Kuyambira pomwe adayamba, ndege zakhala zikuphatikiza mafuta ogulitsa. Popanda kupanga izi, zidakhalirabe pansi. Mpaka nthawi, zinthu zotere sizinadandaule, ndipo kusakhutira komwe kukufotokozedwako kumakhudzana ndi mitengo ya mitengo kapena mafuta. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kusuntha kooneka kwachitika m'derali - pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito pandege, choyamba asitikali oyendetsa ndege kenako oyendetsa ndege wamba anayamba kufunafuna njira zochepetsera ndalama zambiri. M'mbuyomu, izi zinkachitika kokha ndikusintha ma aerodynamics a ndege komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Tsopano akukonzekera kuti "kulumikiza" komanso mafuta otsika mtengo pamagwiritsidwe ochepa.
Njira yokhayo yopangira mafuta pakanthawi pano ndi biofuel. Kuphatikiza pa mtengo wotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma hydrocarbons a fossil, ma biofuel amakhalanso oyenerana ndi zochitika zamakono. Mwakutanthauzira, ma biofuel amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zitha kupangidwanso, kotero kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake sikuyenera kuwononga chilengedwe padzikoli. Ndidali nkhawa yazachilengedwe zomwe zidapangitsa zosankha zingapo zazambiri pamagawo azamagetsi. Osati kale kwambiri, opanga ndege opanga ndi makampani onyamula amatenga chikalata malinga ndi pofika mu 2020 mafuta oyendetsa ndege okwanira ayenera kuchuluka peresenti imodzi ndi theka. Kuyambira chaka cha makumi awiri, ziletso zatsopano zidzakhazikitsidwa ku Europe pazotulutsa zonyansa m'ndege, ndipo pofika zaka za zana lino, "mpweya" wokwanira ndege uzikhala theka la mpweya woipa. Pali zosankha zambiri zomwe mungakwaniritse, mpaka pano zosangalatsa, zizindikiro. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta okha kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zingakonzedwenso kumakhala kochulukitsa. Pomvetsetsa izi, akuluakulu a EU akuganiza kuti pofika chaka cha 2020 kuti awonjezere kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyendera mafuta mpaka magawo anayi a mafuta onse omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ndege.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti pazaka zisanu zapitazi, ndege ndi ma helikopita a magulu osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu apanga ndege zoposa chikwi chimodzi ndi theka kugwiritsa ntchito zoyambira kwachilengedwe. Inde, sikuti onse amachoka osadandaula, koma ngakhale tsopano ali ndi chiyembekezo chabwino komanso chiyembekezo chabwino chikuwonekera bwino. Ndege zokha zokha zomwe zinali zoyesera kuposa ntchito yonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale 4% ya magawo onse mafuta ndi matani masauzande. Pakadali pano, makampani a biofuel sangathe kupereka zinthu zochuluka motere. Vuto lina lamakono la mitundu mitundu yonse ya mabulosi am'tsogolo limakhudzidwa ndi nkhani zachuma. Zitsanzo za izi ndi zomwe zinachitika Lufthansa chaka chatha. Pakangotha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndege yosinthidwa ya Airbus A321 idakwera ndege pafupipafupi pamaulendo apaulendo. Imodzi mwa injini za ndegeyi imagwira ntchito palafini yodziwika bwino, ina pamapangidwe opangira palafini ndi mafuta m'golosili imodzi. Zotsatira zake, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mafuta a biofuel anali ochepa peresenti kuposa mtengo wa palafini. Osati chisonyezo chopambana, ngakhale chimapereka chiyembekezo. Komabe, chiyembekezo chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kupulumutsa mafuta omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito sichimalimbikitsa chiyembekezo chachuma. Mabulogi ambiri omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwuluka pandege amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri kuwirikiza katatu kuposa parafine yophweka.
Ochirikiza lingaliro la biofuel ati kuti popanga ntchito zochulukitsa, mtengo wamafuta ena udzachepetsedwa. Koma mtengo wa parafini wandege uyamba kukwera chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo zachuma.Akuti nthawi ina mtengo adzakhala ofanana, komanso ndiye kukhala yopindulitsa kwambiri biofuel mafuta. Malingaliro awa ali ndi ufulu kukhalapo. Nthawi yomweyo, kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wamafuta ndi zotumphukira zake zomwe zawonedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa sizinthu zachilengedwe kwenikweni chifukwa chantchito yosinthanitsa ndi kuwongolera mabungwe. N'zotheka kuti m'tsogolo, pamene biofuels apeza yogawa kwambiri, mavuto mitengo adzayamba ndi zipangizo kupanga ake. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zam'mera ali ndi vuto lina. Kuti tikulitse zopangira, timafunikira malo oyenera omwe sangaberekeke pena pena, ndipo palibe amene adathetsa mavutowo ndi zokolola. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zikwi-ziwiri, ofufuza US kudziwa "mtengo" wa oyamba ambiri. Malinga ndi zomwe apeza, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mafuta abwezeretsedwako mphamvu, pamafunika kupereka gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi azigawo zonse zaulimi ku United States chifukwa cha mbewu "zakupsa". Mwachilengedwe, ziyembekezo zoterezi sizingatchedwe zabwino komanso zothandiza.
Mwa zina, woyamba m'badwo biofuel wakhala zosasangalatsa mbali za makhalidwe ake. Chifukwa chake, mowa wa ethyl wopezeka pazomera zanthete umakhala wopanda pake chifukwa umafunikira kwambiri kuposa palafini. Ponena za mafuta a biodiesel, pamitunda yayitali amawonda kapena amakula. Pakuti mafuta ndege ayenera walonjeza yekha ndi wotsika mtengo ndipo ofanana mu maonekedwe ake a palafini. Pankhaniyi, kusamutsa zombo zamafuta atsopano, simudzasinthanso injini, zomwe zikuwopseza ndalama zowonjezera, kuphatikizapo kupanga injini. Pachifukwa ichi, mayiko otsogola padziko lonse lapansi pano amakonda, ngati atayika ndalama popanga mabulosi a mitundu, ndiye mwapadera pakuphunzira mitundu yatsopano ndikupanga malonjezo olonjeza opanga zida. chifukwa ndi yomveka: Pankhaniyi, ndalama adzakhala okwanira, koma osati kumlingo monga iwo akanakhoza kukhalira pa kukonzanso wathunthu wa mafakitale zonse zimene zimafunika mafuta madzi.
Mu zaka zikubwerazi, United States ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi theka la dola biliyoni popanga mabulosi amtundu watsopano, pomwe andalama azamalo akutenga gawo la ndalamazo. Mtundu woyamba wamafuta womwe udapangidwa pansi pa pulogalamuyi ndipo udalandira satifiketi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege ndi yomwe imatchedwa kuti. ACJ. Mafuta oterowo amapangidwa ndi kukonza ethanol, pomwepo, imatha kupezeka nzimbe, monga zimachitidwira ku Brazil, kapena chimanga (ukadaulo womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ku USA). Mafuta a ACJ ndiosavuta kupanga ndipo, chifukwa chake, otsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mamiliyoni ena. Komabe, kale mu siteji chitukuko, wakhala kudzudzulidwa. Amanenanso kuti magawo ena opanga ACJ pafupifupi amachepetsa mpaka phindu pazinthu zonse zachilengedwe zamafuta. Mikangano imapangidwa kuti izitsimikizira kupangidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kuthekera kwa kuyambitsa mafuta mwachangu kuzungulira popanda kufunikira kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa zomangamanga kapena zida. Iwo umatsimikizira kuti mafuta ACJ cholinga ntchito palokha ndipo si wothira palafini, yomwe inkafuna onse sukulu m'mbuyomu. ACJ nthawi yomweyo imaphatikizapo ma hydrocarbons angapo ofunikira, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe a palafini wouluka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti gawo la mafuta ochokera kwachilengedwe ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zopangira maluwawa malingana ndi dera. Mwachitsanzo, ndaitchula Mowa ku nzimbe kapena chimanga. Mitundu ndi mitundu yazomera pazaka zakusinthika ndi kusinthidwa zidasinthidwa kuti zikule m'malo ena ndipo sizingasinthidwe kupita kudera lomwe lili ndi nyengo yabwino.Kuphatikiza apo, palibe aliyense wa mayiko mpaka pano omwe angatsimikizire kupanga kwa zinthu zochuluka chonchi komwe kungathe, ngati sangakhale wolamulira, ndiye kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu la msika wa biofuel. Ndipo makampani omwe akukhudzidwa ndikupanga mafuta ngati amenewa alibe mgwirizano pa zinthu zabwino zopangira mafuta. Chifukwa chake, Boeing Corporation pakadali pano ikuphatikizidwa kwambiri pakupanga zitsamba zina zomwe zimamera pamphepete mwa China, Airbus imagulitsa chomera cha ku Europe chotchedwa safroni, ndipo makampani ena ambiri akugwira ntchito pa zitsamba za mitundu ya mally, algae ena, etc. Pakadali pano, mafuta aliwonse kupatula ACJ amafuna kusungunuka ndi palafini, zomwe sizimathandizira kuti munthu akangolowa mumsika ayambe. Komabe, "palafini" wolonjeza wopangidwa kuchokera ku ngamila kapena algae itha kukhala yotetezeka m'chilengedwe.
Kupanga mitundu yosakanikirana yazomera ndi "mafuta" tsopano ndi njira yolimbikitsa kwambiri yakukula kwa biofuel. Mwanjira ina, mafuta omaliza omwe amapangidwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku chomera chilichonse, chomwe chili ndi zabwino, koma mawonekedwe osakwanira oti mugwiritse ntchito ndege. Kenako kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa zowonjezera zopangidwa kuchokera kuzakudya za mafuta zimawonjezedwera kwa iyo. Zoonjezera, zowonjezera, zimatha kuwononga pang'ono magawo a zachilengedwe zosakanikirana, koma zimathandizira kwambiri zowonetsa bwino. Chifukwa cha kuyaka kwamphamvu, kusakaniza koteroko sikungakhale koyipa kuposa palafini wamagetsi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Chachikulu pakupanga nyimbo zamtunduwu ndikusungabe malire pakati pa mtengo, kuchuluka kwa zotulukapo zowonongeka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi. Mwinanso kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zinthu izi mtsogolomu kumathandizadi kuchepetsa kaboni kawiri m'zinthu zowononga mpweya.
M'dziko lathu, nkhani ya mafuta oyendera mafuta akuphunzira kwambiri kuposa mayiko akunja. Pali maphunziro ndi zochitika zina, koma pakadali pano sangathe kupikisana ndi zomwe zikuchitika kunja. Osati kale kwambiri pomwe panali malipoti oti Russia ikhoza kulowa nawo mapulogalamu apadziko lonse lapansi kuti apange ndikupanga ma biofuel. Kampani yopanga ma ndege Lufthansa, mogwirizana ndi Airbus, ikutsogolera pulojekiti yake kuti apange mafuta olonjeza. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe chino, akatswiri a akatswiri ochokera m'mafemu onsewa adapita m'mafamu angapo a Volga. Minda ina ya minda iyi idapatsidwa mkaka wa safroni, womwe umayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. M'mbuyomu, tirigu adalimidwa pamayikowa, chifukwa cha zovuta zambiri ndi zokolola, gawo limodzi mwa minda lidachotsedwa kuti kasinthidwe mbewu. Lufthansa ndi Airbus akuyembekeza, mogwirizana ndi oyang'anira ndende ndi alimi, kuti asangobwezeretsa nthaka kuti adzagwiritse ntchito, komanso kuti apindule. Ngati zokolola zamkaka wa safroni ndizovomerezeka, mbewu zingapo zakonzedwe zitha kumangidwa m'dera la Volga, ndipo anthu akumderalo adzalandira ntchito zambiri. Kuphatikiza pa maiko a Volga, Airbus ndi Lufthansa "adaika" mbali zina za Africa. Nyengo ya gawo la Black Continent imakuthandizani kuti mukule mbewu monga jatropha, zomwe zimakhalanso zopanga. M'tsogolo, izi zitha kuyambitsa mpikisano pakati pa alimi ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana. Zowona, zidziwitso zaulimi zokhala osakhazikika zimatha kuyambitsa kusapezekapo kwa zovuta zilizonse: kulima ndi kukonza zinthu zophatikizidwa zizagawidwa kumagawo angapo kuti kulephera kwa mbewu m'deralo limodzi sikogwirizana ndi kusowa kwina kwina.
