Njira - (Batomorpha, kapena Batoidei), superorder wa nsomba-branchial nsomba. Amadziwika kuchokera ku Upper Jurassic, ambiri ochokera ku Upper Cretaceous. thupi flattened, lonse, zambiri diamondi woboola pakati kapena discoid, chifukwa. kuchokera angapo. masentimita mpaka 6 7 m, ndi kulemera kwakukulu mpaka matani 2,5. Chikopa chilibe kanthu kapena ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
malo otsetsereka - (Batomorpha) superorder of cartilaginous class class (Chondrichthyes), nthumwi za dongosolo lofanana ndi caudate zili ndi ma spines a poizoni, ndipo gawo la magetsi pama stingrays limatha kupanga zotulutsa zamagetsi zolimba: amakhala makamaka m'malo otentha komanso ... Dikishonale yayikulu yayikulu
stingrays - superorder elasmobranch. Kutalika kuyambira 30 cm mpaka 6 m, kulemera mpaka matani 1.5. Mabanja 16, pafupifupi mitundu 350, ali ponseponse, makamaka munyanja, amakhala ndi moyo wotsika, woposa mitundu 10 mu Black, Barents, White, Baltic ndi Far Eastern ... mawu
Njira - Origin: (. Balati Batomorpha) superorder subclass elasmobranch, makamaka m'madzi cartilaginous nsomba mafupa imene palibe fupa weniweni. Pali oposa 365 mitundu. Thupi lopanda kapena lokutidwa ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mkaka, ... ... Marine Encyclopedic Handbook
Msomba Wam'madzi Wam'madzi Wam'madzi (Elasmobranchii) - M'maso a nsomba zam'mimba, zomwe zimaphatikizapo shaki ndi stingr, minofu ya mafupa kulibe. Ali ndi mafupa cartilaginous, omwe kaŵirikaŵiri calcified. Nsagwada chapamwamba ukufanizidwa ndi chachikulu lalikulu palato chichereŵechereŵe, osati ... ... Tizilombo insaikulopediya
Kufotokozera kwamakwalala
Stingrays ndi mtundu wa nsomba za cartilaginous zamtundu wa chordate, wokhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya ndi zipsepse zamapiko, zophatikizika ndi thupi ndi mutu. Thupi lonse la nsombayi limayimiriridwa ndi ndege imodzi. Pali mazana a mitundu kunyezimira. Palimodzi pali 340. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka dongosolo ndipo ali pafupi ndi kuswana cha adani m'madzi - nsombazi.
Mawonekedwe
Thupi lonse la stingray nsomba limakulungidwa kumapangidwe amodzi a diamondi. Ili ndi zipsepse zazikulu za pectoral, zomwe zimafalikira pafupi ndi muzzle mpaka kumunsi kwa mchira wowonda. Mitundu ina imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mphuno lakuthwa, mawonekedwe ake omwe amatsimikizira malo omwe ali ndi rostral cartilage. Wokutira wa limbikitsa kungakhale monochromatic kapena osiyana yeniyeni chitsanzo. Iwo ranges ku mitundu kuwala bulauni, imvi, mdima, ndipo ngakhale mitundu yonse ya Umboni Wopereŵera kapena amatsata. Mitundu yosiyanitsa bwino imatha kuphatikizidwa pakathupi la stingray, kapena kupaka utoto kumatanthauza mgwirizano wathunthu ndi chilengedwe kuti chisafike pansi.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mtundu wa nyama zimatengera gawo la malo ake.
Ambiri aiwo amakhala ndi ma spiky kapena mawonekedwe oyipa kumtunda kwa thupi. Mitundu ina akhoza kudzitama za kukhala ndi mchira kuti akhoza zimatulutsa ofooka kukha magetsi. Chitsanzo cheza (Rajidae), omwe alipo mu dziko kwambiri ndi awiri dorsal chipsyepsye mchira. Masiketi amtundu wa Arynchobatidae ali ndi imodzi, ndipo Anacanthobatidae alibe nawo konse. Pakamlomo ndi potseguka zotumphukira za mitundu yonse popanda kupezeka zili kumunsi kwa thupi. Komanso, mitundu yonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yoberekera, nthawi zambiri imayikira mazira, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omata komanso otetezedwa ndi makokedwe akuda.
Kapangidwe osaka pamalo otsetsereka a thupi anatsogolera chakuti mabowo waukulu ndi matupi kunja anasamukira pansi pa ndege. Mu gawo ili la thupi kukamwa ndi mabowo pa mbali. Maonekedwe ake, amafanana ndi maso okongola a nyama. Komabe, sizili choncho. Madontho amakhala ngati splatter. Ndi kupyolera mabowo izi limbikitsa kupuma pamene distilling madzi mu iwo kuwonjezapo china makutu a. Okha maso zili mu ndege chapamwamba za thupi.kukula zimasiyanasiyana lalikulu ang'ono, ndi poyela kwathunthu pamene zobisika makutu khungu, monga chobisira limbikitsa.
Lingaliro lachilendo lotere la kapangidwe ka thupi lotsetsereka limakakamiza kuti lichotse ziwalo za nyama. Ma anal fin amachepa, ma pectorals, ndi thupi, amapanga ndege yayikulu imodzi yoyenda, yochulukirapo ngati mapiko a mbalame. zoyenda awo ndi ofanana ndi ndondomeko ya ndege mbalame. Njirayo munthawi yomweyo amawakweza, kenako kuwagwetsa pang'onopang'ono. Ndi gawo ili lomwe limapatsa mayendedwe abwino kwambiri, komanso kuthekera kosuntha ndi kulumpha kuchokera mmadzi kukwera mita angapo.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Dziwani kuti si mitundu yonse ndi zipsepse pectoral. Malo ena otsetsereka amasuntha mothandizidwa ndi minyewa yosanjikiza. Mwanjira imeneyi, nsomba zokhala ndi zipsepse zazing'ono zopanda mapepala zimakakamizidwa kuti ziziyenda mozungulira.
Komanso, malingana ndi mtundu ndi pokhala ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi stingrays. Yemwe angayimire kwambiri anthu okhala m'madzi amakhala ndi ma 15 cm okha. Dzina lake ndi Indian stingray. Yaikulu ndi nthumwi - nyanja mdierekezi, amatchedwanso pakhoma. Nyama iyi imafika pamtunda kuyambira 6 mpaka 7 metres, yolemera kuposa matani awiri ndi theka. Nsomba zotere zimatha kugubuduza bwato losodza. Ngakhale pakokha, ngakhale mitundu mochititsa lalikulu, sakusonyeza mokwiya kwa anthu.
Koma izi sizinamulepheretse m'mbuyomu kuti asakhale wamantha, kuphimba m'madzi am'madzi pomwe amalumphira m'madzi. Mchira wake wautali wokhala ndi chikwapu komanso thupi lalikulu panthawi yomwe imagwera m'madzi adapangitsa kuti kulira kwamkokomo, komwe sikungachititse mantha oyendetsa sitimawo osadziwa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Chutes - ndithu wamba padziko nyama lonse. Zimatha kupezeka m'malo a polar komanso m'malo otentha. Ena mwa iwo amasamuka mtunda wautali pachaka, pomwe ena amatengera. Anthu ena musatisiye madzi ofunda, ena amakana amakonda kuyendayenda kudzera mafunde ozizira. Ngakhale kuti izi ndi nyama zayekha, nthawi zambiri zimatha kupezeka zopanga mizere.
Amakhalanso m'malo osiyanasiyana. Limbikitsa angathe kukhala pa akuya mamita 2,700, komanso madzi osaya. Kufanana kwakukulu kwogona kumakhala pansi. Ma stingrays amakonda kudziyika m'manda momwe amapangira silt kapena mchenga pansi. mawonekedwe awo mosabisa za thupi kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri kwa malo benthic. Kwenikweni, nyama izi zimakhala m'madzi amchere ndi nyanja zamchere, ndipo ndi mitundu yochepa chabe yomwe yakhala ndi madzi abwino. Osawopa kusambira kutali ndi gombe ndi pansi kokha mitsitsi ya manta. jumbo kukula kwake sapereka kalipokalipo kwa nyama.
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Nyama zamtunduwu zatchulanso zolaula. Wamphongo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi wachikazi ngakhale ali wakhanda. nkhani zonse kumaliseche imene ili pa ngodya ya m'chiuno chipsyepsye ray. Muubwana, amaimiridwa ndi timiyala tating'onoting'ono tating'ono; pofika nthawi yakutha, ma tubercles amakhala ma tubules apamwamba, kufikira masentimita angapo mwa anthu apakati.
Mgonero wa Stingray
Ndiziwunda chikhalidwe cha adani a. Oimira ochepa kwambiri amtunduwu, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, amakakamizidwa kudya plankton, mollusks yaying'ono, octopus ndi mphutsi. Otsalira adzala nyama. Mwakumana ndi chinsomba stingray akhoza kukhala zazikulu.
Mwachitsanzo, flounder, nsomba, haddock, cod, komanso sardines. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndichakuti njira yayikulu kwambiri ndi manta ray, mdierekezi wamphamvu komanso wam'madzi, yemwe amadya nsomba zazing'ono ndi plankton. chakudya chawo zosefera kudzera mipata gill pa mfundo za Nsombayo chinsomba. Chifukwa chake sizichitira anthu zoipa.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ina, yaying'ono yaying'ono imawonetsa njira zapamwamba kwambiri za kusaka, zomwe amayi ake enieni adawapatsa zida.Ambiri aiwo amatha kudzikundikira ndikumasulidwa nthawi yoyenera magetsi.
Amakumbatira nyama yawo ndi zipsepse zamakutu, kenako ndikupha ndi mfuti. Kwa nsomba zokulirapo, izi ndi zokwanira. Munthu atakodwa mumunthu, amamva kupweteka kwambiri kapena, vuto lalikulu, kupuwala kwakanthawi kwa miyendo, komwe kumatha kuphedwa ndi madzi. Malo otsetsedwawo amafukula pansi, ndikuwawopseza ndi kuthamangitsa tinsomba tating'ono, kenako nkuikwapula mosamala ndi kaphatikizidwe kamene kamakhala ngati kankhuni, kokhala ndi singano mbali zonse ziwiri. Mitundu ina imasaka nyama, kenako imboola ndi mchira wakuthwa.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Stingrays ndi nyama zosangalatsa. Amatha kuyikira mazira ndi kubala ana amoyo. Yaikazi imaponyera mazira pachomera, kapangidwe kake kamene kamawalola kuti azilumikizana bwino. Kuti muchite izi, pachikwama chilichonse cha mluza uliwonse pali zingwe zazing'ono.
