Bulu Wamtchire (Equus asinus) m'mbuyomu, mwachidziwikire, adakonda kufalikira ku chipululu cha North Africa. Tate uyu wa bulu woweta amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a nyama yayitali. bulu mchira ndi elongated burashi tsitsi kokha pa mapeto. Mtunduwo ndi mchenga wonyezimira, m'mbali mwa spiva pamakhala mzere wakuda, womwe nthawi zinafota nthawi zina umasemphana ndi kamtambo kamodzimodzi.
Pakadali pano, magulu awiri abulu amtchire amasungidwa ochepa, makamaka pamapiri omwe ali pagombe la Red Sea, ku Somalia, Eritrea ndi Northern Ethiopia. bulu Chisomali (E. a. Somalicus) N ubiyskogo zikuluzikulu pang'ono ndi mtundu mdima. Miyendo yake ili mikwingwirima yakuda. Zolinga mazana angapo zasungidwa pafupi ndi gombe la Gulf of Aden ku Somalia ndi, mwina, ku Ethiopia.
Nubian bulu (E. a. Africanus) ang'onoang'ono kuposa m'mbuyomu, mtundu mbandakucha, ndi kutchulidwa "msana mtanda" mu Eritrea anagawira, Sudan ndi Ethiopia North. Dera laling'ono lakutali la malo ake lili pakatikati pa Sahara, kumalire a Libya ndi Nigeria. Mwinanso nyama zambiri zomwe zawonedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi nyama zoweta. Wild bulu pafupifupi sanapite. Amakhala m'chipululu komanso theka -chipululu, pomwe amadyetsa kwambiri udzu ndi zomera zazomera. Amasungidwa, monga mbidzi, ndi gulu la mabanja, momwe pafupifupi ana 10 ndi ana oyenda pansi pa utsogoleri wa abambo. yochenjera kwambiri ndipo ambiri amayendayenda.
Bulu wakunyumba, kapena bulu, m'mapangidwe ake omwe mwachidziwikire onse adatenga nawo gawo, ali ndi mitundu komanso kukula kwake. Pali abulu oyera, a bulauni, akuda, koma nthawi zambiri imvi zonse. Iwo akhoza kusalaza tsitsi, kuleza tsitsi ndi lopotana. Kubwezeretsa bulu kunachitika kwinakwake ku Upper Egypt ndi Ethiopia kumbuyo kwa Upper Neolithic zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo. Bulu wakunyumba amawonekera pamaso pa akavalo ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali anali nyama yayikulu yoyinyamula. Mu Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, ndipo iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito monga kukwera ndi paketi nyama zaka zikwizikwi. Mwachitsanzo, abulu adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiramidi achiigupto.
Abulu analowa Central Asia ndi Southern Europe kalekale, kuphatikiza Greece, Italy, Spain ndi Southern France, komwe adakhala akutchuka kwambiri. Anali ayipanga amphamvu, Mitundu wamtali abulu zoweta, monga homadskie - mu Iran, Chikatalani - Spain, Bukhara - Central Asia. Abulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kumayiko okhala ndi chilimwe, nyengo yotentha komanso nyengo yochepa. Samalekerera mvula yozizira makamaka nthawi yayitali. Monga ntchito nyama m'mayiko otentha kuthetsedwa m'njira zambiri patsogolo pa kavalo: ndi Hardy, osati udzafunidwa kwa chakudya zochepa sachedwa matenda ndi moyo wautali kwambiri. Ngati chinyama choyendera chaching'ono ndi ntchito zothandizira, bulu sanataye tanthauzo lake kufikira pano. Abulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'maiko aku Africa (makamaka kumpoto, East ndi South), komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia, kumwera kwa North ndi South America.
abulu zoweta amamuchitira mu kasupe ndi chilimwe oyambirira. Pakatha miyezi 12,5, bulu amabweretsa mwana wamphongo, yemwe amadyetsa mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Amamukonda kwambiri. Wamphongo umalandira kukula zonse kwa zaka ziwiri, koma anakhala ntchito ndi zaka 3. Kuyambira kalekale, kuyambira nthawi ya Homer, mtanda pakati pa bulu ndi hatchi, bulu ,adziwika. Kunena zowona, bulu ndi mtanda pakati pa bulu ndi mare, ndipo lipenga ndi bulu ndi bulu. Koma kawirikawiri mtanda pakati pa bulu ndi kavalo amatchedwa bulu. Nyani ndizosowa, kotero kuti mupeze muyenera kukhala osunga - abulu ndi akavalo. Ubwino wa bulu ndikuti umakhala wopanda tanthauzo ngati bulu, koma umakhala ndi mphamvu ngati kavalo wabwino. Poyamba, bulu-kuswana asangalala makamaka France, Greece, Italy, mayiko a Near East ndi South America, kumene anabzala mamiliyoni nyama.
