Giop isopod - sungathe kubisa mbewa zamatabwa pansi pa chinyezi chonyansa!
https://animalreader.ru/gigantskiy-izopod-takuyu-mokr ..
Mitundu ya isopods, yotchedwanso cephalopods kapena isopods, ndi amtundu wa Bathynomus. Mu mtundu uwu.
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Kodi nsabwe zazikulu zamatabwa zimawoneka bwanji mdziko lapansi?
Kunja, nsabwe zazikulu zamatabwa ndizokumbukira kwambiri abale awo wamba, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa "mavwende" pakati pa anthu.
Komabe, mawonekedwe a thupi lake lalikulu ali ndi mbali zake:
- Kusiyana pakati pa ma isopods ndi abale ang'onoang'ono ndikubwera kwa “mchira” wautali wazitali zingapo, kupatsa mwayi kusambira mtunda wautali. Mphutsi zamtundu wopanda kanthu zilibe mchira wotere, koma nsomba zazinkhanira wamba zili nazo.
- Matako a mitengo yamtengo wapatali imakhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zomwe, komabe, sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya kapena kuteteza. Amafunikanso kuti azitha kuyenda mosavuta pansi kapena pansi pamatope.
- Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nsabwe zazikuru zamatamba akuluakulu zimakhala ndi maso akulu ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Sizikudziwikiratu chifukwa chake amafunikira kuzama komwe amakhala, koma chowonadi sichikhala - amawona bwino ma isopod.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakavulala, khola lalikulu lamatabwa (komanso nsabwe zazing'ono) limatha kupendekera mpira, pambuyo pake zigawo zonse zofewa komanso zotheka pamimba pake zimatetezedwa ndi mbale zamphamvu za exoskeleton.
Giop isopod - sungathe kubisa mbewa zamatabwa pansi pa chinyezi chonyansa!
Mitundu ya isopods, yotchedwanso cephalopods kapena isopods, ndi amtundu wa Bathynomus. Mu mtundu uwu, pakadali pano mitundu isanu ndi inayi.
Oimira onse amtunduwu amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a Atlantic pamtunda wa mamita zana ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri, mpaka ma kilomita awiri ndi theka. Koma nsomba zambiri zamtunduwu zimapezeka pakuya mamita mazana atatu kudza makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu mazana asanu ndi awiri.
Mwa mawonekedwe awo, ma isopod akuluakulu ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi nsabwe za nkhuni. Koma kukula kwa nsomba za isopod ndi "kakang'ono" kakang'ono kuposa komwe anthu okhala m'makhitchini ndi ma cellars obisala pansi pa nsalu yoyaka.
Ma isopods akuluakulu amatha kukula mpaka theka la mita, ndipo kulemera kwa chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chimapezeka chinali 1.7 kg. Kutalika kwa chimphona ichi chinali masentimita 76!
Nyama zam'nyanja izi ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za gigantism yakuzama panyanja. Zimangosangalatsa kuti nyamazi sizipezeka m'nyumba, koma mkati mwa nyanja.
Giant Isopod (Bathynomus).
M'malo mwake, ma crustaceans akuluakuluwa adatengedwa kuti akhale mitengo yamtengo wapatali m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wodziwa za nyama ku France Alfons Milne-Edward. Mwana wamwamuna wamkulu wamphongo isopod kenako adagwidwa pansi pa Gulf of Mexico. Ndi zomwe zimapezeka pamtundu wamoyo wam'madzi uno womwe umatsutsa kwathunthu lingaliroli, lofalikira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kuti nyanja zakuya zopanda moyo.
Pakadali pano, lingaliro lotere lamoyo wam'nyanjayi limawoneka ngati lopanda tanthauzo, chifukwa ndi pomwe matupi a shaki zazikulu, mitembo ya chinsomba ndi zolengedwa zina zamoyo zikagwa pambuyo paulendo wawo wamoyo. Ndizosatheka kuganiza kuti palibe amene "amasamalira" zaukhondo zam'nyanja. Awa ndi ma isopods akuluakulu omwe adagwira ntchito yoyeretsa pansi pa Nyanja ya Atlantic. Mwinanso sindiyo malo olemekezeka kwambiri, koma ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti maoplopu amphona samadyetsa kokha ndi zovalazo, komanso masiponji, nkhaka zam'nyanja ndi nyama zina, kuthamanga kwake komwe sikokwanira kwambiri.