Kuchuluka kwa maimuna amodzi zimatengera mitundu yake. Mwachitsanzo, ma ray a manta amabereka mwana mmodzi nthawi, amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 10. Ena amatulutsa zochulukirapo. Pakazungulira kamodzi, chinyama chachikulu chimatha kuikira mazira 5 mpaka 50. Kukula kwa embryo kumakhalanso kosiyanasiyana.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ya Viviparous imakula mazimba mumtsempha wofanana ndi chiberekero cha nyama. Thanzi kwa iwo limabweranso kudzera mu njira zake zapadera.
Mwachangu, wopangika ndi wowoneka bwino amabadwa chifukwa cha kubadwa konse. Ena mwaiwo amatha kuphatikiza magetsi.
Adani achilengedwe
Mlingo wa chitetezo cha stingrays umatengera mtundu wawo, kapena ndendende - kukula kwawo. Mtheradi wodekha panthawiyi amatha kudzitama manta - satana wanyanja. Mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa amachititsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga chitetezo pafupifupi zana limodzi. Zovuta zakunyumba ndizomwe zimangodzigwira za asodzi "olimba mtima", chifukwa nyama ya nsombayi imawonedwa ngati chakudya chamtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi.
Ma stingrays ena amakakamizidwa kuti asamalire chitetezo chawo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala akuwombedwa ndi asodzi ndi ena akuluakulu am'madzi oyenda panyanja. Ndipo nsomba izi ndizotetezedwa momwe wina aliyense angathere. Mitundu yamagetsi "imazimitsidwa" ndi zotulutsira pakalipano, omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo chowopsa chambiri komanso kuthamanga, omwe amakhala pansi sakonda kutuluka mpaka usiku.
Komanso stingrays imasinthidwa ndi utoto. Ambiri aiwo ali ndi mimba yopepuka - yogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe akumwamba kuchokera pansi, ndi utoto wa thupi lapamwamba mumtundu wamtunda womwe umakhala.
Stingrays imawoneka yowopsa makamaka kwa olakwira. Kusankhidwa kwa zida kumveka bwino kuchokera dzinali. Mchira wakuthwa wamtunduwu umakhala ndi maselo owopsa omwe amatha kupukusa minofu yamunthu, amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso zimayambitsa mitundu ina yakufa ziwalo. Poizoni wa nsombayi, bola, amatha kusanza kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuphatikizika ndi katundu
Stingray ndi nsomba yachilendo. Maonekedwe ake ndi thupi lathyathyathya, pamwamba pa utoto wakuda, pansi pa kuwala. Pansi pake pali pakamwa, m'mphuno ndi m'mimba mwa nsomba. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayo ilibe zipsepse za caudal, koma ili ndi mchira. Ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti stingrays ndi nsomba zomwe zimatha kukugwedezani. Komabe, pokonza njirayo ndi magawo ake apansi okha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe ndi mapiko. Amakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri. Itha kukonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kuphika mu uvuni, ndi mwachangu, ndikupanga soup. Nyama ya Stingray ili ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Vitamini A ithandizanso kukonza masomphenyawo, Vitamini C - ali ndi katundu wotsutsana ndi kutupa, ndipo Vitamini D amakhudza kukula koyenera ndi kukula kwamafupa. Potaziyamu imagwira ntchito yamtima, ndipo zinc imathandizanso kukonzanso khungu. Stingray ndichakudya chowoneka bwino, chofewa, chofewa cha stingray chimakhala ndi mapuloteni apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amathandiza kugaya ndi matumbo.Kuphatikiza apo, stingray ndi nsomba yochepetsetsa ya calorie yomwe ndiyoyenera anthu ambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mitundu ina ya skates imagwidwa pamsika chifukwa chamapiko awo okoma. Amakhulupirira kuti zipsepse zamtundu wamtundu wina zimafanana ndi zokhala ndi ndulu mukulawa, chifukwa chake zimagwidwa mwankhanza pogwiritsa ntchito zigwiriro.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Tsoka ilo, ngakhale msewu pawokha siwokhala cholinga chachikulu. Zipsepse zake zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokopa mukamedza nsomba za nkhanu.
Kuphatikiza pa asodzi ogulitsa mafakitale, ma stingrays nthawi zambiri amagwera mu ukonde ngati kugwira nsomba. Mitundu ina imawonedwa ngati yowola kwambiri ndipo imatetezedwa ku boma, mwachitsanzo, United States. Pali magawo oyang'anira kuteteza ma stingrays kudzera munjira monga zoletsa kusodza komanso zoletsedwa kukhala nazo.
Zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu ndi zopatsa thanzi pama gramu 100 aliwonse
Magawo kumtunda amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mbale iyi, chifukwa stingray ndi nsomba yofunikira. Komabe, chiwindi chokha, mapiko, ndi khungu ndizofunikira mu mbola. Chiwindi chimalemera ndi mavitamini ambiri komanso zinthu zopindulitsa. Izi zithandiza kulimbitsa chitetezo chathupi. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba za stingray zimakhala ndi mtengo wofunika kwambiri kwa masculoskeletal system ya munthu, thunthu ndi mapuloteni. Zimathandizira kumanga mafupa ndi minofu, ndipo kuperewera kwa zinthuzi kumatha kuyambitsa matenda a nyamakazi ndi minofu, komanso mavuto ndi mtima wamitsempha. Mwa zina, mankhwalawo ali ndi zinthu zina zomwe zili zofunikira chimodzimodzi. Izi ndi mchere. Amathandizira kuti ziwalo zonse zizigwira bwino ntchito. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa metabolism ayeneranso kuphatikiza nsomba zam'madzi izi mu zakudya zawo. Mbale ina imakhala yothandiza kwa iwo omwe ali ndi ayodini wochepa thupi. Anthu omwe akudwala matenda oopsa amalangizidwanso kuti azidya nsomba za stingray. Sizopweteka kuphatikiza mu zakudya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iwo omwe ali ndi matenda a atherosulinosis. Mafuta a nsomba amakhala ndi mafuta a omega-3 ndi omega-6 acid, omwe amatha kusintha mafuta m'thupi ndikuchotsa owonjezera m'thupi. Omwe akudwala chimbudzi cholakwika amalangizidwa kuti azidya nawonso nsomba ya stingray. Zidzapangitsa matumbo kugwira ntchito moyenera ndikusintha chopondapo. Izi ndi zabwino zambiri pazakudya izi! Komabe, pali zotsutsana. Ndikwabwino kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba kwa iwo omwe ali ndi matenda am'mimba am'mimba. Ndipo nsomba ikhoza kuyambitsa mavuto ambiri, ndikofunikira kukumbukira izi.
Ma stingrays ndiwodziwika bwino wa nsomba-ma gill cartilaginous, zomwe zimaphatikizapo 5 oda ndi mabanja 15. Kwa mbola, zipsepse za mchenga ndi thupi lathyathyathya zimaphatikizidwa ndimutu. Nthawi zambiri mbola zimakhala munyanja. Sayansi imadziwa mitundu ingapo yamadzi oyera. Mtundu wa kumtunda kwa matupi awo umatengera komwe mbolazo zimakhala. Mapeto ake amatha kukhala akuda kapena owala kwambiri.
Kukula kwa malo otsetsereka kumakhala kotalika masentimita angapo kupita pamitunda ingapo, mapiko otsetsereka ena otsetsereka amatha kukhala opitilira mamitala awiri (mwachitsanzo, malo otsetsereka ochokera ku banja la brackish). Ma ramp yamagetsi amapatsidwa "chida" chofunikira kwambiri. Zingwezi zimapweteka wothandizidwa ndi magetsi. Ma stingraw amatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Zimapezeka ngakhale pagombe la Antarctica komanso ku Arctic Ocean. Ndikwabwino kuti muwone “kuwuluka” m'mphepete mwa Australia.
Stingrays ndi abale a asodzi. Komanso, wachibale. Zofanana zakunja, kumene, sizimawonedwa. Potengera momwe zimapangidwira mkati, ma stingrays pamodzi ndi shaki amapangidwa ndi cartilage, osati mafupa. M'masiku akale, stingrays anali ofanana ndi shaki osati mu mawonekedwe awo amkati, komanso mawonekedwe awo akunja. Komabe, nthawi yawasintha osadziwika.
Stingrays ndi nsomba zakale. Izi ndi zoona - imodzi mwa nsomba zakale kwambiri, monga shaki. Zapadera, chifukwa nsomba zina zonse zimapumira ndi ma gill.Komabe, ngati dambali lingayese kuchita zomwezo, ndiye kuti, limodzi ndi mpweya, zimakoka mumchenga womwe uli pansi. Ndiye chifukwa chake kupuma kwa mbola kumasiyana ndi mpweya wa nsomba zina. Mpweya umalowa mu stingray kudzera kupopera kwapadera. Omwe ali kumbuyo kwa nsomba'yi. Zomwezi zimatetezedwa ndi valavu yapadera, koma ngati zichitika kuti kachinthu kena kowoneka bwino kamawonekeranso m'malo owaza, ndiye kuti mtambowo umamasulidwa ndikuwamasula mtsinje wamadzi kwa wokuwaza.
Ma stingrays ndi mtundu wa agulugufe oyandama. Kufanizira kotereku kumatha kujambulidwa kutengera momwe maelekedwe amayenda m'madzi. Amakhalanso achilendo chifukwa sagwiritsa ntchito mchira posambira, monga nsomba zina zimachitira. Olimba amasuntha chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa zipsepse, pomwe akufanana ndi agulugufe.
Ma stingrays amasiyana wina ndi mzake. Choyamba, kukula kwake. Zachilengedwe zimadziwika ndi stingrays kuyeza masentimita pang'ono ndi stingrays, omwe kukula kwake kumafikira 7 metres. Kachiwiri, malo otsetsereka osiyanasiyana amakhalanso mosiyanasiyana. Ma stingraw ena samasamala, mwachitsanzo, kudumphira pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe ambiri mwa nsomba izi amakonda kukhala ndi nthawi yoyikidwa m'mchenga.
