Wodya njuchi kapena wadyera (Merops apiator) - mbalame yoyimira banja la odya njuchi (Meropidae). Imakhala chisa kumwera kwa Europe, ndipo imawulukira nthawi yozizira ku Africa, Arabia kapena India. Idyani njuchi yamagolide ndi mbalame yowoneka bwino komanso yopanda pake yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo mlengalenga. Amakonda kudya njuchi. Alimi amasiku ano molakwika amalingalira kuti ndi tizilombo, chifukwa, kuwonjezera pa njuchi, wakudya njuchi amagwira tizilombo tina, mwachitsanzo, mavu ndi mimbulu ya njuchi.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Wodya njuchi amadya tizilombo touluka: mavu, njuchi, chinjoka, nsikidzi ndi agulugufe. Amagwira nyama m'manja. Nthawi zina, mbalameyi imakonda kudya njuchi. Wodya njuchi amayang'ana nyama kuchokera pamalo okwezeka - mpanda wamalonda, mtengo wamatelefoni, mwala kapena nthambi yowuma. Pozindikira nyama, nthawi yomweyo imakwera ndikuyigwira. Mbalameyi imang'amba mbali zophimba za kachilombo, m'mimba mwake satha kuyigaya.
Moyo
Chikumbu chagolide - gulu la mbalame, zisa m'makola angapo kuyambira makumi angapo mpaka zikwi zingapo. Nthawi yakuswa, magulu am'banja amapanga m'modzi ndi mbalame imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe sizinathe kutha, zomwe amatchedwa "othandizira". Amakumba minki, amapanga zisa, kulera anapiye ndipo amawuluka kumwera, natsalira banja limodzi nthawi yotsatira. Mazana akudya njuchi zowala bwino - mawonekedwe owoneka bwino opangidwa ndi chilengedwe. Mbalame zimafotokoza zozungulira, zozungulira, zotsika pamalo okwezeka ndipo zimayimba nyimbo yawo yokoma - "zipolopolo." Pamodzi, gulu la njuchi limayendetsa ngakhale nyama zolusa monga nkhanu zakuda kuchokera kuzisa zawo, ndikumazungulira mazira awo ndi anapiye ang'onoang'ono.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Schur kapena kachilomboka wamba - wokhala ndi tsitsi, wa banja labwino kwambiri, dongosolo la Passeriformes ndi mtundu wa Schur. Oyandikira kwambiri ku mtundu wa Schur ndi ofiira komanso owonda ng'ombe. Shchurov kuchokera ku bullfinches amadziwika ndi mulomo wapamwamba.
Chifukwa choti mlomo wa schura ndi waufupi, wopindika komanso wowoneka ngati mbedza, mbalamezo zimatchedwa "mbalame zotchedwa Finnota". Amadziwikanso kuti "Roost roosters" chifukwa cha zovala zofiira kwambiri. Ndipo nthenga adatcha "Schur" chifukwa cha mawu ake, kulira kwa mbalame kumakhala kofanana ndi mawu akuti "schu-uuu-ur."
Kanema: Schur
Mu mtundu wa Schur, pali mitundu iwiri yosiyanitsidwa: Schur wamba ndi rhododendron schur. Karl Linnaeus anali woyamba kufotokozera pike wamba kalelo mu 1758. Tidzafanizira mbalameyi mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake. Pike la rhododendra adalongosola koyamba ndi wolemba zachilengedwe wachi England Brian Hodgson mu 1836.
Ponena za mtundu, mitundu yonse ya ma schur ndi ofanana kwathunthu, koma kukula kwa Rhododendron ndi kotsika kuposa wamba, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupita masentimita 20. China, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Burma amakhala mdera lino. Amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, kumalumikizana m'nkhalango za juniper ndi rhododendron, chifukwa chake ali ndi dzina.
Tizilomboti timakhala kuti timatupi tambiri komanso tosongoka; timayesedwa ndi achibale oyandikana kwambiri ndi mulomo wotalikirapo komanso wowoneka ngati mbewa kumbuyo kwake ndi mchira wautali kwambiri kuyerekeza thupi lonse. Kutalika kwa thupi lokhala ndi tsitsi kumafika masentimita 26, ndipo unyinji umasiyanasiyana masentimita 50 mpaka 65. Ndiwofanana kukula ndi nyenyezi, ndipo mtundu wake umafanana ndi bulfinch.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi squint amawoneka bwanji?
Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi oyimba sikuti kumangokhala mu talente yoimbira, yomwe imakonda amuna okhaokha, komanso mtundu, pakati paopanga ma galeti ndizowonjezera komanso zofunikira, chifukwa amafunika kukhala okongola komanso owoneka bwino kuti akope anzawo.
Pamutu ndi pachifuwa cha amuna, khunyu lowala bwino la maula likuwoneka bwino. Kudera lakumbuyo, matani ofiira amawonekeranso, ndipo mapiko ndi mchira zimapakidwa utoto, wonyezimira, m'mimba imakhala imvi. Mapiko onse awiri ndi mchira wawo ndi wokumangika ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera.
Chochititsa chidwi: Amuna achichepere amasiyanasiyana maonekedwe ndi okhwima. Pamalo am'mutu, kumbuyo ndi pachifuwa, mthenga wawo wam'maso amachokera kutuwa lofiirira mpaka utoto wonyezimira.
Zovala za akazi sizowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino, amawoneka wochepetsetsa kwambiri, koma wokongola komanso wokongola. Pomwe maulendo am'mbali amakhala ndi matupi ofiirira, mbalame zazikazi zimawongoleredwa ndi ma brownish achikasu kapena achikasu achikasu. Mwambiri, mosiyana ndi malo owonekera bwino nyengo yachisanu, mapichesi amawoneka okongola komanso owoneka bwino, ngati masamba owala pamitengo ya chipale chofewa.
Tazindikira kukula kwa pike, koma ngati tiyerekeza kukula ndi abale apafupi, wopaka tsitsiyo amapitilira mitengo, ma bulfinches ndi ma greenfinches. Mapiko a Schura pamtunda akuchokera 35 mpaka 38 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi pafupifupi 9 cm.
Mtundu wa nyanga yamdima ukuonekera m'mbali mwa mulomo wa schura, ndipo mulomo ndi wopepuka. Miyendo ya mbalame imakhala ndi khungu loyera, ndipo maso ake amakhala ndi zofiirira. Schur ili ndi zowonda komanso zowawa, zimatha kuzolowera nyengo yozizira.
Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda
Mbalame yayikulu-yayikulu (kuchokera kwa nyenyezi) yokhala ndi maonekedwe owala, owoneka bwino, momwe mitundu ya buluu, yobiriwira ndi chikaso imatuluka. Munthawi yodyetsera, munthu amatha kudziwa kuuluka mokhazikika, awiriawiri ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono pamtunda, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje yaying'ono, kumapiri kwa nthawi yophukira - magulu khumi kuyambira khumi mpaka angapo, kum'mwera kwa mitundu - mazana a mbalame. Imadziwika ndi kuwuluka pathanthwe kapena malo ena osaka, pomwe mapiko ambiri akuuluka akusinthana ndi nthawi yayitali. Popita kusaka, amapanga ma pirouette akuthwa, kuthamangitsa tizilombo touluka, tokwanira kuuluka. M'dzinja ndi kumapeto kwa chirimwe, mbalame zimatha kuwoneka zikukhala pamawaya m'misewu.
Kupezeka kwa owetcha njuchi nthawi zambiri kumatha kudziwidwa pasadakhale ndi kulira kwawo - makonzedwe, makamaka akapezeka m'malo achisamba mu kasupe, posaka, komanso nthawi yophukira. Pafupi ndi zisa, makamaka pafupi ndi malire akumpoto kwa malowo, amayesa kukhala chete (chifukwa chake, anthu wamba nthawi zambiri samawona mbalame zowoneka bwino), ndikupumula m'mphepete mwa mitsinje pafupi ndi chisa.
Kufotokozera
Colouring. Akuluakulu wamwamuna wazaka chimodzi. Mphumi ndi zoyera. Nthawi zina nsonga, zomwe zimakhala kutali kwambiri ndi mulomo, zimakhala zosafunikira. Pamwamba pamutu, chisoti ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu (kapu) zimachokera ku bulawuni wowala mpaka ubweya wamdima wakuda. Dera la "kutsogolo" kwa kapu iyi limatha malire ndi nthenga zazifupi komanso zopendekera komanso nthenga zazitali komanso pakati penipeni. Nthenga zofanana kapena zowoneka bwino za buluu zimapezeka mu mzere wopapatiza kuchokera kumtunda mpaka kumaso komanso kuchokera pansi pakona pakamwa mpaka kumapeto kwa koterako wakuda, kumachokera mulomo mpaka kumaso, komanso kuchokera kumaso mpaka kumapeto kwa kapu. Zowonjezera zamasaya zimakhala zoyera, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi zokutira zachikaso kapena zofunda. Khosi limakhala lopepuka, kuchokera ku chikaso chowala mpaka kuwala kwa mgoza. Mzere wakuda wopyapyala umayenda kudutsa 2-2.5 masentimita kuchokera pansi pa kuvomerezedwa, ndikuchepetsa kukhosi (wachikasu kapena lalanje) kuchokera kumitundu yobiriwira ya khosi ndi m'mimba. Nthenga za pachifuwa ndi m'mimba zimakhala ndi nsonga zobiriwira komanso pafupifupi masamba oyera, olekanitsidwa ndi gawo la imvi. Nthawi zina mu mbalame zachikulire mulibe konse mzere wakuda konse, ndipo gawo lowala lam'mutu limasintha kwambiri kukhala mtundu wobiriwira wa khosi lakumunsi. Kumbuyo, kuwala kwa chestnut kumasintha ndikusunthika bwino kukhala nthenga za masamba obiriwira komanso za mimbayo kumbuyo. Kumbuyo kwake kuli kobiriwira. Kumbuyo kotsalira kumakhala kozungulira kapena kofiirira. Nthenga kuchokera kubiriwira kupita ku mgoza. Mtundu woyamba wa ntchentche-wobiriwira, wokhala ndi matayilidwe obiriwira komanso wamtambo ndi mapiko apamwamba oyambira. Nsonga za ntchentche (yoyamba, yachiwiri komanso yapamwamba) ndi zakuda. Nthawi yomweyo, mu pulayimale, mtundu wakuda umakhala 1/10 ya cholembera, yaying'ono - 1/5 komanso wachitatu, kuyambira 1/3 mpaka 1/2 ya cholembera. Mapiko akulu akulu obisika ndi otuwa. Nthenga zokulira pamtunda ndizitali, zamtundu wachikasu, zina mwa izo mwa mbalame zina zobiriwira utoto. Ma helmsmen (alipo 12 mwa iwo) ndi amtambo wobiriwira. Chowongolera chapakati ndi 13mm mm kutalika kuposa ena onse. Ndodo zoyendetsera zimakhala zofiirira. Mapiko okutentha okhala m'munsi ndi mgoza wopepuka, ma axel ake ndi achikasu achikasu.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa akazi achikulire osakwana chaka chimodzi kuchokera kwa amuna amsinkhu umodzi ndikuti nthenga zamapewa ndizopepuka, mwa anthu ena osasalala, owuma pang'ono kapena achikuda. Mu mtundu wa amuna achikulire azaka ziwiri kapena kupitirira apo, zobiriwira zimasinthidwa ndi buluu, buluu wakuda, mwa anthu ena - opepuka kapena ngakhale abuluu kwambiri. Nthenga zam'maso (zosasunthika) ndizachikaso chowala, m'mitundu ina ya lalanje (lalanje).