Isopod yayikulu imadziwika kuti ndi isopod wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, pomwe ena saphunziridwa pang'ono.
Ndizachilengedwe kuti padziko lapansi pali zakudya zambiri, zomwe, ndizosavuta kupeza mumdima. Poona izi, maopolopu akuluakulu nthawi zina amayenera kukumana ndi njala, ndipo amasinthidwa mwanjira yofananira iyi.
Kafukufuku wa zikuluzikulu zazikulu zam'madzi adazindikira kuti nyanjayi imatha kudya popanda masabata asanu ndi atatu. Koma ngati carnivore uyu apeza chakudya chokwanira, chomwe chimachitika isopod ikapeza nyama yayikulu, ndiye pamenepa imadya kale momwe ingathere. Ndiyenera kunena kuti pa mitembo ya anamgumi okufa, komanso pafupi ndi akambuku akulu, nthawi zina mumatha kupeza ma isopod akuluakulu zana limodzi omwe amawononga mtembo.
Ma Giop Isopod sakusangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi asodzi a mafakitale.
Ngati isopod ili pachiwopsezo, imapinda ngati mpira, potero kudziteteza motsutsana ndi adani omwe angakhalepo. Zigobazi zili ndi magawo angapo. Yoyamba ya izo imaphatikizika ndi mutu. Ponena za zigawo zam'munsi, amapanga china chake ngati chishango cha mchira, chomwe chimakhala pamwamba pamimba.
Ndizachilengedwe kuti maso a chimphona chachikulu chimakhala chofanana ndi kukula kwa eni ake: zazikulu, zovuta, komanso zopanda nkhope pafupifupi 3,000. Zoyenderana wina ndi mnzake, zimapezeka patali patali kwambiri, kupatsirana khansa. Kuphatikiza apo, pamakono a ziphona zazikulu za isopodi pali miyendo isanu ndi iwiri ndi miyendo iwiri ya anangula. Zovala zoyambirira za chimphona chachikulucho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iye ngati "kudulira", ndipo mothandizidwa ndi crustacean amabweretsa chakudya awiriawiri a nsagwada zake. Mimba ya chimphona chachikulu isopod ndichopangidwa ndi magawo asanu.
Thupi la chimphona chachikulucho limaphimbidwa ndi mafupa aubongo komanso olimba kwambiri.
Monga mukuwonera pamwambapa, mawonekedwe a chimphona chachikulu sichabwino kwambiri. Ponena za akazi, amakhalanso ndi masheya am'madzi momwe mazira amakhathamira amakulira.
Mwa njira, ndi mazira a chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa isopod chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa ma invertebrates onse omwe amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Inde, mazira amafunika kutetezedwa kwa zilombo zomwe sizizemba kulawa izi. Pachifukwa ichi, wamkazi amatenga mazira ake onse muchikwama cha ana, kuyembekezera nthawi yomwe ma isopod ang'onoang'ono amapanga kuchokera mazira.
Sizikudziwika pano kuti njirayi imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji. Zimadziwika kuti amatuluka osati ndi mphutsi, koma ndi isopods achinyamata opangidwa mokwanira.
Isopods zazikulu ndi zitsanzo zabwino za gigantism yakuzama panyanja.
Kapangidwe kake ka chimphona
Polankhula mchilankhulo cha sayansi, ziphona zazikuluzikuluzo zili ndi thupi lodziwika bwino. Momwe thupi limagawidwira m'madipatimenti, mwapadera, kapangidwe kake kamafanana ndi mapulani a pangozi. Ma tagmas atatu amatha kusiyanitsidwa: pleon, reon ndi mutu. Mutu umaphatikizapo magawo onse a mutu pawokha komanso gawo loyamba la chifuwa (thorax) lophatikizidwa ndi mutu. Magawo asanu ndi awiri otsala amaphatikizidwa mu pereon. Pleon ndimakalata athunthu am'mimba (pamimba) ndipo amaphatikiza magawo asanu ndi limodzi, komanso cholembera - telson. Carapax mu isopod yayikulu kulibe.