Mdierekezi wanyanja ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Amalimbikitsa amalinyero kupanga nthano zodabwitsa kwambiri. Inde mungatero! Ngati mungaganizire chithunzi pomwe kanthu kamphindi kasanu ndi kawiri kamauluka m'madzi am'nyanjamu kwa masekondi angapo (ndipo ichi ndi mdierekezi wanyanja kapena, monga amatchedwanso, manta ray), omwe kulemera kwake kupitilira matani awiri, ndiye kuti oyendetsa sitimawo amatha kumvetsetsa. Komanso, atazindikira kuti patapita mphindi chimphona chija chikugwiranso pansi mozama, kuwonetsa oyendetsa sitimayo ngati mchira wakuda.
Mdierekezi wanyanja ndi cholengedwa chotetezeka. Ngakhale zili zazikulu kwambiri pamizere yonse, njirayi siikhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi iliyonse, ilibe mano ndi mano. Ndipo mchira wokwera, womwe umakumbukiridwa ndi oyendetsa sitimawo, ulibe zida. Mdierekezi wapanyanja ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola, koma samakhudza anthu konse. Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimapezeka munyanja zonse zam'madzi otentha. Amatha kuwoneka pamwamba pamadzi, ndi makulidwe ake, komanso kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka pamwamba pamadzi. Mwa njira, cholinga cha "kudumpha" mdierekezi wanyanja kuchokera m'madzi sichimadziwika mosadalirika.
Mdierekezi wanyanja amakonda zabwino. Amati nyama yake siyokoma kokha, komanso yopatsa thanzi. M'mabuku akale mungapeze kufotokoza kwa maphikidwe ndi mdierekezi wapanyanja. Kusaka kokha kwa stingray kumeneku sikotetezeka komanso kovuta. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, mdierekezi wanyanja mosavuta, mwachitsanzo, amatha kusintha bwato. Ndipo bwanji kupha chilengedwe chodabwitsachi, makamaka poganizira kuti chachikazi chimangobweretsa kamwana kamodzi. Zowona, kukula kwa chomalizachi ndikosangalatsa kwambiri, monga momwe, kuliri, komwe pafupifupi pakubadwa ndi ma kilogalamu khumi.
Stingray yamagetsi ndi nsomba zowopsa. Mwakutero, zoyipitsitsa kuposa, mwachitsanzo, mdierekezi wapanyanja. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma cell a ramp yamagetsi (amatchedwanso wamba kapena marble) amatha kupanga magetsi mpaka 220V (kumene, dzina la njirayi idachokera kuno). Ndipo ndi angati omwe adakumana ndi magetsi pamagetsi awa! Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ma ramp onse amatha kupanga magetsi, koma osagwirizana ndi chingwe chamagetsi. Njira yamagetsi yakhala ikudziwika kwanthawi yayitali. Maweresi ake amatha kutsimikizika motere: pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka m'litali ndi mita m'lifupi. Zimalemera kuchokera pa kilogalamu makumi awiri ndi kasanu mpaka makumi atatu. Thupi lakumtambo limakutidwa ndi mitsempha yoyera ndi yofiirira, momwe mithunzi imatha kukhala yosiyana.
Mbola yaikazi imabereka ana amoyo. Makanda makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi anayi amatha kubadwa nthawi. Zinali kuti ngati ana amtunduwo anali pachiwopsezo china chake, mkaziyo amawatenga kukamwa. Ana ake amakhala pamenepo mpaka ngoziyo itatha.Koma pakadali pano, izi sizinatsimikizidwe.
Ma chingwe wamagetsi ndi zolengedwa zaulesi. Iwo pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Komabe, malo otsetsereka a nsapato ali ndi mphamvu yapadera, ndiye kuti mtambowo ungapangitse nsomba iliyonse kusuntha pokhapokha. Chifukwa cha luso lapaderali, njirayo sikufunika kusuntha mwachangu - kugwedezeka mumchenga, imangodikira nyama. Kusambira nsomba pafupi ndi poyimira magetsi kumakhala kovuta kugona komanso koopsa. Pafupi ndi nsangalabwi, nsomba mwina zitha kufa. Asodzi akudziwa luso lapaderalo la kanjira, komwe mphamvu yake kudzera pa netiweki imafika m'manja ndikupangitsa maukonde kuti amasulidwe. Poizoni wa stingray wamoyo amatha kulowa thupi la munthu ngakhale atachikhudza ndi ndodo. Njira yakufa ndiyotetezeka kwathunthu.
Marble stingray amenya mwadala zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa magetsi. Mikwingwirima imakhala yolimba kwambiri pamadzi. Ngati chingwecho chatsekedwa, ndikosavuta kukakamiza kubwereza kugwedeza kwamagetsi kangapo. Mothandizidwa ndi zida zamagetsi, malo okumbikakumbika amatetezedwa kwa adani ndikuchotsa chakudya.
Chida cha mbola ndi mchira wake. Ndi chingwe chomwe chimamatira mu nsembe yake. Pambuyo pake, chingwe chimakoka mchira kumbuyo. Zilonda za wozunzidwayo zimang'ambika chifukwa mchira wamkati wamata ndi minga. Thambo lamtondo silimagunda monga choncho, limalowetsa chongofuna kudziteteza. Ndipo zakudya zamagulu a stingrays zimakhala ndi ma crustaceans ndi ma mollusks, omwe samapunthwa ndi stingrays ndi mano, koma ndi platinamu yapadera ndi ma lead.
Ndidawonongeka kwa masiku angapo, chifukwa ndili ndi nthawi yogulitsa maloto! Adalakalaka nthawi yayitali akukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Osangokhala tchuthi, koma "moyo".
Ndiye zidachitika - komanso chifukwa cha mzanga Tanya (http://audiourokidarom.ru), adandipeza nyumba ku Alushta m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda.
Mawonekedwe okongola am'nyanja kuchokera kukhonde la chipinda changa: Ndimakumana ndi mbanda tsiku lililonse ndikumwa khofi papulatifomu yapamwamba panyanja. Sindikhulupirira kuti izi zikhoza kuchitika!
Zowona, ndidakhala ndikulangidwa, ndipo malinga ndi "pulogalamu yonse", ndikuuzeni kanthu. Ndipo tsopano tili pafupi athu, za "msungwanayo" - motani nsomba ya stingray.
Stingray nsomba Pano "salemekeza", samadya ndipo amutcha nkhandwe. Imakodwa mu ukonde, ndipo asodzi amagulitsa ndalamazi, kapenanso amangopereka izo kwa ife. Madzulo, "otithandizira" amatifunsa (Volodya akutiyesa renti) ngati tikufuna kuyesa nkhandwe.
Pambuyo povuta pang'ono komanso malongosoledwe otsatirawa, tidafuulira mosangalala "ndikufuna, ndikufuna! "- ndipo monga zhezh, zosowa!
Yemwe sanadye nsomba ya stingray ndiwofooka pamiseru!
Volodya afunsa: mutsuka? Ndife okondwa: "Tidzakhala! "Koma titamuwona!
Onani, tili saw .
Mwanjira ina, Volodya adayeretsa pagombe ndi mtundu wa mabelu achimuna ndikuliza - kupindika - m'mawu amodzi, mabelu awa ndi mzungu wake umapereka madzi akukulira. Anayidula (inatulutsa chiwindi, kudula zipsepazo, koma sanachotse chikopa chija, chifukwa sitikufuna kuiphika), ndipo nafenso.
Chiwindi cha Stingray chimawerengedwa ngati chabwino komanso chosangalatsa kwambiri mu stingray.
Iyenera kuchotsedwa mosamala kuti chikhodzodzo chisang'ambike!
Stingray chiwindi (500-700 g)
4-5 mazira (yolks okha)
1 anyezi
½ tbsp anyezi wophika mafuta
mchere ndi tsabola kulawa
- Tsitsani chiwindi m'madzi otentha ( pakufunika madzi ambiri kuti chiwindi chikuphimbidwe ).
- Wiritsani kwa mphindi 5-7 ( kutengera ndi kukula kwa chiwindi ).
- Wiritsani mazira, kusenda ndikuchotsa ziluzi. ( Osataya agologolo - amabwera othandiza ).
- Sulani anyezi ndi mwachangu mpaka golide pang'ono - uta ukhale wofewa .
- Taya chiwindi chotsirizidwa mu colander ndikulola kuti kuziziritsa.
- Pogaya zinthu zonse m'mbale umodzi ndi foloko kuimika.
- Kukomera.
- Ikani mufiriji.
Tumikirani ndi bulauni mkate.
Phala limasalala pambuyo poti liziuma mufiriji.
Chifukwa chiyani tikufuna chiwindi cha cod ngati muli ndi stingray chiwindi!
Stingray (yoboola komanso kudula mutizidutswa) imatha kuyesedwa, koma pazifukwa ziwiri ndife akatswiri.
Choyamba, kulibe malo oti tisodzi nsomba, ndipo chachiwiri, njirayo, monga tidanenera, ndi yoyenera kwa katsitsumzukwa kokha. Tinkakhulupirira anthu akomweko.
Njira imodzi (zidutswa)
anyezi
2-3 kaloti
chidutswa cha udzu winawake
azungu owiritsa dzira
tsamba la Bay, mchere ndi tsabola
gelatin
- M'madzi otentha, viyikani zimbudzi za stingray (madzi osalowetsedwa) ndi masamba m'matumba akuluakulu.
- Kuphika kwa maola 1.5.
- Onjezani masamba a Bay kumapeto.
- Lolani kuziziritsa.
- Chotsani nyama ndikuyipatula.
- Konzani zakudyidwe.
- Onjezani mapuloteni, katsabola pang'ono ndi kaloti m'mabwalo.
- Cheretsani ndi kuwaza msuzi.
- Zilowerere gelatin.
- Patsani msuzi (tinali ndi 1 lita imodzi ya msuzi ndi mapaketi awiri a gelatin).
- Sungunulani gelatin yotupa mu msuzi wofunda.
- Thirani msuzi.