Vuto lotsiriza lomwe likugwiritsira ntchito kufalikira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe popanga ndege ndi kusowa kwa malo okhala. Poganizira zochita za "Lufthansa" yomweyi, makampani onyamula amayenera kudzipanga okha ndikumakonza mbewu ndikukonzekera njira zonse zoyendera.Chifukwa chake, m'zaka 10 zikubwerazi, palafini imasunganso malo ake otsogola kwambiri m'makalasi opanga mafuta oyendetsa ndege. Pambuyo pake, mafuta opangira mafuta m'thupi amayamba kuyamba kugawana mafuta ochulukirachulukira pamsika, ngakhale osachita mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Ponena za malingaliro akutali kwambiri, zinthu zochuluka kwambiri ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pakuganizira pankhaniyi. Mitengo yamafuta osakwiya imatha kusinthika kwambiri mbali zonse ziwiri, kulipira mayiko, ndi zina zotere. Pomaliza, kupanga ma biofuel ochulukirapo mwambiri kotero kuti sikokwanira kungopereka ndege imodzi yokha ikadali nkhani yamtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kupeza mitundu yoyambiriratu ya michere ya michere, yambani kupanga ndipo pokhapokha lingalirani zaubwino wake.
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Kodi biofuel ndi chiyani
Ma biofuel amakhala ndi zomera kapena zinthu zopangira. Pali ma biofuel amadzimadzi omwe amayenda pamainjini oyaka amagetsi, mafuta olimba (monga nkhuni zamoto, mabiriwiri, zimbudzi, tchipisi zamatabwa, udzu ndi mankhusu), komanso m'maso. Ngakhale kuti biofuel ikukambidwa ngati mafuta achilengedwe pokhapokha, zoona, pafupifupi 40% ya anthu padziko lapansi pano akuigwiritsa ntchito. Izi ndizowona pakamagwiritsidwe ntchito nkhuni, zinyalala zam'mera, manyowa owuma ndi zina zambiri.
Ma biofuel amagawidwa m'mibadwo ingapo. Yoyamba imaphatikizapo mbewu. Ali ndi mafuta ambiri, wowuma, shuga. Amatha kukonzedwa mu biodiesel ndi Mowa.
M'badwo wachiwiri umaphatikizapo zopangira kuchokera kuzakudya zopanda zakudya zamtundu wobzalidwa, udzu ndi mitengo. Kuchokera kwa iwo mutha kupeza cellulose ndi lignin, yomwe imatha kuphatikizidwa.
Algae amatchulidwa m'badwo wachitatu.
Ma biofuel pamagulu ankhondo komanso oyendetsa ndege
Masiku ano, ma biofuel amadziwika kuti ndi tsogolo la ndege zankhondo komanso zaboma. Ndipo izi sizongotanthauza mafuta a masamba okha. Itha kupangidwa kuchokera ku chomera ndi nyama, zinyalala ndi zinthu zotayika zamagulu. Komabe, pakadali pano palibe njira zotsika mtengo zopangira mafuta okhala ndi kaboni ochepa. Komabe, zoyesayesa zimatsogozedwa ndi ndege zowona. Osati kale kwambiri, Etihad Airways inayendetsa ndege yamtundu wa biofuel. Kampaniyo idagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mabulosi motengera madzi amchere - izi ndi mbewu zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pali mchere wambiri munthaka. Kampaniyo "idapaka" mafuta awa ndi palafini.
Ku Netherlands, akufuna "kusamutsa" ndege zankhondo kukhala biofuel. Unduna wa Zachitetezo mdziko muno ukulengeza za nkhaniyi. Muyezo umayambitsidwa molingana ndi womwe 20% biofuel imawonjezeredwa ndi akasinja. Zikuyembekezeka kuti mtsogolo chiwerengerochi chidzafika 70%. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Netherlands, kuyesa kwa ndege zankhondo kunachitika komwe kunali ma 5% biofuel.
Biofuel imagwiritsanso ntchito ndege zankhondo ku India. Mu Meyi 2019, adaganiza zosinthira kuzinthu zachilengedwe. 10% yamafuta omwe amapezeka mundege yankhondo ku India izikhala ndi michere yochokera ku mbewu ndi zipatso za mbewu zomwe zimamera mdziko muno. Unduna wa Zachitetezo mdziko muno umati izi ndizofunikira kuyambira pakuwona chuma - ku India kulibe mafuta ambiri. Biofesi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito idapangidwa kale mchaka cha 2013 ndi asayansi aku India. Mu 2018, mayesero anachitika pa ndege.
United States ilinso m'gulu la mayiko omwe akutembenuza asitikali ankhondo kukhala ma biofu. Komabe, pakuyenda ndege zankhondo, si mayiko ambiri omwe ali okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu kuti pakhale chilengedwe. Paulendo wa pandege, zonse ndizosangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, Qantas adakwera kuchokera ku United States kupita ku Australia pa mafuta, omwe anali 10% ... mafuta a mpiru.
Ku Japan, malo owonetsera opangira ma biofuel a ndege ndi magalimoto adatsegulidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chatha. Kampaniyo idapangidwa kuti igwiritse ntchito mitundu yachilengedwe yamtundu wa euglena ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a masamba.Mafuta awa anapambana mayeso opambana a ndege zankhondo zaku US. Akuyerekezeredwa kuti mtengowu umatulutsa mafuta okwanira malita 500,000 pachaka. Pakatha pafupifupi zaka 6, akufuna kuwirikiza mphamvuzo. Ponseponse, Japan ikukonzekera kupanga mitundu yoposa 1 biliyoni pachaka pofika 2030.
Zikuyembekezeka kuti ngati zonse zonyamulidwa zikagulitsidwa ku biofuel, ndiye kuti mpweya wa kaboni dayokisi udzachepa ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. Ndiye kuti, kupanga mabulogu opindulitsa kwambiri kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwachilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa vuto la anthu pa g
Kuyenda kwa ndege komanso kutentha kwanyengo
Pomwe mgwirizano wotchuka wa Paris wokhudza kutentha kwanyengo udamalizidwa, akatswiri adazindikira kuti sizikugwirizana ndi ndege komanso magalimoto otumizira. Izi mwina chifukwa chogawana kochepa mu dongosolo lonse lotulutsa - pafupi magawo awiri. Koma akatswiri pankhaniyi sawona kuti kutanthauzirako nkolondola.
Komabe, UN idaphatikizanso kusuntha kwa ndege kupita ku mabulusili mu dongosolo lazinthu zazikulu. Amaganiziridwa kuti ndikofunikira kuthetsa mavuto angapo pofika 2020. Akatswiri samakhulupirira kuti pofika nthawi imeneyi zitheka kukwaniritsa chilichonse chofunikira, kuphatikizapo chifukwa chamayendedwe opepuka a ndege kuti athetse vutoli. Izi ndichifukwa cha phindu lotsika. Mwachilengedwe, ma biofuel ndi okwera mtengo kawiri kuposa mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta. Makampani ambiri, akatembenukira kumafuta oterowo, sangachite nawo mpikisano ndipo sangapulumuke. Komabe, zikuyembekezeka kuti kufunikira kwa ma biofuel azithandizira pakuwonjezera kupezeka ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamtengo ndi lita imodzi.
Moni abwenzi!
Posachedwa, ndemanga zawoneka patsamba lino zokhudzana ndi mafuta opanga ndege komanso malingaliro ake ofananirako, makamaka ulemu kwa zachilengedwe, mtengo wake komanso zosungidwa zapadziko lonse zopangira.
Funso siloyenda chabe. Masiku ano akutenga nawo gawo kumaboma komanso kumayiko ena kumayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Chimodzi mwazochita izi ndikupanga njira ina yosagwiritsa ntchito mafuta wamba - palafini, yomwe, monga mukudziwa, imapezeka ndi mafuta a distillation. Makamaka, ndikutukula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndege biofuel.
Kufunika kwakukwera ndege zamakono sikuyenera kupitilizidwa. Ndiwokhawokha wa mtundu wa mayendedwe othamanga omwe amayendetsa bwino kwambiri ndikuyendetsa bwino mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko ndikuthana ndi mavuto a zokopa alendo.
Pali madera ambiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi komwe mayendedwe a ndege amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Chaka chilichonse, ndi thandizo lake, opitilira 2,5 biliyoni amayendetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. apaulendo. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwira ntchito mumakampani amlengalenga (dzinali ndi lovomerezeka mu lingaliro langa :-)) ndi oposa 33 miliyoni.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, posankha ndalama, gawo la magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi pafupifupi 430 biliyoni. madola, komanso mayendedwe okwera, ndiye kuti, zokopa alendo ambiri, akuyandikira madola triliyoni. Ngati ndege zapadziko lonse lapansi zikadakhala boma, ndiye kuti zikadakhala za 21 padziko lapansi molingana ndi GDP.
Manambala ndi osangalatsa :-). Komabe, palibe chomwe chimatulukira kuyambira pachiwonetsero, ndipo muyenera kulipira pa chilichonse. Pazowuluka padziko lapansi zoterezi, aliyense ayenera kulipira.
Kodi timafuna titapeza chiyani kuchokera ku injini ya ndege? Zikuwonekeratu kuti yoyamba ndikusavuta kwa njira, chachiwiri ndi phindu (nthawi zina zimachitika motere :-)), ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zabwino (ndipo ndikofunikira :-)) kuti injini izikhala yosangalatsa. Mwachionekere, malinga ndi kukhoza kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, mipata iyi yakhala ikulamulidwa pafupipafupi kwambiri.
Ndipo kungokhala ndi malingaliro awiri omaliza pali zovuta zina. Choyamba, phindu. Injini ya turbojet sinakhale yotsika kwambiri m'mafuta, ndipo izi zinali zovuta kwambiri.
Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yamafuta nthawi zonse kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakumanga ndege.Injiniyo zidasinthidwa, zopangidwa mozungulira kenako injini za turbofan zidawonekera. Poyerekeza ndi ndege yoyamba ya ndege zokwera 50s ndi 60s, ndege zamakono zakhala pafupifupi 70% zachuma.
Tsopano, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwapafupipafupi, pazamagetsi zazikulu za ndege zatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kumakhala pafupifupi malita 3.5 pa okwera aliyense pamakilomita 100 aliwonse. Ndipo kwa A380 ndi B-787, chiwerengerochi chitha kuchepetsedwa mpaka malita atatu. Ndiye kuti, mwazonse, ndege izi pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta titha kufananizidwa munjira ina ndi galimoto ya banja :-).