Popeza kuti dzina la Equus asinus K. Linney adayamba kupereka mu 1758 kwa bulu wa "Middle East", dzinali silikunena za mtundu uliwonse wamtchire wakuda wa ku Africa - kholo la woweta. Malingaliro a akatswiri pazosankha zingapo amasiyana, ena amawerengera mpaka asanu. Ife apa kutenga atatu, imodzi ya zomwe, Algeria zakutchire bulu? (. A. Atlanticus), anagawira makamaka Algeria ndi malo moyandikana wa Atlas ankakhalako kwa nthawi yaitali (kuthengo, mwinamwake kuyambira masiku a atumwi Roma III!) Ngakhale magazi ake, monga ma subspecies ena, adatsalira, mwa abulu.
Feature
Mosiyana ndi kavalo, bulu amakhala ndi ziboda zogwirizana ndi mwala komanso wosakhazikika. Iwo asapasana kusuntha bwinobwino, koma si oyenera mpikisano mwamsanga. Komabe, nthawi zina, bulu amatha kuthamanga mpaka 70 km / h. Abulu amachokera kumayiko okhala ndi nyengo zamvula. ziboda zawo sadzalekerera yonyowa European nyengo ndi zambiri mawonekedwe kwambiri kufika ming'alu ndi mabowo omwe malo lawola kubisala. Kusamalira ziboda zamphongo ndikofunikira. Zowona, amavala nsapato nthawi zambiri kuposa akavalo.
tsitsi chekeni abulu kungakhale imvi, bulauni kapena lakuda, nthawi zina pali miyala woyera. Mimba imakhala yopepuka, imodzimodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolo kwa muzzle ndi dera lozungulira maso. Abulu amakhala ndi chingwe cholumikizira ndi mchira womera. Makutu yaitali kuposa kavalo. Mzere wopyapyala wamdima umathamangira kumbuyo. Subspecies ena nthawi zina amakhalabe ndi mikwingwirima - imodzi pamapewa ndi zingapo pamiyendo.
Malingana ndi mtundu kufika msinkhu wa masentimita 90 mpaka 160, afikire msinkhu pa zaka 2-2.5. M'malo mwake, kukhwima ndikotheka chaka chonse, koma nthawi zambiri kumachitika mchaka. Pakadutsa miyezi 12 mpaka 14 ya bere, mwana amodzi kapena awiri abadwa, omwe azaka 6 mpaka 9 amayamba kudziimira pawokha.
Mawonekedwe
Kuwonjezera kusiyana kunja kwa mahatchi pali zina zosaoneka koyamba. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma vertebrae. Kuphatikiza apo, abulu amakhala ndi ma chromosome 31 okha, pomwe mahatchi amakhala ndi ma chromosomes 32. Abulu amakhala ndi kutentha pang'ono kwa thupi, amatha 37 ° C m'malo 38 38 C. Abulu amasiyana pa nthawi yaitali gestation.
Anthu akumtchire komanso onenepa
Monga momwe zilili ndi akavalo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa abulu amtchire komanso owala. Kamodzi subspecies zosiyanasiyana za abulu zakutchire ankakhala Africa North ndi Near East, koma chifukwa cha kuweta pafupifupi anasowa nthawi ya Aroma wakale. M'masiku athu ano, adangopulumuka ku Itiyopiya, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia ndi Sudan, ochepa omwe adakwanitsa kukhazikika m'malo osungira zachilengedwe ku Israeli. Mu 1980s, chiwerengero cha abulu amtchire chawerengeredwa pafupifupi anthu chikwi chimodzi ndipo chatsika kwambiri. The Chisomali abulu kuthengo mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi chisokonezo mwina inawonongedwa mu Ethiopia ndi Sudan, ndi tsoka ofanana mwina kudikirira posachedwapa. Eritrea ndi dziko lokhalo lokhala ndi bulu wamtchire wokhazikika, momwe chiwerengero chawo chili pafupifupi 400.
Mosiyana ndi abulu amtchire abulu, abulu akale olowedwa amakhala m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Ndi malo awo achilengedwe likuphatikizapo mayiko amene adakali ndi abulu zakutchire, kuti maphunziro mantha zingachititse chakuti magulu awiri kusakaniza ndi kuwononga "chiyero majini" chilombo bulu. Pafupifupi pafupifupi miliyoni 1.5 abulu amayenda kumapiri kwa Australia. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa United States kumakhala abulu pafupifupi 6,000 otchedwa burros ndi kukhala wotetezedwa. Chimodzi mwa anthu ochepa aku Europe abulu owoneka bwino amapezeka ku Kupro Peninsula ya Karpas. Iwo woderapo kapena wakuda ndi chimaonekadi lalikulu kuposa ena abulu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yokhala ngati zebra pamiyendo yawo.