Banja la Puffer / Rajidae
Ma stingrays kapena ma rhombic stingrays amapanga mitundu 8 ya 8 ndi mitundu yopitilira 100. Amadziwika ndi disk yayikulu, yomwe imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ochulukirapo kapena ocheperako ndipo nthawi zambiri imakutidwa ndi spikes zazikuluzikulu ndi zing'onozing'ono zazing'ono. M zipsepse zamtchire zimafika pakuwombera kapena kuphatikizika patsogolo pake. Zipsepse za Dorsal, monga lamulo, ziwiri. Ndalama ya caudal imakhala yokhala ndi khola laling'ono, ndipo mwa akulu nthawi zina imasowa kwathunthu. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi ziwalo zamagetsi pama mbali ya mchira. Wamphamvu kwambiri, msinkhu, komanso kusiyana pakati pa kugonana ndi mtundu wa stingrays. Achichepere amasiyana mosiyana ndi akulu okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi, kutalika kwake, kapangidwe ka mano ndi zina. Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulupo kuposa zazimuna ndipo zimakhala ndi zotumphukira zokulirapo. Zotumphukazi ndizofalikira m'nyanja ndi nyanja zamchere. Amadziwika kwambiri ndi madzi ozizira (omwe amapezeka ku Arctic ndi Antarctic) komanso madera ofunda, koma amapezekanso mdera lotentha, pomwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo ozama. Mitundu yambiri ya banja lino ndi ena mwa okhala m'madzi osaya, koma palinso mitundu yakuzama. Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri imadziwika, makamaka, kuchokera kuzama kupitirira 2000 m.Rombus ramp haifike kukula kwakukulu. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi, monga lamulo, pamtunda wa 35 mpaka 180. Zoona, yayikulu kwambiri ku malo otsetsereka ku Europe - otsetsereka (Raja batis) - imatha kutalika ndi 2,5 m ndi kupyola kuposa 1.5m mulifupi ndi kulemera 60-74 kg. Mamembala onse am'banjali amachulukana, akuyika mazira otsekeka mu kapuulo ya nyanga pansi. Chovala choterocho ndi chojambulidwa mu chifuwa chakuda, chofiirira kapena chakuda ndipo chokhala ndi mawonekedwe a quadrangular ndipo chimakhala ndi ma tubular process kumakona, omwe mwa mitundu ina amakhala atali kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi, kapisozi kamakhala pansi. Monga momwe amazindikira m'madzi muja, mbalame nthawi zambiri imayika mazira awiriawiri ndi masiku 1-5, ndipo nthawi yonse yobereketsa imatha kutalika kwambiri. Nthawi zina zimatha kwa miyezi ingapo. Chiwerengero chonse cha ma kapu osachedwa, mwachiwonekere, chimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 4-5 mpaka 50 kapena kuposerapo. Madzi oundana omwe amakhala ndi miyezi inayi mpaka 14. Mizere ya Rhombic ndi m'gulu la nsomba zam'munsi. Mowopsa, nthawi zambiri amapanikizidwa mwamphamvu pansi, ndipo utoto wawo, ngati wa Flounder, umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera utoto womwe wagona. Malo omwe nsomba zimakonda kwambiri ndi malo osalala kapena mchenga. Masana, matalala nthawi zambiri amakhala osagwira ndipo amagona pansi, nthawi zina kukumba pansi kwambiri mpaka maso okha, malovu ndi gawo lakumbuyo kumakhalabe pamtunda. Akakumba, amagwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu za pectoral kuti aponyere mchenga kumbuyo kwawo. Nthawi yomweyo, malo otsetserawa nthawi zambiri amatuluka m'mphepete mwa madzi, kufunafuna nyama, ndipo nthawi zina imawonedwa pansi. Pakusambira, amawaza zipsepse zake, ngati mapiko, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, amatha kuyenda mwachangu.Mukasaka nyama yoyandama, mbola sizitha kuyigwira chifukwa chakuwombera mwachindunji, popeza pakamwa pawo pamakhala kumunsi kwa mitu yawo. Poterepa, amayandama pamwamba pa nyama zawo, kenako kuzikakamiza pansi ndikumeza. Rampic ramp ndi ponseponse m'madzi athu akumpoto. M'madzi akusamba gombe lakumpoto kwa Russia, pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya banja ili, mu Nyanja Zathu Zakum'mawa - pafupifupi mitundu 10, mu Nyanja Yakuda - mitundu 1.
Stingray shark / Rhynchobatus djiddensis
Stingray / Raja radiata
Makapisozi a mazira amtunduwu ndi ang'ono (kutalika kwake sikuposa 68 mm), ndipo njira za tubular pamakona awo zimakhala ndizitali zazitali: mbali inayo pali "nyanga" zazitali, mbali inayo - kutuluka kwakanthawi. Malo otsetsereka ang'onoang'ono omwe amatuluka m'mabotolo amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 10. Malo otsetsereka ooneka ngati nyenyezi ndi nsomba yolusa yomwe imasaka chakudya pansi komanso pansi pamadzi mothandizidwa ndi olfaction. Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi nsomba (capelin, gerbil, cod, haddock, flounder, ndi zina), komanso ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana. Malo otsetserawa amakumbidwa panthawi yausodzi wa nsomba, koma mu Nyanja ya Barents ilibe tanthauzo lofunika monga chinthu chodziwedza.
Skat fox / Raja clavata
Kuberekanso kumachitika mchilimwe, ndipo mayiyo amaikira mazira ambiri, komwe kumatenga miyezi 4.5-5,5. Ana oswa ana aang'ono 12-16 cm ndi 8 cm mulifupi. Kufunika kwachuma kwa madzi ake m'madzi athu ndi kopanda tanthauzo, koma ku North Sea kumapangitsa kugwirako.
Kutsika kwa Mtsinje / Potamotrygon motoro
Kukhazikika kokhazikika / Rhinobatos schlegeli
Ramp yamagetsi / Torpedo marmorata
Njira zamagetsi ndizofala kwambiri pagombe la kum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean komanso kunyanja ya Mediterranean. Ana anyaniwa amakhala kumadera otentha, kwam'madzi otentha komanso kwamadzi otentha onse am'madzi ndipo amapezeka kuchokera m'madzi osaya kwambiri mpaka pansi pa 500. Mitundu yayikuluyi imafikira kutalika kwa 1.8 m ndi kulemera kwa 90 kg. Malo otsetsereka osayenda pang'onopang'ono nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi, omwe amangoyikidwa pang'ono ndi mchenga kapena silt. Amadyanso ma invertebrates onse (ma crustaceans, ma mollusks, mphutsi) ndi nsomba (m'mimba zamatumbo amapeza flounder, eels, nsomba zolemera pafupifupi 2 kg, shaki).
Mbola zapoizoni
Stingray - stingray ndi a banja la mitundu 30. Malo otsetsereka amenewa amafika mikono iwiri m'litali ndi mikono isanu. Mchirawu umakhala ndi ma spikes awiri kapena anayi akuthwa, omwe, ngati mano, ndi masamba akutali a scaly. Pamtsetse wokulirapo, kangaudeyo amakula masentimita 40 m'litali, m'malo opanda phokoso amakutidwa ndi chivundikiro cha chikopa, chomwe chimaphimba ndi tiziwongo tambiri. Njirayo imagwiritsa nthambo ikaukira mnzake, chivundikirocho chimakokedwa ndipo choyipa chakupha chokhala ndi poyambira awiri chimawululidwa. Wovutitsidwayo amakhudzidwa ndi nthabwala ndipo poizoni amalowa m'mabala a wozunzidwayo, nthawi zina munga umasokonezeka ndikukhalabe m'bala la tsoka. Mikwingwirima ya spike ndi yolimba kwambiri kotero kuti imatha kuthyola nsapato za batware wosasamala kapena wetsuit yosambira.
Chingwe sichingagwiritse ntchito chida chake polimbana ndi anthu. Ngozi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chosasamala kwa anthu omwe. Njirayo ikhoza kuphimbidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri munthu osazindikira amakhala chinthu chomuwombera. Kuyenda m'madzi osaya, ndikupanga phokoso lochulukirapo ndi miyendo yanu, njirayi imawopa kutali ndi njirayo ndipo imachoka pamalo ake. Chisamaliro chapadera chimayenera kutengedwa ndi osinthika a scuba omwe amasambira pansi kwambiri ndikukweza zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Zilonda zam'mawa ndizopweteka kwambiri, zimachiritsa kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana. Minga yokhala ndi stingray imabowola mtsempha wamagazi ambiri; zimakhala zovuta kusiya magazi pamenepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi ambiri ataye. Poizoni wa stingray yemwe adagwera chilondacho amayambitsa kupweteka kwambiri, kukokana, kupuma ndi ntchito zamtima zimasokonekera. Milandu yakufa ndiyosowa kwambiri - imayamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magazi, myocardial necrosis, kafumbata.
Mukagundidwa ndi kangaude wa stingray, ndiye kuti musiyeni magazi, ikanipo malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi madzi otentha. Chilondacho chimayenera kutsukidwa ndikuthiridwa.M'pofunika kuchita mankhwala oletsa ululu komweko ndikuchotsa zotsalira za munga. Nthawi zina muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la dokotala.
Nsomba zamagetsi
Banja lachilendo la stingrays ndi magetsi a stingrays, omwe amaphatikizapo mitundu 30 yodyera. Ramp yamagetsi ili ndi ziwalo zamagetsi zamphamvu, zomwe zimakhala kutsogolo kwa thupi ndi mbali. Ziwalozi zimakhala ndi ma disc ambiri okhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, omwe ndizotikumbutsa uchi. Mtambo uliwonse wamtunduwu uli ndi ma disc 375 omwe ali ndi zinthu zonona. Makinawa amatha kupanga ma volts okwana 220. Chingwecho chimagwira nyama ndi zipsepse ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake ndi magetsi. Maonekedwe a thupi, mawonekedwe ozungulira.
Stingrays - mabatani
Woyimira wina wa stingrays ndi stingray - bracken. Malo otsetsereka oterewa amafikira m'lifupi mwake mpaka mamita 2.5 ndi kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu 350. Pachala mchira wautali, ma spison angapo owopsa amapezeka. Njirayi imakonda nyengo yotentha yam'nyanja.
Munkhaniyi, tidakumana ndi nyama zachilendo - stingrays, zomwe zimakhala zodzaza pansi pamadzi la dziko lathuli.
Samalani mukakhala m'madzi, pewani kulumikizana ndi nsomba zamtunduwu!
Pakati nsomba zamatumbo owopsa ndi stingray . Otchedwa mbola - imodzi mwa mabanja akuluakulu komanso mwina oopsa kwambiri nsomba zam'madzi.