Komabe, ngakhale atachita bwino kukonza ukadaulo, mafuta ambiri amawonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, ma injini a IL-96 (PS-90A) mu ndege amathanso mafuta okwana makilogalamu 8000 pa ola limodzi. Ndipo ndege zingati zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo kumadya m'mlengalenga tsiku lililonse? ....
Malo osungira amoyo opatsa moyo (omwe amathandiziranso magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi, padziko lapansi, pamadzi ndi mlengalenga) akusungunuka padziko lapansi, ndipo mitengo yake imakhala ndi zotsutsana :-). Kuphatikiza apo, sizingatheke kuneneratu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukonzekera bajeti yama ndege. Izi ndi zowona, ndipo m'tsogolo motere mulibe zabwino.
Tsopano mbali yachiwiri ndi kukonda chilengedwe kwa injini ya turbojet. Lingaliro lenileni la malo abwino okhala liyamba kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi anthu kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Ndipo mbandakucha wa kukhalapo kwa injini za turbojet, palibe amene adangoganiza za izi ndipo ndi anthu ochepa omwe ankada nkhawa kuti imalowa mlengalenga ndi mitsinje ya mpweya.
Ndipo zoipa zambiri zimabwera :-). Uku ndi kaboni monoxide, ma hydrocarbons osapsa, nitrogen dioxide ndi mpweya, mpweya wa sulfure ndi zithumwa zosiyanasiyana m'malingaliro ang'onoang'ono ndipo, makamaka, mpweya wodziwika bwino wa CO2, womwe umakhudza mwachindunji kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lapansi. Osachepera asayansi akunena choncho :-).
Komabe, ngati chilungamo chikulemekezedwa, ndikofunikira kunena kuti chenicheni choti magawo azoyendetsa ndege mu mpweya wapadziko lonse wa CO2 ndi 2% yokha lero. Komabe, izi ndizokwana matani 650 miliyoni (zonse zotulutsidwa zimakhala pafupifupi 34 biliyoni). Kuphatikiza apo, poyamba, izi zotulutsa zimapangidwa makamaka mumtunda wapamwamba kwambiri wa troposphere omwe amamvera kwambiri kusintha (komanso stratosphere).
Ndipo chachiwiri, zimadziwika kuti kuwonjezeka kwa chiwonetsero cha ndege pachaka padziko lapansi kuli pafupifupi 5%, ndipo pankhaniyi, kuwonjezeka kwapachaka kwa CO2 ndikuwonetsedwa ndi 2-3%.
Ngati mitengo yotere ikupitilira posachedwa, ndiye podzafika 2050 gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi lonyamula kuchokera 2 peresenti likhala likukula mpaka 3. Kwa mlengalenga kwathunthu, izi ndizambiri. Ndipo, polingalira za kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi, ndizodziwikiratu kuti njira zofunikira kuti muchepetse mpweya woipa ndikupangitsa kuti ndege zikhale zowoneka bwino. Komabe, izi zidadziwika kalekale.
Ziri pamaziko a zinthu ziwiri zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa kuti machitidwe ena akutengedwa mu ndege m'maiko ambiri (mpaka pamlingo wina kapena wina, ndiyenera kunena :-)). Kusintha, monga tanena kale, mphamvu zamphamvu zamagetsi ndi ma helikopita. Kuwongolera zida zama ndege, machitidwe ndi njira zoyendera, kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka ndege kuti mwina muchepetse nthawi ya ndege "zopanda ntchito" mlengalenga.
Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuyesa kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina yamafuta opangira ndege kukuchulukirachulukira. M'mbuyomu, ndidalemba za mafuta ophwanya mafuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, LNG (mafuta achilengedwe) ingachepetse mpweya wa CO2 ndi 17% (chithunzi chosangalatsa, sichoncho :-)), popanda kutaya mphamvu zamainjini. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa hydrogen amadzimadzi kumathandizira izi.
Komabe, cryogenics, mwatsoka, amafuna ndege kapangidwe limasinthira wokongola kwambiri poyerekeza chiwembu chakale alipo. Komanso monga zomangamanga ndege amafunika kusintha kwambiri. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zambiri kuti kutsogolo ofunsira zaposachedwapa, biofuel kwa injini ndege, ntchito yomwe, ngati likukhalira, si choncho chosintha.
Khama biofuels ngati - mafuta kapena masamba kapena nyama magwero, kapena ku zinyansi mafakitale (ndithudi organic) kapena ku muli zinthu zamoyo. ndege biofuels m'malo amakhala (makamaka zonse) ndege palafini.
mankhwala ubwino waukulu awiri pa ochiritsira mafuta hydrocarbon mafuta. Choyamba, chifukwa amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zopangira magetsi zongowonjezwdwa. mafuta mafuta, mwatsoka, iwo sangakhoze kunyadira, monga mphamvu ya mitengo awo :-).
Ndipo, kachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa mpweya zoipa m'mlengalenga ntchito kwambiri m'munsi biofuel. Mwachindunji, mwachitsanzo, yaing'ono mpweya sulfure zokwanira. Ndiko mlengalenga si ikuyenda SO2 sulfure dioxide, mmodzi wa zigawo zikuluzikulu kwambiri wonunkha wa kuyaka ochiritsira utsi ndege.
Komanso pa CO2, amene koma akulowa mlengalenga chifukwa cha injini ndege pa biofuelNdiyeno chosakanikirana ndi zomera wamkulu kupanga yake, pa nthawi ya kukula kotsika chimodzimodzi.
mpweya CHITSANZO mpweya woipa mu mlengalenga ntchito utsi ochiritsira ndi biofuels.
Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa yogwira mpweya chifukwa cha ntchito ya injini pafupifupi ziro. Komabe, Share otsala CO2, amene anayambitsa m'mlengalenga pa ulimi wa biofuels. Izi kupanga yekha ndi kuwongolera njira (kuyenga), mayendedwe ndi kusunga.
Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero panopa, mpweya awa poyerekeza anthu pantchito zina kupanga utsi mafuta pafupifupi 80%. Phindu pankhaniyi bwino.
Ponena za biofuels madzi, m'pofunika kuona kuti onse anayamba Ndipotu, ndi dziko zoyendera. Aliyense, ine ndikuganiza, chabwino mayina monga biodiesel ndipo bioethanol kudziwika. The choyamba - ndi m'malo a dizilo, ndipo chachiwiri - mafuta.
zipangizo oyamba - ndi zomera mafuta zotsalira zazomera, wachiwiri - pa mtima wa nzimbe ake (kapena zina zomera shuga kubala, ndiye ziri kulankhula jang'ala :-)), komanso si chisoni, nkhuni. Izi zinali otchedwa m'badwo woyamba biofuels.
drawback yake yaikulu ili kuti amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zofanana yaiwisi chakudya. Ntchito yopanga ndi yambiri madzi, kugwetsa nkhalango. Ndipo kuti, ndi wina, ndi chachitatu cha dziko lathu zaposachedwapa ali kuchepekedwa ndithu. kutengerapo A Motero n'kofunika yaiwisi mafuta adzakhala osachepera opanda nzeru.
Pa nkhani imeneyi, anafika kupanga otchedwa biofuels wachiwiri m'badwo. Chifukwa chaichi, zotsalira zazomera wa zomera kuti musakhale bwanji anthu unyolo chakudya. Iwo akhoza kukula popanda okhudza zomera mbewu tinkafunika, kuphatikizapo pa malo omwewo mbewu, pamene mbewu chakudya kanthawi osati anabzala, kapena pa m'mayiko amenewo kumene kukula.
M'madera a dziko, bwino ndinazolowera chifukwa kulima zipangizo biofuels.
Zomera amenewa akuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas) - zomera chikukhudza mafuta 27 mpaka 40% ndi kukula pouma. Kapena Ryzhik (Camelina) - mphamvu choncho udzu mbewu za makolo. Komanso pali angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa tosaoneka algae kukula mu madzi onyansa ndi mafuta munali maulendo mazana awiri kuposa mbewu za makolo oilseed.
Oilseed ginger wodula bwino (Camelina).
Zomera ndi Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha).
ntchito biofuelopangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zili pamwambapa (makamaka zophatikizidwa ndi palafini wachikhalidwe) ndege zambiri zachitika kale, zowopsa, kuphatikizapo okwera.
Palinso kwina komwe kungapangidwire mafuta a mibadwo yachiwiri. Izi banja ndi zinyalala boma, zinyalala ulimi, osanenapo Chakudya, matabwa ndi makampani kupala matabwa.
Eya, ndipo pomaliza, mabuloni a m'badwo wachitatu. Pazomwe amapanga amangokhala ndi mafuta ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'dera lino, zinthu akadali makamaka gawo kafukufuku. Zomwe tikuyembekezerazi ndi zabwino kwambiri, koma pali zovuta zokwanira zaumisiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulima algae.
Zida zoyipa za mabulosi am'badwo wachitatu (algae).
Komabe, m'badwo wachiwiri biofuels mwayi m'malo tsopano pang'ono kapena kwathunthu ntchito utsi ndege ndege popanda kuchepetsa ubwino ndi makhalidwe a injini. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malingana ndi magawo awo sayenera kukhala oipitsitsa kuposa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa mafuta.
Magawo akuluakulu ndi: kutentha kocheperako, kutentha kwa kutentha, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, mafuta a sulfure mu mafuta, komanso kachulukidwe.
zinthu izi ndi kuchepetsedwa chakuti sanasowe kuchita kusintha kulikonse ofunika unit luso ndege zomangamanga ndege. Mafuta a m'badwo woyamba (monga biodiesel ndi bioethanol) samakumana ndi zomwe zakonzedwa pankhaniyi. Komabe biofuel m'badwo wachiwiri umagwirizana ndendende ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwazo ndipo nthawi zina zimaposa.
Kuti ndi chiyembekezo kukopedwa ndithu weniweni. Pakali pano, mafuta abwinobwino opangira zida zamagetsi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino poyeseza. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi maulendo angapo oyesa ndege omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ndege zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Dera la mmodzi wa m'zinthu za ndege mayeso pamalo biofuels.
Mayeso amtunduwu amachitidwa ndi kuwunika kwathunthu kwa injini m'magawo onse othawa. Nthawi zina, macheke ankapangidwa ndi injini kuzimitsidwa kenako nkuyamba kuwuluka.
Ambiri mwa makampani awa tsopano anadziika okha zolinga nthaŵi yaitali kumayambiriro biofuels mu ndege ntchito. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku United States. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la American (mayiko ena) a ASTM, lochita ndi zovuta maimidwe, lili mu Julayi 2011 lomwe lakhazikitsidwa mu D7566 standard (muyezo komanso mawonekedwe a ndege yamagetsi ya hydrocarbon), zosintha zatsopano zololeza kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a ndege a HRJ poyendetsa (ndege zamalonda).
mafuta chingakhale 50% ya zowonjezera zakudya opangidwa kuchokera zotsalira zazomera jatropha, camelina kapena algae. Mu mawonekedwe awa, sizili zosiyana ndi mafuta apalafini omwe amapezeka pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku (mitundu J-A ndi J-A-1).
Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe kwa chaka cha 2011, ndege ina ya Boeing 747-8F idanyamula ndege ina, yomwe injini zake zidatenthedwa ndi mafuta, 15% yomwe idapangidwa ndi mafuta a camelina.