Giant Isopod Zowonjezera
Mutu wa chimphona chachikulu sichikupezeka pakamwa (maxillopods, maxillae, paragnates, mandibles ndi labrum). Zida zapakamwa za mtundu wa prognathic (ndiko kuti, zotsogoza kutsogolo) ndipo zimatanthauzira mtundu wamtchire. Kutsogolo, khomo lotseguka limazunguliridwa ndi labrum (mlomo wapamwamba), kumbuyo kwa paragnates, ndi m'mbali mwa mandibles. Ndi mandibles omwe ndi zida zazikulu zodulira chakudya. Kenako maxillules, maxilla, ndi maxilla amapezeka palimodzi ndi thupi.
Kulongosola koyamba kwa isopod yamtunduwu kunapangidwa mu 1879 ndi katswiri wazoweta zam'madzi waku France Alfons Milne-Edward.
Kupeza
Kulongosola koyamba kwamtunduwu kunapangidwa mu 1879 ndi katswiri wodziwa za nyama ku France Alfons Milne-Edward. Zomwe zafotokozedwazi anali wachichepere Bathynomus giganteusadatumiza kwa iye ndi Alexander Agassis, pamodzi ndi zophatikiza zina za kuthamangitsidwa kwa chombo cha Blake ku Gulf of Mexico mu 1877. Ichi chinali chosangalatsa kwa asayansi komanso pagulu, chifukwa nthawi imeneyo lingaliro lakuya wopanda madzi kapena "sooy" lidatsimikizidwanso posachedwa ndi ntchito ya C. Thomson. Akazi sakanakhoza kugwidwa mpaka 1891.
Mtengo
Ma isopod Giant sakhala achidwi kwambiri ndi asodzi ogulitsa mafakitale chifukwa chaching'ono chaching'ono, komanso chifukwa chakuti isopods zomwe zimagwidwa nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka ndi asitofu asanafike pomwepo. Oimira amtunduwu amafanana ndi mitengo wamba, yomwe imagwirizana. Zitsanzo zingapo zomwe zidagumanidwa kugombe la America ndi Japan pogwiritsa ntchito misampha yanyambo nthawi zina zimatha kuwoneka m'malo osanja anthu.
Kufotokozera
Isopods zazikulu ndi zitsanzo zabwino za gigantism yakuzama panyanja. Akuluakulu kuposa ma isopods amtundu, omwe nthawi zambiri samapitirira 5 cm kutalika. Mitundu Bathynomus ikhoza kugawidwa kukhala "chimphona", anthu akuluakulu omwe nthawi zambiri amakula kuchokera pa 8 mpaka 15 cm, ndi mitundu "yayikulu", momwe akuluakulu amatha kukula kuchokera 17 mpaka 50 cm. Mmodzi mwa "zimphona zazikulu" - B. giganteus limafalikira pafupifupi masentimita 19 mpaka 36, ndipo lalikulupo kwambiri lomwe limagwira limafikira masentimita 76 ndipo limalemera 1.7 kg.
M'mawonekedwe awo, amafanana ndi abale awo apadziko lapansi - nsabwe za nkhuni. Thupi lawo limasunthika m'njira ya dorso-ventral ndipo imakutidwa ndi thovu, lokhala ndi ziphuphu, wokhala ndi zigawo zingapo. Monga mtengo wina, amatha kupindika kukhala "mpira", kotero kuti chipolopolo chokhacho chimawonekera. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azitha kudziteteza kwa adani omwe akuyesera kuukira gawo laling'ono kwambiri. Gawo loyambirira la mphalapala limalumikizidwa ndi mutu, zigawo zakumbuyo kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimasakanikirana, ndikupanga chishango chachingwe kuzungulira pamimba chofupikachi (kupempha) Maso akulu, akakhala pafupi ndi 4,000 ammatidia ndipo ali patali kwambiri pamutu. Pali awiriawiri a tinyanga. Miyendo yokhala ndi nthambi imodzi kapena pereiopods linapangidwa m'magawo asanu ndi awiri, loyambirira limasinthidwa kukhala nsagwada, kutenga nawo gawo pantchito yolanda ndikusamutsira chakudya kumiyendo inayi ya nsagwada. Mimba imagawidwa m'magulu asanu omwe amatchedwa pleonitisiliyonse imanyamula miyendo yam'mimba iwiri - kuyimba, miyendo iyi imasinthidwa kukhala miyendo yosambira komanso kupuma kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kumagwira ntchito ya gill. Mtundu wa isopods nthawi zambiri umakhala wotuwa lilac kapena bulauni.