Thupi la ming'aluyo imaphwanyidwa, ngati lunda, chifukwa nsomba izi zimakhalanso moyo wotsika. M'mphepete mwake, ali ndi zipsepse zam'maso zochulukirapo, zomwe zasintha kukhala zambiri, zokumbutsa mapiko a mapangidwe. Kuphatikizika ndi mbali za mutu ndi torso, amathandiza nsomba posambira. Pakamwa ndi potsegula pakamwa pamatseguka mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi, maso ali pamwamba.
Ana a stingrays, ngati nyama zapansi, amakhala moyo wongokhala, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi, amadya kwambiri ma mollusks, kukukuta zigamba zawo ndi mano awo. Mutha kumakumana pafupipafupi kuposa ena radiing stingray, prickly stingray ndi ena. Thupi lawo, limodzi ndi zipsepse zochokera kumwamba, zimafanana ndi chikwangwani. M'malo akuya mozama panyanja zotentha kumakhala malo otsetsereka a magetsi, pomwe thupi lake limakhala lozungulira, komanso nsomba yam'madzi, yofanana ndi shaki m'mawonekedwe aku thupi ndikufikira mamitala angapo kutalika. Kukhazikika kwa mbola kumakhala kwakukulu. Stingrays amatha kukhala m'madzi ozizira a Arctic ndi Antarctic, komanso m'madzi ofunda a nyanja zotentha, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi gombe.
Zokhala m'malo am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi a Pacific ndi Pacific
Pali umboni kuti m'mphepete mwa North America chiwerengero cha ozunzidwa, pafupifupi, ndi anthu 750 pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amavulala chifukwa cha stingray chakumadzulo kwa Pacific, mwachitsanzo, kugombe la China, Korea, Japan komanso kumwera kwa Primorsky Krai wa Russia, komwe kowopsa stingray red stingray . Mphaka wanyanja imagawidwanso kwambiri kumadzi aku kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, mu Nyanja za Mediterranean, Black ndi Azov. Kuvulala koopsa komwe kumachitika pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Mwa ovulala, pafupifupi 1% amafa.
Mitundu ina ya mbola, mwachitsanzo, mitsinje yamadzi , mumakonda madzi osaya - osazama kupitirira mita 1. Amatulutsa mabatani otetezedwa ndi mphepo, madzi osaya, malo opanda mchenga pakati pa miyala komanso mitsinje. Kulikonse komwe kuli malo awa ndizosavuta kukumana nawo. Ma stingraw satha kuzindikirika nthawi zonse, chifukwa amadzikwirira mumchenga kotero kuti ndi maso okha, shaft yapoizoni ndi gawo la mchira wake. Pa mchira wa malo ambiri otsetsereka, kuyambira m'modzi mpaka awiri omwe amapezeka poizoni wapoizoni, kutalika kwake kumatengera mtundu wa malo otsetsereka ndi kukula kwake.
Mwachitsanzo, stingray Dasyatis hasata imafika m'mimba mwake mpaka 2m mulitali kutalika kwake. Pansi pa mchira pali kangaude wolowa pafupifupi 40 cm.Pamwambapa, nyamayi imakhala ndi imvi, ndipo kuchokera pansi imakhala ya buluu, yomwe imalola kuti izidziphimba bwino m'madzi. Stingray amakhala mu udzu wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pomwe amapeza nsomba zazinkhanira ndi ma mollusks.
F. Talyzin analemba kuti: “Ndipo taganizirani, chimachitika ndi chiani ngati mungalumphe bwato ndikukakwera njirayo!” Amenya pomwepo ndi kansonga, ndikupanga bala lotupa ndipo amalowetsa poyizoni pakhungu lake! ”
M'madzi a Mexico ndi osowa, koma malo otsetsereka magetsi, akulu kwambiri monga stingray. Ziwalo zamagetsi zimakhala pamphepete mwa thupi pakati pa mutu ndi zipsepse. Mphamvuzi zimatha kufika pa V V, ndi mphamvu ya 8 A. Kutulutsa kotereku sikungaphe munthu komanso nyama yayikulu. Za mbola imadziwikanso rhombic stingray lomwe limakhala m'madzi kuchokera ku Britain kupita ku Central Africa. European stingray Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mphaka wa kunyanja. Amakonda madzi a kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, Indian Ocean. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya mbola.
Ana amphaka wam'nyanja (stingray waku Europe, Dasyatis pastinaca) ndi imfa yeniyeni ndikumwetulira - ngakhale, zowoneka, nkhope zoseketsa sizinthu zinafanana ndi chithunzi cha mbali yotsika ya thupi, mawonekedwe a mitundu yonseyo
M'madzi aku California ndi kumwera ku Mexico amapezeka gulugufe wa stingray , ndi malo okongola kwambiri akunja - bulangeti amakhala ku Nyanja Yofiirira, ku Atlantic, Indian ndi Pacific Oceans. Ambiri komanso california stingray amakonda madzi aku California. Kuyambira stingrays am'madzi oyera amatha kusiyanitsidwa waku America waku America okhala m'mitsinje ya Paraguay ndi Brazil. Malo otsetsereka awa ndi owopsa kwambiri, pali milandu yambiri ya anthu omwe akumwa poizoni ndi nyama iyi. Ndipo pamapeto pake, amawerengedwa m'malo otsetsereka ambiri ndipo ozungulira stingray , omwe, mosiyana ndi ena, ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira thupi komanso mchira wamfupi. Amakhala m'madzi aku California ndi kumwera ku Gulf of Panama.
Wotayidwa-wakunja - malo okongola a banja la bracken - amodzi owopsa komanso ambiri
Kupangira madzi osaya, mbola zimapezekanso pafupi ndi magombe, ndikuwopseza osambira. Pozindikira nyama yophikidwa mumchenga, munthu amatha kuyandikira mchira. Mosiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri, mbola imasambira munthu kuti asayandikire, itetezedwa bwino ndi chilengedwe. Munthu amene amalowera pamalopo amaphulitsidwa mwamphamvu ndi miyendo ndi nthongo kuchokera pakuyenda mchira wakuthwa. Ma stingrays nthawi zambiri kuposa nsomba zina zapoizoni zimayambitsa ngozi, popeza ndizochuluka kwambiri, zobisika bwino m'malo omwe zimakonda ndipo zimakhala ndi chida champhamvu chowateteza.
Munthu wovulala nthawi yomweyo amamva kupweteka kwambiri. Choyipa chachikulu ndikumva kuwawa kwa mchira wa ma stingrays amadzi oyera. Wovutitsidwayo amatha kuponya magazi kwambiri, kusanza komanso kupweteka m'mimba. Kuwonjezeka kwa kugunda kwa mtima kumadziwika, ziwindi zimatha. Ndi poizoni wamphamvu, munthu amatha kufa.
Msana wokhotakhota wotsetsereka pamodzi ndi kutalika konse umalumikizidwa pakhungu pakati pa mchira. Nthawi zina pamakhala zikhalidwe zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mchomera katatu pamchira. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti tenon imasungidwa ndi njirayo pamoyo wawo wonse, chifukwa palibe umboni kuti chaka chilichonse tenon yakale imasinthidwa ndi yatsopano.
Mitundu ina ya Amereka achimereka amagwiritsa ntchito mbande zamadzi amchere omwe amakhala ku Amazon monga mitu yawo yokhala ngati mivi.
Munga umakhala ndi chinthu chofanana ndi minofu yamafupa. Mizere ingapo imadutsa pamwamba pake. Kuchokera pansi pake, mzere wozama umayendanso mbali zonse m'mphepete. Muli ndi minofu yofewa ya imvi, yomwe imapanga chinsinsi chakupha.
Poizoni wa stingray makamaka ndi puloteni pomwe magawo khumi kapena magawo khumi amatha kusiyanasiyana. Osachepera asanu aiwo ndi poyizoni.
Ma stingrays ndi akapeti apansi pamadzi, chifukwa amatcha nsomba za cartilaginous zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala a thupi. Oimira gulu latsatanetsatane awa ndiosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa chake amaphatikizidwa m'magulu angapo omwe amapanga skorder imodzi. Padziko lapansi pali mitundu 340 ya nsomba. Mwadongosolo, onse ali pafupi ndi shaki.
Njira yamagetsi wamba (Torpedo marmorata).
Chifukwa choti thupi lawo limasungunuka, ma ging'i otseguka a nsomba izi adasunthira kumbali yakumbuyo. Palinso kamwa yotakata. Malo otseguka pakamwa amatha kuwoneka mbali zonse mkamwa. Anthu osazindikira amatha kutenga iwo kuti awone m'maso ang'onoang'ono, kwenikweni, awa ndi owaza. Kudzera mwa iwo, njirayo imapopera madzi m'mapako kuti apume. Maso enieni amapezeka pa stingrays kumtunda kwa thupi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukula kwawo kumakhala kwakukulu mpaka yaying'ono, ndipo pamalo otsetsereka akhungu, amakhala obisika pansi pa khungu.
Nkhope zoseketsa za nkhandwe zam'madzi (Raja clavata) sizowona nkhope, koma kunja kwake kwa mbola.
Pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe oterewa, ziwalo za kayendedwe kazasintha. Ma anal anal a ray adachepa, ndipo ma pisitala adakulira limodzi ndi thupi, kusandulika "mapiko" athanzi. M'makola ena, zipsepse ndizocheperako ndipo sizitenga nawo gawo kusunthaku, mafinya awo akuluakulu, monga nsomba zina, amakhala mchira womangika. Mitundu ina, m'malo mwake, zipsepse zamakutu ndizazikulu, ndipo mchira wake ndiwofowoka komanso wopanda mphamvu. Nsomba yotere ikasambira, imadzuka ndi nthawi yomweyo ndikugwetsa zipsepse zake ndikuwoneka ngati ikuuluka m'madzi. Mwa njira, njira yosunthira iyi imalola ma ramp kuti akwere mwachangu komanso kuti atulukire m'madzi kwa mita angapo.
Ng'ombe ya ng'ombe yaku East America, kapena ng'ombe ya ng'ombe (Rhinoptera bonasus) idaganiza zochokapo pamalowo ndikupita "kuthawa".
Kukula ndi mtundu wa nsombazi zimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, pali mitundu iwiri ya monochromatic (imvi, yakuda, bulauni), ndi mitundu yokongola kwambiri (yowoneka, yoyenda).