Kufotokozera
Bulu wamtchire waku Africa ndi mamita awiri (6.6 mapazi) kutalika ndi 1.25 mpaka 1.45 m (4 mapazi 1 mpaka 4 inches 9 inches) (mikono 12 mpaka 14) kutalika m'mapewa, ndi mchira wa 30-50 cm (12-20 mu) yaitali. Amalemera pakati pa 230-275 kg (510-610 mapaundi). Chovala chachifupi, chosalala cha imvi chofiirira, chikutuluka choyera pamiyendo yotsika. Pali woonda, mdima dorsal lamizeremizere mu subspecies onse, pamene mu Nubian mbidzi ( E. a. Wachiafrika ), Komanso bulu zoweta, pali Mzere pa phewa lake. Mapazi a bulu wamtchire waku Somaliya ( E. a. Somaliensis ) yokutidwa mozungulira ndi yakuda, yofanana ndi ya mbidzi. Kumbuyo kwa mutu, kuli chingwe cholimba, chowongoka chomwe tsitsi lake limakhazikika ndi lakuda. Makutu lalikulu, ndi m'mbali wakuda. Mchira umatha ndi burashi yakuda. Zingwezo ndi zoonda komanso pafupifupi kuchokera m'mimba mwake, ngati miyendo.
Kusanduka
Chifundo Equus , yomwe imaphatikizapo ma artiodactyl onse omwe atsala, akukhulupirira kuti adachokera Dinohippus , kudzera mwa mawonekedwe apakatikati Plesippus . Za mtundu wina wamkulu Zilingo zosavuta yofotokozedwa ngati mutu wokhala ngati mbidzi. Mafupa wamkulu kuti tsiku ndi
Zaka 3.5 miliyoni kuchokera ku Idaho, USA. Mitundu imawoneka kuti inafalikira mwachangu ku Old World, yokhala ndi zaka zofanana equus livenzovensis zolembedwa kuchokera Kumadzulo kwa Europe ndi Russia.
Ma phylogenies a mamolekyulu amawonetsa kholo lomwe lili ponseponse masiku ano pamitundu yonse yamakono (mamembala amitundu Equus ) adakhala
5.6 (3.9-7.8) Mya. Direct molumikiza paleogenomic 700,000 wazaka pakati Pleistocene kavalo metapodial mafupa ku Canada zikusonyeza patapita miliyoni 4,07 zaka asanabadwe pa zaposachedwapa kholo limodzi (MRCA) mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 4.0 miliyoni 4.5 zaka BP. Zosiyana kwambiri zakale ndizo Asia hemiones (subgenus E. (Asinus) Kuphatikizapo Kulan, onager ndi Kiang), kenako mbidzi African (subgenus E. (Dolichohippus) ndi E. (Hippotigris) ) Mitundu ina yamakono, kuphatikiza mahatchi okhala ndi nyumba (ndi mitundu yambiri ya Pliocene ndi Pleistocene) ndi amodzi a subgenus E. (Equus) amene diverged
4.8 (3.2-6.5) zaka miliyoni zapitazo.
Msonkho
olemba zosiyanasiyana kuganizira zakutchire bulu kuŵetedwa bulu ndi mitundu chimodzi kapena ziwiri kapena mtundu wa mwaukadaulo yovomerezeka, ngakhale wakale ndi phylogenetically zambiri zolondola.
Mayina a mitundu ya abulu amtchire aku Africa nthawi zina amapatsidwa dzina loti asinus Pabulu zoweta, amene yeniyeni dzina ndi wamkulu ndipo, monga ulamuliro, kudzapatsidwa patsogolo. Koma izi sizolakwika, chifukwa International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature yasungabe dzinali Equus African m'ndende mu 2027. Izi zidachitidwa kuti pasakhale chisokonezo cha kholo laphylogenetic kukhala wa taxonomic wophatikizidwa mwa mbadwa zake.
Chifukwa chake, ngati mtundu umodzi uzindikiridwa, dzina lolondola lasayansi la bulu asinus E. African .
Woyamba kufalitsa dzina la bulu wamtchire, Asinus africanus , Fitzinger, 1858 ndi nomen nudum. Mutu Equus taeniopus von Heuglin, 1861 amakanidwa kuti sangathe kudziwika, chifukwa ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi nyama zomwe sizingadziwike ndipo pakhoza kukhala pali wosakanizidwa pakati pa bulu wamkati ndi bulu wamtchiya waku Somalia, mtundu womwe sunasungidwe. Woyamba dzina zilipo, anakhala Asinus african von Heuglin & Fitzinger, 1866. lectotype adawonetsa: chigaza cha mkazi wachikulire wopezedwa ndi von Heuglin pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Atbara, ku Sudan, ndipo akupezeka ku State Museum of Natural History of Stuttgart, MNS 32026. Masapota awiri odziwika ndi bulu wamtchire waku Nubian Equus Africanus Africanus (von Heuglin & Fitzinger, 1866), ndi bulu wamtchire wa ku Somali ecu africanus somaliensis (Noack, 1884).
