Mphaka wa pampas | |||||||
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Gulu la asayansi | |||||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Subfamily: | Amphaka ang'ono |
Onani: | Mphaka wa pampas |
- Oncifelis colocolo
- Lynchailurus colocolo
Mphaka wa pampas (lat. Leopardus colocolo) - nyama yolusa yamphaka. Nthawi zina mphaka wa pampass amatchedwanso kuti subspecies, omwe m'machitidwe ena a taxonomy amatengedwa kuti ndi osiyana Leopardus pajeros. Ili ndiye mtundu wophunziridwa bwino kwambiri, zizolowezi zosaka zomwe siziphunziridwa bwino.
Dzinalo la kitatulo - belu - lidapatsa mtsogoleri wa India anthu a Mapuche Colocolo.
Kufotokozera
Imapezeka kumapiri a udzu ku South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay), pakati pa zitsamba, nkhalango zowala, ndipo nthawi zina kumadzi osefukira a mapiri aku Brazil ndi zipululu zouma za Patagonia. M'mapiri a Andes, ngakhale kuti nyamazo zidawonedwa pamalo okwera kupitirira 5,000 m, mbiri zambiri zimagwirizana ndi malo otsika.
Thupi la mphaka ndilobowola, miyendo yake ndiyifupi, mutu wake ndi waukulu. Chovalacho ndi cha shaggy opera, amaso achikasu, amtundu wakuda kapena wamtali wamaso. Pafupipookwerapo, tsitsilo limapanga mtundu wa mane, pamiyala yofiyira yofiyira. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama ndi pafupifupi masentimita 76, mchirawo ndi pafupifupi 25 cm, kulemera kwa mphaka ndi 8 - 11,5 makilogalamu, pafupifupi 9 kg.
Mphaka wamkati amayamwa makoswe, mbalame, abuluzi ndi tizilombo tambiri. Amasaka usiku, koma nthawi zambiri ankakumana nawo nthawi yosaka komanso masana.
Ponseponse, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nyama iyi yalongosoledwa.
Kuyembekezera moyo: Zaka 10 mpaka 12 amakhala mu ukapolo, zaka 16 zakubadwa.
Kufotokozera
Mphaka wamphaka wotchuka waku South Americayu akuwoneka ngati mphaka wamkulu wakunyumba, wokhala ndi phokoso lalikulu, maso okumbika, ndi makutu owonekera amtundu wakuda kapena imvi kunja, wokhala ndi malo amtundu wa siliva pakatikati. Kuchokera m'maso mpaka m'masaya kumakhala mikwingwirima iwiri yooneka ndi kutha pakhosi. Utoto, kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake ndi mphaka zimadalira malo omwe amakhala. Mtundu wa malaya umachokera ku zoyera zachikasu komanso zofiirira mpaka grey. Ubweya umatha kukhala wofewa, waufupi ndi mawonekedwe owala, kapena wautali, wowuma komanso osafunikira chizindikiro. M'malo mwake, kusiyana kwa malo kumeneku kumamveka bwino kwambiri kotero kuti adaganiza zogawa zamtunduwu kukhala mitundu itatu yosiyana. Kafukufuku wamtundu pano akuchitika kuti adziwe ngati izi zili zolondola. Nthawi zambiri, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwake imakhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira. Pa mchira wowoneka bwino ndi wamtali pali mphete zakuda zakuda kapena zakuda. Tsitsi lalitali kumbuyo, limatha kufika masentimita asanu ndi awiri, ndipo "limatha" pomwe mphaka ndi wamantha kapena wamantha, ndikupanga mawonekedwe kuti ndi okulirapo kuposa momwe aliri.
Zojambula
Ku Andes okwera, chovalachi chimachita imvi, ndi mikwingwirima yofiyira yomwe yaduka mawanga. Ku Argentina, tsitsi la mphaka nthawi zambiri limakhala lalitali komanso lamtundu wautoto lokhala ndi mawonekedwe osinthika. Ubweya wautali umadziwikanso ndi anthu omwe amakhala ku Brazil; amakhala ofiira ndi mitundu yakuda.
Kutalika kwa thupi, poganizira mutu, ndi 435-700 mm, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 220-322 mm, ndipo kutalika kufota ndi 300-350 mm. Kulemera kwakukulu kumasiyana pakati pa 3-7 kg.
Amphaka a Pampas amatchedwa molakwika amphaka a Andean (Leopardus jacobita)omwe amakhalanso ku Andes.
Dera
Amphaka amphampasi Leopardus colocolookhala ndi malo okhala ambiri. M'malo mwake, mitundu yawo imakhala yayikulupo kuposa amphaka ena onse aku South America. Zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka a Andes ku Ecuador, Peru ndi Bolivia, m'nkhalango za Chile, m'chigawo cha Chaco, m'malo otseguka a thumba la nkhalango pakati, kumadzulo, kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Brazil, mapepala akuArgentina ndi Uruguay, komanso kumwera kwa Patagonia. Amphaka a Pampas adawoneka pamtunda wa 4800 metres.