Mtambo wokhala ndi matalala a buluu (Taeniura lymma) umatha kusintha mtundu wamtunduwo kuchoka pamtambo wobiriwira mpaka wa azitona, ndipo mawanga amasandulika amtambo kapena amtambo.
Njira yamagetsi yaying'ono kwambiri ku India ukufika kutalika 14 cm, ndipo yayikulu kwambiri - manta, kapena satana wanyanja - imatenga kutalika kwa 6-7 mamita ndipo imalemera matani 2.5! Pamene chimphona chija chidumphira m'madzi, thupi lake limagwera munyanja ndi chipolopolo chamakungwa.
Manta, kapena satana wanyanja (Manta birostris), woyandama ndi timitengo mbali mbali zonse, amafanana ndi ndege ya Stealth yokhala ndi zida zoponya.
Palibenso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana yokhala mikhalidwe ya mbola. Izi nsomba zimapezeka m'malo onse otentha - kuchokera kumadera otentha kupita kumadera akutali. Mitundu ina imakonda madzi ozizira chaka chonse, ina sasiya malire a mafunde ofunda, ndipo pali ena omwe amayenda mtunda wautali.
Ngakhale masiketi ambiri sakhala amodzi, mitundu ina imatha kupanga masango akuluakulu. Gulu la ng'ombe za ku East America zomwe zikuchokera ku Mexico kupita ku Florida zilipo pafupifupi 10,000.
Stingrays imatha kupezeka m'madzi osaya komanso lakuya kwa 2000-2700 m. Ambiri aiwo amakhala m'madzi am'madzi ndi nyanja, ndipo stingrays okha ochokera ku banja la mitsinje ya stingrays adakumana ndi madzi abwino aku South ndi Central America.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zachilendo zamadzi abwino ndi tiger stingray (Potamotrygon tigrina).
Monga lamulo, nsomba izi zimakhala ndi moyo wapansi, womwe mawonekedwe ake osalala amayenera bwino. Koma chiwonetsero chachikulu cha manta sichingaope kusambira ndikuyenda pansi; kukula kwake kwakukulu kumateteza kwa adani.
Wogulitsayo adakumana ndi nkhope yamaso pamaso pa zilumba za Revillagigedos (Mexico). Kwa anthu, zimphona izi sizikhala ndi ngozi.
Nyama zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi zimakhala zogwidwa ndi mbola. Mitundu yaying'ono imadya mphutsi, pansi, ma crayfish, nkhanu, ndi ma octopus ang'ono. Akuluakulu amagwira nsomba: omwe amazunzidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala sardines, haddock, capelin, mullet, flounder, cod, eels, nsomba.Koma manta wamkulu, m'malo mwake, amadya plankton ndi tinsomba kakang'ono kwambiri. Amangosefa mawaya ake, akumadutsa madzi m'mapirimo. Komabe, njira zachilendo kwambiri za usodzi zimachitidwa ndi magesi ndi ma seiling stingrays, kapena sawfish (kuti asasokonezedwe ndi ma shaki!). Zakalezo zimakhala ndi ziwalo zamagetsi zolamulidwa ndi gawo lapadera la ubongo. "Mabatire" amatha kupanga ndalama ndikukutumiza panthawi yoyenera, pamphamvu yamakono ya 7-8 amps, magetsi amitundu yosiyanasiyana amatha kuchokera ku 80 mpaka 300 volts. Kwa nyama zazing'ono, kugwedeza kwamagetsi ngati kumeneku kumapha, kwa munthu kumakhala kowawa kwambiri, ndipo chowawa kumatha kuyambitsa ziwengozo ndi miyendo yayitali. Ponena za nsombayi, m'mimba mwake mumakhala mtundu wina wa bolodi, wopindika kumapeto ndi mano akuthwa. Mothandizidwa ndi chida ichi, malo okumba amakumba pansi, amaimasula, ndikupanga gulu la nsomba, kugundika mbali ndikuwazunza omwe akuwonongeka.
Gulugufe wooneka ngati Green, kapena kuti nsomba (Pristis zijsron).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma stingrays pamodzi ndi achibale awo apafupi kwambiri ali ndi njira yolerera kwambiri. Tikafalitsa, imayala makapisozi a mazira kapena kubereka ana amoyo. Poyamba, wamkazi amayikira mazira 1-2 ndikupuma masiku 1-5. Nthawi yobereketsa imatha kutalikirana kwa miyezi yambiri, munthawi imeneyi munthu mmodzi wamkulu amakhala ndi nthawi yoti ayikire mazira 4-5 mpaka 50. Dzira lirilonse limavalidwa ndi cornea, ngodya za thumba ili zimatha ndi ulusi, mothandizidwa ndi kapisozi kazira kamakhala ndi dothi kapena algae. Kukula kwa mluza m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatenga miyezi 4 mpaka 14. Iyi ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya nsomba, koma osati dzira laling'ono lomwe limatuluka kuchokera dzira, koma mtunda wokhazikika bwino. Mitundu ya viviparous, mwachangu imamera m'thupi la mayi m'chiwalo chapadera chofanana ndi chiberekero cha zolengedwa. Gwero lalikulu la chakudya kwa iwo ndi yolk ya dzira, kuphatikiza, mazira amayamwa madzi omwe amatulutsidwa ndi machitidwe a chiberekero. Njira yakudyayi ndi yofanana ndikudyetsa mkaka mu nyama.
Stingray dzira kapisozi.
Mwachilengedwe, ndi manta yekha amene amasangalala motetezeka, pomwe palibe amene angayerekeze kuukira chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Mitundu yotsalayo imakhala yozunzidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, makamaka asodzi. Kuteteza stingrays apanga zida zingapo. Mitundu ina imadalira mtundu woteteza komanso mawonekedwe a thupi lathyathyathya, ndikuphimba ndi nthaka. Masana, malo otsetsereka amakhala osagwira ndipo amakonda kugona pansi, ndikudzipukusa ndi mchenga. Mitundu ya pelagic imadalira kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kutuluka kuchokera m'madzi. Malo otsetsereka magetsi amatetezedwa ndi zotulutsa zapano.
Koma stingrays owopsa. Nsomba izi zimakhala ndi chowala chosawoneka bwino 10-30cm mkati mwa mchira. Pali poyambira yokhala ndi maselo poyizoni pansi pamunsi pa spike. Chingwe chomwe chimatsatidwa chimadula mchira wake mbali ndi mphamvu zake zonse, kulumikizidwa ndi kusefukira kwake kumakhala kowawa kwambiri, ndipo kwa munthu kumakhalanso kowopsa. Ngakhale mu mbola ya mitsinje yopanda vuto lililonse, poizoni amatha kupundula miyendo, ndipo ziphe zam'madzi zimayambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kusanza komanso kufinya kwamisempha. Msodzi wodziwika bwino wa nsomba izi ndi Steve Irwin wasayansi wotchuka ku Australia, womenyedwa ndi singano molunjika pachifuwa.
Mphaka wam'nyanja (Dasyatis pastinaca) ndi woimira wamba wa mbola (munga wakupha uwoneka pakati mchira). M'chilimwe, wopezeka munyanja zamtundu wa Azov ndi Azov.
Mitundu ina ya nsomba zamtunduwu ndi zinthu za amateur komanso nsomba zamalonda. Chokoma kwambiri ndi nyama yamphaka ya ku Mediterranean (mobula) ndi chiwindi cha mphaka wanyanja. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yayikulu ya mbola imasowa chitetezo, monga nsomba yokhala ndi fecundity yochepa. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a pathupi pathupi, ma stingraw sioyenera kuti azisungika m'nyumba zam'madzi, chifukwa amafunika muli. Koma nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwoneka m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, komwe mitundu yosangalatsa, yopanda poizoni imakonda.Asodziwo amalolera kuti asungunuke ndikupeza chakudya m'manja mwa alendo.
"Amamwetulira" stingrays pamene mukudya ku New Orleans Aquarium (USA).
Ndidawonongeka kwa masiku angapo, chifukwa ndili ndi nthawi yogulitsa maloto! Adalakalaka nthawi yayitali akukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Osangokhala tchuthi, koma "moyo".
Ndiye zidachitika - komanso chifukwa cha mzanga Tanya (http://audiourokidarom.ru), adandipeza nyumba ku Alushta m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda.
Mawonekedwe okongola am'nyanja kuchokera kukhonde la chipinda changa: Ndimakumana ndi mbanda tsiku lililonse ndikumwa khofi papulatifomu yapamwamba panyanja. Sindikhulupirira kuti izi zikhoza kuchitika!
Zowona, ndidakhala ndikulangidwa, ndipo malinga ndi "pulogalamu yonse", ndikuuzeni kanthu. Ndipo tsopano tili pafupi athu, za "msungwanayo" - motani nsomba ya stingray.
Stingray nsomba Pano "salemekeza", samadya ndipo amutcha nkhandwe. Imakodwa mu ukonde, ndipo asodzi amagulitsa ndalamazi, kapenanso amangopereka izo kwa ife. Madzulo, "otithandizira" amatifunsa (Volodya akutiyesa renti) ngati tikufuna kuyesa nkhandwe.
Pambuyo povuta pang'ono komanso malongosoledwe otsatirawa, tidafuulira mosangalala "ndikufuna, ndikufuna! "- ndipo monga zhezh, zosowa!
Yemwe sanadye nsomba ya stingray ndiwofooka pamiseru!
Volodya afunsa: mutsuka? Ndife okondwa: "Tidzakhala! "Koma titamuwona!
Onani, tili saw .
Mwanjira ina, Volodya adayeretsa pagombe ndi mtundu wa mabelu achimuna ndikuliza - kupindika - m'mawu amodzi, mabelu awa ndi mzungu wake umapereka madzi akukulira. Anayidula (inatulutsa chiwindi, kudula zipsepazo, koma sanachotse chikopa chija, chifukwa sitikufuna kuiphika), ndipo nafenso.
Chiwindi cha Stingray chimawerengedwa ngati chabwino komanso chosangalatsa kwambiri mu stingray.
Iyenera kuchotsedwa mosamala kuti chikhodzodzo chisang'ambike!
Stingray chiwindi (500-700 g)
4-5 mazira (yolks okha)
1 anyezi
½ tbsp anyezi wophika mafuta
mchere ndi tsabola kulawa
- Tsitsani chiwindi m'madzi otentha ( pakufunika madzi ambiri kuti chiwindi chikuphimbidwe ).