Mtundu wa akazi azaka ziwiri kapena kupitirira ndi wofanana ndi utoto wamphongo wazaka chimodzi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri nthenga zachikopa (zopanda chofunda) sizikhala ndi utoto wambiri: zimakhala zopepuka, zonyezimira (zowoneka bwino) kuposa nthenga zazimuna. Osachepera pakukhazikika pakati pa mwana wamwamuna wazaka chimodzi ndi wamkazi wachikulire, nthawi zonse munthu amatha bwino kusiyanitsa kugonana kwa mbalame ndi nthenga zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, osazitola zokha, komanso kudzera pa binoculars kuchokera pamtunda wa 200 m.
Mbalame zazing'ono zikamachoka pachisa, i.e. ali ndi zaka 25-30 zakubadwa, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mithunzi yabwinobwino yokhala ndi kuchuluka kofanana ndi kukongoletsa kofotokozedwa pamwambapa. Dziwani kuti "khosi" mzere wakuda womwe umadutsana ndi tsekwe komanso kupatutsa kwambiri mutu kuchokera khosi ndi wotalikirapo kuposa wamkulu. Imakhala nthawi zonse m'makola onse ndipo imakhalapobe mpaka chitsulidwe choyamba; nthenga zina zake zimakhala ndi mapisi obiriwira. Nthenga zokhala ndi kutalika kosiyanasiyana. Mlomowo ndi waufupi pang'ono kuposa wa mbalame zachikulire, ndipo mulomo wokulirapo.
Ana a mbalame zamtundu uliwonse ndi zakuda. Utawaleza wa mbalame zachikulire ndi zofiirira zakuda kapena zakuda. Mlomo wa mbalame zachikulire ndi wakuda, ena wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, samakonda matte. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala yakuda kwambiri. Metatarsus ndi wakuda-wakuda kapena bulawuni-wakuda ndi woderapo. Mitundu ya mibadwo ndi jenda mumtundu wa tibia ndi metatarsus sizinadziwike.
Chingwe kumaswa maliseche ndimiyala ya fluff pa korona wamutu ndi cod. Maso otseguka pamasiku 5-6. Utawaleza panthawiyi ndi wakuda kapena woderapo. Khungu la thupi, mulomo, mwendo wapansi, metatarsus ndi wotuwa pinki. Mphepete mwa kamwa ndi kaso- kaso. Mlomo umayamba kuda kuchokera kumaso kuchokera kumasiku 6 mpaka 7 a moyo, masiku omwewo, khungu kumbuyo ndi mapiko limatenga mtundu wamtambo wamtambo. Pamimba chikasu cha buluu. Kukula kwakukulu kwa hemp kumachoka pa 5-6 mpaka masiku 16-17. Kumapeto kwa nthawi imeneyi, maburashi amawoneka, omwe pofika masiku 20-22 amoyo amakhala nthenga zopangidwa bwino, kukula kwawo, kumatenga masiku 27-27.
Malinga ndi S. Kramp (Cramp, 1985), mitundu yowala yamadzi nthawi yachilimwe motsogozedwa ndi dzuwa idasinthika. Ndizotheka kuti izi ndizofanana ndi zodya njuchi, okhala kumwera kwa mtunduwo. Mulimonsemo, zomwe zapezeka pafupi ndi malire akumpoto kwa masambawo, komanso kuwunika kwa zinthu zosonkhanitsa, sizitsimikizira izi.
Wodya njuchi wagolide: malongosoledwe
Mbalameyi (itadya njuchi wina) ndi ya banja la odya njuchi. Alinso ndi mayina - scrofula ndi jaundice. Mlomowo ndi wautali (3.5 cm) ndipo wopindika pang'ono kupita pansi. Mutu m'dera la mulomo ndi woyera, ndipo korona - wobiriwira. Mzere wakuda umadutsa m'diso mpaka kumaso. Iris ndi yofiira. Zowonjezera pakhosi ndizachikaso chagolide, olekanitsidwa ndi chifuwa wakuda. Kumbuyo kuli utoto wachikasu. Mapiko a wakudya njuchi ndiwobiriwira, wabuluu ndi bulawuni, mchira wowoneka ngati buluu ndi wobiriwira wamtambo wokhala ndi nthenga zokhala ndi gawo khumi, ziwiri zomwe (zapakati) ndi zazitali. Miyendoyo imakhala yotuwa.
Yaikazi imasiyana ndi yaimuna pakakhala tint yobiriwira kumbuyo. Pamphumi podya nyama yokhala ndi njuchi imakhala yotuwa, ndipo pachifuwa pawo alibe mtambo wakuda. Kukula kwa wodya njuchi wagolide kumangokhala kungoyambitsa nyenyezi. Kulemera - 50 g. Mutha kusiyanitsa mbalamezi ndi mbalame zina ndi mbalame zawo zowala, zonyezimira, mapiko okhala ndi milomo yolowera, yopindika pang'ono ndi miyendo yayifupi. Malo awo osungirako zinyalala amakumbamo dothi kapena m'mphepete mwa mchenga.
Kugawa ndi malo okhala
Mtundu wamtunduwu wa mbalame zosamukasamuka ukutanthauza kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. M'nyengo yotentha, mbalame ya golide kachilomboka imakhala ku Europe (kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa) komanso ku Asia (kumwera chakumadzulo), ndipo nthawi yozizira imawulukira ku Africa (kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara), South Arabia ndi East India. Amadziwika kuti m'malo omwe nthawi yachilimwe ndiyochepa komanso chinyezi, anthu omwe amadya njuchi sakhala. Malo osungira mbalamezi ndi madera a kumpoto kwa Africa, madera ena akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia ndi South Africa.
Dziwani kuti ku Italy kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi (pafupifupi ma 5-10 miliyoni) zisa, mpaka kutalika kwa 500 metres pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kodi Schur amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Schur ku Russia
Schur ndi wokhalamo wokhala kumapiri. Amakhala nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zosakanikirana za ku Europe ndi ku North America. Anthu ochepa asankha nkhokwe za taiga, Asia, ndi nkhalango zisa zawo. Schur amakhalanso m'mapiri a Siberia.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mbalamezi zimatchedwa "zimbudzi za ku Finland", chifukwa zidasankha Finland kuti zizikhala. Potuluka dziko lathu, pike amatuluka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira (mu Novembala), pomwe zipatso zoyambirira zimayamba kugwira ndipo nthambi za mitengo yabwino zimawululidwa kwathunthu. Pozindikira pang'ono pang'ono, mbalamezo zimawoneka zokongola kwambiri komanso zoonekera.
Chochititsa chidwi: Kuti munthu akhale ndi ana, Schur amangomanga zisa zake m'nkhalango zobiriwira zokha.
Amayesa kupewa malo okhala anthu ambiri, koma nthawi zina amatha kupezeka m'malo opezeka mizinda, m'minda, minda. Kuti akhale ndi moyo wachimwemwe komanso wosangalatsa, mbalame zimafunikira kasupe wamadzi pafupi ndi malo omwe amakhala. Pansi, ma pike samakonda kusuntha, amafunafuna chitetezo m'makona amitengo yayitali, ndipo kuli malo omwe mbalame zimakhala.
Chochititsa chidwi: Schuras amangokonda kusambira mu dziwe, ngakhale nthawi yozizira amayang'ana malo omwe madzi sanapezeke ndi anthu. Ndipo kwa mbalame zosungidwa, malo apadera amakonzedwa kuti atengedwe njira zamadzi.
Monga tanena kale, rhododendral schur amakonda kukhazikika m'mphepete, pomwe pali zitsamba zambiri za juniper ndi rhododendron.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe a Schur amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mbalameyi idya.
Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake
Kwa omwe amadya njuchi zagolide, zinali zotheka kupeza zidziwitso kuchokera kuzisonkhanitsa ndi miyeso yonse ya moyo. Zotsalazo zidapezeka mdera la Oksky Zap. V.V. Lavrovsky, I.V. Gavrilova, N.A. Prishchepenok ndi L.S. Klimova, komanso wolemba (Tebulo 14-16).