Kuswana
Kukhwima kwa kanyama ndi kachitidwe ka nyama iyi kuthengo sikudziwika. Mu ukapolo, kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, mating amachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Nthawi ya bere (pathupi) imachokera ku masiku 80 mpaka 85, kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 cubs amabadwa mu zinyalala. Monga zazikazi zonse, zazikazi zimapatsa ana mkaka. Kukhwima mu akazi kumachitika pazaka ziwiri.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Amphaka amphampasi amadyera nyama zazing'ono monga makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi nkhumba za Guinea. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi mazira ndi anapiye a mbalame zakutchire. Monga lamulo, amasaka usiku, koma nthawi zina masana. Amphaka ndi okwera bwino kwambiri, ngakhale sizikudziwika ngati agwiritsa ntchito luso lotere kapena mothandizidwa nalo amadziteteza kuopseza.
Khalidwe
Amphaka amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku. Mwa anthu akuthengo, zochitika zimawonedwa tsiku lonse. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti zamphongo zomwe zili m'malo osungira nyama a Goan (Brazil), zidakwera mitengo bwino ndipo nthawi yayitali zimapumira pamapiri awo. Zochepa kwambiri ndizodziwika pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha amphaka a Pampass. Pakusangalatsidwa, mwa anthu omwe amakhala muukapolo, panali kuwuka kwa tsitsi pamatanthwe kuyambira pamutu mpaka mchira.
Chitetezo
Amphaka a Pampas adalembedwa mu Appendix II ya Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti malonda ogulitsa mtunduwu tsopano akuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mwamphamvu. Kusaka kwamphaka kwa Pampas nkoletsedwa kwambiri ku Argentina, Bolivia, Chile ndi Paraguay, ndipo kumayendetsedwa ku Peru, koma ku Brazil ndi Ecuador malamulo sakuteteza nyama izi. Zochita pakusamalira zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira mitundu ya nyama, komanso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, chilengedwe komanso kapangidwe ka nyama.
Maonekedwe
Kusasinthika ndi kuwoneka bwino - malembawa amatanthauzira mawonekedwe amphaka m'njira yabwino kwambiri, yomwe, akuwoneka, mpaka ukalamba adzakhala ngati mphaka wokongola komanso wabwinobwino. Mtundu wa amphaka a Pampassa uli ndi izi:
- Mutu - ozungulira mozungulira, yayikulu komanso yotakata yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a mphumi.
- Mphuno - Ili ndi miyeso yayikulu, chifukwa imayima bwino pankhope.
- Makutu - wopangika, woikidwa kwambiri. Mzere wotsalira umayenda m'mphepete mwa chovala chamakutu.
- Maso -katikati mwake, ana amakonzedwa molunjika.
- Torso - mpaka 75 cm, kulemera Akuluakulu kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 kg, amuna ndi olemera kuposa zazikazi.
- Mapapu - Wofewa minyewa komanso yocheperako (poyerekeza ndi ena oimira feline), mapazi - mulifupi, zikhotho - osabwezeka.
- Mchira - ili ndi kutalika pafupifupi 25 cm.
- Ubweya - wandiweyani kwambiri, kutalika kwa villi ndi masentimita 7. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, malowo akhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wina.
Oimira ambiri amtundu ali ndi imvi ndi tint brownish. Kuphatikiza apo, pali anthu omwe ali ndi utoto wofiirira, ndipo amphaka a Pampass amapezeka nthawi zambiri, tsitsi lawo lomwe limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda, koma izi ndizosiyana ndi malamulo.
Phokoso la nyamayo ndi lokongola kwambiri, kamwa lake limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndikumwetulira. Koma kukoma mtima kotereku ndikunyenga kwambiri - nyamayi siyilekerera kulumikizana ndi alendo, kuwonetsa ndi mawonekedwe ake onse kuti idzachita zankhanza ngati chinsinsi chake chikuletsedwa.
Habitat
Mphaka wa Pampassa umadzaza gawo la Ecuador, Peru, Chile. Tsitsi la nyama zolusa izi limakhala ndi utoto wokhazikika, mawanga angapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana amadutsa m'thupi. Mphete zakuda zimadutsa mchira.
Amphaka amtchire, omwe asankha Chile ndi Bolivia ngati malo awo okhalamo, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ya utoto, mawanga nawonso ali ndi thupi, koma akufotokozedwa mofooka. Koma nzika zakutchirezi zimadziwikiratu ndi mikwaso yowala yamdima yakutsogolo.
Makhalidwe Akutchire ndi Kusaka
Oimira mtundu wa Pampass amadziwika ndi mayendedwe abwino kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe owoneka.
Masomphenya awo amakhala akuthwa kwambiri panthawi yamdima wakuda, nyama zikafuna kusaka. Mphaka ndi wokalamba komanso wosinthika, sizovuta kuti akwere nthambi zosweka za mitengo yayitali.