- Wiritsani kwa mphindi 5-7 ( kutengera ndi kukula kwa chiwindi ).
- Wiritsani mazira, kusenda ndikuchotsa ziluzi. ( Osataya agologolo - amabwera othandiza ).
- Sulani anyezi ndi mwachangu mpaka golide pang'ono - uta ukhale wofewa .
- Taya chiwindi chotsirizidwa mu colander ndikulola kuti kuziziritsa.
- Pogaya zinthu zonse m'mbale umodzi ndi foloko kuimika.
- Kukomera.
- Ikani mufiriji.
Tumikirani ndi bulauni mkate.
Phala limasalala pambuyo poti liziuma mufiriji.
Chifukwa chiyani tikufuna chiwindi cha cod ngati muli ndi stingray chiwindi!
Stingray (yoboola komanso kudula mutizidutswa) imatha kuyesedwa, koma pazifukwa ziwiri ndife akatswiri.
Choyamba, kulibe malo oti tisodzi nsomba, ndipo chachiwiri, njirayo, monga tidanenera, ndi yoyenera kwa katsitsumzukwa kokha. Tinkakhulupirira anthu akomweko.
Njira imodzi (zidutswa)
anyezi
2-3 kaloti
chidutswa cha udzu winawake
azungu owiritsa dzira
tsamba la Bay, mchere ndi tsabola
gelatin
- M'madzi otentha, viyikani zimbudzi za stingray (madzi osalowetsedwa) ndi masamba m'matumba akuluakulu.
- Kuphika kwa maola 1.5.
- Onjezani masamba a Bay kumapeto.
- Lolani kuziziritsa.
- Chotsani nyama ndikuyipatula.
- Konzani zakudyidwe.
- Onjezani mapuloteni, katsabola pang'ono ndi kaloti m'mabwalo.
- Cheretsani ndi kuwaza msuzi.
- Zilowerere gelatin.
- Patsani msuzi (tinali ndi 1 lita imodzi ya msuzi ndi mapaketi awiri a gelatin).
- Sungunulani gelatin yotupa mu msuzi wofunda.
- Thirani msuzi.
Stitrays Habitats
Ma stingrays amakhala makamaka okhala pansi ndipo malo omwe amakonda amakhala nyanja yakuya . Popeza amadyera, amasangalala kudya nsomba zazing'ono, nsomba zazinkhanira, mbewa, zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa malo osungira. Chifukwa choti amakhala makamaka pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja, mtundu wa dorsal gawo la stingrays amasintha kuchokera kumchenga kupita wakuda. Mwanjira imeneyi, amasinthana ndi dziko losinthika komanso looneka bwino pansi komanso mtundu wa kusintha kwakumbuyo chifukwa cha chiwembu. Malo okhala ma stingrays ndi osiyanasiyana: amatha kukhala m'madzi ozizira a Antarctica ndi nyanja zam'malo otentha.Amakhala momasuka pa kutentha kwa madzi mpaka 30 0 C. Mitundu yambiri ya mbola imakhala komweko, pagombe lotalika mita imodzi, koma palinso ina yomwe imatsikira kukuya kwa nyanja yamtunda wamtunda wa ma kilomita atatu.
Zosiyanasiyana ma stingrays
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu yoposa 400 ya mbola. Mawonekedwe awo ndi moyo wawo zimadalira malo awo.
Mwachitsanzo, ena mwa ena ndi awa:
- nyamayi imadziwika chifukwa chakuti kulemera kwa malo otsetsereka kumatha kufika matani awiri (!) Ndipo mapikowo akuyenda mpaka mamita 7. Manta amawoneka wokongola kwambiri pamene akusambira, amafanana ndi mbalame yokongola kwambiri. Chizindikiro cha mtundu uwu wa mbola ndikuti iwo, monga ma dolphins amakonda kulumpha kutuluka m'madzi, kutalika kwake mpaka 1.5 metre ndikugwa ndikuthira madzi mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Kutalika kwa mapiko awo kumakhala kocheperako, kukafika mpaka mamita 2.5. Kutalika kwake, kumatha kutalika mpaka mamita asanu. M'mphepo zamtunduwu, kumapeto kwa mchira, pali kangaude yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito podziteteza ndipo amatha kugunda mdaniyo mpaka kuwerako.
Magetsi amagetsi - mbola yamtunduwu imakhala ndi mphatso yachilengedwe, zotulutsa zamagetsi, zomwe zimatha kuteteza stingray kuti isavulaze kapena kufooketsa wozunzidwayo. Magetsi amaikidwa kumbuyo kwake kwa mutu wachotsekera ndi zipsepse zamakutu. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mayendedwe achilengedwe azitha kufika mpaka 40 volts. Kuomba kumeneku kukhale kokwanira kukhumudwitsa amene akuvutikayo, kuwumitsa ziwalo kenako ndikudya.
Zomwe zimachitika pakubala kwa stingrays
Mbola yaikazi, nthawi yakukhwima, imadzisonkhanitsa mozungulira amuna ambiri, omwe, ngati kuti amawonekera, amawerenga mayendedwe onse achikazi. Amuna opambana komanso okalamba kwambiri omwe adapambana masewerawa amalandira ufulu wofanana ndi wamkazi, womwe umangokhala mphindi ndi theka.
Ma stingrays amaberekanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana: pali mazira ovuta ndipo amaikira mazira, otchedwa makapulogalamu, mkati mwa lirilonse pali dzira lokhathamiritsidwa. Pali mtundu wotere wa mbola ngati Nyanja ya Mdyerekezi, wamkazi wamtunduwu amakhala ndi mwana m'modzi chaka chonse, yemwe amabadwa wolemera makilogalamu oposa khumi ndikukula mpaka mita imodzi. Pambuyo pobadwa, mayiyo amasiya kuchita chidwi ndi mwana wawo ndipo amadzichitira yekha.
- Stingray - stingray ndiye mitundu yoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Pa mchira wa pamalo otsetsereka a mtunduwu, choyala chachikulu chimayikidwa, pamapeto pake maselo ankhongo amayikidwa. Mukalandira gawo la poizoniyu, munthu amatha kufooka kwathunthu, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumatha kutsika pang'ono, mafupa ndi minofu yam'mimba imatha kupuwala popanda kuchira.
- Maso ndi pakamwa pa stingray zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana pamutu ndipo stingray samawona zomwe zimamwa pakudya.
- Anthu amagwira mbola ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito khungu lake kuti apange malamba ndi ndulu, ndipo amadya nyama.
- M'malo omwe njirayo imakhala, okhala m'deralo ndi alendo amayesera kuti magetsi agwedezeke pa njirayo. Amakhulupirira kuti atalandira kutaya komwe kumafunikira kwa magetsi kuchokera pachithaphwi, anthu amachotsa matenda ambiri, monga kupweteka kumbuyo.
- Anthu akale ankasaka mwakhama stingrays chisangalalo . Anagwiritsa ntchito nsonga za malo otsetsereka kupanga mivi. Kupatula kuti anali osavuta kusaka, anali atadzazidwa ndi poizoni, zomwe zimawathandiza polimbana ndi adani akunja. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe, malo, zikhalidwe ndi zotsatira za kukumana ndi chingwe ndizosangalatsa komanso chidziwitso kotero kuti buku lonse silokwanira kufotokoza zonse zomwe anthu ali nazo chidwi ndi zolengedwa zachilendozi.
Electric stingray ndi nsomba yam'madzi yamadzi , gawo lodziwika bwino lomwe limakhala kupezeka kwa ziwalo zamagetsi zopaka. Gulu la magetsi amagetsi limakhala ndi mabanja anayi ndi mitundu yopitilira 60.
Njira yamagetsi - mawonekedwe ndi mafotokozedwe.
Thupi lamagetsi lamagetsi limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati disc ndi kupendekera pang'ono ngati mawonekedwe a mchira, pamakhala timiyala tating'ono ndi zipsepse zamkati umodzi kapena awiri. Miyeso ya thupi la malo otsetsereka imatha kufika masentimita 50. Komabe, pali oyimilira akuluakulu, omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo amafikira mita 1.2, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 100 kg. Nsomba zam'nyanja ya Stingray zimatha kukhala ndi mtundu wosiyana: kuchokera ku mtundu wosavuta wosavuta kupita kuzithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino. Maso a malo otsetsereka a magetsi ali pamwamba, mawonekedwe oterewa amachititsa kuti nsomba zisaoneke. M'mphepete mwa thupi looneka ngati diski pali ziwalo zopangidwa ndi impso zomwe zimapanga magetsi, zimapezeka pakati pamutu ndi zipsepse zamakutu. Ziwalo zamagetsi za stingrays lakonzedwa kuti mudziteteze komanso kugwira. Mothandizidwa ndi iwo, njirayo imamasula ngati mtengo zamagetsimagulu mphamvu kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 220 volts. Chifukwa chake, nsomba imamenya nyama kapena mdaniyo ndikumugwirira.
Kodi mbola zimakhala kuti?
Malo okhala ma stingrays ndi osiyana kwambiri. Electric stingray amakhala m'matanthwe, mabatani a dongo, m'malo a mchenga wamchenga. Nthawi zina dambali limatha kukhala mozama munyanja ndi nyanja zam'madzi, kutalika kochuluka kwa kakhwalako kumakhala pafupifupi mita 1000. Mukhoza kupeza nsomba izi m'madzi otentha komanso otentha okha.
Ana a stingrays kuyambira kubadwa amakhala ndi magetsi. Stingray yamagetsi ya akazi akuluakulu imatha kupatsa moyo kwa makanda 8-14. Kutalika kwa thupi la stingray wongobadwa kumene sikunasinthe ndipo kuli pafupifupi masentimita awiri.
Nsomba zam'madzi zodera Kuphatikiza pa luso lake lamagetsi, ilinso ndi talente ina yosatsutsika. Izi nsomba ndizosambira kwambiri, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a thupi. Zitsamba zokumbidwa zimalola kuti malo otsetsereka awonongeke m'malo amadzi, osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yayitali kuthana ndi mtunda wautali. Izi zimathandiza stingrays pakupeza chakudya cha iwo okha ndi ana akhanda.
Chomwe chimadya ndi kodi chingwe chamagetsi chimasaka bwanji?