Habitat
Ma Giop isopods amapezeka ku Western Atlantic kuchokera ku Georgia (USA) kupita ku Brazil, kuphatikiza Gulf of Mexico ndi Pacific. Mitundu itatu yotchuka ya Atlantic imaphatikizapo B. obtusus, B. miyarei ndi B. giganteus, yomaliza yomwe idangolembedwa pagombe la United States kokha. Mitundu ina Bathynomus khalani kokha ku Indo-Pacific. Pakadali pano, palibe mtundu umodzi wokha womwe umadziwika kuti ungakhale ku East Atlantic kapena kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri (mitundu isanu) imawonedwa kum'mawa kwa Australia. Komabe, popeza kufalikira kwa ma isopods akuluakulu sikumamvekanso bwino, pakhoza kukhala madera ena ambiri okhala ndi mitundu yatsopano, yosatchulidwa.
Ecology
Ma Giop Isopod ndi ofunikira mu nyanja yakuzama mu benthic gulu. Nthawi zambiri amatha kupezeka kuchokera mdera logawika lamanzere pakuya kwa ma mita 170 kupita mumdima wosagonjetseka wa pelagic zone pamlingo wa 2140 metres, m'dera la zovuta komanso kutentha kochepa - mpaka pafupifupi 4 ° C. Akuti mitundu ina yamtunduwu imakhala m'malo ozama, motero B. miyarei amakhala pamtunda wapakati pa 22 ndi 280 m, wophunziridwa pang'ono B. decemspinosus pakati pa 70 ndi 80 m, ndi B. doederleini pakuya kwa 100 m. Mbiri yonse yakuya kwa isopods zazikulu ndi 2500 m kwa B. kensleyi, koma malingaliro omwewo akhoza kupezeka pakuya kwa 300 m. Opitilira 80% B. giganteus anapezeka pakuya kwa 365 mpaka 730 m. M'malo omwe mumakhala "zazikulu" ndi "zazikulu kwambiri", zomwe zimakhala kale zimakhala pamtunda waukulu, ndipo zotsiriza zimakhala makamaka pamalo osamba. Amakhulupirira kuti amakonda dongo kapena dongo ndipo amakhala moyo wawekha.
Ngakhale kuti ma isopods awa ndi scavenger a mbiri yayitali, chifukwa ambiri amakhala azitsamba ndipo amadya zinzake zakufa, nsomba, ndi squid. Amathanso kukhala zilombo zolusa komanso kudya nyama yosenda pang'onopang'ono monga nkhaka zam'nyanja, masiponji, ma radiolarians, nematode ndi zoobenthos zina, komanso, mwina nsomba yamoyo. Amadziwika kuti amenya nsomba zomwe zili mkati mwa zinsomba. Mfuti zinatengedwa momwe chimphona chachikulu cha isopoda chikuwombera ndikupha quatran yayikulu, yomwe inagwera mumsampha wamadzi akuya. Isopoda amamatira kumaso kwa nyamayo ndikuyidya kwathunthu. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu 2015 mu gawo lina la Shark Sabata lotchedwa "Alien Shark: Close Encounters". Popeza chakudya chimasowa kwambiri kuzama kwambiri, ma isopod akuluakulu amayenera kuchita zomwe amapeza kuti abweretse ndalama, amatha kusintha nthawi yayitali ndipo amatha kukhala osadya kwa zaka zisanu. Pakapezeka chakudya chachikulu, ma isopod akuluakulu amatha kudya kwambiri mpaka amasintha. Mu kafukufuku wina, zam'makina 1,651 zidaphunziridwa. B. giganteus. Zinapezeka kuti nthawi zambiri nsomba zimadyedwa, kenako cephalopods ndi decapods crustaceans, makamaka Caridea ndi Galatheoidea .
