumatha kufika 1200 kg. Itha kudziwika motetezeka kwa a zaka zana limodzi. Nthawi yakutha msambo imayamba pomwe nsomba zimafika kutalika kopitilira 2 m ndikulemera pafupifupi 80 kg. Nsomba ngati imeneyi imakhala ndi zaka 18 mpaka 22. Amuna ambiri amatha msinkhu pang'ono kuposa akazi. A Ichthyologists amati nsomba zimatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 55.
Mutu wa Kaluga ndi wopindika patali, wokutidwa ndi zikopa za mafupa pamwamba. Thupi limakhala lokwera, lokutidwa ndi mbale zam'madzi, zomwe zimakhala m'mizere 5. Pakamwa ndi yokulirapo, yopingasa, yodutsa mbali ya mutu. Pansi pa kamwa pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatenthedwa pambuyo pake. Mimba yoyera komanso khungu laimvi. Ndi izi, nsomba za Kaluga. Chithunzicho chimamuwonetsa bwino.
Zafalikiridwa pakuya kwa 3 mpaka 7 m m'mbali mwa mchenga wamwala wa Mtsinje wa Amur. Kutulutsa kumachitika pakatha zaka 3-4 zilizonse, kumachitika mu Meyi-Juni ndipo kumatenga masiku 5-6. Munthawi imeneyi, nsomba za kaluga zimatha kusesa mazira 4 miliyoni omwe amasungidwa ndi pano. Poyamba, mwachangu amadya mphutsi zazing'onozing'ono, zazing'ono zazing'ono. Amakula msanga, adakali ang'ono amakhala olusa. Cannibalism pakati pawo ndizomwe zimachitika.
Nsomba za Kaluga ndi zamphamvu kwambiri; sizifukwa zomveka chifukwa chake zimatchedwa kuti Amur tiger. Ndi mchira wake, amatha kugwetsa mchenga kuchokera m'bwatolo. Koma ilinso ndi kufooka - kutembenuzira nsana kumbuyo kwake, mutha kuchita chilichonse ndi izo.
Mwachilengedwe, nsomba yayikulu ngati imeneyi imadyera. Salmon ya pinki, ikasungunuka, nsomba ya salmon, hering'i imapita kukamwa, Kaluga imakhala yolumikizidwa ndi sukulu ndikumeza nsomba za kilogalamu zisanu, monga mbalame yaying'ono imameza ntchentche. Pazaka zina, amatha kudya nsomba zazing'ono, nsomba zam'madzi komanso ngakhale zazing'ono zake.
Msodzi wakale wa Nikolaevka-on-Amur adafotokoza momwe adadziwira mwangozi kaluga. Anaperekedwa ndi maukonde atatu, momwe nsomba zimalowera. Adasoka ma 2 ma network, adatopa, adasokonezeka kachitatu. Msodzi amayenera kubwereka galimoto ndi kukhomesa netiweki ndi zingwe zachitsulo kuti akokere kumtunda uku. Ntchito sizinali pachabe. Mbiya yonse ya caviar idachotsedwa mu nsomba.
Ponena za caviar. Ndikuda, m'mimba mwake mazira ndi 4 mm. Nyama ya nsombayi ndi chakudya chabwino. Ndipo eni malowa amati ali ndi mphamvu yochiritsa. Kaluga ndi amene amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zabwino kwambiri. Monga ma sturgeon onse, ilibe mafupa, cartilage okha, i.e. Itha kudyedwa yonse. Pogulitsa, nyama ya nsombayi ndiyosatheka kukumana, ngakhale ikunena za nsomba zamalonda.
Kwa zaka zana zapitazo, chiwerengero cha kaluga chatsika kwambiri. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakuwedza nsomba zomwe sizimalamulira, komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Kwa kanthawi, nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zinali zoletsedwa. Catch ndiyocheperako, motero anthu pang'onopang'ono akuchira.
Nsomba za Kaluga zimakonda kwambiri asayansi chifukwa cha kusamuka kwawo kwakutali, komanso kuthekera kokukhala m'madzi ndi m'madzi momwemo.
Kaluga ndi wolandiridwa kwambiri komanso wosowa, loto la asodzi aliyense.