N'zochititsa chidwi mu United States lalikulu galimoto mphamvu pa nkhani ya mofulumira kusintha kwa mtundu watsopano wa mafuta ndege anali Air Force kanthu, dziko ndi nyanja ofotokoza. Pakalipano mapulani amasinthidwe athu onse a US Navy asakanikirana palafini ndi mafuta ofunikira pofika 2020. Mwadzidzidzi idzakhala yamagetsi yamagetsi HRJ.
Komabe, ntchito mokwanira biofuel kuchuluka kwa maulendo apaulendo apa nthawi yayitali sikupindulitsa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa kupangidwa kwa mafuta ngati amenewa.
Komabe, akuti kupanga, choncho kulankhula, linatsimikizidwa ndi kupatsidwa mwayi wa chitukuko m'ziwawa, m'pofunika kuti osachepera 1% ya consumable mu dziko la ndege palafini m'malo ndi biofuels.Ambiri, pang'ono kwambiri.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonetsa chithunzi chochititsa chidwi. Izo zikusonyeza chomwe m'dera zofunika kulima zipangizo biofuels, anapereka iwo m'malo kwathunthu miyambo palafini mafuta. Apa 1 - algae, 2 - m'dera la Ireland, 3 - boma m'dera la Montana, 4 - pachaka padziko lonse chimanga, 5 - Sandy, 6 - Jatropha, Australia m'dera ... Pali chinachake tilingalire :-) ...
Kuyerekezera tchati m'dera wofunikila kukula biofuel anapereka iwo m'malo lathunthu la palafini chikhalidwe. :-) akusonyeza.
Awa ndi mwayi mwayi alipo. Zomwe adzasinthire m'dziko lathuli losakhazikika sizikudziwikiratu. Tikukhulupirira, kuti bwino ... :-)
Zachilengedwe wochezeka mpweya WFD ndi biofuels
Posachedwa, ndemanga zawoneka patsamba lino zokhudzana ndi mafuta opanga ndege komanso malingaliro ake ofananirako, makamaka ulemu kwa zachilengedwe, mtengo wake komanso zosungidwa zapadziko lonse zopangira.
Funso siloyenda chabe. Masiku ano akutenga nawo gawo kumaboma komanso kumayiko ena kumayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Chimodzi mwazochita izi ndikupanga njira ina yosagwiritsa ntchito mafuta wamba - palafini, yomwe, monga mukudziwa, imapezeka ndi mafuta a distillation. Makamaka, ndikutukula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndege biofuel.
Kufunika kwakukwera ndege zamakono sikuyenera kupitilizidwa. Ndiwokhawokha wa mtundu wa mayendedwe othamanga omwe amayendetsa bwino kwambiri ndikuyendetsa bwino mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko ndikuthana ndi mavuto a zokopa alendo.
Pali madera ambiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi komwe mayendedwe a ndege amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Chaka chilichonse, mothandizidwa ndi dziko amanyamula oposa biliyoni 2.5. Apaulendo. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwira ntchito mumakampani amlengalenga (dzinali ndi lovomerezeka mu lingaliro langa :-)) ndi oposa 33 miliyoni.
Malinga ndi malipoti ena mu ndalama njira gawo la katundu magalimoto pa dziko kuzungulira biliyoni 430. Madola, ndi mayendedwe a anthu, mwachitsanzo zokopa alendo ku mbali yaikulu, likuyandikira zankhaninkhani, dollars. Ngati ndege zapadziko lonse lapansi zikadakhala boma, ndiye kuti zikadakhala za 21 padziko lapansi molingana ndi GDP.
Manambala ndi osangalatsa :-). Komabe, palibe chomwe chimatulukira kuyambira pachiwonetsero, ndipo muyenera kulipira pa chilichonse. Pazowuluka padziko lapansi zoterezi, aliyense ayenera kulipira.
Kodi timafuna titapeza chiyani kuchokera ku injini ya ndege? Zikuonekeratu kuti choyamba - ndi mphamvu ya samatha, wachiwiri - mtengo (ndipo nthawi zina zosiyana zimachitika :-)), ndipo zonsezi zikanakhala zabwino (ndipo tsopano ingokhalani otsimikiza :-)), kotero kuti injini anali zabwinobwino. Mwachionekere, malinga ndi kukhoza kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, mipata iyi yakhala ikulamulidwa pafupipafupi kwambiri.
Ndipo kungokhala ndi malingaliro awiri omaliza pali zovuta zina. Choyamba, phindu. Injini ya turbojet sinakhale yotsika kwambiri m'mafuta, ndipo izi zinali zovuta kwambiri.
Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yamafuta nthawi zonse kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakumanga ndege. Injiniyo zidasinthidwa, zopangidwa mozungulira kenako injini za turbofan zidawonekera. Poyerekeza ndi ndege yoyamba ya ndege zokwera ma 50s ndi 60s, ndege zamasiku ano zili pafupifupi 70% zachuma.
Tsopano, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwapafupipafupi, pazamagetsi zazikulu za ndege zatsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kumakhala pafupifupi malita 3.5 pa okwera aliyense pamakilomita 100 aliwonse. Ndipo kwa A380 ndi B-787, chiwerengerochi chitha kuchepetsedwa mpaka malita atatu. Ndiye kuti, mwazonse, ndege izi pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta titha kufananizidwa munjira ina ndi galimoto ya banja :-).
Komabe, ngakhale atachita bwino kukonza ukadaulo, mafuta ambiri amawonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, IL 96 (injini PS-90A) mu ndege amathera makilogalamu 8000 pa palafini paola ndege. Ndipo ndege zingati zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo kumadya m'mlengalenga tsiku lililonse? ....
Malo osungira amoyo opatsa moyo (omwe amathandiziranso magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi, padziko lapansi, pamadzi ndi mlengalenga) akusungunuka padziko lapansi, ndipo mitengo yake imakhala ndi zotsutsana :-). Kuphatikiza apo, sizingatheke kuneneratu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukonzekera bajeti yama ndege. Izi ndi zowona, ndipo m'tsogolo motere mulibe zabwino.
Tsopano mbali yachiwiri ndi kukonda chilengedwe kwa injini ya turbojet. Lingaliro lenileni la malo abwino okhala liyamba kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi anthu kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Ndipo mbandakucha wa kukhalapo kwa injini za turbojet, palibe amene adangoganiza za izi ndipo ndi anthu ochepa omwe ankada nkhawa kuti imalowa mlengalenga ndi mitsinje ya mpweya.
Ndipo zoipa zambiri zimabwera :-). Uku ndi kaboni monoxide, ma hydrocarbons osapsa, nitrogen dioxide ndi mpweya, mpweya wa sulfure ndi zithumwa zosiyanasiyana m'malingaliro ang'onoang'ono ndipo, makamaka, mpweya wodziwika bwino wa CO2, womwe umakhudza mwachindunji kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lapansi. Osachepera asayansi akunena choncho :-).
Komabe, ngati chilungamo chikulemekezedwa, ndikofunikira kunena kuti chenicheni choti magawo azoyendetsa ndege mu mpweya wapadziko lonse wa CO2 ndi 2% yokha lero. Komabe, pafupifupi 650 miliyoni.
matani (okwana mpweya chifukwa cha za 34 Bln. tonnes). Kuphatikiza apo, poyamba, izi zotulutsa zimapangidwa makamaka mumtunda wapamwamba kwambiri wa troposphere omwe amamvera kwambiri kusintha (komanso stratosphere).
Ndipo chachiwiri, zimadziwika kuti kuwonjezeka kwa chiwonetsero cha ndege pachaka padziko lapansi kuli pafupifupi 5%, ndipo pankhaniyi, kuwonjezeka kwapachaka kwa CO2 ndikuwonetsedwa ndi 2-3%.
Ngati mitengo yotere ikupitilira posachedwa, ndiye podzafika 2050 gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi lonyamula kuchokera 2 peresenti likhala likukula mpaka 3. Kwa mlengalenga kwathunthu, izi ndizambiri.
Ndipo, polingalira za kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi, ndizodziwikiratu kuti njira zofunikira kuti muchepetse mpweya woipa ndikupangitsa kuti ndege zikhale zowoneka bwino.
Komabe, izi zidadziwika kalekale.
Ziri pamaziko a zinthu ziwiri zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa kuti machitidwe ena akutengedwa mu ndege m'maiko ambiri (mpaka pamlingo wina kapena wina, ndiyenera kunena :-)).
Kusintha, monga tanena kale, mphamvu zamphamvu zamagetsi ndi ma helikopita.
Kuwongolera zida zama ndege, machitidwe ndi njira zoyendera, kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka ndege kuti mwina muchepetse nthawi ya ndege "zopanda ntchito" mlengalenga.
Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuyesa kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina yamafuta opangira ndege kukuchulukirachulukira. M'mbuyomu, ndidalemba za mafuta ophwanya mafuta.
Kugwiritsa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, LNG (mafuta achilengedwe) ingachepetse mpweya wa CO2 ndi 17% (chithunzi chosangalatsa, sichoncho :-)), popanda kutaya mphamvu zamainjini.
Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa hydrogen amadzimadzi kumathandizira izi.
Komabe, ma cryogenics, mwatsoka, amafunika kusintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka ndege poyerekeza ndi zomwe zidalipo kale.
Komanso monga zomangamanga ndege amafunika kusintha kwambiri.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zaka zaposachedwa kugwirira ntchito kwabwera. biofuel kwa injini zamagetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake, monga momwe zidasinthira, sikusintha kwenikweni.
Khama biofuels ngati - mafuta kapena masamba kapena nyama magwero, kapena ku zinyansi mafakitale (ndithudi organic) kapena ku muli zinthu zamoyo. Ndege biofuel m'malo amakhala (makamaka zonse) ndege palafini.
Izi zili ndi zabwino ziwiri pazoyambira zamafuta zamafuta am'mafuta. Choyamba, zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zingasinthidwe.mafuta mafuta, mwatsoka, iwo sangakhoze kunyadira, monga mphamvu ya mitengo awo :-).
Ndipo, kachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa mpweya zoipa m'mlengalenga ntchito kwambiri m'munsi biofuel. Mwachindunji, mwachitsanzo, yaing'ono mpweya sulfure zokwanira. Ndiko mlengalenga si ikuyenda SO2 sulfure dioxide, mmodzi wa zigawo zikuluzikulu kwambiri wonunkha wa kuyaka ochiritsira utsi ndege.
Komanso pa CO2, amene koma akulowa mlengalenga chifukwa cha injini ndege pa biofuelNdiyeno chosakanikirana ndi zomera wamkulu kupanga yake, pa nthawi ya kukula kotsika chimodzimodzi.
mpweya CHITSANZO mpweya woipa mu mlengalenga ntchito utsi ochiritsira ndi biofuels.
Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa yogwira mpweya chifukwa cha ntchito ya injini pafupifupi ziro. Komabe, Share otsala CO2, amene anayambitsa m'mlengalenga pa ulimi wa biofuels. Izi kupanga yekha ndi kuwongolera njira (kuyenga), mayendedwe ndi kusunga.
Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero panopa, mpweya awa poyerekeza anthu pantchito zina kupanga utsi mafuta pafupifupi 80%. Phindu pankhaniyi bwino.