Pokhala pogona ndi kupumula, amphaka amasankha misala m'miyala, pakati pamizu yamitengo yomwe ikukwera pamwamba pa nthaka, amakhalanso omasuka m'mitengo yokhala ndi nthambi zazitali komanso masamba opepuka. Munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo lake, lomwe limakhala pafupifupi 30 km 2. Mphaka imakhala chizindikiro cha malo omwe anthu amakhala, kuthirira udzu ndi madontho a mkodzo.
Ngati mphaka wa Pampass amamva zoopsa ndikuwopseza moyo wake, tsitsi lake limayamba kuyima kumapeto, nyamayo imasandulika "mpira" wopitilira ubweya. Mphaka sakonda kuti asalimbane ndi adani momasuka, kotero panthawi zowopsa kwambiri amakhala pamtengo wamtali. Ngati kunalibe nthambi zazitali pafupi, mphakayu amapulumutsidwa chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri.
Nyama imasaka nthawi iliyonse masana, koma imasankha usiku. Chifukwa cha ntchito yabwino ya ziwalo zamasomphenya, mphaka amatsata mosavuta wogwidwayo podzuka ndi fungo. Mlenje wofatsa amapeza wosankhidwa ndi kulumpha kwakukulu, wamamita angapo. Mosiyana ndi mafayilidwe ambiri, mtundu wa Pampassian udawonetsedwa osataya nthawi yayitali kwa womupangirayo, akumakonda kumugwira ndikumugwetsa, akumumenya khosi ndi mano.
Ngati mungayang'ane mphaka kwa nthawi yayitali, mumakhala ndi chidwi kuti ndi yaying'ono komanso yokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, siyingakhale ngati mlenje wabwino kwambiri. Koma mtundu uwu umaganiziridwa pakati pa amphaka ena ang'onoting'ono omwe ndi mlenje wabwino kwambiri. Nyama imagwira chandamale chake mwachangu komanso mwachangu kotero kuti ilibe nthawi yoti imvetse chilichonse.
Wokhala ku South America steppes
Wansembe Juan Ignacio Molina adayamba kulankhula za mphaka wakuthengo womwe umakhala m'matanthwe pamwala wamapiri a Andes. Anakakamizidwa kupita ku Italiya, komwe mu 1782 adasindikiza bukhu lonena za mbewu ndi nyama zakutchire, "An Essay on the Natural History of Chile." Wasayansiyo adaganiza zoyitanitsa wokhala m'pampas kuti "belu", lomwe m'chilankhulo cha amwenye a Araucans amatanthauza "mphaka wamphiri". Dzinali lidanyamulidwa ndi mtsogoleri wolimba mtima wa fuko lam'deralo, yemwe adamwalira mu 1515 pomenya nkhondo ndi omwe adagonjetsa Spain. M'magulu amakono, nyama yaing'ono yotchedwa fluopy yomwe ili ndi dzina lachi Latin lotchedwa Leopardus colocolo ndipo ndi gulu la amphaka ang'onoang'ono (Felidae). Akatswiri ofufuza zinyama aku America amati mtundu wa nyama zamtunduwu ndi Oncifelis, womwe nthawi zina umasokoneza dzina la mphaka wamtchire.
Mphaka wa Pampas amapezeka m'maiko ambiri ku South America. Bizinesi ya ubweya pamiyala yamiyala okhalamo idakula mpaka 1987. Kenako chikopa chotsirizidwa chomaliza mu kuchuluka kwa zidutswa 10,000 zidagulitsidwa. Izi zidapulumutsa mawonekedwe kuti asawonongedwe kwathunthu. Nyama yanthakaophatikizidwa ndi Buku Lapadziko Lonse Lapansi monga lomwe lili pangozi. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zodya nyama zokhazikika ndizokhazikika ku Argentina kokha, komwe malo ake oyamba amatetezedwa m'malo 9. M'malo oteteza zachilengedwe ku Peru ndi ku Brazil, amphaka a steppe ndi osowa kwambiri, ndipo ku Uruguay kupezeka kwawo sikunalembedwe kwa zaka 10.
Ndani ali mumsasa wa "mdani"
Mphaka wamtchire wamtchire amaopa mbalame zazikulu zokha, zodya zambiri kuposa kukula kwake, komanso anthu. Nthawi zonse mdaniyu amakhala nkhani ya asodzi osaka. Cholinga chake ndi chovala chokwanira komanso chokongola cha nyamayo, pomwe maubweya adapangira. Chifukwa choti kusaka kwakutali kunatsegulidwa pa mtundu, mitundu nthawi imodzi inali pafupi kutha, ndiye kuchuluka kwa anthu kunachepa.
Masiku ano anthu okhala ku Pampass amabala pafupifupi anthu 50,000. Izi ndizodziwikiratu, chifukwa nyamayo imakhala moyo wobisalira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kumamuwona kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mu 1987, zinali zoletsedwa ndi lamulo kusaka amphaka a mtundu wa Pampass kuti apeze ubweya ndikuugulitsa m'manja.