Habitat
Abulu amtchire ku Africa ndi oyenerera kukhala m'malo okhala chipululu kapena mapiri. Ali ndi chimbudzi cholimba chomwe chimatha kudula zomera zam'chipululu ndikuchotsa chinyontho mu chakudya moyenera. Iwo akhoza kupita popanda madzi kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali. Makutu awo akuluakulu amawapatsa chidwi chokwanira kumva komanso kuthandizira kuzizira. Chifukwa cha masamba owerengeka omwe amakhala m'malo awo, abulu wamtchire amakhala mosiyana ndi wina ndi mnzake (kupatula amayi ndi ana), mosiyana ndi gulu lamahatchi amtchire. Ali ndi mawu okweza kwambiri kuti angamvele zoposa 3 Km (1.9 mtunda), chomwe chimawathandiza kulankhulana ndi malo abulu ena onse a chipululu.
Khalidwe
Bulu wamtchire waku Africa amagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali pakati pa nthawi yamadzulo mpaka m'mawa, kufunafuna mthunzi ndi pogona pakati pa mapiri amiyala masana. Bulu wamtchire wa ku Somaliyanso ndi wokalamba komanso wosathamanga, amatha kuyenda mwachangu podutsa m'munda ndi m'mapiri. Pa mosabisa, izo zinalembedwa kufika liwiro 70 Km / h (43 miles paola). Malingana ndi nthenga izi, zake zokha ndizolimba kwambiri ndipo ziboda zake zimakula mwachangu kwambiri.
Amuna okhwima amateteza madera akuluakulu makilomita 23 mulifupi, kuwayika chizindikiro ndi ndowe - chofunikira cholembedwa pamalo achitetezo. Kuchokera - kwa kukula kwa ranges awa, mwamuna wamphamvu sangathe kukusalani amuna ena. Mwambiri, omwe akuwopsezawo adasamutsidwa - amawazindikiridwa ndikuwawongolera, ndipo zonse zili kutali kwambiri kuchokera kwa akazi onse azikazi. Pamaso pa akazi achikazi, abambo amalira mokweza. Nyama zimenezi amakhala nkhosa lotayirira kwa anthu makumi asanu.
Kuthengo, kuswana kwa abulu amtchire aku Africa kumachitika nthawi yamvula. Mimba imatenga miyezi 11 mpaka 12, nkhandwe imodzi idabadwa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Okutobala. Wamphongo weans kwa miyezi 6 mpaka 8 atabadwa, kufika pamsinkhu wobereka pa zaka 2 atabadwa. Chiyembekezo chokhala zaka 40 mpaka ukaidi.
Abulu amtchire amathamanga kwambiri, othamanga kwambiri ngati akavalo. Komabe, mosiyana ungulates kwambiri, chizolowezi awo kuthamanga kuchokera pa zinthu oopsa koma kufufuza musanaganize zoyenera kuchita. Akafunika kutero, amatha kudziteteza kumapazi a miyendo yawo ngati kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Ma acid anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Sumer yakale kukoka ngolo mozungulira 2600 BC, kenako magaleta molingana ndi Standard of Ur, kuzungulira 2000 BC. Iwo anali anapempha kugonjera bulu, koma tsopano amakhulupirira kuti abulu zoweta.
Chakudya
Chakudya cha bulu wamtchire ku Africa chimakhala ndi zitsamba, makungwa ndi masamba. Ngakhale amazolowera kukhala ndi malo okhala louma, amadalira madzi, ndipo akapeza chinyezi chomera, ayenera kumwa kamodzi pakatha masiku atatu. Komabe, iwo kupulumuka kuchuluka n'zosadabwitsa ka madzi, ndipo akuti kumwa mchere kapena madzi brackish.
Malo osungira
Ngakhale nyamazo zokha sizikuopseza kutha chifukwa cha ziweto zochulukirapo (abulu ndi abulu), mabungwe awiriwo omwe adalipo atchulidwa kuti ali pangozi. Abulu amtchire aku Africa agwidwa kuti azikawagwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, ndipo izi, limodzi ndi kudutsana pakati pa nyama zakuthengo ndi zapakhomo, kwadzetsa anthu ambiri. Pali panopa Anthu mazana ochepa kuthengo. Nyamazi zinkasakanso chakudya komanso mankhwala achikhalidwe ku Ethiopia ndi Somalia. Kupikisana ndi ziweto za msipu, komanso mwayi wochepa wopezeka ndi madzi omwe amachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zaulimi, zimabweretsa zowopsa pakufa kwa izi. Mbidzi African mwalamulo kutetezedwa m'mayiko pano, ngakhale zonsezi ndi zovuta kuzitsatira zambiri. M'gulu lakutchire la Yotwat Hai-Bar chilengedwe ku Israel, kumpoto kwa Eilat. Izi zidapangidwa mchaka cha 1968 ndi cholinga chothandizira anthu omwe ali pangozi m'chipululu. Chiwerengero cha mahatchi ndi abulu ndi wolimba kwambiri, ndipo ngati mawonekedwe ndi bwino kutetezedwa, mwina achire otsika ake panopa.
Ali mu ukapolo
Pali pafupifupi 150 munthu Chisomali Mbidzi moyo kumalo osungira padziko lonse, limene 36 anabadwira ku Zoo Basel, kumene mtundu uwu masewera kuswana pulogalamu anayamba ndi woyamba abulu Chisomali zam'tchire Basel mu 1970 ndi kubadwa kwa mwana woyamba mu 1972.