Ponena za biofuels madzi, m'pofunika kuona kuti onse anayamba Ndipotu, ndi dziko zoyendera. Aliyense, ine ndikuganiza, chabwino mayina monga biodiesel ndipo bioethanol kudziwika. The choyamba - ndi m'malo a dizilo, ndipo chachiwiri - mafuta.
zipangizo oyamba - ndi zomera mafuta zotsalira zazomera, wachiwiri - pa mtima wa nzimbe ake (kapena zina zomera shuga kubala, ndiye ziri kulankhula jang'ala :-)), komanso si chisoni, nkhuni. Izi zinali otchedwa m'badwo woyamba biofuels.
drawback yake yaikulu ili kuti amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zofanana yaiwisi chakudya. Ntchito yopanga ndi yambiri madzi, kugwetsa nkhalango. Ndipo kuti, ndi wina, ndi chachitatu cha dziko lathu zaposachedwapa ali kuchepekedwa ndithu. kutengerapo A Motero n'kofunika yaiwisi mafuta adzakhala osachepera opanda nzeru.
Pa nkhani imeneyi, anafika kupanga otchedwa biofuels wachiwiri m'badwo. Chifukwa chaichi, zotsalira zazomera wa zomera kuti musakhale bwanji anthu unyolo chakudya.
Iwo akhoza kukula popanda okhudza zomera mbewu tinkafunika, kuphatikizapo pa malo omwewo mbewu, pamene mbewu chakudya kanthawi osati anabzala, kapena pa m'mayiko amenewo kumene kukula.
M'madera a dziko, bwino ndinazolowera chifukwa kulima zipangizo biofuels.
Zomera amenewa akuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas) - zomera chikukhudza mafuta 27 mpaka 40% ndi kukula pouma.
Kapena Ryzhik (Camelina) - mphamvu choncho udzu mbewu za makolo.
Komanso pali angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa tosaoneka algae kukula mu madzi onyansa ndi mafuta munali maulendo mazana awiri kuposa mbewu za makolo oilseed.
Oilseed ginger wodula bwino (Camelina).
Zomera ndi Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha).
ntchito biofuelYopangidwa kuchokera ku zomera tatchulawa (makamaka wothira palafini chikhalidwe) ankakhulupirira kwambiri ya ndege, zoopsa ndithu, kuphatikizapo ndi okwera pa bolodi.
Pali chinthu chinanso kwa kupanga biofuels m'badwo wachiwiri. Izi banja ndi zinyalala boma, zinyalala ulimi, osanenapo Chakudya, matabwa ndi makampani kupala matabwa.
Chabwino, potsiriza, lachitatu m'badwo biofuels. Kupanga wake ntchito yokhayo algae ndi okhutira mkulu mafuta. M'dera lino, zinthu akadali makamaka gawo kafukufuku. ziyembekezo zabwino kwambiri, koma mavuto zamakono kugwirizana ndi kulima algae zokwanira.
kwa wachitatu m'badwo biofuels zipangizo (algae).
Komabe, ma biofuel a m'badwo wachiwiri ali ndi kuthekanso kubwezeretsanso mafuta oyendetsa ndege pang'ono kapena kugwiritsa ntchito injini popanda kugwiritsa ntchito injini. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malingana ndi magawo awo sayenera kukhala oipitsitsa kuposa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa mafuta.
Magawo akuluakulu ndi awa: kutentha kocheperako, kutentha kwa kutentha, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, mafuta a sulfure mu mafuta, komanso kachulukidwe.
Zinthu izi zimachepetsedwa poti sikunali kofunikira kuchita kusintha kofunikira mu kapangidwe ka ndege ndi kapangidwe ka ndege.
Mafuta a m'badwo woyamba (monga biodiesel ndi bioethanol) samakumana ndi zomwe zakonzedwa pankhaniyi.
Komabe biofuel m'badwo wachiwiri umagwirizana ndendende ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwazo ndipo nthawi zina zimaposa.
Ndiye kuti, malingaliro ndi enieni. Pakali pano, mafuta abwinobwino opangira zida zamagetsi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino poyeseza. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi maulendo angapo oyesa ndege omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ndege zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Chithunzi chimodzi mwazoyeserera zamagetsi zokhala ndi mafuta.
Mayeso amtunduwu amachitidwa ndi kuwunika kokwanira kwa injini mu magawo onse othawa. Nthawi zina, macheke ankapangidwa ndi injini kuzimitsidwa kenako nkuyamba kuwuluka.
Makampani ambiri tsopano ali ndi zolinga zautali zopititsa patsogolo mafuta obwezera m'mayendedwe othawa. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku United States.
Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la American (mayiko ena) a ASTM, lochita ndi mavuto osasunthika, mu Julayi 2011 likhazikitsidwa mu D7566 standard (muyezo komanso mawonekedwe a ndege yamagetsi yamagetsi), zosintha zatsopano zololeza kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a ndege a HRJ poyendetsa (ndege zamalonda).
50% yamafuta awa imatha kukhala ndi ma bioadditives opangidwa kuchokera ku biomass ya jatropha, camelina kapena algae. Mu mawonekedwe awa, sizili zosiyana ndi mafuta apalafini omwe amapezeka pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku (mitundu J-A ndi J-A-1).
Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe kwa chaka cha 2011, ndege ina ya Boeing 747-8F idanyamula ndege ina, yomwe injini zake zidatenthedwa ndi mafuta, 15% yomwe idapangidwa ndi camelina.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti ku USA, kuyendetsa kwa Gulu Lankhondo, pamtunda ndi panyanja, kudakhala kofulumira pakufulumiza kuthamangitsidwa kwa mtundu wina wamafuta. Pakalipano mapulani amasinthidwe athu onse a US Navy asakanikirana palafini ndi mafuta ofunikira pofika 2020. Mwambiri ikakhala mafuta a ndege ya HRJ.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu Komabe biofuel kuchuluka kwa maulendo apaulendo apa nthawi yayitali sikupindulitsa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa kupangidwa kwa mafuta ngati amenewa.
Komabe, zikuyembekezeredwa kuti kuti izi zitheke, ndikuti zitheke bwino, ndikofunikira kuti peresenti imodzi yokha ya mafuta oyendetsa ndege padziko lapansi asinthidwe ndi mafuta. Mwambiri, pang'ono.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonetsa chithunzi chochititsa chidwi. Zikuwonetsa madera omwe amafunikira popanga zida zopangira mafuta a biofuel, bola atangoyimitsa palafini wachikhalidwe. Apa 1 - algae, 2 - dera la Ireland, 3 - dera la Montana, 4 - zokolola za chimanga zapadziko lonse, 5 - Ryzhik, 6 - Jatropha, Area of Australia ... Pali china choti muganizire :-) ...
Chithunzi choyerekeza cha madera ofunikira kukula kwa zopangira mafuta a biofueli, bola atachotsa palafini wachikhalidwe. Mulugu :-) ...
Awa ndi mwayi komanso chiyembekezo chomwe chilipo. Zomwe adzasanduke m'dziko lathu losintha sizinadziwikebe. Ndikufuna ndikhulupirire izi :-) ...
Ndegeyo idawulukira koyamba pa 100 peresenti ya biofuel
Green Growler U.S. Nkhondo
Ndege yaku America yonyamula zida zamagetsi yochokera ku America ya EA-18G Growler, wotchedwa Green Growler, yanyamula mabuloni 100 peresenti, bungwe la U.S. Navy lati.
Uwo unali ulendo woyamba wa ndege pamafuta ngati amenewo. Green Growler ananyamuka pa bwalo la ndege ku Patent River Base ku Maryland. Kuchuluka kwa ndege yomwe idakhalako sikunatchulidwe.
Malinga ndi asitikali, injini ndi magalimoto othawa anali ngati kuti ndegeyo yasungidwa ndi mafuta amagetsi wamba.
Kuyambira 2009, Gulu Lankhondo la U.S. lakhala likukonza pulogalamu yayikulu kwambiri yochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyendera magetsi.
Poyamba, pulogalamuyi idatanthawuza kuchepetsa kumwa kwa hydrocarbon pofika chaka cha 2016, koma pazifukwa zingapo izi sizingatheke.
Makamaka, makampani aku America satha kubereka ma biofuel mu kuchuluka kwa asitikali. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta ngati amenewa adakali okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa masiku onse.
Chomwe chasinthira kusintha kwa mafuta osokoneza bongo kwa asitikali aku US chinali kufunitsitsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa - Gulu Lankhondo, Gulu Lankhondo, Gulu Lankhondo ndi US Marine Corps lero ndi ogula kwambiri a mafuta a hydrocarbon mdziko muno.
Kuphatikiza apo, asitikali akukhulupirira kuti pamene kupanga zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zikukula, zomwe Pentagon imatha kuthandizira, mitengo yake imatsika nthawi zonse ndipo pamapeto pake imatsika mtengo wamafuta wamba.
Pomwe ntchito yakusiya pang'onopang'ono mafuta a hydrocarbon, gulu lankhondo la US lidayendetsa zida zingapo mofufuzira.
Makamaka, maulendo apandege kupita ku mafuta osakanizika ndi mafuta (1 mpaka 1) kale amachitidwa ndi mitundu yonse yayikulu ya ndege ya US Navy ndi Marine Corps.
Kumapeto kwa Januware chaka chino, woyang'anira woyendetsa ndege ku Pacific adachitika ndi gulu la chombo lomwe limanyamula John Stennis wa mtundu wa Nimitz, lotenthera ndi mafuta osakanikirana (90 peresenti) ndi biofuel (10 peresenti).
Paulendo woyamba wa ndege yankhondo yomwe ili ndi buluzi 100 peresenti, Green Growler idayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yeniyeni ya telemetry.
Kuwongolera kwazida kunatsimikizira kutsatira magawo onse a magwiridwe antchito a EA-18G avionics. Posachedwa, zakonzedwa kuti ziziyendetsa ndege zina zambiri za Green Growler ndi ndege zina zaku U.S. Navy, zomwe zadzaza mafuta ndi mafuta.
Mukamaliza kuyesa, mafuta amatsimikiziridwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi.
Majini oyendetsa ndege a U.S. Navy amapangidwa ndi Applied Research Associates ndi jpg Lummus Global.
Zimapangidwa ndi ma estrot a hydrotreating ndi ma acid acid ndipo, malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake, zimagwirizana ndi parafini ya JP-5. Tsatanetsatane waukadaulo wopangira mafuta awa sinafotokozedwe.
Mwambiri, mafuta a rapese, camelina ndi mbewu zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepa, komanso mafuta a nyama, omwe amasinthidwa kukhala ma methyl esters pamaso pa chothandizira.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zopanga biofuel zimapangidwa ndi makampani angapo padziko lapansi.
Chifukwa chake, mu Marichi chaka chino, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Integrated Seawater Energy and Agriculture System, ISEAS idakhazikitsidwa ku Abu Dhabi ku United Arab Emirates.
Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi ukadaulo wopanga zakudya ndi mafuta munthawi yomweyo popanda kuwonongeka konse. Ntchitoyi imathandizidwa ndi Boeing, Etihad Airways, Honeywell UOP, General Electric, Safran ndi Takreer.
Kukhazikitsa kwatsopano kumagwira ntchito m'magawo angapo. Poyamba, mapampu apadera amaponyedwa m'madziwe ndi nsomba mwachangu ndi nyanja ya plankton kapena madzi am'nyanja.
Pambuyo pake, madzi omwe amaphatikiza ndi nsomba zofunikira zimaperekedwa m'minda ya halophyte, mbewu zomwe zitha kuloleza kuchuluka kwa nthaka kapena madzi.
Pambuyo pa ma halophytes, madzi okhala ndi demineral pang'ono opatsidwa mphamvu ndi zofunikira za halophyte amapangidwira kubzala mitengo yamangati ndi zomera zololera mchere.
Kenako, m'malo obzala mitengo yaminga, madzi amalowa m'madzi oyeserera, pomwe, ukatha kuyeretsa, imangobwerera kunyanja.