Lamuloli lidagwira, ndipo anthu osinthika adabwezeretseka pang'ono.
Zojambula zakunja
Kukula kwa mphaka wa Pampass kumayendetsedwa mwamphamvu ndi kukhalapo kwa tsitsi lalitali kumbuyo ndi mchira, komanso undercoat yakuda. Zimapangitsa anthu kuganiza kuti nyamayo ndi yolemera komanso yanenepa. Koma sichoncho. Kuchuluka kwa munthu wamkulu ku Argentina ndi ku Brazil ndi 1.8-3,6 kg okha. Ndi mtunda wokwanira masentimita 48, masentimita 22 okha amagwera mchira. Oimira wamkulu wamtunduwu amakhala ku Chile: anyani amalemera mpaka 6.5 kg, ndipo kukula kwake ndi 60-67 cm ndi mchira. Kutalika kufota 27-31 cm.
Tsitsi la mphaka wa pampas limakhala ndi tsitsi la mitundu iwiri: lakuda ndi dzimbiri
Mutu wa nyamayo ndi yotakata komanso yosalala. Makutu ovekedwa alibe ma tepi; kunja kwake ndi okutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda lomwe lili ndi malo oyera oyera mkati. Mtundu wa iris ndi amber. Masheya akuthwa owoneka bwino amapatsa nkhope ya nyamayo chinthunzi. Mphuno ndi yayikulu, convex. Pamasaya pamakhala mikwingwirima yosawoneka bwino, ndipo mizere iwiri yakuda yakuda imatsika kuchokera kumakona amkati amaso. Masharubu ndi imvi yopepuka.
Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zokunenepa, miyendo ndi yopindika, yochepa. Mapiritsi pazala ndi zofiirira. Mtundu waukulu wa malaya ndi imvi wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni. Mimba ndi kirimu yoyera. Pali anthu omwe ali ndi udzu wachikasu kapena mtundu wakuda wa kumtunda kwa tsitsilo, komanso siliva. Ku Peru ndi Paraguay, amphaka a Pampassian osowa amakhala ndi mawonekedwe, omwe amachititsa kuti asawonekere pakati pa mitengo yamangati. Ku malo osungira nyama ku Cincinnati (USA) ndi São Paulo (Brazil) amakhala nthumwi zoimira mitunduyi ndi tsitsi lakuda, zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwamtundu kotchedwa melanism.
Ndi melani mu mphaka wakuthengo, pakati pa tsitsi lakuda, kuwala
Ubweya wa nyama zodya ziwopsezo zimakhala zoyipa, koma wandiweyani. Tsitsi lolekanitsidwa kumbuyo ndi msana limafikira 7cm kutalika ndipo limadzitukumula ngati pakuwoneka ngozi, ndikupanga "mane". Chizindikiro cha mtundu uwu ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yakuda ya 4-5 pamiyendo ndi mchira wotsika. M'malo otentha, chovala chanyamacho ndichopepuka komanso chofupikitsa.
Habitat
Amphaka a Pampas amakhala ku South America. Malire a malowa amayambira kumapazi a Andes kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa kontrakitala mpaka kumapeto kwa Patagonia kukafika ku Strait of Magellan. Zinyama zodyera zazing'ono zimakhala m'maiko angapo ndipo zakhala nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Awa ndi mapiri omwe ali ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ku Peru ndi Chile, komanso sevannah yozizira ya Serrado ku Brazil. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama pa munthu wamkulu aliyense, alipo magawo 19 km 2 a gawo "lowokha".
Malo okhala:
- madambo a mangrove,
- pindani malo odyetserako ziweto,
- zitsamba zaminga
- zotupa
- mapiri okhala ndi mitengo yocheperako
- madera okwera.
Leopardus colocolo sapezeka mu nkhalango zamvula zochepa. Mwinanso, olusa akuluakulu adawathamangitsa. Koma apaulendo oyenda mopepuka adaphunzirira kupulumuka ngakhale pamalo okwera mamitala 4,000, pafupi ndi mphaka wa Andean. Mphepo yamkuntho imawomba pano, mpweya umakhala ndi mpweya wochepa, nthawi yozizira kumakhala chisanu mpaka -15 о С.
Mtundu wa imvi watsitsi la mphaka wa Pampass umapangitsa kuti zisaonekeke pakati pa udzu wouma ku steppe waku Argentina
Ku Paraguay ndi Colombia, anthu am'derali amatcha amphaka a Pampas "oyenda okha." Mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse ndi mitengo ya makangaza imamera pano. Nthaka imakutidwa ndi masamba ndi nthambi zakugwa. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mawonekedwe atsitsi la nyama amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yayitali komanso malo kuchokera kumutu kupita kumchira. Kubisa kumeneku kumawathandiza kuti azikhala osasamala kwa adani komanso kutsata nyama.