Zoo Basel imayendetsa European Stud Book ya Somali Zinyama Zimbalangondo ndipo imagwirizanitsa Endangered Species European Program (EEP). Abulu onse amtchire aku America ndi ku America mwina ndi mbadwa za gulu loyambirira ku Basel Zoo kapena 12 ena ochokera ku High Bar Yotvat Nature Reserve ku Israel mu 1972.
Maonekedwe zakutchire bulu African
Bulu wamtchire wakuda amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina ndi phokoso la mtundu wowala, maula omwe alibe lingwe ndipo amakakamira (nsonga za tsitsi la mane ndi zakuda) ndi makutu aatali. Burashi imapezeka mchira wa nyama. Miyendo bulu ndi mipiringidzo pansi, ichi ndi chizindikiro limanena kuti nyama zimenezi - wachibale wake wapafupi wa mbidzi lapansi. Chinyama chachikulu chimafika kutalika kosaposa 1.5 metres.
Wosakhazikika m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, bulu amatha, ngati kuli kotheka, amafulumira kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Abulu ndi kavalo. Makolo awo adawonekera koyambirira kwa Paleogene: ndi ma barilambds ndipo amawoneka ngati ma dinosaurs kuposa abulu ndi mahatchi - nyama yanenepa kwambiri yopitilira mamitala awiri, inali ndi mwendo wamfupi-wamiyendo isanu, yomwe komabe inkawoneka pang'ono ngati chobowera. Eogippus adachokera kwa iwo - nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango kukula kwa galu wocheperako, kuchuluka kwa zala zawo mkati kumachepera mpaka anayi kumiyendo yakutsogolo ndi atatu miyendo yakutsogolo. Iwo ankakhala ku North America, ndipo anaonekera mesohippus - iwo akhala pa miyendo yonse ndi zala zitatu. Malinga ndi zizindikiro zina, nawonso ali pafupi pang'ono ndi kufanana kwamakono.
Kanema: Bulu
nthawi zonse izi, zamoyo anayamba m'malo pang'onopang'ono, koma kusintha kiyi zachitika Miocene, pamene zinthu zasintha ndi makolo a kavalo ndinachita kutembenukira kwa chakudya youma zomera. Kenako panaoneka merigippus - nyamayi ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa makolo oyandikira, pafupifupi 100-120 cm.Yalinso ndi zala zitatu, koma inkangodalira imodzi yokha - ziboda zimawoneka, ndipo mano ake anasintha. Kenako kunabwera pliogippus - nyama yoyamba kuchita zakutizakuti. Chifukwa cha kusintha osauka, iwo potsiriza zidatunsidwa kuchoka nkhalango mu malo lotseguka, anayamba ndinazolowera mofulumira ndipo pamapeto pake.
Olima yamakono adayamba kuisintha zaka 4.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Oimira oyambilira amtunduwo anali ndi mikwingwirima ndipo anali ndi mutu wamfupi, ngati bulu. kukula awo chofanana Pony lapansi. Malongosoledwe asayansi abulu adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758, adalandira dzina loti Equus asinus. Ali ndi magulu awiri: Asomaliya ndi Nubian - oyamba amakula komanso amdima. Akukhulupirira kuti abulu kuŵetedwa wotsikayo kuchokera ankawoloka oimira subspecies izi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi bulu amawoneka bwanji?
Kapangidwe ka bulu wamtchire ndi ofanana ndi kavalo. Pokhapokha penapake m'munsi - 100-150 masentimita, ali lumbar asanu vertebrae m'malo asanu, mutu wake kwambiri, ndiponso kutentha thupi pang'ono kuchepetsa. Chovala cha bulu nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofiirira chakuda. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amtundu woyera amapezeka. The kuipanikiza ndi opepuka kuposa thupi, komanso mimba. Pa nsonga ya mchira ndi burashi. Mng'aluwo ndi waufupi ndipo amayima molunjika, mphonje imakhala yaying'ono, ndipo makutu ndi yayitali. Pa mapazi ake ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse gulu - pa maziko a mbidzi akhoza kuwasiyanitsa ku nyumba, yotsirizira sakutero.
Ziboda za abulu ndizofunikira: mawonekedwe ake ndiabwino poyenda pamadutsa oyenda, mosiyana ndi oyenera, chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popyola mapiri. Koma kulumpha mwachangu komanso kwanthawi yayitali, ziboda zoterezi zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri kuposa mahatchi, ngakhale abulu amatha kuthamanga mofananikira m'malo afupiafupi. Magwero a m'dela louma zimapangitsa lokha anamva ngakhale mlandu wa kuŵetedwa nyama chinyezi nyengo zoipa zogawanika, kawirikawiri amakhala ndi ming'alu, ndi chifukwa kulowa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amapezeka ziboda zowola ndi kuyamba tayu. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyang'anira iwo nthawi zonse.