Masamba otsetsereka, mbewu zakufa, humus pa halophyte ndi minda yamangati imasonkhanitsidwa ndikukutumiza ku mbewu za biofuel.
Nthawi yomweyo, nkhuni zokulirapo ndi nsomba zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Zamagetsi zamagetsi zonse ku ISEAS zimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa.
Ndege yonyamula anthu inamaliza kuthamanga kwa maola asanu ndi awiri pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochokera ku zitsamba
Etihad Airways yakhazikitsa ndege yoyamba kugulitsa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito michere yopangidwa kuchokera kumadzi amchere (zomera zomwe zimatha kumera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikokhala ndi mchere wambiri).
Ndege ya biofuel inali ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi General Electric 1B, ndipo akasinja ake mafuta anali odzazidwa ndi mafuta osakanizika ndi mafuta kuchokera kumadzi amchere pamtunda wa 50 mpaka 50.
Arif Sultan Al Hammadi, wogwira ntchito ku Khalifa University of Science and Technology, adati izi "zikuwonetsa chiyambi" chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyenda paulendo wapaulendo wapaulendo.
Ma biofuel a ndegeyi adapangidwa ndi ISEAS (Integrated Seawater Energy and Agriculture System) ku Masdar, Abu Dhabi. Kuthawa kunadziwika kuti kunali kopambana, ndipo kuwonjezera mphamvu za palafini ndi mafuta panjira sikunali kofunikira. ISEAS, yothandizidwa ndi makampani monga Boeing, Etihad Airways, Honeywell UOP ndi General Electric, idayamba ntchito mu Marichi 2016.
Njira yopanga ma biofuel imadutsa magawo angapo. Choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi apadera, madzi a mnyanja kapena nyanja amatsanulira m'malo osungira nsomba mwachangu ndi plankton, pomwe amapeza zofunikira.
Pambuyo pake, madziwo amakhala ndi chithandizo chapadera, kenako amawapaka kuti akonzekere malo okhala ndi zitsamba zosagwira mchere, kuphatikizapo madzi amchere, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwuluka.
Pambuyo pa njira zonse, zopangira njirayi, kuphatikizapo sludge, chomera chimatsalira ndi humus, zimasandulika biofuel, ndipo madzi ogwiritsidwawo amayeretsedwa ndikubwerera kunyanja. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zida zonse za ISEAS zimagwira pama solar a solar.
"Kuthawa kwa Etihad kumatsimikizira kuti ISEAS ikusintha malamulo a masewerawa, omwe angabweretse zabwino zambiri pazonyamula ndege komanso kwa anthu onse.
Matekinoloje omwe akupangidwawa akuwonetsa chiyembekezo chachikulu chodzasandutsitsa chipululu cha gombe kukhala malo olimapo abwino omwe amatetezedwa ndi chakudya komanso mlengalenga, "atero a Deputy President wa Boeing International Sean Schwinn.
Pakadali pano, aka si koyamba ngati mbewu zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta mu ndege. Pakuyesa kwa mayeso mu 2008, Air New Zealand idagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osakanikirana ochokera ku jatropha ndi mafuta achikhalidwe chimodzimodzi. Boeing 747-400 adakhala mlengalenga kwa maora angapo.
Chiyembekezo chakugwiritsa ntchito ma biofuel mu ndege zanyumba
SAYANSI BULLETIN WA MSTU GA
ZITSANZO ZA KUGWIRITSIRA NTCHITO KU CIVIL AVIATION
S.A. Rybkin, S.A. POPOVA
Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kafukufuku pa kusanthula kwa ntchito zamafuta m'mafakitoreya ndikuwonetsa za chitukuko cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta a biofuel pouluka.
Mawu ofunikira: mphamvu, biotechnology, biofuel, mafakitale onyamula, ndege zapaulendo.
Kuchepa mphamvu kwa malo osungira ma hydrocarbon, kukwera kwa mphamvu zamagetsi, kudalira kwachuma pakadali pano kumabweretsa kufunika kofunafuna magwero atsopano amagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi 2013, kuchuluka kwa mafuta kudakula ndi migolo 1 miliyoni sekondi imodzi. Kuneneratu kwa chaka cha 2015 kukutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa chizindikirochi ndi migolo 1.3 miliyoni pamphindikati mpaka migolo 94 miliyoni pa sekondi. .
Njira imodzi yochepetsera kudalira mafuta achikhalidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina. Kutengera pulogalamu yayikulu yopanga bizinesi yaukadaulo ku Russian Federation kwa nthawi yayitali mpaka 2020, kukula kwachuma kwamakono ndi sayansi yamakono. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, msika wapadziko lonse wa biotechnology mu 2025 ufika pamlingo wa 2 tril. US $
Kuthekera kwachitukuko cha biotechnology kumatha kukhala gawo lothandizira pakukonzekera kwamayiko. Kutengera mtundu wa biotechnology mumafakitale ena, pali mtundu wa typisote wa mitundu:
1) biotechnology "yoyera" - kupanga ma biofuel, ma enzyme ndi ma biomatadium a biotechnology mu chakudya, kukonza mafuta ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale ena,
2) Zomera zachilengedwe "zobiriwira" - kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa mbewu zosinthidwa mwachilengedwe.
3) "red" biotechnology - kupanga ma biopharmaceuticals (mapuloteni, ma enzymes, ma antibodies) kwa anthu, komanso kukonza kwa chibadwa,
4) "" imvi "biotechnology imalumikizidwa ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, bioremediation,
5) biotechnology "buluu" imalumikizidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyama zam'madzi ndi zopangira.
Gawo lazopanga ma biotechnology pano ndi injini yamphamvu yopangira bioeconomics padziko lapansi.
Malinga ndi Frost & Sullivan, m'zaka zikubwerazi, kukula kwa msika wazomera wazachilengedwe wazipanga kuchuluka kwa ulimi wobiriwira (ulimi) ndi wofiira (mankhwala, mankhwala).
Ma biotechnologies oyera ndi omwe amapanga maziko opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku biocatalysis ndi kupesa.
M'nkhani yathuyi, tikhala ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi "zoyera" za biotechnology, zomwe ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta mabulosi. Biofuel ndi mafuta ochokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe zopangidwa, zopezedwa, monga lamulo, pokonza zitsulo za nzimbe kapena mbewu za kugwiririra, chimanga, soya, ndi zina zambiri.
Pali ma biofuel amadzimadzi (a mainjini oyaka mkati - ethanol, biodiesel), olimba (nkhuni, udzu) ndi gaseous (biogas, hydrogen). Biomass ngati imeneyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta a injini komanso popanga magetsi.
Ma biofuel amaphatikiza mafuta a petulo monga bioethanol (opangidwa kuchokera ku tirigu, shuga beets ndi chimanga, soya ndi nzimbe), biodiesel (opangidwa kuchokera ku tirigu, shuga ndi chimanga, soya ndi nzimbe) ndi biogas (cholowa m'malo mwa mpweya wachilengedwe zopezeka kuzotulutsa zinyalala, kuphatikizapo zinyalala zochokera kumafamu a ziweto ndi zinyalala zomwe zimapezeka m'maboma, malonda ndi mafakitale zomwe zawonongeka anaerobic.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mabulosi - woyamba ndi wachiwiri. Zamoyo za m'badwo woyamba zimaphatikizapo bioethanol yopangidwa kuchokera ku nzimbe, chimanga, tirigu ndi mbewu zina za chimanga, ndi biodiesel yochokera ku mafuta - soya, kugwiririra, kanjedza, mpendadzuwa.
Kulima kwawo kumafuna kuti pakhale malo abwino okulimapo, makina ambiri azolimo, komanso feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti pamenepa, kupanga biofuel kudzapikisana ndi gawo lazakudya, lomwe lingasokoneze gawo la anthu.
Ma bioloel a mibadwo iwiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku zopangira zopanda zakudya. Muli mafuta zinyalala ndi mafuta masamba, biomass mitengo ndi zitsamba. Ubwino wamafuta otere ndiwakuti mbewu zake zimatha kulimidwa m'malo osayenera pogwiritsa ntchito zida zochepa, feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Choipa chake ndikuti mitengo ya lignocellulose ndi chakudya chopatsa mphamvu cha polymer chomwe chimafuna kusintha kwakukulu kwamankhwala, i.e. mphamvu zochulukirapo kuti zipange mafuta amadzimadzi kuchokera pamenepo kuposa kupanga mabulosi am'badwo woyamba.
Komabe, mphamvu zamagetsi opanga kuchokera ku biomass yama biofuel m'mibadwo yonseyi ndi pafupifupi 50%.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zakugwiritsira ntchito mafuta m'thupi la mayendedwe ndikuchepetsa kupezeka kwa zinthu zakuda m'mlengalenga.
Kuyendetsa ndege kumadziwika ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu komanso, motero, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Mukugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pamakampani opanga ndege ndi 8%. Pazakugulitsa ndege, mafuta ndiye chinthu chachiwiri kutaya, pafupifupi 18-20% ya mtengo wonse.
Pakapita nthawi, kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo yamafuta kumatha kusokoneza mayendedwe aomwe akukwera komanso kutsika kwake, makamaka panjira zazifupi komanso zazifupi.
Poganizira mawonekedwe atsopano opanga ukadaulo (zida zachuma, kukhathamiritsa kwa aerodynamics), zomwe zimaloleza kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu pakupanga ndege, nkoyenera kuyang'anira mwapadera mwayi wokhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta akuwuluka popanga ndege. Pakadali pano, magalimoto okhaokha padziko lapansi ndi omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri.
Malinga ndi European Union Renewable Energy Directive, pofika chaka cha 2020 mayiko otsogolera ku EU akuyenera kuwonjezera gawo la mafuta oyendera mabasi kuyambira 2% mpaka 10%.
Russia ikuyesetsanso kuthana ndi vuto la ma biofuel, koma pakadali pano tikulankhula za kapangidwe kake mwachindunji.
Pofuna kukhazikitsa makina opanga zinthu zachilengedwe, pa Epulo 24, 2012, boma lidavomereza "Program Yokwanira Kutukula Mitundu Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zomera Zapadziko Lonse Ku Russia mpaka Nthawi 2020".
Cholinga cha Dongosololi ndikukwaniritsa udindo womwe Russia akutsogolera pakupanga makina a sayansi, kuphatikizapo ma biotekinoloje komanso bioenergy, ndikupanga gawo lopikisana padziko lonse lapansi.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, a Lufthansa aku Germany adagwiritsa ntchito biofuel. Ndege yochokera ku Hamburg kupita ku Frankfurt ndi ndege ya A321, imodzi mwa injini zomwe zinagwira ntchito pophatikiza mafuta ndi mafuta oyendera ndege popanga magawo a 50:50, zomwe zinatilola kuti tipeze mawonekedwe a injini ziwirizo momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso kupenda mafuta.
Ndege zikusunthira kuchoka pamaulendo oyendetsa ndege kupita kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta kuchokera kuzinthu zamagetsi, opanga ndege zazikulu akuyamba kupanga mgwirizano ndi onyamula pa kupanga mafuta atsopano.