Moyo wokhala mu ukapolo
Oimira ochepa chabe a mitundu yachilengedweyi omwe amasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama. Ndi USA kokha komanso mayiko ena aku South America omwe angadzitamande pakusamalira bwino mphaka wamtchire. Pa nyama imodzi yokha imalandira makanda 6-10 okha.Kuti ana amphongo asamamenyane ndi anthu, amachotsedwa kwa amayi awo ndikuwadyetsa mozizwitsa atangobadwa kumene. Ndi chisamaliro chabwino, Leopardus colocolo amakhala ndi zaka 15.
Zofunikira
Mphaka wa Pampassa ndi wokhala m'malo otseguka. Khola lalikulu ndi mpanda wopangidwa ndi mauna achitsulo limamuyenerera. Ndikofunika kuigawa m'magawo awiri, imodzi yopanga kasupe. Kugwiritsa ntchito miyala ndi mitengo ya steppe kuti mupange kutengera zochitika zachilengedwe zamadambo. Pa chipika khazikitsani nsanja yayitali kuti muwone bwino. Kuti nyama yolusa ibisala ngati ingakonde, pangani nyumba yotsekedwa ndikuphimba ndi udzu. Ikani phanga laling'ono lamiyala yayikulu pansi pa khola.
Mphamvu yotentha yochokera ku +10 о С mpaka +25 о С ikufanana ndi nyengo yam'malo a nyama yankhosa. Chimodzi mwazisungiko chimakhala ndi kutenthetsa bwino, chifukwa amphaka onse amakonda kugona mwachikondi. Apatseni nyamayo mwayi wokuta masamba ake pamtengo wouma, ndikuyika mzere.
Zinthu zake
Mwachilengedwe, amphaka azitsamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala komanso kugona pang'ono, amafufuza gawo lawo posaka chakudya. Kupanga kwawo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kocheperako. Kuti zitheke, amadya nthawi 3-4 nthawi iliyonse masana. Kupanga mikhalidwe yofananira nkovuta. Pambuyo pakuphunzira momwe anthu okhala mu steppe amakhalira, akatswiri owerengera nyama za nyama amawalangiza kuti asadye nyamayo pa nthawi yake. Akapolo, amphaka a Pampass amatha kugwidwa ndi matenda amkamwa. Cholinga chake ndikuti zidutswa za nyama zimakhala ndi zofewa. Chifukwa chake, kawiri pa sabata, nyamayo imapatsidwa makoswe kapena mbalame. Kuti musiyanitse zakudya, mbewa ndi ma hamsters amasinthana ndi nkhuku (zinziri).
Chifukwa chakuti amphaka amtchire nthawi zambiri amadzipatula m'makapu ndi madzi, amasinthidwa tsiku lililonse. Pokana kuchita zinthu zachibadwa ndi zopanda pake. Kuonetsetsa kuti madzi azisamba nthawi zonse, ndibwino kudzipangira akumwa basi. Nthawi yamasewera ndi maphunziro a nyama ayenera kutenga pafupifupi maola awiri tsiku lililonse.
Jambulani ana amphaka okhala ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya zaka. Katemera wophatikizika wa matenda a peritonitis, virus immunodeficiency ndi leukemia amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Rabies prophylaxis imafunikanso.
Zithunzi:
Mitengo yambiri yam'thengo ikupitirirabe, ngakhale njira zotetezera. Palinso anthu ochepa okhala m'zipululu za Andes komanso mapiri a Andes. Kuukira kwa chilengedwe cha anthu kwachilengedwe kukupitirirabe. Ndikufuna ndikhulupirire kuti mtunduwu sudzatha m'gawo la kontinenti.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Nyama yodya nyama yokha maonekedwe ake imafanana ndi mphaka wamba. Kulemera kwakukulu kuli mpaka makilogalamu 5, kutalika kwake kumakhala 75 cm, gawo lachitatu limagwera mchira wa nyama. Tsitsi wandiweyani limakupiza thupi lamkati la mphaka.
Pafupipookwerako, imakhala yosalala ndipo imawoneka ngati mane chifukwa cha kukula ndi kukula kwa kutalika mpaka 7 cm.
Ana osasunthika amaso anzeru amawonetsa momwe zilombo zimadyera. Ziwalo zamakutu ndizokulirapo kuposa amphaka ena, palibenso masamba m'makutu. Utoto wa chovalacho, chofanana ndi amphaka ambiri, umayimiriridwa ndi utoto wa zofiirira: kuyambira wofiira, mchenga mpaka chokoleti chakuda, pafupifupi chakuda.
Pazithunzizi, nyamayo siikhala pachimake pakati pa amphaka, koma pali mitundu yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino kapena popanda iyo, mphete zofiirira zokhazokha zimakongoletsa mchira.
Kukula kwa kapangidwe kake ndi utoto wake zimasiyanasiyana kutengera dera. Kumpoto chakumadzulo, kumapeto kwa Andes, mtundu wake ndi wotuwa kapena wachikasu, ndipo m'malo otsika kuli nthumwi za mithunzi yofiirira.