| M'badwo wa mbalame | Chigawo, zaka | Pansi | N | Magawo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mapiko | mchira | mlomo | patsogolo | kulemera | ||||
| Mbalame zachikulire | OGZ, kumapeto kwa Julayi - | amuna | 12 | 146,02 | 119,24 | 38,49 | — | 56,14 |
| choposa 1 chaka | Ogasiti 1954-1958, 1962–1964 | zazikazi | 10 | 145,06 | 119,33 | 38,23 | — | 53,26 |
| Mbalame zachikulire | Ibid., 1972-1987, | amuna | 116 | 149,93 | 116,86 | 36,08 | 12,7 | 54,84 |
| 1 chaka | Julayi | zazikazi | 119 | 145,23 | 112,13 | 35,12 | 12,53 | 52,94 |
| Mbalame zachikulire | Ibid., 1972-1987, | amuna | 78 | 147,01 | 118,0 | 36,7 | 12,98 | 55,77 |
| zopitilira zaka 2 | Julayi | zazikazi | 60 | 148,7 | 122,87 | 35,32 | 11,63 | 53,03 |
| Gulu la zaka | Pansi | Magawo | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mapiko | mchira | patsogolo | mlomo | ||||||||||
| n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | ||
| Wamng'ono | amuna | 46 | 110–152 | 138,7 | 33 | 78–105 | 94,1 | 18 | 12–16 | 14,3 | 53 | 26–34 | 30,1 |
| (Miyezi 1.5-6) | zazikazi | 71 | 107–149 | 137,7 | 53 | 85–105 | 93,5 | 21 | 12–16 | 14,2 | 77 | 25–36 | 29,9 |
| Akuluakulu | amuna | 74 | 114–157 | 145,8 | 58 | 96–141 | 121,1 | 33 | 13–17 | 15,2 | 78 | 26–42 | 33,8 |
| (Zaka 1-2) | zazikazi | 66 | 116–154 | 142,3 | 48 | 92–132 | 112,9 | 26 | 13–16 | 14,7 | 63 | 26–42 | 32,8 |
| Akuluakulu | amuna | 68 | 137–159 | 150,2 | 57 | 112–142 | 128,2 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,7 | 74 | 26–41 | 34,5 |
| (Zaka 2 kapena kupitirira) | zazikazi | 71 | 135–154 | 145,7 | 55 | 107–139 | 120,4 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,5 | 65 | 26–39 | 33,0 |
| Palibe chisonyezo | amuna | 54 | 140–157 | 146 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| zaka | zazikazi | 29 | 138–150 | 143 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Palibe zogonana ndi zaka | — | — | 140–156 | — | — | 102–153 | — | — | 13–14 | — | — | 27–35 | — |
| Popanda chisonyezo | amuna | 25 | 148–158 | — | 25 | 106–127 | — | 25 | 11–13 | — | 25 | 32–38 | — |
| zaka | zazikazi | 23 | 142–151 | — | 23 | 106–122 | — | 23 | 11–13 | — | 23 | 29–35 | — |
| Pansi | Magawo | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kutalika kwa thupi | Wingspan | Kulemera | |||||||
| n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | |
| amuna | 12 | 215–260 | 240,3 | 12 | 436–460 | 439,6 | 6 | 39,5–51,4 | 47,4 |
| zazikazi | 14 | 220–277 | 239,1 | 14 | 400–471 | 432,1 | 12 | 45,6–56,1 | 48,1 |
| amuna | 16 | 241–290 | 268,8 | 17 | 410–484 | 450,4 | 10 | 42,4–62,5 | — |
| zazikazi | 15 | 220–274 | 251,3 | 13 | 410–498 | 436,6 | 11 | 42,9–59,7 | 50,9 |
| amuna | 14 | 270–300 | 283,0 | 13 | 430–475 | 449,3 | 12 | 45,0–62,0 | 55,3 |
| zazikazi | 11 | 230–285 | 255,3 | 10 | 415–445 | 426,7 | 9 | 47,2–60,4 | 53,7 |
| amuna | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 50–60 | 55 |
| ? | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45–56 | — |
| amuna | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 52 | — |
| zazikazi | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 62 | — |
Ndege
Kuuluka kwa-omwe amadya njuchi sachedwa kusachedwa komanso mwachangu. Nthawi zingapo amawombera mapiko ake mwachangu, kenako ndikuwuluka mwachangu kwambiri. Kuuluka kwawo, monga taonera pamwambapa, kuli kofanana ndi kuwuluka kwa mbozi ndi nyenyezi.Nthawi zina mbalame ikauluka mlengalenga kenako, ndikukukutira mapiko ake, imayamba kugwa, ngati kestrel kapena thunzi yaying'ono. M'mawa kapena masana, nyengo yotentha ndi dzuwa, njuchi zimawulukira m'mwamba ndikuwuluka kutalika kwambiri kotero kuti sizitha kuwonedwa ndi maso amaliseche.
Kodi schur amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za Schur ndizosiyanasiyana, mumatha kuwona anthu azomera komanso chakudya cha nyama. Mwa anthu okhwima, zakudya zake zimakhala zamasamba, ndipo kukula kwachichepere kumafunikira mapuloteni ambiri, kotero, tizilombo tambiri timakhala ambiri pazakudya.
Musanyoze kudya:
- Mbewu za mitengo yolumikizana ndi mitengo yambiri.
- mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba
- masamba
- zipatso zosiyanasiyana
- mtedza
- masamba
- nsikidzi
- mphutsi zazomera
- agulugufe okhala ngati ojambula.
Chochititsa chidwi: Zakudya zabwino kwambiri za schurov ndi zipatso za mzere ndi za juniper, komanso mtedza wa paini.
Shchura akhoza kutchedwa wothandizira kuthengo, chifukwa amatulutsa tizilombo tina zovulaza - kafadala, nyongolotsi ndi mphutsi - ndi mulomo wolumikizidwa ndi ming'alu mu khungwa. Popeza chakudya cha nkhuku chimapangidwa makamaka ndi njere, limodzi ndi zitosi za Schur, zimafalitsa zotsalira za mbewu zosafunidwa kumadera ena kumene mphukira zatsopano zimayamba kukula.
Shchurov, yosungidwa machitidwe ochita kupanga, ayenera kudyetsedwa ndi mtedza osiyanasiyana:
- ma hazelnuts
- mtedza
- paini ndi walnuts,
- hazel.
Pamadyedwe a nkhuku, kuphatikiza zosakaniza za tirigu, mphukira za mitengo yodziyimira ndi zipatso, zipatso zosiyanasiyana, zipatso, masamba ziyenera kukhalapo. Amadyetsa mbalamezi ndi tchizi chinyumba, mazira owiritsa ndi nyama, kuwonjezera zakudya zowonjezera zamtunduwu pazakudyazo. Kuti mbalame ziziwoneka bwino, ziyenera kukhala ndi zolemba zambiri za carotene.
Liwu la Wotchena Wagolide
Mwamtheradi onse omwe amadya njuchi - mbalame ndi zowala komanso zowoneka bwino. Koma amadziyang'ana okha ndi mawu osakhazikika mwa mtundu wa "pru-u-hipp", omwe amawafalitsa iwo atanyamuka. Mbalame zomwe zimakonda kukhala zambiri nthawi zambiri, ngakhale zili chete, zimamveka pamtunda wautali. Awa ndi mawu achidule komanso mawu: "squint", "crru", "crru". Komanso, mbalamezi zimafalitsa nthawi zonse. Pakakhala mtengo waukulu wokhala ndi nsonga youma kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi, magulu owerengeka a anthu omwe amadya njuchi zagolide amatenthesa panthambi zake zopanda kanthu ndikungolira pang'ono kulira.
Molting
Kukhetsa nyama yodya golide sikunaphunzitsidwe mokwanira. Akuluakulu, mwachidziwikire, awiri molt pachaka: ochepa komanso odzaza. Yoyamba imakhala kumapeto kwa June mpaka Seputembara. Mbalame zimawulukira nthawi yachisanu, kumangosintha nthenga zochepa. Lachiwiri limachitika nthawi yachisanu, kuyambira Januware mpaka Marichi. Pakadali pano, nthenga zouluka ndi mchira zimasinthidwa. Zikuwoneka kuti, achichepere amayamba kukhazikika pokhapokha nthawi yachisanu, koma m'malo osungirako zinyama amawoneka kale okalamba.
Pakudya la njuchi chagolide, zovala zitatu zokha zimasiyanitsidwa: zovala za achichepere, osakwanitsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, akulu, kudya nesting koyamba, i.e. kuyambira azaka 10 mpaka 1.5, achikulire wachiwiri, wachitatu komanso wotsatira. Kukhetsa kumachitika pachaka, kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka pa Marichi. Mwa zisonyezo zosakanizira za ku St. Zotsatira zake, nsonga ya kusungunuka kwa njuchi imagwera pakati pa dzinja ndipo kusungunuka kwathunthu kumatha kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya masika kupita kumadera oswana. Pulogalamu ya kusungunula kwa njuchi ya golide idapangidwa ndi Fry (Fry, 1984) (Gome 17).
| M'badwo wa mbalame | Dipatimenti yamapulamu | Miyezi | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ogasiti | Seputembala | Okutobala | Novembala | Disembala | Januware | February | |
| Achichepere (miyezi 1-10) | |||||||
| Penna | = = | === | == | ====== | == == | == == | == |
| Chopambana | — | Ine | II III | IX V VI | VII VIII | Ix x | — |
| Wamng'ono | — | — | 12 | 11 13 10/1 | 9 2 8 | 3 7 4 | 6 5 |
| Wowongolera | — | — | — | 1/2 6/3 | 4 5 | — | — |
| Akuluakulu azaka zopitilira 1 | |||||||
| Penna | = = | ====== | — | == | = = = = | = = = = | = = |
| Chopambana | III | II / IV I / V | — | VIVII VIII | IX | X | — |
| Wamng'ono | 13 | 12 11 | 1 | 10 2 9 | 3 8 4 | 7 | 5 6 |
| Wowongolera | — | — | 1/2 | 5/6 | 3/4 | — | — |
| Akuluakulu woposa zaka 2 (col. ZIN RAS, ZM MSU n = 47) | |||||||
| Penna | — | = = = = = = | = = = = | — | — | — | — |
| Chopambana | III / II | IV (V) | I / V VI | — | — | — | — |
| Wamng'ono | — | 12/13 | 11/1 10 | — | — | — | — |
| Wowongolera | — | — | 1(2) 5/6 | — | — | — | — |
Poyerekeza ndi zopereka za ZM MSU ndi ZIN RAS, kusungunuka kwa mbalame zokhala ndi zaka zopitilira 2 ndizolimba kuposa za mwana wazaka chimodzi.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Chisa chodya njuchi imayimira dzenje lalitali lopingasa. Kukumba, makamaka ndi kwamphongo. Mphepo imayikidwa yakuya 1-1,5 m ndipo mulifupi mwake masentimita 5. Pafupifupi makilogalamu 7 amatayidwa ndi mbalame zikafukula. Ntchito yomanga imatenga milungu iwiri. Mbalame zimagwira ntchito pafupi ndi izi: kukumba ola limodzi kapena awiri, kenako kukonza nthawi yayitali.
Kuboola ndi komwe kumayambitsa mikangano pakati pa abale. Sikuti mbalame iliyonse imafuna kukumba dzenje loterolo, ngati kuli ndi mwayi kuikakamiza. Awiri mwa anthu omwe adaganiza zopanga ana, ayenera kuthana ndi nyumba yawo.
Choyimira chachikulu posankha wamwamuna kuti apange ana ndikutha kudyetsa anapiye. Ndiye chifukwa chake chibwenzi chimagwira chachikazi kwambiri momwe kungathekere. Akazi akapanga chisankho, matuza amapezeka. Mu clutch pamakhala mazira anayi mpaka 10. Ndizochepa kwambiri, koyambirira ndimtundu wautoto. Akamaswa, mtunduwo umayamba kuzimiririka.