Chosangalatsa: Mu Egypt, chiwerengero cha abulu munthu anayeza chuma chake. Ena anali ndi zolinga chikwi! Zinali abulu zomwe zidapereka mphamvu yayikulu pakuchita malonda chifukwa chakutha kunyamula katundu wolemera pamtunda wautali.
Anthu bulu?
Chithunzi: Bulu Wamtchire
BC, kale m'nthawi zamakedzana, abulu amtchire amakhala pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa Africa ndi Middle East, koma atasungidwa, mtundu wawo unayamba kuchepa mwachangu. Izi zinachitika chifukwa zifukwa zingapo: ndi kuweta kopitirira zilombo kuyanjana ndi nyumba, kusamutsidwa kwa m'madera makolo chifukwa chitukuko cha anthu.
Pofika masiku ano, abulu amtchire amangokhala m'malo osafikika kwambiri okhala otentha komanso kotentha. Nyamazi amazisintha bwino kuti zizigwirizana, ndipo malowa ndi ochepa, zomwe zimaloleza abulu kuti akhale ndi moyo. Ngakhale dontho chiwerengero chawo ndi kuchepa m'dera anapitiriza, ndipo sanaime ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma XXI, koma zachitika kale kwambiri pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi kale.
Pofika chaka cha 2019, malo awo akuphatikiza madera omwe ali:
Zikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa: abulu samapezeka kudera lonse la maiko amenewa, komanso alibe gawo lalikulu, koma kumadera akutali a malo ochepa. Pali umboni kuti kamodzi ambiri abulu Chisomali, kale yafupika kwambiri, pomaliza kudula pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni m'dzikolo. Ofufuzawo sanatsimikizirebe ngati zili choncho.
Zomwe maiko ena omwe atchulidwa sizili bwino kwenikweni: abulu ochepa akuthengo amakhala momwemo, kotero kusiyanasiyana kwa majini kumawonjezeredwa pamavuto omwe adapangitsa kuti ziwerengero zawo zichepetse kale. Kupatulapo imapezeka Eritrea, limene lili ndi anthu mwachilungamo lalikulu la mbidzi. Chifukwa chake, molingana ndi zonena za asayansi, m'zaka makumi zikubwerazi, mawonekedwe awo ndi chikhalidwe chawo zidzachepetsedwa ku Eritrea kokha.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa kuchokera ku abulu olusa abulu: kale ankaweta ndikusintha nyama, kenako nkukhala osasamalidwa ndikuzika mizu kuthengo. Iwo ali padziko lonse lapansi kwambiri: zikudziwika mu Europe ndi ku Asia, ndi ku North America. Ku Australia, achulukana kwambiri, ndipo alipo pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni a iwo - koma sadzakhala abulu amtchire kwenikweni.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe bulu wamtchire amakhala. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Amalidyetsa Kodi bulu?
Chithunzi: Bulu Wanyama
Pazakudya, nyama izi ndizochulukirapo kuposa china chilichonse. Wild bulu kudya iliyonse chakudya mbewu, okhoza kokha kupeza m'dera limene amakhala.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo:
- udzu
- masamba a tchire,
- Nthambi ndi masamba,
- ngakhale pricly acacia.
Tiyenera kudya pafupifupi zomera uliwonse, amene yekha amalowerera kupeza, chifukwa iwo alibe kusankha. Nthawi zambiri amayenera kuyang'ana kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo ovutikako omwe amakhala: zipululu ndi malo ouma, pomwe timabowo tosakhazikika timapezeka makilomita angapo. Mafuta onse ndi mitsinje ya mitsinje imakhala anthu, ndipo abulu amtchire amawopa kubwera pafupi ndi malo. Chifukwa, iwo ndi kutenga zochepa chakudya ndi zochepa kwambiri zakudya, ndipo nthawizina kwa nthawi yaitali analibe - ndipo ali kupirirako ndi mphamvu.
Bulu limatha kufa ndi njala masiku ambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo silimataya mphamvu - kukakamizidwa kukakhala kocheperako, komanso kwachilengedwe, m'njira zambiri zimayamikiridwa. Amathanso kuchita popanda kukhala ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali - amangofunika kuledzera masiku atatu onse. nyama zina zakutchire mu Africa monga agwape kapena mbidzi, ngakhale iwo, nawonso, kukhala ndi louma, muyenera kumwa tsiku. Nthawi yomweyo, abulu amatha kumwa madzi owawa pamadzi am'chipululu - ambiri osapembedza sangathe izi.
Chosangalatsa: Chinyama angasiye gawo limodzi la chinyezi mu thupi, ndipo sakudza lotayirira. Nditapeza gwero, ndikumwa, nthawi yomweyo limangowerengera ndipo silimva zotsalazo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Awiri abulu
Mbidzi moyo monga singly kapena ng'ombe anthu angapo dazeni. Nyama zokhazokha nthawi zambiri zimakumana m'magulu pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mtsogoleri pagulu - wamkulu komanso wamphamvu, bulu wa zaka zapakati. Pamene zambiri kwambiri kwa akazi - pangakhale dazeni kapena, ndi nyama. Zazikazi zimatha kutha msinkhu pofika zaka zitatu, ndipo amuna azaka zinayi. Amatha kukwatirana nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma nthawi zambiri amachita izi mchaka. Mu nyengo mating amuna amakalipa, anthu osakwatira kapena osakwatiwa ( "bachelors") Mwina kuukira atsogoleri a ng'ombe m'malo mwa - ndiye yekha adzakhala wokhoza kukwatana kapena kugonana ndi akazi ng'ombe.