Mwathunthu, ndichikhalidwe kusiyanitsa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nyama yomwe imakhala m'malo a udzu ku Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil. Imapezeka kumapiri ndi m'zipululu, imawonekera kumapiri mpaka 5000 km.
Mapiri ndi malo odyetserako ziweto ndimakonda kwambiri amphaka amtchire, chifukwa chake amatchedwa amphaka a udzu. Ma pampasi ali ndi makoswe, nkhumba za ku Guinea, chinchillas - onse omwe amasakidwa ndi nyama yaying'ono.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nyama imatsogolera moyo wosangalala usiku, masomphenya abwino amathandizira izi. Chimawoneka kuti chizisaka pafupipafupi masana. Amakonda chinsinsi m'gawo lake. Tsambalo kuti likhalepo labwinobwino komanso kusaka kwamphaka kuchokera pa 30 mpaka 50 km.
Chinsinsi komanso kusamala zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuphunzira kulumikizana kwa chilombo, kuonetsetsa zambiri komanso zowona zimaperekedwa molingana ndi deta ya amphaka ogwidwa. Ndikofunikira kuthana ndi otsutsana ndi nyama zamtchire mosiyanasiyana: ndi adani akulu amphaka anzeru anzeru samamanga, kupikisana ndi otsutsana oyenera, kulera makina awo ndikukweza tsitsi lawo kuti akweze kukula komanso kuwopseza.
Nthawi zina amachita izi, mwanzeru kukwera mumtengo ndikuwopseza mdani kuchokera kumtunda, ndikuwononga mwachangu amachita mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Zokhudza nkhuku zodyetsa nkhuku sizinakonde eni ake. Koma malo okhala amphaka a Pampass pang'onopang'ono akucheperachepera chifukwa cha kutukuka kwa nthaka yazaulimi, chifukwa chake tiyenera kupambana zilandizo kuchokera kwa anthu.
Kuyesera kambiri kuteteza nyama za udzu sikulephera. Wokonda ufulu komanso wopanduka katemera wa pampas. Gulani Nyamayi ndi kusinthidwa ku malo osungira nyama - oyang'anira ambiri opanda chiyembekezo.
Kubereka
Amphaka a pampas ndi nyama zamtchire zokha. Amakhala okhaokha, zazimuna ndi zazimuna zomwe zimalumikizana panthawi yakukhwima. Akakhwima, yamphongo imasiya yachikazi ndipo siionanso. Onse amasamalira ana amapatsidwa chachikazi, yemwe amadyetsa ana ake mkaka, kenako ndikuwazolowera chakudya chomwe adachokeramo ndikuwaphunzitsa maluso osakira.
Mimba yopanda mafupa imatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Katemera mu zinyalala ndi wamkulu kukula, chifukwa chake 1-2 okha amabadwa. Nthawi zambiri, zinyalala zimakhala ndi mphaka 3. Pamaso pa mayi nthawi zonse, ana amphaka amafunika mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Kodi uyu ndi nyama yamtundu wanji - Mphaka wa Pampass?
Chinyama chaching'ono, chosaphatikizana ndi choweta, nyama shaggy imakhala kumapiri, nkhalango ndi mapiri a mayiko ambiri aku South America. Poyang'ana koyamba, mphaka wa Pampassian samasiyanitsidwa ndi chilichonse chapadera pakati pa oimira ena owala a banja lake - osati mawonekedwe osakumbukika, kapena chida chamakhalidwe. Koma m'thupi laling'onoting'ono limakhala moyo wamphamvu wamunthu wolimba mtima - ndipo tsoka kwa mdani amene adayesa kuukira ana a mphaka wamtchire uyu!
Nayi chilombo chotere - thupi la mphaka, mzimu wa kambuku
Mitundu kapena subspecies?
Pali chisokonezo chamagulu china chomwe munthu wathu wamkulu, mphaka wa Pampass, wagweramo. Kudera lalikulu la South America, nyama zofanana zonse modabwitsa komanso mwamakhalidwe, zomwe asayansi osiyanasiyana adayesetsa kuzichita mwanjira zosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa cha chilombo chomwechi, nthawi zina amapatsidwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtundu wa Leopardus, kapena amaikidwa ngati subspecies a Leopardus pajeros. Akatswiri a sayansi sangathe kuvomereza kuti belu la mphaka (Leopardus colocolo) ndi liti - kapena, lingaliro laling'ono la ku Chile la mphaka wa Pampass.
Asayansi sanagwirizane pakugawana zamtunduwu
M'mbiri yaku Chile, dzina la Colocolo ndilofunika kwambiri. M'dzina la chilombo chaching'ono, koma chodzikuza komanso cholimba mtima, mtsogoleri wanthano wa amwenye aku Araucan, omwe m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi adalimbana ndikulimbana ndi azungu, adadzitcha dzina. Wodziwika bwino m'mbiri, mtsogoleri wa Colokolo, adakhala wamkulu wa onse Native American epic komanso mabuku ambiri olemba.