Ma isopod akuluakulu ophatikizidwa m'mphepete mwa gombe lakummawa kwa Australia pogwiritsa ntchito misampha adawonetsa mitundu ya mitundu kutengera kuya. Zakuya, zocheperako kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi zazikulu zomwe zinali zazikulu. Ma Isopod omwe anasonkhanitsidwa pansi kwambiri ku gombe la Australia anayerekezedwa ndi zitsanzo zomwe zinatengedwa pagombe la Mexico ndi India. Kuchokera kuzinthu zakale zimadziwika kuti Bathynomus lidakhalapo zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 160 zapitazo kugawanika kwa mapangidwe a Pangea kusanachitike, kotero kuti nthawi zonse m'malo onse atatu omwe isopods sanangodziyimira pawokha, koma kuyambira pamenepo, molingana ndi ziyembekezo za asayansi, Bathynomus kuchokera m'malo osiyanasiyana akutali amayenera kumwazikana panjira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira, motero, zizindikiro za kusiyanasiyana ziyenera kuonedwa. Komabe, ma isopod akuluakulu amitundu yonse itatu adakhala ofanana mawonekedwe awo (ngakhale anali ndi kusiyana kokwanira kuti athe kuwasiyanitsa monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana). Kusiyanitsa kofunikaku kwa phenotypic kukufotokozedwa ndikuwunika kocheperako kwambiri komwe kumapangitsa kuwala kwa zinthu izi.
Kuswana
Kafukufuku wazaka za achinyamata ndi akulu omwe B. giganteus kuloledwa kuti mudziwe kuti nsonga za ntchito zobereka zimachitika mchaka cham'mawa komanso nthawi yozizira. Kusunga nthawi kumachitika chifukwa chosowa chakudya m'miyezi yotentha. Mu akazi achikulire okhwima, chipinda cha ana kapena marsupium. Makoma a marsupium amapangidwa ndi zolimba za zigawo za thoracic ndikuyika pamwamba osteogytes - matuluka am'modzi a gawo loyamba mu gawo la thoracic crustacean. Ma isopod achichepere omwe amatuluka ku Marsupium amawoneka ngati makope ang'onoang'ono a akulu ndipo amatchedwa kunyenga. Zovunda zimapangidwa mokwanira, koma osakhala ndi miyendo yomaliza.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Mitengo yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi imakhala yakuya kuyambira 170 mpaka 2000 metres. Kuya kwakuya kwakuwotcha kwawo ndi 2140 metres.
Zilombozi zimakonda kukhazikika pazinyalala kapena dothi, ndipo zimapewa miyala ndi miyala.
Mphutsi zamatabwa akuluakulu zimasungulumwa m'moyo wawo, ndipo nthawi zambiri sizimakumana. Samawonetsa chidani chodziwikiratu kwa amtundu wawo, komanso samakhalira limodzi.
Isopods zazikulu zimatha kutchedwa scavenger zakuya pansi pa nyanja: chakudya chawo chachikulu ndizotsalira za nyongolotsi zakufa, nsomba, chipolopolo, nsomba zazinkhanira, algae ndi chilichonse chachilengedwe. Ngati khwangwala atafunafuna chakudya akungoyenda munyanja ya nyama zosayenda pansi pa madzi - masiponji, ma radiolarians, ma holothuri - iye, popanda manyazi, amawadya. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti kunyanja yakuzama kwambiri kumatha kupha nsomba zazing'ono komanso zangokhala.
Poganizira kuchuluka kwakuya kwakuzama kwakunyanja ndikudya pang'ono komwe kuli pano, zikuwonekeratu chifukwa chake ma isopod amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumenyera kwamtali nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, poyeserera, zolengedwa izi zimayikidwa m'madzi am'madzi, popanda kudzivulaza, "adasala kudya" kwa milungu 8.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati khola lamatabwa likakumana ndi gulu la ma holothuri, ndiye kuti limatha kudya mopitirira muyeso kotero kuti limalephera kuyenda.
Zomwe zimachitika pakubala kwa isopods zazikulu
Zimphona zamatabwa akuluakulu mu kasupe ndi dzinja. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'miyezi yachilimwe kuchuluka kwa chakudya pamakulu akulu kumachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Akakhwima, isopod yachikazi imakhala ndi chikwama cha ana pamimba, chomwe mazira amachokera ku oviduct, chimakhazikitsidwa pamenepo ndikukula. Mtengo wamatabwa achichepere amasiya thumba la amayi awo kuti apangidwe kwathunthu ndipo amasiyana ndi akulu okha kukula.
Achichepere amatha kukhala pazofanana ngati akulu.