Koma ndewu sizankhanza kwambiri: m'ndondomeko yawo, otsutsa nthawi zambiri samalandira mabala ophedwa, ndipo otayika amadzikhalira kuti akakhale ndi moyo yekhayekha ndikuyesera mwayi wake nthawi yotsatira akadzakula. Mimba imatenga nthawi yoposa chaka, pambuyo pake mwana mmodzi kapena awiri abadwa. Manesi mayi abulu wamng'ono mkaka kwa miyezi 6-8, kenako iwo anayamba chakudya paokha. Nyama imatha kukhalapo mpaka nthawi yakutha, kenako anyamatayo amangoisiya - kuti ikhale ndi yake kapena kuyendayenda yokhayokha.
Chosangalatsa: Ndi mokweza kwambiri nyama kukuwa mu nyengo yake mating angamvele kuchokera pa mtunda wa makilomita oposa 3.
Adani achilengedwe abulu
Chithunzi: Kodi bulu amawoneka bwanji?
Kale pa abulu kusaka mikango ndi amphaka ena chachikulu. Komabe, kudera lomwe akukhala, mikango kapena nyama zina zazikuluzikulu sizipezeka. Malo awa ndi osauka kwambiri, chifukwa cha izi, amakhala m'midzi yopanga pang'ono. Chifukwa mu chikhalidwe cha mdani mu bulu ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Ndizosowa, koma ndikuthanso kukumana ndi abulu amtchire ndi adani: amatha kuzindikira kapena kumva mdaniyo patali kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala atcheru, chifukwa zimavuta kuwadabwitsa. Pozindikira kuti akumusaka, bulu wamtchire amathawa mwachangu, motero ngakhale mikango zimavutika kupitilizana naye.
Koma kwa nthawi yaitali kukhalabe liwilo, sangatero, chifukwa ngati simupeza m'misasa pafupi, lili ikugwirizana ndi kungofuna tionane nawo nkhope kwa nkhope. Zikakhala zoterezi, abulu amalimbana kwambiri ndipo amatha kupweteketsa owononga. Ngati nyama yolusa ikuyang'ana pagulu lonse, ndiye kuti nkosavuta kwa iye kupeza zazing'onozing'ono, koma nyama zazikulu zimayesetsa kuteteza gulu lawo. Mdani waukulu abulu zakutchire - munthu. Zinali chifukwa cha anthu kuti kuchuluka kwawo kunachepetsedwa. Zomwe zidachitika sizinali kungolowa malo ochulukirapo komanso ogontha, komanso kusaka: nyama za abulu ndizovomerezeka, kuwonjezera apo, anthu aku Africa akuwona kuti kuchira.
Chidwi mfundo: Kuchita chibwibwi kumaonedwa ngati kusowa kwa abulu, koma makamaka chifukwa chakhalidwe lawo ndikuti ngakhale anthu wamba ali ndi lingaliro lodzisungira - losiyana ndi akavalo. Chifukwa bulu sangayendetsedwe kuti aphedwe, akumva bwino komwe kuli mphamvu yake. Kutopa bulu anasiya kupuma, ndi malo ake adzabwera kusuntha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Bulu Wakuda
Mitundu yakhala ikuwonekera m'Bukhu Lakale ngati ili pafupi kutha, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwachepa. Pali kuwerengetsera osiyana: molingana ndi chidaliro deta ya Mbidzi kungakhale kwa 500 okwana m'madera onse amene akukhala. Asayansi ena amati kuchuluka kwa anthu 200 kulondola kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwachiwiri, anthu onse kupatula a Eritrean amwalira, ndipo abulu amtchire aja, omwe samadziwika kwambiri ku Ethiopia, Sudan, ndi ena otero, sikuti amakhala achinyamale kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ma hybrids awo ophatikizidwa.
The kuchepa kwa anthu kwachititsa kuti malo oyamba amene anthu anali otanganidwa zonse kutsirira zazikulu ndi msipu m'madera abulu anali asanabadwe. Ngakhale abulu amasinthidwa kuzolowera kwambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kukhala m'madera omwe akukhala, ndipo sanathe kudyetsa unyinji wa nyama izi. Vuto lina kusunga zolengedwa: kuchuluka kwa abulu onenepa.
Iwo amakhala m'mphepete a m'derali zakutchire ichi ndi kawetedwe ndi iwo, chifukwa mu mtundu wa likunyonyotsoka - ana awo sangapezekenso m'gulu abulu wako zakutchire. Kuyesera kuti achulukane m'chipululu cha Israeli - kufikira tsopano zakhala zikuchita bwino, nyama zakhala zikulowamo. Pali mwayi woti anthu awo ayamba kukula, makamaka popeza gawo ili ndi gawo lawo mbiri.