Zinthu zokhala malo ogwidwa
Amphaka a Pampas ndi nyama zokongola komanso zowoneka bwino, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awa, pali malingaliro onyenga kuti ndi okoma mtima komanso achikondi. Palibe chovuta kutchinga msaki wamtchireyu ngati chiweto. Komabe, ena okonda mitundu yachilendo akufuna kupeza mphaka wa Pampass, osazindikira zomwe akuyembekezera.
Moyo wokhala mu ukapolo, kaya ndi malo osungira nyama, nazale, kapena zinthu zapagulu, umayenda ndi nyengo yovuta yolumikizira nyama. Popeza imasungidwa pazinthu zachilengedwe, nyama imakumana ndi zovuta, zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo chake mthupi komanso thanzi.
Poyamba, mphaka yemwe adalowa mu malo osungirako zinyama, ngakhale zinthu zonse zitha kupangidwira, amakhala ndi nkhwawa zowonjezereka ndipo amakhala wamanjenje nthawi zonse.
Potengedwa, chiweto sichibereka ana, ndipo ngati wamkulu watayidwa kumalo achilengedwe, sichingathandize kusintha chikhalidwe chake ndikuzolowera moyo watsopano.
Ngati pali chikhumbo chokhala ndi mphaka wa Pampass, ndikofunikira kuti mumupatse chiwongolero chachikulu mumsewu. Oimira mtunduwu ndiosayenera kwathunthu kukhala mchinyumba, m'nyumba yokhayokha yomwe ili ndi dera lalikulu lamalonda. Chakudya - nyama yatsopano yoonda, nsomba. Zakudya za mafakitale muzakudya za nyamazo siziphatikizidwa.
Popeza taganiza zokhala ndi amphaka awa monga chiweto, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kusewera nawo sizigwira ntchito. Nyama, ngakhale itakhala yabwino bwanji kwa iye, sizingosiya zikhalidwe zake zamtchire ndipo sizilumikizana ndi munthu, osangokhala wokhala mosawopa wokhala paulendo komanso wopanda mawonekedwe komanso wamanjenje.
Amphaka a Pampassian omwe amapezeka mu ukapolo ali ndi zaka zochepa amakhala osavuta kuzolowera. Koma akamakula, chibadwa chawo komanso chibadwa chawo champhamvu chidzawonekera.
Kodi amakhala kuti ndipo amakhala kuti?
Monga momwe mungaganizire, mapepala ndi malo okondedwa kwambiri amphaka wa pampass - lotseguka, lopanda mitengo, koma lodzala ndi udzu kumapiri a South America. Chifukwa chake, nyamayi imatchedwanso mphaka wa udzu.
Amatchedwanso mphaka wa udzu kapena udzu.
Kunena zowona, anthu am'derali amadzitcha kuti mphaka wa mphaka ndikumazisamalira kwambiri - zimalemekezedwa mwachinsinsi, zimatha ndi chidani chosasinthika.
Zoyimira zamtunduwu ndizochepa mwanjira zachilengedwe za mitengo yaminga ndipo pakati pa zitsamba zonenepa. Moyo suopseza chirombo pamiyala pafupifupi yamiyala - m'mapiri, amphaka amakhala m'malo okwera mpaka mikono 5,000.
Pamwamba m'mapiri mutha kupunthwa chifukwa cha mphaka wa pampas
Kukhazikika kwa zolengedwa - awa ndi madera akuluakulu kuyambira pagombe la Atlantic kupita kumapiri a Andes - mpaka mawonekedwe asanu ndi amphaka amtundu wamtchire amapezeka pano, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yawo komanso mawonekedwe awo.
Kugula
Anamwino omwe angadzakhale nawo pantchito zobereketsa Pampass, ayi. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi kuthekera kwazolowera nyamayi kukhala ndi moyo m'mudzi. Popeza kuchuluka kwaukali kochokera ku nyama ikalowa malo otchingidwa, ngakhale m'malo osungirako nyama kuti muonane ndi chilombochi ndizovuta kwambiri.
Ubwenzi wovuta ndi munthu
Mtundu waukulu komanso dothi lambiri la khola sizikutanthauza kuti nyamazo sizili zovuta. Mpaka makumi asanu ndi atatu a zaka zapitazi, adayesedwa kunja chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola komanso wachilendo - pachaka zikwizikwi zikopa zimatumizidwa kunja popanda chilolezo. Pomaliza, mu 1987, ntchitoyi idaletsedwa kwambiri pamilandu yapadziko lonse ndi CITES Convention.