Yaikazi imalowetsa mazira, ndipo yamphongo imapeza chakudya. Nthawi zina makolo amtsogolo amasintha maudindo. Ndipo izi zimachitika kwa pafupifupi mwezi. Chichewa amabadwa amaliseche. Amayamba kudya kwambiri kuyambira masiku oyamba, kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe kumachitika, ndipo anapiye ofooka amafa ndi kusowa kwa zakudya.
Patatha mwezi umodzi, anapiyewo amasiya chisa cha makolo awo. Kukula anapiye odya njuchi achinyamata amathandiza abale kuchokera kwa ana akale. Amalandira chakudya kwa anzawo achichepere, amathandizira kumenya kunyumba kwa adani.
Mosiyana ndi mbalame zambiri, wodya njuchi samasamala za "pansi" chivundikiro cha chisa. Samanyamula maudzu, fumbi ndi masamba mu dzenje. Mukukwatirana, zazikazi zimasunga tizilombo tosatetezedwa: mapiko, miyendo, zomwe zimakhala chida chabwino kwambiri chamtsogolo.
Mbalame zodya nyama sizikhala choopsa kwa osunga njuchi. Izi zimathandiziridwa ndi mizinga yakuya, momwe makulidwe omwe mbalame zimathera nthawi yayitali komanso khama. Agalu kapena nkhandwe zimatha kusokoneza chisa. Komabe, dzira limodzi limalemera magalamu 5-7, ndipo ngakhale khola lalikulu silimatha kukhutitsa chilombo. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chili pafupifupi zaka 4.
Kusamukira
Munthu akadyera njuchi amakhala mbalame yosamukira komwe. Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amakhala kumwera kwa Africa omwe angatchulidwe kuti akhazikika. Osachepera, zambiri zokhudzana ndi mayendedwe a mbalamezi sizikupezeka. Asanawuluke, oweta njuchi agolide amasonkhana m'magulu a mbalame zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, kuyambira 20 mpaka 100 kapena kuposerapo. Misonkhano ya mbalamezi nthawi yophukira, nthawi zambiri amaweruza kusamukira kwa anthu omwe amadya njuchi, ngakhale zitakhala kuti malo awo odyetsa amawawonedwa. Mbalame poyamba zimakhala pafupi ndi madera, kenako zimakulitsa malo othawirako ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayima pafupi ndi glances. Kenako amawuluka, mwina pamtunda wawutali - kupita ku zopinga zina (mwachitsanzo, mapiri a Georgia), kuwagonjetsa kenako, mutatha kudya, musunthire kumwera. Kusamukira komwe kumachitika mwina usiku, ngakhale kudutsa kosiyana kwa Caucasus, kumapiri a Central Asia, Lebanon ndi Egypt, mbalame zimawonedwa zikuyenda mbali zina masana (Radde, 1884, Meinertzhagen, 1930, Leister, Sosnin, 1942 , Sudilovskaya, 1951, etc.).
Pa Mtsinje wa Oka, m'chigawo cha Oksky Zap., Komwe mbalame zodya njuchi zimakonda kusiya zikuluzikulu kuyambira pa Julayi 20 mpaka Ogasiti 10-15, mbalame zimasonkhana pagululo ndikukhala m'malo osungira ziweto mpaka Seputembara 10-15. M'magulu oterowo mumakhala mbalame zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zakomweko. Nthawi yomweyo, mphete za njuchi zomwe zimakhomedwa pa Oka ndi achinyamata ndi akulu zimawonedwa Kumpoto. Caucasus (Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory) ndi Colchis Lowland. Misonkhano ya Oka odyetsa njuchi ku Colchis ndi ena oyandikana ndi Transcaucasia deti limachitika makamaka pa Seputembala mpaka zaka za 1 mwezi wa Okutobala. M'mwezi wa Okutobala, mbalame zochuluka (92,5%) zam'mphepete zimapezeka kum'mawa. gombe la nyanja yamchere. Anakumana ndi mbalame zam'mawa mu Novembala-Januware sizinalembedwe. Ndipo m'mwezi wa Febere mokha amadya njuchi ku Rhodeia pa 18 ° N .
Chithunzi 60. Njira yophukira kwanyumba ya Oka omwe amadya njuchi ku dhahabu:
- malo okhalamo anthu okhala ku Oka, b - malo okhala mbalame mu Seputembara-Okutobala, c - malo okhalamo mbalame mu Okutobala, d - njira yosamukira nthawi yophukira, e - mbalame ikulira mu Januware-Febere (Rhodesia).
Chikhalidwe cha kasupe wodya njuchi wamtchire sichinafotokozedwe. Poyerekeza ndi mbalame zitatu zokhala ndi mikwingwirima, anthu ochokera ku Oka omwe amadya njuchi kumapeto kwa mvula amabwerera kumalo odyera momwemonso nthawi yophukira.
Misonkhano yoyamba yophukira ya mbalamezi ku Crimea, kumwera. Ukraine, ku Carpathians, pafupi ndi Kursk, Voronezh komanso m'chigawo cha Ryazan. zalembedwa kuyambira masiku omaliza a Epulo mpaka 20, Meyi. Nthawi yomweyo kondwerera kubwera kwa mbalamezi ku Caucasus, Central Asia ndi Urals. Zachidziwikire, kumadera akumwera kwambiri amtunduwu, nthawi zina zomwe zimachitika kale ndizodziwika, koma kuyerekezera kolemba zowerengeka, malipoti apakamwa a ornithologists, kuyang'ana koyambirira ndi zida zophatikizira zoological zimatsimikizira kuti kusiyana maonekedwe a mbalame kudera lalikulu lino sikupita masiku 20-25 ( Sudilovskaya, 1951, Dementiev, 1952, Vorontsov, 1967, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Lugovoi, 1975, Kostin. 1983, ndi ena).
Msonkhano wa ZIN RAS uli ndi chithunzi cha mkazi wazaka ziwiri, wopezeka pa Epulo 24 ku Mesopotamia. Kuphatikiza apo, pa Epulo 15, wopeza njuchi adapezeka m'basimo. Syr Darya. Epulo 27, 1950 ndi A. I. Ivanov (1953) mbalameyi idagwidwa ku Kyzyl-Agach zap.
M'zaka khumi zoyambirira za Meyi, anthu omwe amadya njuchi anapakidwa: Meyi 2 - ku Tbilisi, Meyi 8 (1912, K.A. Satunin) - ku Vost. Georgia, Meyi 3 - ku Repetek West., Meyi 4 - ku Armenia, Meyi 4 (1911) - pafupi ndi Armavir, Meyi 2 ndi 5 - ku Uzbekistan, Meyi 8 (1903) - ku Kushka, Yumaya (1950 .) A.I. Ivanov adawombera wamwamuna ndi wamkazi wazaka zopitilira ziwiri pafupi ndi Uralsk. M'zaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi, odyetsedwa njuchi anapakidwa ku Uzbekistan (Meyi 11, 12, 15 - N. A. Severtsov), Meyi 16 ndi 19 (1888) - ku Ashgabat (Grum-Grzhimailo), Meyi 17 - poyambirira. Kuzizira kumpoto. Caucasus, Meyi 19 (1881) - ku Orenburg (N.A. Zarudny).
Ndi mbalame zokhala ndi chaka chimodzi ndi zazikulu zofanana, chiwerengero cha zomwe zimakumana nthawi yophuka masika chimasiyana pang'onopang'ono (Table 18). Mbalame zokhala ndi chaka chimodzi nthawi yophukira zimasamuka nthawi yayitali nthawi yozizira poyerekeza ndi achikulire, zomwe zimathamangira kumalo osungirako nyama.
| nthawi yamasika | Chaka chilichonse n = 119 | biennial ndi achikulire n = 128 |
|---|---|---|
| Epulo | — | 2 |
| Ndatenga zaka Meyi | 2 | 9 |
| Zaka khumi zapitazo za Meyi | 10 | 20 |
| Zaka khumi ndi zitatu za Meyi | 27 | 25 |
Habitat
Malinga ndi A.M.Sudilovskaya (1951) - malo otseguka osakanizikana ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi matope oderera, okhala ndi zitsamba, nkhalango zachigwa kapena mitengo yokhayokha. Pakatikati mwa gawo la ku Europe mumakhala zigwa za Oka, Khoper, Don, Moksha, Sura, mitsinje ya Sviyaga. Imakhazikika mumchenga, dongo kapena miyala yamiyala ya m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, miyala, mabowo, koma osati patali ndi mtsinje. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje yaying'ono (Pra, Pronya mdera la Ryazan, Piana, apongozi aakazi m'dera la Nizhny Novgorod, Alatyr ku Chuvashia, Tsna, Vorona m'chigawo cha Tambov) - kokha m'malo a estuarine. Mu nthawi yakusakazika kwa mitengo imasungidwa mu zigwa za mitsinje, mpaka m'mphepete mwa masitepe achiwiri.
Pafupifupi sizichitika m'nkhalango zowirira, ngakhale kuti nthawi yomwe kudutsapo kumadziwika, mwachitsanzo, pakatikati pa nkhalango ya Meshchersky, 25-30 km kuchokera malo okhala nesting, koma sakhala pano. M'malo a mapiri mumakonda malo otsika. Sichikwera m'mapiri: mpaka 1,500 m ku Caucasus, mpaka 2000m ku Caucasus, mpaka 2,500 m ku Armenia (Leister, Sosnin, 1942). Mu Semirechye mumafika nkhalango zowola zamapiri, i.e. akukwera mpaka 1,800 m (Zarudny, Koreyev, 1906, Schnitnikov, 1949), Komabe, zonena za malo ake okhala sizinatchulidwe pano. Ku Tajikistan, idapezeka pa malo odyera pamalo okwera mpaka 1800-1900 m (Ivanov, 1940, Sudilovskaya, 1951). M'madambo owerengeka, nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje, yodzala ndi zitsamba. Nthawi zina amapezeka m'chipululu, ndipo nthawi zambiri mumchenga kuposa miyala yamiyala. Ku Kazakhstan, amakhalanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi dongo louma, mumakhala mapiri, minda, minda ndi minda yakhitchini yomwe ili kumapiri. M'mapiri a Tien Shan pamakhala chikhalidwe. M'mizinda, simakhazikika, koma kunjaku kumakhala kwachilendo. Chimakhazikika pano m'malo otsetsereka achilengedwe komanso m'makoma a matope amiyala osiyanasiyana a anthu. M'mapiri komanso m'mitsinje yochepa kwambiri ya mitsinje m'dera lachipululu nthawi zina imakhazikika pabuluu, kukumba bowo mpaka pansi (Korelov, 1970). Kwa Algeria ndi Chigawo cha Iberia, malo okhalako omwe amadyetsera njuchi agolide ndi otchuka kwambiri kuposa malo otsetsereka (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985).