Pakadali pano, njira zingapo zopezera mafuta opanga ndege kuti atumizidwe ku boma avomerezeka:
1) "mafuta osinthika ophatikizidwenso a isoparaffin" (synthesized iso-paraffinic, SIP). Mafuta amtunduwu amapangidwa kuchokera ku dzuwa lomwe limapangidwa ndi mpweya wa hayidrojeni,
zopezeka kuchokera kwa nzimbe, posakaniza ndi mafuta a jet (osapitirira 10%),
2) kutembenuka kwa triglycerides kuchokera ku mafuta azomera ndi zinthu zonyansa zazinyama, odziwika bwino monga "hydrate esters and fat acids" (HEFA),
3) kukonza biomass ndi zopangira kuchokera ku mchere kupita ku mafuta kudzera mu Fischer-Tropsch.
Ku Russia, kupanga michere ya biofuel idapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu monga Camelina, wachibale wa kabichi ndipo, mpaka posachedwapa, amadziwika kuti ndi udzu. Kuchokera pamtundu wamtunduwu wa mbewu, mabulosi am'badwo wachiwiri amapangidwa, omwe amapezeka ndi kuwola kwa biomass popanda kupezeka ndi mpweya.
Tsoka ilo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma biofuel paulendo wautali pakadali pano sikuyenda bwino zachuma, popeza ndi okwera mtengo kuposa mafuta oyendera ndege. Malinga ndi akatswiri, mitengo ya mafuta imatha kutha posachedwa (zomwe tikuwona pakalipano).
Panthawi imeneyi, imodzi mwazomwe zitha kukhala zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritse ntchito, imodzi kapena ina, kuyeretsa, koma nthawi yomweyo mafuta enanso okwera mtengo. Komabe, zinthu ngati izi zimachepetsa mpikisano woyenda ndege.
Merrill Lynch akuti kutha kwa kupanga mafuta a biofuel kukweza mitengo ya mafuta ndi mafuta ndi 15%.
Sinopec, kampani yayikulu yotsuka mafuta ku China, yachita upainiya wopangira mafuta amafuta a kanjedza ndi mafuta oyeretsa masamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika m'malo oyeretsa a Zhenhai Refining ndi Chemical Company.
Ndege yoyamba ya ndege yaku China Eastern Airlines Airbus A320 yomwe idakonzedweratu pamafuta ngati amenewo idachitika mu Epulo 2013.Vuto lalikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opanga mafuta mabulosi pakalipano ndi mtengo wake wokwera.
Biofuel yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopulumutsa ndalama imachepetsa mpweya woipa wa kaboni dayosiyamu ndi 50-80% pa moyo wake poyerekeza ndi mafuta, motero izigwira ntchito yayikulu pakuthandizira kukula kwazombo komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito.
Malinga ndi mbiri ya pamsika ya Boeing yapagulu lanyumba, dziko la China lidzafunika ndege zopitilira 6,000 kuti zikwaniritse kuchuluka konyamula anthu omwe akukwera kunyumba ndi mayiko pofika chaka cha 2033.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukiranso kuti kayendedwe ka chilengedwe komanso kuyambitsa kwa EU ETS zimakhudzanso kayendedwe ka ndege pobweretsa msonkho wowonjezera wazachilengedwe pabwalo la ndege posachedwa.
Imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu opanga ndege padziko lapansi, Airbus ndi RT-Biotechprom, membala wa Rostec State Corporation, asainirana mgwirizano wopanga bizinezi wa ndege ku Russia.
Mgwirizanowu udasainidwa ndi Director General wa RT-Biotechprom Sergey Kraevoy ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Airbus S.A.S. panthawi ya AKS-2013 International Aviation ndi Space Salon ku Europe Christopher Buckley.
Monga gawo la mapangano omwe adakwaniritsa, akukonzekera kuti aphunzire momwe angagwiritsire ntchito matekinoloje a ku Russia komanso zida zopangira mafuta (biomass) popanga mabulosi oyendetsa ndege ku Russia. Zotsatira zoyambirira zidakonzedwa kuti zipezeke mu theka lachiwiri la 2014.
Pambuyo pake, chisankho chidzapangidwa pakuwoneka bwino ndikuchita bwino kwachuma pokonzekera ku Russia kupanga ma biofuel operekera ndege zofunikira kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe pamsika wamafuta.
Njira ina yomwe ikuwoneka yopatsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa mafuta opanga mafuta a biofuel.
Pachifukwa ichi, kafukufuku wokhudza ntchito yopanga mbewu zosinthidwa mwanjira zamtundu, zomwe zimalola kuti mafuta ochulukirapo azigwiritsidwa ntchito, akuyenera kukhala yofunika kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya komanso zakumwa zapakhomo, zovuta zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi majini
Zomera pa munthu aliyense pamenepa sizikhala pamalowo. Chowonadi ndichakuti maphunziro ngati awa okha ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo amatha zaka zoposa chaka chimodzi popanda chitsimikizo chodziwika bwino.
Pankhaniyi, zowunika ziwiri zazikulu zitha kuganiziridwa, zomwe zimakhazikika pakusintha kwamitengo yamafuta: poyambirira, mtengo umatsika, wachiwiri umakwera.
Chochitika choyamba chikuwonetseratu kuti anthu azidzagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta, kusuntha komanso kuchepetsa malo omwe mbewu zoyenera zimakhalamo.
Pamawonekedwe awa, makamaka ngati mitengo yakwera, mitengo yazomera ingathe kuyimitsidwa paliponse, ndipo sipamayankhulidwanso ntchito.
Zofunikira pakuchitika pano zingaphatikizeponso: kukulitsa matekinoloje opanga mafuta a shale, kulowa kwa opanga atsopano kuchokera ku Africa, America ndi Asia kumsika wamafuta, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta m'magawo ena, kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi zinthu zina.
Zochitika zachiwiri ndizabwino pakupanga mabulogu ndi kukula kwa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu sayenera kuyembekeza kuwonjezereka kwakumwa kwake, popeza izi zimafuna kusintha kwakwanira kwaukadaulo ndi zida zamakono zotsogola, zomwe sizingachitike mwachangu. Zofunikira patsogolo zingaphatikizeponso: Kukula kwa chuma cha padziko lonse ndi malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kuchepa kwa kupanga mafuta, kuchepa kwa mtengo wamapangidwe a biofuel, ndi ena ambiri.
Kuti tiwonetsetse kuti zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe zikuyenda bwino, kupezeka kwa zinthu zandale monga:
- Kuteteza anthu osauka komanso kusowa chakudya,
- Kutenga mwayi kwa chitukuko cha ulimi ndi madera akumidzi,
- kuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chitetezeka,
- kuwunika kwa mfundo zomwe zidalipo kale,
- kuwonetsetsa kuti mabizinezi okhazikika ndi dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchokera pamawunikirawa zikugwirizana kuti poyembekezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta m'gulu la ndege pamakhala mafunso ambiri kuposa mayankho.
Popeza kuchuluka kwachuma kwachuma komanso mavuto azandale, nthawi yokhazikika ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta m'mabuku akunyanja siinafike.
Komabe, funsoli palokha limatilola kunena kuti pali mayendedwe opangira matekinoloje atsopano, pamzere womwe, mwina, kuwunikira kwamtsogolo kudzayambike.
1. China ikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyendera mabacteriael mu ndege zanyumba. [Zida zamagetsi]. Ulalo: http: // www. wanzeru. com / News / 2014/02/14 / kitai_nachinaet_ispolzovat_biotoplivo_v_grazhdanskoi_aviatsii.
2. Vishnyakov Y.D., Rybkin S.A.
Kumvetsetsa zotsatira zakuwunika madera azachuma, poganizira za momwe anthu angazindikire ngati chofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti pali chitetezo / Vuto la kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito amayiko ndi zigawo munthawi yovuta komanso zopweteka za chitukuko chamakono: zida za XVII International zasayansi komanso zothandiza conf. pa zovuta zoteteza anthu ndi zigawo ku mavuto azadzidzidzi. Meyi 22-24, 2012. M., 2012.S. 261-266.
3. Rybkin S.A. Njira yamaphunziro a ku Russia: poto kapena wapita // Bulletin of the International Academy of Sayansi / Zipangizo zapadziko lonse. conf. "Chikhalidwe cha Zachilengedwe Padziko Lonse Lapansi," nkhani yapadera. 2012.
ZITHUNZI ZOFUNIKIRA BIOFUEL MU CIVIL AVIATION
Rybkin S.A., Popova S.A.
Awa ndi mawu okoma bio-palafini.
Beets ya shuga, algae wobiriwira, maluwa akuthengo otchedwa bowa wa safroni komanso zinyalala zochokera ku zitini zamatayala zam'matauni - zomwe sizingachitike pazoyeserazo kuti mupeze njira ina yopangira mafuta amtundu wa jet
Ndipo ngakhale lita imodzi ya biofuel imawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zachikhalidwe, asayansi ndi akatswiri oyendetsa ndege saima.
International Air Transport Association (IATA) yakhazikitsa cholinga chofuna kukwaniritsa: pofika chaka cha 2050, kupatula mpweya wochokera kunja kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha poyerekeza ndi 2005.
Ndipo ngakhale chikumbumtima cha ndege (ndiomwe akukwera) ndichopanga ziwiri zokha za mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi, kuwuluka kwa ndege kumadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikukula kwambiri izi.
Ndipo popeza, mosiyana ndi opanga magalimoto, ndege sizingasinthe kupita kumagetsi amagetsi, pali chinthu chimodzi chatsala - kuyang'ana gwero lamafuta atsopano, achilengedwe ngati njira yamafuta amakono.
Mafuta ochokera kuzinyumba
Pofufuza magwero atsopano amafuta a jet, zongopeka za mainjiniya sizidziwa malire. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yachilimweyi, ndege ya United Airlines idzawuluka kuchokera ku Los Angeles kupita ku San Francisco ndi mafuta ophatikizika palafini (magawo awiri) ndi mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zam'nyumba (gawo limodzi).
Woyendetsa ndege walengeza kale kuti agulitsa $ 30 miliyoni pakupanga ndi kupanga mtundu watsopano wa mafuta.
Kampani yogulitsa biofuel ku United idasankha ukadaulo wopanga mafuta a jet kuchokera kuzinyumba, akupanga fakitale yoyamba ku Nevada, ndipo akufuna enanso asanu ku United States.
United ndi kutali ndi ndege yokhayo yomwe ikusunga ndalama kuchokera ku mabulogu.
American Alaska Airlines imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta enanso pamaulendo okwera 75. British British Airways ikuyembekeza kumaliza ntchito yopanga biofuel pafupi ndi London Heathrow Airport pofika 2017.
Kuyesa kwachilengedwe kwa mafuta a jet zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Kubwerera ku 2011, Lufthansa ya ku Germany idayesa ndege ya A321 pa njira ya Frankfurt-Hamburg kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ma akasinja ake amafuta anali atadzaza theka ndi biofuel.
Kuphatikiza apo, Lufthansa ikuyesera magwero osiyanasiyana a michere - pali akuwombera, ndi jatropa, ndi mafuta a nyama, ndi maluwa akuthengo otchedwa safroni. Kuphatikiza apo, Lufthansa adayang'anira ntchito ya European Commission, momwe zoyeserera zikuchitika ndi magwero osiyanasiyana a biofuel oyendetsa ndege.
Chimodzi mwa zolinga za European Commission ndikuti abweretse matani mamiliyoni awiri pofika 2020.Lufthansa adatenga gawo lotsatira mu 2014, natumiza ndege yodzazidwa ndi mafuta a palafini achikhalidwe okhala ndi mafashoni khumi kuchokera ku Frankfurt kupita ku Berlin.
M'chilimwe cha chaka chimenecho, akuluakulu a US adalola kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a jet ndi kuwonjezera kwa farnesene. Dera la America Amyris wapanga ukadaulo wopangira izi kuchokera ku nzimbe.