Alonda abulu
Chithunzi: Bulu kuchokera ku Buku Lofiira
Monga mtundu wolembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, bulu wamtchire ayenera kutetezedwa ndi maulamuliro a mayiko omwe akukhalamo. Koma iye sanali mwayi ambiri a limati awa amateteza nyama osowa wa nyama n'komwe. Kodi ndi njira ziti zausungidwe zomwe zingakhalire mdziko ngati la Somalia, komwe kwazaka zambiri malamulo sakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito?
M'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri ankakhala komweko, koma adatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa chifukwa chosowa njira zoteteza. Zilinso sali mosiyana mu mfundo ndi mu m'mayiko ena: malo abulu Kodi kulenga malo aliwonse kutetezedwa, ndipo akupitirizabe kukhala ankasakidwa. Amatetezedwa ku Israeli kokha, komwe adakhazikika m'malo osungirako nyama, komanso malo osungira nyama. Abulu amtchire adaberekedwako kuti asunge mitundu - amaswana bwino muukapolo.
Chidwi mfundo: Ku Africa, nyama izi zimaphunzitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mozembetsa. Amadzaza katundu ndipo amaloledwa kudutsa mumapiri osawoneka bwino kupita kudziko loyandikana. The mankhwala palokha kwenikweni yoletsedwa, nthawi zambiri monga ndalama zambiri m'mayiko ena, nawatengera iwo mozemba kupewa ntchito pa malire.
Buluyo imangotsatira mseu wokhazikika ndikupereka katunduyo pakafunika. Komanso, amathanso kuphunzitsidwa kubisalira oyang'anira malire. Ngati akadali wagwidwa, ndiye kanthu za nyama - osati kudzala chomwecho. Wosuta adzawutaya, koma akhale ochepa.
Abulu - wochenjera ndipo lipindulitsa nyama. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale mu zaka zamayendedwe a magalimoto anthu amapitilirabe - makamaka m'maiko akumapiri, komwe nthawi zambiri sizingatheke kuyendetsa galimoto, koma ndikosavuta kukwera bulu. Koma pali abulu amtchire ochepera kwambiri mwachilengedwe kotero kuti amawopsezedwa kuti atha.
Anthu mbidzi African
Nthawi ndi nthawi, malowa adakwaniritsa gawo lina laku Africa, koma kenako, ndi manja aanthu, nyama izi zidangotsekeredwa mnyumba zawo ndikukhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Tsopano mutha kuwona bulu wamtchire waku Africa kokha m'malo ena a Sudan, pagawo la mayiko a Somalia, Ethiopia ndi Eritrea.
Mating gule wa abulu zakutchire African subspecies Chisomali (Equus Africanus somaliensis). Nyama zamtunduwu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ofiira amaso kutsogolo kwa thupi
Kubala ndi kubereka
Nthawi yakukhwima ya abulu amtchire ku Africa imadziwika kuti ndi nthawi yophuka. Aliyense wamkazi akukhala chinthu kumveredwa zingapo "njonda", aliyense amene amasonyeza see wake wamkazi anasankha ichi "bwenzi" monga atate wa foals m'tsogolo. Mwa izi, anyani amakonzekera nkhondo wina ndi mnzake kuti apambane mpikisano: amaimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kapena kuluma khosi la wina ndi mnzake.
Kuyambira pakukhwima mpaka kubadwa kwa ana, pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chimadutsa (kapena mwezi wopitilira). Limawonekera Kuwala kokha mwana mmodzi, koma wamphamvu! Maola ochepa chabe atabadwa, ali kale pamapazi ake ndipo akutsatira amayi ake. Poyamba, mwana wamphongo amadya mkaka wa m'mawere.
mbidzi African
Zitsamba za abulu olusa ku Africa zimakhwima pofika zaka zitatu (izi zimagwira kwa akazi, abambo nawonso amakula pofika chaka chimodzi, kapena kupitilira ziwiri)
Kodi nchifukwa ninji abulu amtchire aku Africa atsala pang'ono kutha?
Ngati m'mbuyomu zinali zotheka kuimba mlandu mikango chifukwa chopanga kusaka nyama zosafunikira, tsopano asayansi amatcha anthu chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chikuchepa. Zowonadi ndi zakuti anthu, okhala malo abwino kukhalamo, okhala ndi madzi okhala ndi madziwo, amalowetsa ng'ombe m'malo owuma komanso ankhanza. Inde, sikuti anthu onse amatha kuzolowera zinthu zatsopano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti afe. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwamtunduwu kumatsitsidwanso ndikudutsa ndi abulu am'nyumba, chifukwa chotsatira mbewu zimabisidwa.
Onse, oimira "opanda mawonekedwe" amtunduwu adakhalabe padziko lapansi, chifukwa chake adalembedwa mu Red Book.
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