Kukula
Nthawi ya embryonic kukula kwamadzi otentha a 18.3 ° C kumatenga pafupifupi maola 108, ndipo kutentha kwa 9-10 ° C - masiku 15-16. Kutalika kwa mazirawo ndi 11.8 mm. Mphutsi zimasinthira kudyetsa kosakaniza patatha masiku 8 pambuyo pomenyera pa kutentha kwa 20,5 ° C ndi masiku 16 pambuyo pake pa kutentha kwa 15 ° C ndi kutalika pafupifupi 20 mm. Mimbulu yomwe imaswedwa ndi mphutsi zokhala ndi phokoso losasunthika imatengedwa kumtsinje wa Amur. Pakutha kwa nthawi yophukira, mwachangu amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 20-30 cm ndi kulemera kwa 17-97 g. Kutalika kwapakati pa chaka chotalika ndi 35 cm, kulemera kwawo kwapakati ndi magawo 146. Kukula kwa kalugs kuchokera ku Lyman kwakukulu kumakulitsa kukula kwa kalugas kuchokera ku Amur palokha. Kaluga wochokera ku Amur Liman amadziwika ndi kukula mwachangu kuposa Kaluga kuchokera ku Amur.
Mtengo wachuma
Kaluga ndiye nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Pamapeto pa zaka za XIX. kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Amur, kugwira kwake kunafika matani 580. Masheya a Kaluga anawonongeka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20. Imagulidwa makamaka mwatsopano.
Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa ku IUCN International Red Book.
Zolemba: 1. Lebedev V.D., Spanovskaya V.D., Savvaitova K.A., Sokolov L.I., Tsepkin E.A. Nsomba za USSR. Moscow, Thandi, 1969 2. L. S. Berg. Nsomba zamchere za USSR ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Gawo 1. Kusintha 4. Moscow, 1948 3. Atlas ya nsomba zamadzi oyera a Russia: Mu 2 v. T.1. / Mkonzi. Yu.S. Reshetnikova. -M.: Nauka, 2003 .-- 379 p .: Ill. 4. nsomba zamalonda ku Russia. M'mavoliyumu awiri / ed. O.F. Gritsenko, A.N. Kotlyara ndi B.N. Koteneva.- M.: Nyumba yosindikiza ya VNIRO. 2006.— 1280 s. (Gawo 1 - 656 p.).
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Nsomba zodabwitsazi zimapezeka kokha m'mphepete mwa Amur, pomwe imakhala pafupifupi utali wonse wa mtsinje kuyambira kumtunda mpaka pakamwa, komanso m'milandu yake yambiri - Zee, Selemdzha, Argun, Shilke ndi Sungari. Kaluga yochepa amapezeka munyanja ya Okhotsk. Nthawi zina achinyamata amasambira m'mitsinje moyandikana ndi Amur kukafunafuna chakudya, koma samabadwira kumeneko.
Zikuwoneka bwanji
Kaluga ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zamchere zomwe zimapezeka ku Russia. Ndi zaka, amatha kuwonjezera kukula. Ngakhale kuti anthu omwe adapeza sanadutse makilogalamu 382, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa moyo womwe munthu amakhala nawo komanso kulemera pachaka, asayansi amawerengetsa kuti kutalika kwa kaluga kumatha kufika 6 m ndipo kulemera kwa thupi kupitilira 1 ton (maximum about 1200 kg). Thupi la nsomba ili ndi mawonekedwe. Kukula kwake kwakukulu kumagwera pamalo omwe ali kumbuyo kwa mutu wopambanapamwamba, wokutidwa ndi mafupa. Pansi pa mutu pali pakamwa lalikulu, theka la mwezi. Chifukwa cha zikopa zachikopa, zimatha kukula kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kaluga kumeza nyama yayikulu. Kutsogolo kwa kamwa kumakhala tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono. Mizere isanu ya mafupa akulu akulu imadutsa thupi, pakati pomwe pali timbale ting'onoting'ono. Mtundu umayang'aniridwa ndi matani obiriwira: kumbuyo ndi kobiriwira kwakuda, m'mimba ndi kuwala chikasu.