Kuphatikiza apo, beets chimanga ndi shuga chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira.
Koma popeza mbewu zonsezi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito paulimi popanga chakudya, kafukufuku wina adzafuna kupeza njira yopezera mafuta kuchokera ku nsipu ndi utuchi - kuti asapikisane ndi madera omwe amalima zakudya.
Asitikali, mwachidziwikire, sanayime pambali pa mpikisano wokapeza magalimoto atsopano. Pentagon imathandiziranso kufufuza - komanso kusangalala ndi zotsatira zake.
Asitikali sanatulutsire zama formula, koma anati anali othandiza kwambiri 13 peresenti kuposa mafuta achikhalidwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ndege zonyamula ndege zizitha kuwonjezeka ndi 13 peresenti, kapena kukwera rocket ina.
Zolinga zokhumba
Pakadali pano, Boeing, limodzi ndi Etihad Airways, akugwira ntchito yopanga mafuta kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa pamtunda wa dothi komanso louma, zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati minda ndi msipu.
Ubwino wawo waukulu ndikuti sapikisana ndi ulimi wa gawo lawo ndipo amathanso kuthiriridwa ndi madzi amchere.
Ndege ya Etihad yapanga kale ndege yoyesa mphindi 45 pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta osakanizika a palafini yachikhalidwe ndi mafuta ochokera ku zitsamba. Ngati zonse zikuchitika molingana ndi pulani, ndiye kuti malo omwe ali ndi mahekitala 500 adzatsegulidwa ku UAE kuti alime mbewu ngati zopangira mafuta a biofu.
Malinga ndi nthumwi za Etihad, ndegeyo ikuyembekeza kuti posachedwa ipatsa anthu ake maulendo pamaulendo apandege omwe ali zana limodzi lodzaza ndi mafuta.
Ndipo pachilumba chotentha cha Japan ku Okinawa akuyesera algae wa euglena (matope obiriwira okha).
Director of Euglena Co odzala ndi chiyembekezo: malinga ndi iye, pofika chaka cha 2020, kampani yake izitha kupanga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi pamalonda apamwamba.
Komabe, kuyesa konseku kudalipo poyambira. Poyerekeza ndi zabwino zonse, ma biofuel ali ndi cholembera chachikulu - ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa mafuta a jet. Malinga ndi akatswiri a ku Europe, pafupifupi katatu.
Mwina ndichifukwa chake mutuwu suyenera ku Russia kwenikweni?
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, ndege zazikulu kwambiri mdzikoli zimayankha mosatulutsa mawu kupempha kuti apereke ndemanga pa chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito biofuel - zopempha zomwe zimatumizidwa kumaofesi a Aeroflot, Transaero ndi S7 sizinayankhidwe.
Komanso pamutu wa zoyendera ndege. Malo ojambula "zazikulu 18 zamakampani opanga maulendo padziko lonse lapansi", "zonyamula ndege khumi zotetezeka" komanso "mitundu 12 yapamwamba kwambiri yojambula"
Werengani nkhani ya eco-blog ya Vladimir Esipov patsamba lanu lautumiki waku Russia "BBC"
Zamoyo zaku ndege: zikuchitika bwanji?
Ma biofuel okhala ndi ma octane angapo kutengera zinyalala pakali pano akuyesedwa pamagetsi akuluakulu. Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchitoyi ndikuletsa kukula kwa kuipitsidwa kwa kaboni dayokisi. Koma kodi kusinthika kwenikweni kuchokera ku mafuta kupita ku zowononga mumakampani zamafuta ndi kotani? Tiyeni timvetse bwino.
Akuluakulu a UN akufuna kuvomereza kuti zinthu zakufa zakale ndizofunika kwambiri kuti chikhale chodalirika komanso chochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pofika mchaka cha 2020. Komabe, otsutsa akuti njira imeneyi sidzakwaniritsidwa chifukwa choti oyendetsa ndege samatenga vutoli mozama.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyipa za Pangano Lathupi la Paris, chomwe chidakhazikitsidwa mu Disembala 2015, ndikuti sizikugwira ntchito kuchokera kuzotumiza ndi ndege.
Zachidziwikire, poyerekeza ndi makampani opanga magalimoto, kuchuluka kwa kuwononga mpweya kudzera pamagetsi othawa kumawoneka kocheperako: komabe, mu 2015 chiwerengero chawo chinafika 2% cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipitsidwa wa CO2 - ndipo izi nzazikulu.
Kuyesedwa kwa mitundu yamafuta obiriwira kwachitika kopitilira kamodzi: mwachitsanzo, mu 2008 Virgin Atlantic idachita ndege yake yoyamba, pomwe magawo angapo oyesa mafuta ochokera kumafuta amafuta ndi mafuta a nyama adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, mafakitale adawona zitsanzo zamafuta a jet kuchokera ku utuchi.
Mtundu watsopano wamafuta umapangidwa kuchokera ku mowa wotchedwa "butanol," womwe umapezeka mwachilengedwe pakupanga zinthu zambiri, monga mkate. Koma, zowona, zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi kuti zithe kupanga ndalama zambiri zimawononga ndalama zambiri ndipo zimatenga nthawi yosavomerezeka.
Pakadali pano, mtengo wa 1 gallon wa biofuel ndi $ 3, womwe umalipo pafupifupi kawiri kuposa mtengo womwewo wamafuta opangira mafuta.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ma tycoons amafuta, pakakhala kusintha kosinthira kwina, akhoza kutaya gawo lalikulu la zopindulitsa zawo, zomwe zingakhudze chuma cha mayiko ambiri (Russia idzakhala pakati pawo, mutha kukhala otsimikiza).
Zotsatira zake, malingaliro adagawika.
Zachidziwikire, kupanga mafuta kuchokera ku zinyalala zamafuta ndi koyenera: kumbali imodzi, sikuti ndi njira yoyera kwambiri yopezera mphamvu, komanso gwero lokonzanso zinthu zonse, lomwe silimatenga zaka mamiliyoni kuti lipange. Komabe, makampani amakono sangakwanitse kugula zinthu zapamwamba ngati izi.
Komabe, metamorphoses ngati izi m'makampani sizimadziwika nthawi yomweyo.
Mwachidziwitso, ngati mungayambitse ukadaulo pang'onopang'ono, mukugulitsa ndalama zothandizira nthambi zoyenera, ndiye kuti patatha zaka makumi angapo mutha kupeza bizinesi yaying'ono koma yokhazikika pamsika wamafuta opanga mafuta, zomwe zimachepetsa pang'onopang'ono zinthu zaziphuphuzo.
Magetsi ojambula pamlengalenga - tsogolo lenileni kapena zongopeka?
Pafupifupi malipoti onse ofufuza ndi mawonetsero odzipereka msika wamlengalenga wopatsa chidwi, akuti kusakhazikika m'malo mwa petulo ndi dizilo ndi "anzanu obiriwira."
Funso: "Zimawononga ndalama zingati", - limakhumudwitsa wolowererapo kuti apitirize kulankhula za kuyandikira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyendetsa makampani ndi mgwirizano wa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la U.S. and Navy. Ndalama zambiri zimaperekedwa kuti zifufuzidwe, ndipo lero chitukuko chikuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya zida zopangira.
Popeza Boma la US ndiye kasitomala wamapulogalamuyi, zotsatira zilizonse zimapezeka mulimonse.
Makamaka, asitikali apamadzi aku US akukonzekera kusamutsa magalimoto onse a ndege kupita ku 2020 pofika 50/50 chisakanizo cha palafini chouluka ndi ma biofuel.
Mwinanso wotenga nawo gawo pazachitukuko lero ndi mafuta a Swift. Komabe, ukadaulo wa kampaniyo sungatchulidwe kuti "biomass mafuta".
Kampaniyo imalandira mafuta opaka kwambiri octane, oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamainjini amakono a ndege, kuchokera ku acetone. Apa, adakwanitsa kupeza zotsatira zabwino.
Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi chochepa chimalipidwa pamlingo wopanga acentone kuchokera ku biomass - i.e. mwachindunji wobiriwira chigawo chimodzi.
Imodzi mwa misampha yayikulu ya biofuel - mphamvu kachulukidwe. Izi sizochuluka chonchi chifukwa choti ma biofuel ali ndi mtengo wocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mafuta, mafuta a dizilo ndi palafini.
Apa, choyambirira, kufunikira kwa zachilengedwe pakupanga mafuta, i.e. m'minda yolima, yomwe, m'mene chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikukulira, imakhala yamtengo wapatali.
Ndipo pazowonetsera izi, ma biofuel sangayerekezedwe ndi mafuta omwe amachokera kuchitsime.
Kuphatikiza apo, lingaliro la ma biofuel limasemphana ndi lingaliro lam'mbuyomu lachitukuko cha mafakitale. Poyamba, nkhuni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse. Kenako inasinthidwa ndi malasha, omwe anali ochita kuwirikiza kawiri (ndi mtengo womwewo wama calorific anali wotsikirako kawiri).
Pambuyo pake kunabwera mafuta omwe amapangira mafuta, omwe amawirikiza kugwira ntchito kwawo, ndipo, pomaliza, nyukiliya.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi mtengo wake, biofuel sili mgulu lakusinthaku, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumatanthauza kubwerera m'mbuyo, kapena osachepera mbali, kumka ku chitukuko cha "wobiriwira".
Pali zosavuta chitsanzo cha usa. Kuti mbewu izitha kugwiritsa ntchito malita 65 miliyoni, imayenera kukonza mphamvu tsiku lililonse, kulima komwe kumatenga minda 15 ya mpira.
Kuwonjezera chuma chonse ku US ndikugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse mafuta opitilira 380 miliyoni kudzafuna kuti ntchito zopitilira 2,100 zotere zitheke. Kuwerengera kumeneku sikumaganizira mtengo wamakina onse omwe amapanga mafuta a biofuel: zinthu zomera mu shuga - shuga muma biofuel.
Kodi mungapeze kuti kuchuluka kwa malo ofesedwa, momwe mungadzitsimikizire motsutsana ndi kulephera kwa mbewu ndipo, koposa zonse, momwe mungasinthire bukuli kukhala mabizinesi osinthika ndikupita kwa ogula?
Chitsanzo cha momwe makampani a biofuel ku United States akuwonetseratu zotsatirapo zake atha kukhala ndi chitukuko cha michere yazachilengedwe padzikoli.
Bioethanol yomwe imapangidwa ku USA ndiwotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa miyambo yofananira ndipo nthawi yomweyo imachita mpikisano wolima nthaka ndi mbewu za chakudya, zomwe zimayambitsa kusakhuzana koonekera pakati pa anthu.
Kwa ndege, ma biofuel, ndimutu weniweni, popeza amatseka mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ogwira ntchito bwino.
Koma nthawi yomweyo, ngati wopangayo ali ndi malonda osakhala bwino, koma wokhoza kutsimikizira Boma kuti akufunika thandizo, Boma la US lidzawakakamiza kugula ogula. Ndipo pambuyo pake imathandiziranso wopanga pokhapokhoma misonkho yomwe imaperekedwa kwa ogula.
Chifukwa chake, kuti zigwirizane ndi momwe chilengedwe chimasinthira, ma biofuel ayenera kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yofanizira poyerekeza ndi mafuta ochokera kuzinthu zamafuta. Mukuwonekeraku mtsogolo, ngakhale pali ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya asayansi, kuyesa kotereku sikungatheke.