Pafupifupi ofufuza onse amawona zokopa za njuchi ku njuchi. Pakati penipeni pa Russia, malo omwe mumakonda kudya njuchi (malo osefukira) ndi malo owetera ali m'malo omwewo (malo osefukira madzi osefukira). M'nkhalango zowirira mulibe malo abwino owerengera, komanso malo ochepa (m'matanthwe, m'mphepete, ndi zina) oyenera kubzala. M'magawo awiri amtsinje. Diso lomwe linali ndi kutalika kwa 107 ndi 111 km mu 1975, kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka kunali kofanana (3.9 ndi 3.6 burrows on 10 km of the river). Panali mapaipi 21 mu woyamba, ndipo anayi okha mwa wachiwiri .. Chiwerengero cha kachilomboka m'gawo loyamba chinali 42, chachiwiri - 40. Pafupifupi, panali mabowo awiri pazowongolera chimodzi, ndi 10 wachiwiri. kudya nyama ya njuchi kumadera owetera sikutsimikiziridwa pano.
Chiwerengero
Pamalo omwe amakhala ku Russia komanso madera oyandikana nawo, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo oyenera, nthawi zina ochulukirapo. Chiwerengero cha magulu awiri oswana akucheperako chimatsikira kumalire akumtunda kwa malowo. Chiwerengero chonse cha njuchi zagolide, zina, mwachitsanzo, m'dera la Ryazan. mu 1970 ndi 80s sizinapitirire 350-400awiri (deta yoyambirira). Wolemba A.M. Sudilovskaya (1951), mtunduwu umafikira kwambiri ku Ukraine kumwera kwa Kharkov ndi Dnepropetrovsk, kumapeto kwa Crimea ndi kumpoto. Caucasus, komanso kum'mawa. Transcaucasia. Pa Volga, mbalame zambiri zimamanga kuchokera mkamwa kupita ku Samara Luka. Kudera la Syzran ndichizolowezi, m'chigawo cha Penza. zisa m'malo, makamaka kum'mwera kwa dera. Pa mtsinje Ma Urals amakhala paliponse. Pulogalamuyi. theka la Kazakhstan, m'malo otsika a Kyrgyzstan, m'mapiri a mitsinje ndi m'chigwa cha Uzbekistan, Tajikistan ndi Turkmenistan - ndi ambiri (Puzanov et al., 1942, 1955, Shnitnikov, 1949, Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Strautman, 1954, Yanushevich ndi et al., 1960, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Ivanov, 1969, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Kostin, 1983, ndi ena).
N.P. Dubinin (1953) adakumana tsiku la maulendo mu nthawi yodyera m'malo osiyanasiyana a Nizh. Mafuta amkati kuchokera ku mbalame ziwiri kapena ziwiri - 15 mpaka 15 patsiku (pafupifupi - mbalame 11.2). Pakusintha kwa nyengo yophukira, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadya njuchi m'derali chikuwonjezeka kasanu (kuchokera pa 26 ndi 45 mpaka misonkhano 1,200 patsiku). Ku Tajikistan, kumapiri a Zeravshan Range. zopitilira 110 pawiri pa mahekitala amodzi anadziwika, chigwa cha mtsinjewo chili ndi anthu ambiri. Mgian wokhala ndi miyala yambiri yotseka ndi phula lamatope. Madera akuluakulu (mazana) adadziwika m'mbali mwa msewu waukulu wa Dushanbe-Termez, madera akuluakulu adapezeka pamtunda wam'mwera wa Gissar Range. mpaka kutalika kwa 1,600 m pamwamba pamadzi (Abdusalyamov, 1971).
Kunja kwa Vost. Zambiri za ku Europe zilipo m'maiko otsatirawa. Ku France - kuchokera pa awiri mpaka 100,000, ku Austria mu 1959-1960. - awiriawiri, mu 1965 - osakumana, mu 1978 - awiriawiri. Ku Hungary mu 1949 chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeka kukhala awiriawiri ndi awiri, 275, mu 1955 - awiriawiri, mu 1977 - 1350 awiriawiri. Ku Italy, Spain, Greece, kuzilumba za Corsica ndi Sardinia, ku Kupro, ku Israel ndi ku Moroko, ndizofala m'malo abwino, koma osapita kumapiri, ndizosowa pachilumba cha Greek (Cramp, 1985). Kutengera ndi kuwerengera kwa mbalame zosamukira kudera la Gibraltar komanso kum'mawa kwa nyanja Ch.Fry (1984) akuyerekeza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadya njuchi atatha kuswana nthawi yonseyo ndi pafupifupi 13 miliyoni. Ngati mbalame 2/3 ndi zazing'ono, ndiye kuti anthu wamba omwe amayamba kukhala pachaka chaka chilichonse amatha kuwerengetsa pafupifupi awiri miliyoni.
Sinthani manambala mkati mwake. Kulongosola kwa kusintha kwa anthu omwe amadya njuchi zagolide kumalire akumpoto kwa gawo lawo ku Europe amaperekedwa ndi E. S. Ptushenko (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Akukhulupirira kuti kwa zaka zana ndi zitatu zapitazi, omwe amadya njuchi zagolide akhala akuwoneka m'dera la Chigawo cha Moscow kapena wasowa pano. Pamapeto a XVIII - koyambirira kwa zaka za XIX. wakudya njuchi anali mbalame yosowa pano ndipo mwina adasanjidwa. Ntchito ya Dvi-gubsky (Dwigubsky, 1802), komwe akuti, idasindikizidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Ndiye, mpaka 70s. Zaka za XIX., Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mitunduyi m'chigawo cha Moscow zikusowa. Wamadyera njuchi. Moscow mu 1879, pamene gulu laling'ono la mbalamezi linakhala m'chigwa cha mtsinje. Moscow, pafupi ndi mudzi Mazilovo. M'chilimwe cha 1884, wopeza njuchi adakumana ku Moscow (Menzbier, 1881-1883, Lorenz, 1894, Satunin, 1895, wolemba Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Kusanthula mphamvu zakugawidwa kwa anthu omwe amadya njuchi kumapeto kwa XIX komanso zaka zoyambirira za XX. Madera oyandikana ndi Ryazan, Lipetsk, Tambov, komanso omwe ali kumwera kwa Kursk, Voronezh ndi Tula, E. S. Ptushenko akufika pamenepa zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa. Popanda kukayikira kuti zonena za E. S. Ptushenko ndizovomerezeka, ziyenera kudziwika kuti kusinthasintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadya njuchi munthawi yomwe anafotokozeredwa kwambiri sikunali kwakukulu. Ndikofunika kutsindikanso kuti anthu omwe amadya njuchi, makamaka pamalire a mtundu wake, "amayesera" kukhala osazindikira kwambiri (onani pamwambapa). Ndizotheka kuti ndi mawonekedwe ake amtunduwu akuwoneka ngati "zolephera" amalumikizidwa pazowonetsera pachaka za kuchuluka kwake.
Chiwerengero cha omwe amadya njuchi za golide chimakumana ndi kusinthasintha kwachaka komanso kwakutali. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame, kuchuluka kwake kukukulira. Zigawo zatsopano za mbalame zimapezeka kumpoto kwambiri. Mu 1958-1965 odya njuchi adasamukira kumpoto, zomwe zidatsimikiziridwa ndi kuwunika kwa zotsatira za kulira ndi kukonzanso. Pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwa anthu kupita kumpoto kwa chaka chimodzi kunali pafupifupi 1 km (Priklonsky, 1970). Kutsogololi, kupita patsogolo kumeneku kunachepa, komanso m'ma 1980. ndi kuyima kwathunthu. Kenako, malinga ndi kusintha kwa zinthu, malowa anali ochepa. Mwambiri, titha kunena kufalikira pang'ono kwa malire a chakudya chodyera njuchi pazaka 50 zapitazi.
Olemba ambiri amawona kusintha kwakukuru pazachilengedwe (Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Puzanov et al., 1955, Ivanov, 1969, ndi ena). Pafupi ndi Oksky Zap. kuchuluka kwa omwe amadya njuchi ali ndi kutalikirana kosachepera kanayi kutalikirana kosiyanasiyana zaka zingapo. V.V. Lavrovsky (2000) amakhulupirira kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuperekedwa kwake ndi chakudya chofunikira. Apa, wodya njuchi ali kumtunda wakumpoto wa magawidwe ake. Kwa 1956-1991 kuchuluka kwa mabowo kwa 200 km pafupi ndi mtsinje. Oka anali kuyambira 160 mpaka 25 ofufuza omwe anaphunzira za avifauna a Ryazan. m'zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 (Turov et al.), Nthawi zambiri wodya njuchi sanajambulidwe. Tili ndi mwayi wofotokozera izi chifukwa cha machitidwe ake omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa ndikuti olemba awa adagwira ntchito makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo komanso pakati pa Ryazan Territory. Malinga ndi N.P. Dubinin (1953), oweta njuchi amawonjezera malire ake ndikuwonjezera chiwerengero chake m'munsi mwa mtsinje. Ural. Malinga ndi V.N. Bostanzhoglo (1887), idagawidwa mpaka s. Krasnoyarsk, osakumananso kumwera. N.A. Severtsov ndi G.S. Karelin sanazindikire oweta njuchi m'derali. M'zaka zowonera za N.P. Dubinin, zidadziwika m'munsi. mayendedwe a Urals ngati mbalame wamba komanso nthawi zina zochuluka kwambiri. A. N. Formozov (1981) akuti kukula kwazitali za njuchi chagolide kukukula kwa kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso kukula kwa malo ochezera kumadera a Volga Upland.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe
Wodya njuchi wagolide - gulu la mbalame. Zikuwoneka m'magulu okhala ndi mbalame zingapo (5-15) ndi mazana angapo (150-1000) anthu angapo (Korelov, 1948, 1970, Dubinin, 1953, zosankha zoyamba). Wokongola posachedwa mbalame zikaonekera zidagawika awiriawiri. Pali lingaliro kuti amasunga awiriawiri, ngakhale atakhala m'matumba nthawi yosamukira komanso nthawi yachisanu. Ngakhale mu nthawi yoyambirira ya mbalame, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimapezeka osati imodzi, koma ndi anthu angapo. M'madera akuluakulu ku Central Asia, Spain ndi Algeria, pakasokonezedwa ndi zomangamanga, maenje nthawi zambiri "amasweka" pagululo ndikusunthira 2-5, nthawi zina pamtunda wa 10-18 km kuchokera kumalo osungirako zinyalala (Korelov, 1970, Fry, 1984). Kenako abwerera kuntchito yawo. Zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mbalamezi ziziuluka zitha kukhala kuchezera kwawoko ndi munthu, zilombo, ndipo nthawi zina zovuta zomwe anthu samazimvetsetsa.