Ubweya wosadziwika umawononga miyoyo yambiri ya nyama izi
M'mayiko angapo - Argentina, Chile ndi Paraguay - nyamazo zimadziwika kuti ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo ndizotetezedwa pamlingo wadziko lonse, kusaka amphaka a Pampass ndizoletsedwa pano. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa akatswiri odziwa zachilengedwe, ziwerengero zonse zam'deralo sizikuposa akuluakulu 100,000. Koma palibe deta yeniyeni yotsimikizira ngati chizindikirochi chikukula kapena chikuchepa.
Kukhazikika kwachitukuko pamalo okonzanso kanyani wamtchire kupitilira - munthu amakulitsa zochitika zake zachuma, amakhala akukhazikitsa madera atsopano pazosowa zake, kuwachotsa nyama kwa iwo.
Mawonekedwe
Maso akuluakulu amphaka wa Pampass amawona bwino mumdima, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyama yolusa usiku. Chilichonse chakufupi ndi chilombochi ndioyenereradi kusaka bwino, kuteteza moyo wake ndi gawo lake.
Pampassa mphaka amawona ndikumva bwino mumdima
Chinyama chaching'ono, koma champhamvu kwambiri chimalemera mpaka ma kilogalamu asanu ndi awiri, ndipo kukula m'maluwa sikupitirira 35 cm. Thupi limakhala lolimba komanso lamphamvu minofu, mchira ndi waufupi, wokulirapo, wopepuka. Kutalika kwa abambo akuluakulu akulu amatha kufika masentimita 80, kuphatikiza ndi kutalika kwa mchira - 30 cm. Akazi amtunduwu ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna.
Mphaka wa Pampas - ochepa koma olimba komanso olimba mtima
Mtundu wa ubweya wopaka bwino umasiyanasiyana kuyambira siliva mpaka wofiira wakuda komanso wakuda, wokhala ndi mawanga abulawuni ndi mikwingwirima pa mchira, pachifuwa ndi miyendo. Nkhope yowoneka bwino yovekedwa ndimakutu ooneka bwino, okhala ndi nsagwada zolimba ndikuzunguliridwa ndi mawonekedwe a mane.
Zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe
Mphaka wa zitsamba amakonda kukhala mwachinsinsi, makamaka usiku, koma ngati kuli kotheka, amatha kusaka masana. Nyama yamtchireyi imakhala nthawi yayitali yonse, kuteteza mwamphamvu malo omwe amakhala. Dera lokhala ndi malo osaka amenewa limafika pamtunda wa kilomita makumi asanu.
Adani akuluakulu komanso olimba kwambiri ndi adani achilengedwe amphaka wa Pampass, ndipo amachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti asamakumane nawo. Pazowopsa, amafunafuna chipulumutso pamitengo (ngati iyo ili pafupi) ndikuwonetsa zozizwitsa za acrobatics, koma nthawi zina sakonda kukwera mitengo. Ngakhale anthu ena amabisalira nthambi ndipo amazigwira mwachangu agwape akunyinyirika ochokera kumwamba.
Katemera wa Grass ndi wolondola komanso wachangu
Ngakhale kuli kwachinyengo komanso kusayenda pang'ono, mphaka wa Pampass ndiwosaka kwambiri. Amadziwa kubisala kwanthawi yayitali - asinthe kuti akhale wosaoneka, chifukwa cha mtundu wake wovunda, kenako nkuwombera molondola komanso mwachangu ndi liwiro kuti wovutayo alibe nthawi kuti amvetse zomwe zinachitika.
Nyama iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso osalumikizana nayo - kuchokera pakatumba la Pampass simungathe konsere purr wokongola wopanga tokha. "Ndisiye ndekha!" - mawu awa akuwoneka kuti alembedwa ndi mphaka wamtchire pa "nkhope". Ndipo, ngakhale wamlomovu ndi mkamwa mwake kukhala wumwetulira wokongola, maso ake akulu amawoneka osalala ndi osakoma.
Chiweto chokondana sichingathenso kutuluka mumtengomo.
Chilombo chimakhudzanso zoyesayesa zilizonse za munthu kuti zifikire mwa kukulira kwa chiberekero, kukweza ndi kutulutsa chovalacho, chikukula mokulira. Ngati njira zamaganizidwe ndizosakwanira, mphaka amadzawombera mdani, osati mphamvu ndi kukula kwake. Akazi omwe amateteza ana awo amadzipereka kwambiri, ngakhale nyama zazikuluzikuluzi sizimafuna kucheza nawo.
Khalidwe la mphaka ndilosasangalatsa komanso lovuta.
Zomwe zimadya
Zakudya zazikulu za mphaka wa pampas ndizakudya zazing'ono. Amakonda kupeza nyama pansi popanda kukwera mitengo, ndipo mwaluso amagwira chilichonse chomwe angathe kupeza pano - mbalame, abuluzi, tizilombo, amakonda kudya mazira a mbalame.
Nyamayi imayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu osafunikira, ndipo ngati mphaka wa udzu wayamba kuba nyama zapakhomo, zikutanthauza kuti wafika nthawi yanjala kwambiri.
Mphaka wa Pampassa amakonda kusankha kusaka anthu