Yaikazi siziwonetsa nkhawa iliyonse yakuswa mazira. Kwa nthawi yayitali, mphutsi zimangokhala pafupi ndi mayiyo, ndipo ngati zibadwira m'malo okhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, zimatha kukhalapo kwa masiku angapo. Koma kuyambira ali aang'ono kwambiri, ma isopod amasiyidwa pazida zawo ndikukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Kapangidwe kamkati mwa chimphona
Momwe limapangidwira mkati, chimphona cha isopod sichimasiyana ndi khansa wamba. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi isopod zimaphatikizapo m'matumbo a ectodermal, mtima wobwerera m'mbuyo, komanso minofu yolimba. Chenicheni chakuti mtima wa chimphona isopod, monga cha isopods zina, chimasunthidwira kumbuyo chafotokozedwa ndikuti, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa carapace, ntchito ya kupuma imasinthidwa kukhala pleopods. M'matumbo a chimphona chachikulu sichikhala ndi ectodermal okha ndipo tiziwalo tating'ono ta hepatopancreatic ndi endodermal.
Chifukwa chiyani ali akulu kwambiri?
Asayansi sangathe kunena mosiyanasiyana kuti zingwe zazikulu zamiyala yamadzi yakuya ndizomwe zimalumikizana. Buku lina linanena kuti chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chakudya chochuluka, nyama zamtunduwu zimatha kutha msanga pambuyo pake, ndipo isanafike nthawiyo zimatha kukula kwambiri.
Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, kukulira kukula kwa zolengedwa zam'nyanja, ndizosavuta kwa iwo kulekerera kutentha kozungulira ndi kuthinikizidwa kwambiri. Izi ndizofanana ndi chizolowezi nyama zapamtunda kuti zikhale zazikulu nthawi yobwerera kumpoto - ili pafupi ndi mitengo yomwe akazitape akuluakulu, ma pinnipeds ndi ena oimira mbalame amapezeka.
Nkhani yakusimba ya chimphona chachikulu
Crustaceans payekha, yokhudzana ndi chimphona chachikulu, imapezeka kale kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Triassic, pomwe banja la Cirolanidae, lomwe lidapulumuka mpaka masiku athu ano, lidakhalapo kale. Oimira ena amtundu wakale wa palaega komanso ochulukirachulukira Palaega ali pafupi kwambiri ndi isopod yamakono.
Ma Giop Isopod ndi ofunikira mu nyanja yakuzama mu benthic gulu.
Zina zazikulu zazikulu zamatabwa
Ndiye kuti, palibe "analogi" kukula kukula kwa isopods pakati pamtunda weniweni nkhuni. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtundu wamtunda wamtunda wokhala m'malo otentha ndipo pokhapokha pokhapokha imakula mpaka 4-5 cm, koma kukula kwake mwa nthawi zonse ndi 1-2 cm.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti, monga ma crustaceans onse, nsabwe zamatanda ndizosowa kwambiri chinyezi, ndipo kukula kwawo kwakukulu kungapangitse ngozi yakufa kuchokera ku madzi osowa madzi m'malo okhala chinyezi chokwanira (kukulira kukula kwa thupi, ndikokulirapo dera lachiwopsezo chamadzi kuchokera pamenepo) . Kuphatikiza apo, nsabwe zamatabwa zonse ndizakudya zomwe zimakonda nyama zamitundu yambiri, ndipo ngati nthumwi zazing'onong'ono zomwe zingabisike pansi pamiyala, zikuluzikulu zimakhala zopanda chitetezo kwa adani.
Munthu wosaphunzira amatha kusokoneza mbewa zamatabwa mosavuta komanso milili kuchokera ku banja la glomeris. Pomwe thunthu lamatabwa imagawika m'magawo 11, kumbuyo kwake kuli kocheperako, glomeris imakhala ndi magawo 12 mpaka 13, pomwe gawo lam'mbuyo, lofanana ndi scutellum, ndi lalikulu kwambiri.
Nawa zithunzi za miliyoni kuchokera kubanja la Glomeris (kuti asasokonekere ndi nsabwe za nkhuni!):
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, nsabwe zazikulu kwambiri zamatabwa owona ndi mitundu yam'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, Ligia seaica, imakula mpaka 3 cm, ndipo imakhala m'malo osaya kwambiri a Pacific Ocean ndi North Atlantic. Mosiyana ndi ma isopods akuluakulu, Ligia Oceanica idachokera ku makolo adziko lapansi, chifukwa chake amatchedwa kuti nsabwe weniweni wamatabwa.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti palibe mitengo yamtengo wapatali - ngakhale yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi - yomwe ili yamtengo wapatali. Okonda kwambiri amayesa chilichonse ndikunena kuti mbewa zamtunda zimakomoka ngati mkodzo wokhazikika. Kutengera komwe kunalipo, ma isopods akuluakulu amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali: nyama zawo zimakonda ngati nyama ya nkhanu.