Wodya njuchi amadziwika kwambiri nthawi yakulowerera. Pakadali pano, chachikazi chimakhala pachisa chimadyetsedwa ndi champhongo. Ngati yamphongo ikugoneka masana, iye amachoka chisa kwa kanthawi kochepa ndikudya yekha. Komabe, kusakhalapo koteroko ndikosowa. Yaimuna nthawi zambiri imakhala pachisa ndikumanga popanda yopumira, mpaka wamkazi amasintha. Milandu ingapo idadziwika kuti, pakumwalira kwa mkazi mu magawo omalizira, mwana wamwamuna adasamalira kumaswa mazira, ndikudyetsa anapiye. Zikatero, unyinji wa amuna umatsika kumapeto kwa makulitsidwe mpaka 40-46 g.Palibe m'modzi mwa abambo omwe adawonekerako zaka zotsatira - ayenera kuti anamwalira (malinga ndi chithunzi cha mbalame pafupifupi 15,000 mu zisa mu 1956-1985, kuphatikiza kuphatikiza amphongo 7 odyetsa ana okha).
L. V. Afanasova ndi Yu. S. Volkova (1989) adawonera kutenga nawo gawo kwa mbalame zothandizira pamapeto omaliza kudya. Iwo anali achikulire (malinga ndi olemba) akazi. Olembanso ena amanenanso za kukhalapo kwa othandizira (Dyer, Andras, 1981, otchulidwa kuchokera ku Afanasova, Volkova, 1989, Cramp, 1985, Malovichko, Konstantinov, 2000).
Panthawi yodyetsa anapiye, mbalame zomwe zimakhala mmalo mwake zimakhala zokha komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mapeyala odyetsa anapiye amapezeka m'mawa kwambiri ndi masana. Nthawi zina, njuchiyo sinkaona nthawi yofikira kuchisa ndikunyamuka kupita chakudya. Ngati bowo limodzi lasokonekera m'danga, mwachitsanzo, mbalame ikamadyetsa anthu ambiri imakodwa ndikugwidwa. Amawuluka pafupi ndi khomo lolowera kudzenje, akuwonetsa momasuka nkhawa yawo. Komabe, izi sizikhala motalika. Pambuyo pa mphindi 10-15, gulu la njuchi limatulukira m'mwamba ndikupita kumalo kokasaka. Ndipo, ngati chilichonse chili "bwino" pagulu, amapitiliza zochitika zawo.
Pamapeto pa nthawi yodyera, anapiyewo akamakula ndikukhala otuluka kubowo, makolowo amakhala osamala. Munthu akafika pafupi ndi mudzi, amazungulira mabowo, kenako nkuuluka, ndikubweretsa chakudya ndikuuluka mu dzenje posachedwa. Zikatero, kutuluka kwa anapiye koyambirira kumabowo kumachitika. Nthawi zina pamakhala kuchedwa, mwina chifukwa cha zochita za akulu, "kuchenjeza" anapiyewo za ngoziyo. Kuchoka koyambirira kumawonedwa m'zaka zamafuta ochepa, ndikumakhala anthu pafupipafupi. Mu zaka zakudya zambiri, anthu nthawi ndi nthawi akamakacheza m'makomo, kuchoka kumachedwetsedwa.
Atachoka, oweta njuchi amagwirizana pagulu, komwe mbalame zazikulu ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimakhalapo. Makamu oterowo poyamba amakhala pafupi ndi madera, amakhala usiku tchire pafupi, nthawi zambiri m'makola, kenako amachotsedwa pamtunda wautali. Pakadali pano, amauluka kunja kwa mtundu. Zinalembedwa pakamwa pa mtsinje. Belaya, pafupi ndi Izhevsk (pa Kama), m'dera la Semenov (dera la Nizhny Novgorod, deta yoyambirira). Pakati ndi kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, kumpoto kwa mtunduwo, njuchi zimayamba kusamuka. M'magulu ena, mbalame zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zimawuluka.
Zinthu zopangira chimawonetsera chikondi cha makolo kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mwa awiriawiri 16, mbalame zonse ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka kumalo ozikirira kwa zaka zotsatira atalira, mzika ziwiri zokha ndi zomwe mnzakeyo adasintha. Zotsatira zake, "kukhulupirika" kwa wokondedwa wathu wokhala ndi njuchi anali 88%.
Mu chiwonetsero cha anthu omwe amapanga njuchi zagolide, kudya mwamwambo kumadziwika. Pakakhala nesting, anyani amphongo amabweretsa chakudya chachikazi - chinjoka, bumblebee kapena kachilomboka. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaphedwa ndi nkhonya (IFozov et al., 1950). Pakadali pano, elytra imachoka pa kachilomboka. Kenako yamphongo imapereka nyamayo kwa wamkazi. Amatenga ndikudyako, pambuyo pake mat. Amuna akuwonetsa nyama, ngati akutsimikizira kuti amatha kudyetsa ana. Khalidweli limawonedwa m'mitundu yonse (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985, source.).
Chithunzi 61. Zofunikira pakukhwima kwa nyama ya golide-wakudya (malinga ndi: Fry, 1984).
Pambuyo pakupita masabata 2-5 kuchokera ku anapiye, magulu anjuchi amasamukira kumalo osungirako anthu osamukirako. Kuyang'anira ndi kuwongolera magulu sizitilola kuti tiyerekeze kutalika kwa mbalame m'malo otere.
Ndikothekanso kuti magawo ena a njira yake pakusamukira kwa owetera njuchi agonjetsedwa pamtunda wokwera (Dolnik, 1981) - oposa 3,000,000 m kumtunda kwa mtunda. Koma m'malo ena amawuluka otsika. Kudutsa Kupita Kwa Greater Caucasus. ku Georgia ndi Abkhazia, njuchi zimawuluka pamtunda wa 50-200 m, zimangoyendayenda pamwamba pa malo othawirako, nthawi zina zimatsikira zigwa ndi mitsinje, malo obiriwira, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi yachisanu, anthu odya njuchi amakhala makamaka pagulu lalikulu. Mbalame zimadyera m'zigwa zamtsinje, mabango, m'nkhalango za savannah, malo olima. Amakhala usiku pamagulu akulu pamitengo ndi zitsamba, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mipata ya mitsinje (Fry, 1984).
Adani, zovuta
Pakudya chisa, wakudya njuchi alibe adani ochepa pakati pa mbalame zodya nyama. Pulogalamu ya Oksky. makumi zikwizikwi za zitunda zoyesedwa, zotsalira za zisa ndi kudya mbalame zodyedwa mu 1954-1990. Palibe chifukwa choti zotsalira za wakudya njuchi zidapezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, tinaphunzira za mtundu wa zakudya za kite wakuda, buzzard, goshawk, khungubwi, kachilomboka, kachasu, kestrel, cheglok, chiwombankhanga choyera, chiwombankhanga chachikulu, ndi mwezi wamaunda. Mu gulu la odya njuchi, kusaka cheglok kumanenedwanso mobwerezabwereza, pazambiri zambiri - osachita. Nthawi yomweyo, mafunde ambiri am'madzi amagwidwa tsiku lililonse kuno. Mizere ya njuchi yokhala ndi anapiye akuluakulu ikhoza kufuukulidwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi nkhandwe kapena galu.
Mwa nyama zomwe zimawononga kudya-njuchi ku Kazakhstan, zimatchedwa njoka ndi cheglock. Omwe amakwera m'makola ndikudya anapiye, pomwe amadyedwa ndi omwe amadyedwa ndi njuchi nthawi yosamuka (Korelov, 1970).
Chochitika cha anthropogenic chimathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa chisa cha njuchi. M'madera a koloni, momwe adawonera, phindu lobereketsa zodya njuchi lidatsika kawiri kuposa pomwe anthu sakanayandikira koloni. Zowononga nyama yodya njuchi zimachititsidwa ndi vuto la anthropogenic, pamene, chifukwa cha nkhawa ya anthu, mbalame sizitha kudyetsa anapiye, kukhala ochenjera kwambiri, osachedwa kudya, nthawi zambiri zimadya zokha kapena kuponyera chakudya chobweretsera anapiyewo pafupi ndi mabowo chifukwa choopa kukwera kubowo. Panthawi yovuta ya nyengo, zovuta za izi zimakulirakulira.
Larvae Diptera, Lepidoptera, ndi Coleoptera (Kirichenko, 1949, Hicks, 1970), komanso achikulire a ntchentche zopanda mapiko a genera Sternopteryx ndi Oxypterum (deta yoyambilira) adapezeka m'makola ndi zinyalala za zisa za njuchi. M. N. Korelov (1948, 1970), komanso S. M. Kosenko ndi E. M. Belousov (kulumikizana payekha) ku Central Asia m'midzi ya omwe adadyapo njuchi zagolide atayang'ana zinyalala zawo, pakati pa tizilombo tina, nyerere zambiri zimapezeka (genera Myrmica, Lasius, Formica). Ndizotheka kuti tizilomboti timagwera m'zonyansa monga zodyera chakudya chodyera chinyumba. Maubwenzi apakati pa odyetsa njuchi ndi nyerere anawonedwa pakati pa Mtsinje wa Oka (deta yoyambirira).
Sitesostoma coremani ndi Ptilongssoides triscutatus yapadera, yomwe imapezeka ku Moldova (Shumilo, Lunkashu, 1970), dera la Ryazan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, ndi Kyrgyzstan (Butenko, 1984).
S.V. Kirikov, ponena za zomweawonedwa ndi A.P. Paradiso, akuwonetsa kuti oweta njuchi samva kuzizira ndipo amwalira pomwe kuzizira kumabwera mchaka (South Ural). Imfa yayikulu ya odya njuchi A.P. Paradise yawonedwa pafupi ndi Orenburg kumapeto kwa Meyi 1904. Mu pulogalamu ya Oksky. kubweranso kwa nyengo yozizira ndi chipale chofeŵa kunawonedwa pa Meyi 20-23, 1974. Pakadali pano, wakudya njuchi waoneka kale. Komabe, kufa kwawo sikunalembetsedwe. Pamalo olamulidwa ndi mtsinje. Oka, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadya njuchi mu 1974 chatsika ndi 20% poyerekeza ndi 1973, komabe chinali chimodzi mwazitali kwambiri kuyambira 1957 mpaka 1975. Mu 1975, chiwerengero cha mabanja oswana chinakwera ndi 17% poyerekeza ndi 1974.
Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo
Asayansi ena amati amadya njuchi. Amalangiza kuthamangitsa nyama yamagolide ya njuchi ku njuchi, ndikuziwononga, ndikutseka mabowo pakati pa nesting, etc. (Petrov, 1954, Budnichenko, 1956).
Kutengera ndikuwunika zomwe zili m'mimba, I.K. Pachossky (1909) adazindikira kuti wodya njuchi ndiwofunika ndipo ayenera kutetezedwa. A.I. Osterman (1912) amatsatira lingaliro lomwelo. Mosiyana ndi izi, A.A. Brauner (1912) adawona kuti nyamayi ndiyowopsa, ngakhale idalimbikitsa kuti ichotse. Pambuyo pake, olemba ena ochokera kuderali (Yakubanis, Litvak, 1962) adalimbikitsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa omwe amadya njuchi ku Transnistria kukhala ochepera. Yu.V. Averin ndi A.M. Ganya (1970) adafotokoza malingaliro olimbikitsa okonda kudya njuchi, powopa kuti angawope mbalame ndikugwiritsa ntchito kufafaniza pafupi ndi njuchi zokha. Mu 1980-1990s. ku dera la Odessa kokha Chaka chilichonse, njuchi 3,000 zidachotsedwa dala ku Ukraine (Gorai et al., 1994).
S. G. Priklonsky adawerengera momwe njuchi yagolide pagulu la njuchi m'dera la Oksky Zap. (Dera la Ryazan). Amadyetsedwa njuchi m'derali mu 1958-1990 pachaka amadya pafupifupi 2,5-5 miliyoni a njuchi zapakhomo, zomwe zinali 0.45-0.9% ya kufa mwachilengedwe kwa njuchi pachaka. Komabe, maphunzirowa adachitika kumalire akumpoto kwa mulingo, komwe kuchuluka kwa akudya njuchi kochepa. M'malo osunthika kwambiri, anthu omwe amadya njuchi akhoza kuwononga njuchi. Apa ndipomveka kuthawitsa mbalame kuchokera ku malo owetera, koyambirira koyambirira kukhazikitsa njuchi ndi mabanja a njuchi nyengo yachisanu. Kuchita koteroko ndikofunikira kwambiri, ngakhale kungafunikire kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya cha njuchi nthawi yachisanu ndipo chifukwa chake, kudzapangitsa kutsika (uchi).
Golide wodya njuchi walembedwa mu Red Book of the Republic of Belarus ndi angapo a Red Book of the constituent Russian Russian: Bashkortostan, Mari El, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Kirov ndi Nizhny Novgorod Regions. ndi Altai Territory. Komabe, m'madera ambiri a Russia, njira zapadera zotetezera mtunduwu siziperekedwa.
Kodi mukudziwa izi.
Mchipinda chodyera cha njuchi, mumakhala zotsalira zambiri zautoto, zomwe thupi la mbalame siziwala.
- Odyera njuchi omwe amakhala m'malo otentha ku Africa amapanga timagulu tokhala ndi gulu labwino kwambiri. Ili ndi limodzi mwamagulu otukuka kwambiri a mbalame.
- Ku Africa, omwe amadya njuchi, ngati chisa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomata za aardvark.
- Mitundu yonse ya anthu omwe amadya njuchi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono - awiriwo, mbalame imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe sizinathe kutha. Banja limatha kukhala ndi mamembala 12.
- Nthawi zina, chisa cha njuchi ku Central Europe. Mu 1990, ku Germany (malo a Baden-Württemberg), magulu opitilira mbalame 12 agalu.
- Kuti adyetse yekha ndi anapiye ake, wakudya njuchi ayenera kugwira pafupifupi 225 tizilombo tsiku lililonse.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Schur ndi wokhala pachikhalidwe kumadera akumpoto kwambiri, samawopa nyengo yozizira ndipo amakhala wokonzeka kutenga njira zamadzi ngakhale mu nthawi yachisanu. Mbalamezi zimasamukira, kukhazikika, komanso zosamveka. Zonse zimatengera nyengo yamadera ena ndi chakudya chochuluka. M'madera ozizira kwambiri, pike imawulukira kumadera akutali kwambiri, koma sichikhala kutali kwambiri ndi malo omwe mungakhale.
M'makhalidwe a anthu, Schura samawona kwambiri, amakonda malo obisika komanso malo akuthengo. Koma, atakumana ndi munthu, Schur samakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndipo amawagwira osalimba, kumulola iye patali kwenikweni kuti munthu athe kulingalira za kukongola kwake ndikumva kuyimba kwamayimbidwe.Misewu imayimbidwa ndi amuna okhaokha omwe amakhala okonzekera china chilichonse kukopa mnzake.
Kuuluka, squint amakhala wachinyengo kwambiri komanso yurok; amayenda mosavuta pakati pa nthambi zolimba, akumachita maphunziro apadera. Mbalameyo ikangolowa, imayamba kukhala yovuta, yosasunthika, yosiya chidaliro komanso chisomo. Chifukwa cha izi, squint samakhala pansi, chifukwa kumtunda kumakhala kokhazikika pamafunde ake ndipo amatetezedwa, akukonda kukhazikika pamitengo yayitali yodziyimira.
Kuyimba kwa Schurov kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri munthawi yaukwati, koma amuna samasiyana ndi nyimbo chaka chonse. Cholinga cha mbalameyi ndi monga kulira mokweza mawu komanso mokuwa kwambiri, kumawoneka kosakoma komanso kosasangalatsa, koma izi ndi mawonekedwe chabe, munthawi yomwe ochita masewerawa amachita amakhala akuyesetsa kuti adziwonetse okha kuchokera kumbali yabwino.
Habitat ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame yaying'ono iyi ndi gulu la akhwangwala, banja la odya njuchi. Ambiri mwa anthuwa amakhala mdera lotentha kwambiri la ku Africa; mtunduwu umapezekanso kumwera kwa Europe, Asia, Madagascar, New Guinea ndi Australia.
Gawanani wakudya njuchi wagolide, yomwe imakhala mbalame yosamukira, ndipo imawulukira ku Africa otentha kapena India kukazizira nyengo yachisanu. Gawo lakumpoto logawika ku Europe ndilo gawo lakumpoto kwa Iberian Peninsula, kumpoto kwa Italy. Amakhala pafupifupi Turkey, Iran, Northern Iraq ndi Afghanistan.
Mayiko otentha a Mediterranean ali pafupifupi onse omwe amadya njuchi. Nest ku kontinenti ya Africa kumalire a 30⁰ kumpoto kwa mtunda. Ku Europe ku Russia sakhala kumpoto kwa zigawo za Ryazan, Tambov, Tula. Kukhazikika komwe nyama yodya njuchi imakafikira ku zigwa za Oka, Don, ndi Sviyaga.
Kugawa heterogeneous, foci. Ma thermophilic ambiri okhala m'madambo komanso zipululu odyera njuchi. Gawani angapo mitundu ya njuchiwotchuka makamaka monga mawonekedwe. Chofala kwambiri ndi golide. Ndi mbalame yaying'ono yakuda.
Thupi limakhala lalitali masentimita 26, mulomo ndi 3.5 cm, kulemera ndi magalamu 53-56. Amawoneka, ngati mamembala onse am'banjali, okopa kwambiri - buluu, wobiriwira, wachikasu mumapulogalamu amachititsa kuti njuchi yokoma golide ikhale mbalame yokongola kwambiri Europe.
Mu chithunzi, njuchi yobiriwira
Mutha kuyankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalamezi kwanthawi yayitali. Ali ndi chipewa pamitu, masaya, pakhosi, pamimba ndi pachifuwa, kumbuyo kwamtambo wamitundu yambiri, nadhvost, kuuluka ndi nthenga za mchira. Kuphatikiza pa momwe maonekedwe a utoto umakhalira, mtundu wa nthenga umasinthanso ndi zaka. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, sizitha. Eya, ndipo, monga momwe amayembekezerera, amphongo ndi okongola kwambiri kuposa zazikazi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Nthawi ya mbalame yaukwati ku Schurov imachitika kumapeto kwa masika. Osati kawirikawiri, zitha kuwonedwa mu Marichi, koma izi zimachitika pamene masika afunda. Schur cavalier ndiwotsika mtima, amakhala ngati munthu wofatsa, nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi osankhidwa, akuwuluka mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira ndikuyimba nyimbo zake zamkati, zofanana ndi phokoso la chitoliro.
Atagonana, mzimayiyu payekha amayamba kukonzekeretsa chisa chake, wophunzirayo sachita nawo ntchitoyi, koma si vuto lake, mayi wokhala ndi mtsogolo amamuletsa kuchita izi. Chisa chikumangidwa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, chimakhala chokwera kwambiri, chachikazi chimachiyika kutali ndi thunthu kuti chizikhala chotetezeka. Kapangidwe kake kali kokulirapo ndipo kamafanana ndi mbale yomangidwa ndi nthambi zazing'ono, masamba osiyanasiyana. Pansi pa chisa pali bedi la nthenga lofewa lomwe limapangidwa ndi ubweya, moss, fluff masamba, nthenga.
Kulimbitsa kwa pike kumakhala ndi mazira atatu mpaka 6, pomwe chipolopolo chake chimakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wamtambo wokhala ndi madontho amdima. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Ndi munthu wamkazi wokhala ndi tsitsi lokha amene amasodza mazira, ndipo bambo wamtsogolo amapatsa mnzakeyo chakudya, chifukwa chachikazi sichisiye malo okhalamo. Pambuyo pa kuwakhanda kwa ana, yamphongo imapitilizabe kudyetsa ena mwa akazi ndi ana, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala chisa chofunda.
Anapiye obadwa kumene amavala chovala chofiirira, amakhala ndi chidwi chodabwitsa, amafuula mokweza ndipo amafunikira kuwonjezera. Zakudya zawo ndizodzaza ndi mitundu yonse ya tizilombo, kotero kuti tiana ta mapiko tikukula msanga. Pakupita milungu itatu, amapanga ndege zawo zoyamba, ndipo akakhala ndi mwezi umodzi ndi theka, anapiyewo amadzilamulira okha, kusiya malo awo okhalamo kufunafuna moyo wabwino. Kutalika kwa moyo wa Schurov okhala zachilengedwe kuyambira zaka 10 mpaka 12.