Moyo ndi Biology
Kaluga amatengera adani. Maziko ake amadya nsomba zingapo - chum, nsomba za pinki, carp wamba, gudgeon, carp udzu ndi carp siliva. Mu zaka zoyambirira za moyo, amadya mwachangu ma invertebrates (shrimp, mysid crustaceans, ndi mphutsi za tizilombo) ndipo amayamba kulemera msanga. Pofika zaka 20, zimatha kupitilira 100 kg. Kutalika kwambiri kwamtundu wamtundu ndi pafupifupi zaka 80, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakunyengo kwa m'badwo uno ndi ochepa okha omwe amafika.
Masiku ano, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya kaluga - mtsinje (amakhala kum'mwera kwa Amur, ndikuwuka kumtunda kuti aberekane) ndi estuary (amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi opanda kanthu pakawonekera mumtsinje kulowa munyanja, ndikuwuka kumtunda kuti ukasambe). Chifukwa cha chakudya chochuluka pakamwa pa mtsinje, mawonekedwe akewo amafika pamlingo waukulu poyerekeza ndi mtsinje. Kaluga ayamba kumera mochedwa - pofika zaka 18-18 (abambo ndi ochepa kale kuposa akazi). Kuberekanso kumachitika pakatha zaka zitatu kapena zisanu. Kuti muchite izi, nsombayi imasunthira kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Amur ndikusankha pansi ndi mchenga ndi dothi losalala kuti lituluke. Kaluga amayikira mazira pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni, omwe mwachangu amawonekera tsiku lachinayi mpaka lachisanu ndi chimodzi.
Adalemba Buku Lofiyira
Zaka zana zapitazi, chiwerengero cha kaluga chatsika ndi 80% ndipo chikupitirirabe kutsika. Chomwe chinali chifukwa chachikulu chogulitsira mitunduyo m'malo onse omwe amakhalamo - kuchokera kumadera omwe amapangika mpaka kumadera akudyetsa. Mkati mwa zaka twente, pamene panali ngozi yakutha kwa kaluga, chiletso chogwira ntchito chake chidayambitsidwa ku USSR. Izi zidatilola kupitilizabe kuona mpaka pano. Komabe, tsopano kuchuluka kwa kaluga kukuwopsezedwa ndi zinthu zina - kuwonongeka kwa madzi a Amur komanso kupha nsomba kwa asodzi ku China. Zoyeserera zokhazokha za Russia ndi Chitchaina zomwe zimalepheretsa kupanga ndi kumanga nazale yapadera yolima kaluga m'malo ochita kupanga ndizomwe zitha kuti izisungidwa pambuyo pake.
Ndizosangalatsa
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za chakudya ku Kaluga ndi salmon yaku Far East, yomwe nthawi yosamukira amapita ku Mtsinje wa Amur kukaphulika. Komabe, pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa nsomba kunachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuwedza unyinji, womwe nawonso unasokoneza chiwerengero cha kaluga. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya, anthu anayamba kudya masamba - Kaluga - anthu akuluakulu amadya oimira anzawo.
Zakudya
Kaluga ndi nthumwi yoyimira ichthyofauna. Chaka choyamba cha moyo, ana aang'ono amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kalugates wamkulu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu zamtundu wina wa nsomba ngati chakudya. Akuluakulu amakonda kudya nsomba zazikulu za banja la nsomba.
Okusinziira ku kulya kwa Kaluga ndi chum ndi pinki salmon. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumachepa kwambiri, zotsatira zake ndikukula kwa zamatsenga m'masukulu a Kaluga. Koma izi sizikugwira ntchito pamitundu yokhala ngati kaluga, chifukwa amadya nsomba zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nkhokwe, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumakhala kosalekeza.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Akuluakulu kaluga amadya nsomba, zazikulu - chum, nsomba za pinki, carp, carp udzu, carp. M'mphepete mwa Amur, kuwonjezera pa nsomba zosamukasamuka ndi nyali, imadyanso nsomba zam'madzi, hering'i, kusungunuka, nsomba zoyera komanso ana a safironi woyipitsa ndi bwalo, komanso imadyanso ana ake achinyamata lisanayambike pinki. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya sichimaleka. Zing'onozing'ono - za gudgeon, lamprey, ide, etc., mwachangu - za mphutsi za udzudzu, shrimps zamadzi oyera, maula, etc. Kalugates ang'onoang'ono amadya migodi, mahatchi achichepere, chebak ndipo ngakhale kupha anamgumi.