Komabe, poganiza zoponya maukonde osawerengeka komanso mwangozi maukonde asodzi, palibe amene amatenga nawo gawo kwambiri pokonza ndi kusokosera zikuluzikulu za isopods.
Moni kuchokera ku Paleozoic
Chimodzi mwazosangalatsa za paleontologists ndi trilobite, wachibale wakale wankhanu wamakono. Kutalika kwa zofananira zazikulu kwambiri mpaka 80 masentimita, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ali ofanana kwambiri ndi nsabwe za nkhuni, wokhala m'migulu yonyowa ndi makona otchingidwa a nyumba zanyengo yachilimwe. Kodi nsabwe za nkhuni ndi mbadwa za mbuto zakale zakale?
Tizilombo kapena nsomba zazinkhanira
Ngakhale mitengo yamatamba ingafanane ndi maphemwe, adakali m'gulu la akhwangwala. Kusiyana komwe kumawonedwa ndi diso lamaliseche ndi motere:
- ntchentche zamatabwa zilibe mapiko, ngati tizilombo tonse tomwe timakhalako mwanjira yoyera,
- ali ndi miyendo yambiri - khumi ndi anayi. Onsewo, mosiyana ndi miyendo ya nsomba zazinkhanira, ali ndi kutalika, chifukwa chake nsonga zonse za trilobites ndi nkhuni zimatchedwa isopods - isopods,
- mitengo imapuma ndi ma gill, ngakhale imakhala pamtunda. Pachifukwa ichi, amafunikira chinyezi nthawi zonse. Mu tizilombo, kupuma komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi,
- Mutu wamatabwa umadutsa kaye pachifuwa pomwe, monga tizilombo, umatalikirana ndi thupi.
Pezani za zaka zana
Woodlice ndi zinyama zokongola. Koma kupeza ma crustaceans khumi ndi awiri otuwa pansi pa chinyezi chonyansa sikuli kowopsa ngati kuti panali ma trilobites angapo akulu kumeneko. Zili bwino kuti amwalira kalekale!
Komabe, wina sangathe kupumula: osati kale litali, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, nyama ya m'madzi yosadziwidwa ndi sayansi idagwidwa mwangozi kuchokera ku malo akuya a Gulf of Mexico. Pamaukonde a chombo chotengera sayansi ndipo inadzakhala chimphona chachikulu (nyama yofanana ndi nsabwe ya nkhuni), yotha kudya nsomba yomwe ndi yayikulu kuposa iyo. Mu 2010, chitsanzo chinafikiridwa ndi anthu aku America, pomwe amafikira kukula kwa trilobites - 75 cm!
Chingwe chachikulu cha matabwa ichi sichinali mbewa yamatabwa, ngakhale chikuwoneka chofanana kwambiri ndi iwo. Mosiyana ndi malo awo komanso Alongo adazolowera kukhala pamadzi, ndi trilobite weniweni wamakono, omwe makolo awo sanakhalepo padziko lapansi. Pambuyo pake, zopeza zina za nyama izi zidatsatiridwa, kuwulula malo ake - Pacific ndi Indian Oceans.
Chachikulu, chachikulu kapena chachikulu
Sizikudziwika kuti ndi kukuwa kotani kumene kunakumanapo pa desiki. Ndi chilombo chachikulu bwanji! " kapena "Ayi, ndi nyambo yayikulu yamatabwa!" Ikuwoneka ngati mutu wachangu chinyama chatsopano chakonzeka kale, koma lingaliro losasinthika lasayansi lidasiyanitsa dzina la mtundu wosadziwika wanyanja yakuya Bathynomus giganteus, zomwe zikutanthauza "chimphona." Kodi ndizabwino?
Zikuwoneka kuti "zazikulu", "zazikulu" ndi "zimphona" ndizofanana koma ngati titapenda mwatsatanetsatane mawu amtunduwu, munthu atha kutengera kusiyana kwakukulu komwe amatanthauza.
- Loyamba limachokera ku liwu lakale kwambiri lachiSlavic "lalikulu", zomwe zikutanthauza mtunda momwe mabingu amvekera - 25 masentimita. km Kuwerengera kosavuta kumapereka dera lozungulira “lalikulu” lowerengera - pafupifupi ma 2000 km.