Nesting
Kwa kanthawi ndege itatha, onse omwe amadyetsera njuchi zagolide ndi mbalame zina za banja lino, amayamba kudziunjikira pafupi ndi malo awo okhala (pafupi ndi mitsinje, mabwalo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje). Nthawi zina magulu a awiriawiri amapanga zisa zawo moyandikirana, koma zochulukirapo nthawi zambiri (mpaka mazana angapo) chisa chimodzi. Pakakhala kuti palibe malo abwino, mbalame zimatha kuyika malo oyandama. Komabe, amakopeka kwambiri ndi malo otsetsereka mpaka mamita 3-5 kutalika.
Adani achilengedwe a Schura
Chithunzi: Kodi squint amawoneka bwanji?
Schur ndi laling'onoting'ono ndipo lili ndi mtundu wamafuta owoneka bwino, motero imatha kuwonekera kutali ndi adani ena omwe satsutsa kudya mbalamezi. Nthawi zambiri Schurov amapulumutsa mfundo yoti amakonda kukhala pamwamba kwambiri korona wa mitengo, sikuti chilombo chilichonse chimatha kufika kumeneko. Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono timakonzekeretsa zisa zawo kutali ndi mitengo ikuluikulu kuti iwapangitse kuvutika. Adani a Schurov kuthengo akuphatikizapo zikho, martens ndi amphaka amphaka.
Zachidziwikire, achinyamata osadziwa zambiri komanso anapiye ochepa kwambiri amakhala osatetezeka ndipo amakonda chizolowezi chomenya. Koma chachikazi sichimasiya makanda obadwa kumene, banja lonse limadyetsedwa koyamba ndi bambo wachikondi wopanda tsitsi, kotero kuti ana nthawi zonse amakhala pansi pa chitetezo cha amayi, chomwe chimapulumutsa miyoyo yawo.
Kwa adani a Schurov amathanso kuwerengedwa anthu omwe amavulaza mbalame ndi machitidwe awo osaganizira, omwe amangofuna kukondweretsa munthu. Mwa kulowerera ma biotope achilengedwe, kutsitsa matupi amadzi, kumanga misewu ndi mizindayi, kudula mitengo, kuwononga chilengedwe, anthu amasokoneza moyo wa mbalame, zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwawo.
Musaiwale za kukhulupirika kwa mbalame zokongola izi, zomwe nazo zimatha kusewera nthabwala zankhanza. Ena schuras amakhala mizu bwino muukapolo, ngakhale kubereka ana, amakhala omasuka kwathunthu komanso ochezeka, pomwe ena amafa m'makola, chifukwa sangathe kupirira kutaya kwa ufulu wa mbalame ndi kudziyimira pawokha.
Chida chamtundu
Akukonzekera dzenje kwa nthawi yayitali. Amuna ndi akazi amawakumba ndi milomo yawo, ndikukankha pansi ndi miyendo yawo, kubwerera kumbuyo kutuluka. Mbalamezi zimagwira ntchito ngati iyi m'mawa ndi nthawi zamadzulo (kuyambira 9 mpaka 10 ndi 17 mpaka 17). Njira yonse yokonzekera chisa chimatha masiku 10-20, kutengera kulimba kwa nthaka. Pa nthawi yonse ya ntchito yotere, mbalame zimataya dothi pafupifupi 12 kg.
Kutalika kwa dzenje lomalizidwa ndi 1-1,5 m (nthawi zina mpaka 2 m). Ku Caucasus, mutha kupeza zingwe zokulirapo mpaka 60 cm. Pamapeto pake, njuchi yagolide imakonza kuwonjezera - chipinda chodyera, komwe imayikira mazira oyera pafupifupi 6-7 mu Epulo-Juni. Amabisala ndi makolo onse kwa masiku 20. Patatha masiku 20-25 kukwatirana, anapiye ang'ono atuluka mumtunda wa kholo. M'chaka chimodzi chokha, njira imodzi imamalizidwa.
Kuweta njuchi komanso odya njuchi
Mmodzi wa njuchi wagolide akamadya njuchi zokha amatha kudya zidutswa mpaka 1000 patsiku. Komwe kuli njuchi, pafupifupi 80-90% ya tizilombo todyedwa ndi mbalamezi ndi njuchi. Ngati tilingalira kuti banja limodzi la njuchi zouluka limakwana anthu 30,000, ndiye kuti wakudya njuchi yekha amangowononga pafupifupi 2-3%. Awiri omwe amadya njuchi m'miyezi yachilimwe amatha kuwononga njuchi zikwi ziwiri, ndipo gulu lonse (pafupifupi mbalame 100) litha kusinthitsa malo owetera (pafupifupi mabanja 50) kukhala bwinja.
Panali zochitika pamene njuchi zopitilira 180 zapezeka zokhala ndi jekete limodzi, ndipo palirime panali zoluma zawo zambiri. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti poizoni sachita mbalamezi. Njuchi ndizovulaza ku ulimi wa njuchi komanso kutali ndi njuchi, chifukwa zimagwira njuchi zikauluka zisauluka. Amabweretsa zovuta kwambiri mu Julayi-Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Seputembala. Ponena za zabwino za omwe amadya njuchi pochotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nkhalango ndi ulimi, titha kunena kuti ndizochepa kwambiri.
Zokhudza ngozi za mbalame komanso kutetezedwa kwa njuchi
Kuphatikiza pa kuti njuchi zouluka m'matumba kupita ku njuchi zimatha kuwononga njuchi zochuluka, potero kuchepetsa uchi, pali vuto linanso kuchokera kwa iwo. Njuchi zagolidi zimawonongeranso njuchi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pakulima ndi kupanga mbewu ya clover.
Tsoka ilo, chitetezo cha njuchi ku mbalameyi zimatengera kuwonongeka kwa zisa zake mwanjira iliyonse. Palinso malingaliro ena kuti muwononge mbalame zachikulire ndi anapiye omwewo mu zisa ndi chloropicrin kapena kaboni disulfide. Zochitika zankhanza zotere nthawi zambiri zimachitika nthawi ya masika, nthawi zambiri mbalame zikafika nthawi yozizira. Madzulo, mbalame zonse zikakhala m'makola, zimaponyera mipira kuchokera kumata, omwe kale ankawanyowa ndi njira zapamwamba, zisa zawo ndikuwaphimba ndi dothi. Mothandizidwa ndi mpweya, wodya njuchi amafa. Iyi ndi njira yoopsa yomenyera mbalame. Njira imodzi yotsika mtengo kwambiri yothandizira kuteteza njuchi ku mbalamezi ndi kuwombera kwawo mfuti.
Masiku ano, alimi a njuchi akung'ung'udza ndi zodandaula za mavuto amtchire. Amaphatikizidwa ndi ma mavu, mbewa, njenjete, zimphuno, komanso ndi owola njuchi agolide. “Adzawononga aliyense: mavu ndi ma horne. Koma sangasiyenso njuchi ”- zonena pamagulu. Malinga ndi ndemanga zotere, titha kunena kuti kwa alimi a mbalamezi ndi tsoka lalikulu.
Njira zina zoteteza mbalame
Kuphatikiza pa njira zovutikira zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, pali njira zina zomwe zingachitike kuti tipewe kuvulaza moyo wa wakudya njuchi:
- Mu Juni-Julayi (nthawi yobala mbalame) kuchokera kumapiri kupita kwa anthu ambiri omwe amadya njuchi, ndikofunikira kusunga mtunda osachepera 3 kilomita. Izi zikuyenera kukumbukiridwa.
- Ngati sizotheka kusunthira malo owetera, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuti zisinthe malo omwe amakhala, ndikuwononga mabowo ndikutseka zitseko zawo (pokhapokha nthawi yobala itatha).
- Mbidzi-zodya njuchi zikaoneka pafupi ndi njuchi, zimatha kukhala ndi mantha chifukwa mothandizidwa ndi mbalame zosaka kapena zowombera zopanda kanthu.
Pomaliza
Golide wodya njuchi (kapena European) ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zochepa zomwe zimasaka njuchi, mavu, ma bumblebe komanso ngakhale zazibonga. Chifukwa cha chakudya chachilendo pang'ono, mbalame yokongola modabwitsa imeneyi imatchedwanso kuti idya njuchi. Tsoka ilo, mbalameyi imayambitsa zowononga zochuluka kwambiri pakupanga njuchi, zomwe zimayenera kuwerengedwanso nayo. Zikuwoneka kuti, mbalameyi sili pachiwopsezo cha kutha konse. Ndipo izi ndi zenizeni, bola ngati njuchi zikhala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Schur - mbalame, makamaka kumpoto, zimakhala kumadera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mutha kukumana ndi Schur kulikonse, ngati mpheta, sizofala kwambiri ndipo amayesera kuti asakhale kutali ndi malo okhala. Sizachilendo kuwona shchurov chifukwa mbalame zimakhala m'malo omwe phazi la munthu silimayenda pafupipafupi, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi zonse mbalame zimakhala zazitali kwambiri korona wamtengo.
Ndizolimbikitsa kuti IUCN sinalembedwe pa Mndandanda Wofiyira, mbalame yokongola modabwitsa iyi siyikumana ndi kutha, ndipo njira zapadera zotetezera sizitengedwera pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa Schur. Pa gawo la dziko lathu, Schur mulinso mtundu wa Red Book, womwe sungakhale wosangalala koma wokondwa. Mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse, Schur ili m'gulu la mitundu yomwe imayambitsa nkhawa pang'ono.
Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwachuma kwamunthu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kupanga misewu yayikulu, kumanga malo okhala komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chonse, zimakhudza moyo wamomwe ambiri amayimira, kuphatikizapo Schur, koma pakadali pano mbalame zowala izi mosamala mwapadera zifunike. Tikukhulupirira kuti zoterezi, zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi, zipitiliza.
Mapeto, ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi schur mu chovala chake chowala komanso chokongola ndichabwino. Simungathe kudzipatula, kuyang'ana chithunzi cha mbalameyi mutakhala panthambi kapena phulusa laphiri lamapiri. Schur, ngati masamba okongola, limaphuka pamtengo nthawi yozizira, ndikukongoletsa malo ozizira a monochrome. Kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa chipale chofewa, squint, kuti mufanane ndi mumaikonda kwambiri owoneka bwino, amawoneka okopa, akuwoneka kuti ndi okongola komanso opatsa chidwi, akutsimikizira zabwino komanso zolimbikitsa.