- Nthawi yachiwiri imachokera ku liwu la Chisilavo "gulu", lomwe kale litanthauza kusonkhana kwakukulu kwa anthu, msonkhano wakumidzi (ukwati. "Chimphona" cha ku Ukraine - "nzika"). Ngakhale mutaganizira kukumana kwa nduna zonse za State Duma, sizokayikitsa kuti gululi litenga malo okwana 2 miliyoni. km Chifukwa chake, "wamkulu" ndi wocheperako kuposa "wamkulu".
- Ponena za gawo lachitatu, lomwe limasankhidwa kuti likhale panyanja yayikulu, zikutanthauza zochepa. "Giant" poyamba anali munthu wamtali kwambiri, wosiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa mtundu wake. Chifukwa chake, ndizowona kuti wachibale wakutali kwambiri wa nthano za trilobites, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri pakukula kuchokera zingwe zazing'ono zamitengo yapadziko lapansi, adatchulidwa ndendende. giganteus, chimphona chachikulu.
Komabe, ubiquitous crustaceans, nsabwe zamtundu wapadziko lapansi, amathanso kutchedwa dzina limodzi "lalikulu". Anthu okhala m'masanza onyowa ndi "akulu" malinga ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Sayansi yamakono imadziwa mitundu pafupifupi 3,500 yamatabwa okha, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya isopods (isopods) kuli pafupifupi 10,000.
Kutalika kwa mitengo yamatabwa ambiri simapitilira 2 cm ndipo mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yawo imakhala pansi. Zochepa miyeso imalumikizidwa ndi kufunika kobisala bwino Gwiritsani ntchito bwino malo okhala chonyowa. Mphutsi zamatanda mulinso ndi achibale apansi pamadzi omwe amabwerera kumalo awo akale ndipo amatchedwa "mbewa zamatabwa am'madzi". Kukula kwa nyama izi ndizokulirapo: kakulidwe ka nthano za nkhuni kamakula mpaka masentimita 4, ndipo "nyambo" yayikulu kwambiri - tambala wam'nyanja - mpaka 10 cm.
Kudzera mu makulidwe achilengedwe
Pokhala abale a trilobites, nsabwe zamatabwa zilibe mawonekedwe awo, zimatha kusintha modabwitsa komanso zina.
M'makomo a chilimwe mutha kukumana ndi oimira nyama zamtunduwu, omwe amadziwa kupindika - Oniscus cinereum. Akapindidwa, amawoneka ngati mpira wowala ndipo amatha kukhala motalika kwambiri. Chinyengo choterechi chimachitidwa ndi iwo kuti ateteze kwa adani achilengedwe kapena kuti azitha kusunga chinyezi pakuthupi. Kupeza kwakukulu mu paleontology kunali kupezeka mu Leningrad Region of trosobite osungidwa bwino a trilobite mu "spherical" yofanana. Zinapezeka kuti dzuwa litalowa nthawi yawo, mitundu yonse ya ma trilobites amatha kupindika kukhala mpira.
Atawonedwa kangapo pakuwukira nyama yamoyo, chimphona chachikulu Bathynomus giganteus makamaka amadya zovunda. Zosintha zomwezo anali achilendo kwa makolo awo akale. Mwa zofufuza zakale za kunyanja zamakedzana ku Sweden, akatswiri azithunzi anazindikira "kusaka" kwa trilobite kwa nyama yomwe ikukwawa pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale kuti m'mbuyomu zonse zomwe zinanenedwa kuti Paleozoic isopod amadya kokha zinthu zakufa.
Kusiya ma trilobites khalani zaka zanu za Paleozoic munyanja, mitengo yamatabwa yakale idabadwa zaka 250 miliyoni zapitazo. Sizikudziwika momwe ankawonekera nthawi imeneyi, koma zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazi ali ndi mawonekedwe komanso kukula kwamakono. Mwachitsanzo: munthu wololera sanakhale padziko lapansi zaka miliyoni imodzi.
Giant isopod ndi munthu
Ma Giop Isopod alibe phindu lachuma. Ngakhale achibale amodzi mwa anyani amtunduwu amawononga zokolola zam'madzi zam'malo otentha ndi asodzi, sizili choncho ndi isopods yayikulu chifukwa kuya komwe akukhalako sikusangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi nsomba zam'madzi.
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