Njira yamagetsi imadyera makamaka nsomba ndi zovunda. Oyimira ang'onoang'ono a stingrays amapanga plankton yaying'ono yam'madzi mwa mawonekedwe a nsomba zazing'ono, nkhanu, ndi octopus. Mitundu ikuluikulu imadya nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, mullet, nsomba. Mukasaka, chingwe chamagetsi chimagwira nyama yake ndikuigwirira ndi zipsepse. Zotulutsa zamagetsi zingapo zimayambitsidwa kwa wozunzidwayo, chifukwa cha chomwe amwalira.
Stingray (nkhandwe ya mnyanja) ndi wokhalamo m'madzi. Thupi lake limawoneka ngati mphumi ndi mchira woonda kumapeto. Monga lamulo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nsomba zamtunduwu imakhala ndi masipini ndi zipsepse kumbuyo kwawo.
Kuyambira kalekale, nthano zosiyanasiyana zopeka komanso zopeka, zolongosoledwa mu nthano zosiyanasiyana, zidafalitsidwa za nkhandwe ya mnyanja. Kupatula apo, maonekedwe ake ndi okongola, oopsa komanso oopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mitundu yomwe imakhala m'madzi akuya kwa nyanjayi ndiwowopsa komanso owopsa kwa anthu.
Zinthu zodziwika bwino
Ankhandwe am'nyanja ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi ena okhala m'madzi ndi nyanja zamchere. Iwo ali ali ndi chikhalidwe chawo:
- Mbola imakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya, ndipo pachala pali chitsotso lakuthwa.
- Mutu umalumikizidwa ndi thupi ndikusintha mwachindunji.
- Maso akuchulukira.
- Nsombazo zimakhala ndi dorsal ndi pectoral fin.
- Ankhandwe am'madzi amagwirizana kwambiri ndi shaki, chifukwa msana wawo umapangidwa ndi cartilage, osati mafupa. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti aliyense akuopa nsomba izi, zikuwoneka zowopsa.
- Pamkamwa pakamwa mulibe mano akuthwa ngati tsamba, m'malo mwake, ndi lamellar komanso osakhala lakuthwa pamalo otsetsereka.
- Zomangira zamkati zokha zili pansipa, ndipo nkhandwe zam'madzi sizitha kuwona zomwe zimadya. Ndi mphuno izi zokha zomwe zimanunkhira nyama.
- Mtundu wa stingrays umatha kukhala wa brownish, wautsi wokhala ndi timawonekedwe tating'onoting'ono ndi achikuda.
- Kutalika kwamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu kumatha kutalika pafupifupi 90 cm, ndipo chachikazi - 125 cm. Mosadabwitsa, zazitali ndizokulirapo komanso zazitali.
Mosakayikira, monga nsomba zina, stingrays amatchedwa "Zoyimira zamagetsi" chifukwa chomwe amatha kutsata komwe akupanga ndikuyesera kuigwira ndikuthamanga kwa rocket.
Amadziwika kuti stingrays, kuwonjezera pakusambira ndikupeza chakudya, amakonda kukhala pansi, pakuya kwa pafupifupi 90-100 metres. Ntchito yayikulu ndikukumba mchenga ndikukhala odekha. Pansi pake, motero amatha kugwira mosavuta anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja.
Kwenikweni, nkhandwe yam'madzi imakhala pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo imayandikira pafupi nyengo yotentha (kasupe, chilimwe, nyengo yotentha). Sakonda madzi ozizira komanso abwino.
Kodi nsomba za nkhandwe zimayamba bwanji kubereka?
Ankhandwe apansi pamadzi, ngati nsomba zonse zowira, chulukitsani ndi umuna wamkati . Zima ndi nyengo ya masika ndiyo nyengo yayikulu yakukwatira mbola. Wamphongo nthawi yomweyo amatenga wokwatirana, nadzimangirira kumbuyo ndi kutsata wamkazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zimawoneka zazikazi, ndipo kupaka kumakhalapo ndikubweretsa pterigopodia mwa mkazi.
Mitundu ina ya nsombazi imatha kuyikira mazira, ndipo ena sangatero. Zimatengera kufalikira kwa nkhandwe zam'madzi.
Pakapita nthawi yayitali, zazikazi zimayikira mazira. Pakhoza kukhala kuyambira khumi ndi awiri mpaka zana , komanso zochulukirapo. Dzira lenilenilo ndi cholembera cha nyanga yolimba mpaka 10 cm kutalika ndi 7 masentimita 5. Imakhala ndi ulusi womwe umamatirira pansi.
Nsomba zatsopano zimakhala m'mimba mpaka atapeza thupi la mbola yaying'ono. Pakapita nthawi, mwachangu amakula, pambuyo pake amayamba kudya pansi pa mphutsi, shrimp ndi nsomba zazinkhanira.
Malo okhala nsomba
Stingrays amakhala m'madzi a Arctic ndi Antarctic. Zitha kupezekanso m'madzi am'madzi aku Russia. Kutentha kwa nkhandwe zam'madzi ndikoyenera kuzizira komanso kutentha. Ma stingraw kulikonse amakhala ndi mizu ndipo amapeza chakudya chawo, amatetezeka kwa anthu ena mothandizidwa ndi minga, kubereketsa ndi kumva phokoso. Ponena za mchere wamadzi, nsomba zimakonda kukhala m'madzi akuya kwa nyanja, koma zimatha kulowa mu madzi atsopano. Komanso, mawonekedwe a stingray mu Nyanja ya Azov adalembedwa.
Monga mukudziwa Izi nsomba ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimasiyana mu:
- utoto
- Zizindikiro zakunja zilizonse
- kusaka mwanjira
- machitidwe
- malo.
Magawo awa a nsomba:
- Gnosobraznye.
- Orlyakovye.
- Sawfish.
- Madokota.
Izi magawo osiyanasiyana, akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana. Mitundu 300 mpaka 350 . Mayunitsi onse, ngakhale ali ochepa kwambiri, ali ndi kusiyana kwakunja, monga lamulo - uwu ndi mtundu, mawonekedwe amphuno, mchira, kukula. Mosakayikira, mitundu yonse ndi nsomba zodya nyama, zomwe ndizowopsa kwa nsomba zina zonse komanso kwa anthu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Monga mukudziwa, mbola imadya anthu ena okhala zakuya. Ingakhale nsomba yaying'ono, shrimp, crayfish, nyongolotsi. Ana a stingrays amakonda nyama yodziwika ya nsomba zam'madzi ndi nyama, ngakhale iwonso nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta - omwe ndi shaki.
Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa stingrays lakuthwa mochuluka ngati minga asodzi sopa izi. Amalawa nyama yawo mosavuta. Kamodzi pakamwa pa shaki, dambali silingatuluke. Pankhaniyi, aphedwa.
Migodi
Kupanga mafakitale a stingrays kwachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ngakhale nyama yokoma ndi yofewa , ndizosayenera pazifukwa zina, ndipo zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito mu chakudya. Ngakhale zili choncho, m'misika yamadzulo yaku Europe mutha kupeza masitepe ambiri, koma ku Black Sea simudzawaona konse. Spikes ndi khungu la stingray sizoyenera chilichonse. Komabe, ambiri amaiwala za chiwindi chaching'ono cha nsomba, chomwe chimadziwika ndi mbiri yake yabwino.
Kapangidwe ka ma ramp
Ndizachilendo kuti stingrays ikhale nayo thupi lolowa , ndi kukhalapo kwa zipsepse zazikulu za pectoral zomwe zalumikizidwa kumutu. Ndalama ya caudal ndi yopyapyala, yokhala ndi mabowo osapsa; Chotupa chamkati chimakhala ndi cartilage.
Pansi panthaka mumakhala mphuno ndi zipilala zisanu zakunyumba.Khungu lakumaso limatha kupakidwa utoto wowoneka bwino kapena wakuda, kutengera malo omwe nyama zimakhazikika, zomwe zimawathandiza kudzipanga okha ndikupita osadziwika.
Mano mu mawonekedwe a spikes kapena flattened, pafupi mwamphamvu, ndikupanga grater. Maso ili kumbuyo, yopanda kugawana. Pamaso pathupi paphimbidwa ndi mamba a placoid, omwe ali ndi khosi lokhala ndi minyewa yolumikizana, komwe mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha imagona.
Ma stingrays amakhala ndi masomphenya opangidwa bwino, kulandiridwa kwa mankhwala, mawonekedwe am'mbuyo . Chifukwa cha kukoka kwa magetsi, amatha kugwira zofunikira zamagetsi kuchokera ku nsomba zina (kutulutsa kwa mtima kapena minofu yopuma). Chikhodzodzo chosambira palibe.
Njira yothandizira ili ndi magawano poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina. Popeza mbola imakhala pansi nthawi zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imapendekera pansi pamchenga, imalowetsanso ziwalo zopumira mukamapumira ndi madzi, kuti izi zisachitike, njira yopumira ya ma stingray omwe imasinthidwa ndi njira yawo yapansi pamunsi.
Mphepo imalowa kudzera pakumera komwe kumakhala mbali ya dorsal. Ali ndi valavu yapadera yomwe imalepheretsa kulowa kwa matupi akunja. Ngakhale valavu ikasokonekera, nsomba imatha kuchotsa chinthu chakunja popereka mtsinje wamadzi.
Madokota
- khalani moyo wokhala mokhazikika, nthawi zambiri mumayikidwa pansi pamchenga. Pamalo a zipsepse za patisiti pali chiwalo chikupanga chake. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imatha kuvulazanso munthu, koma maimidwewo pawokha sawukira anthu, amagwiritsa ntchito ngati chitetezo.
- zipsepse zamakutu sizimapangidwa ngati za oyimira ena; Gawo lamutu ndiloterera, lalikulu, ndi mano akuthwa m'mbali, amathandizira kusaka kapena kusaka nyama mumchenga. Nthawi zina amatha kusambira ndikukhala m'madzi abwino.
- khalani ndi thupi loyenda, lothothoka, lokhala ndi zotumphukira m'dera lachiberekero cha pelvic, pafupi ndi chowaza ndi zotsalira za makutu a gill. Kufalitsa makamaka mwakubereka. Gitar stingrays akadali ndi zipsepse zam'mimba. Woimira wotchuka yemwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa Europe ndi nkhandwe.
- nsomba zazikulu zimayendayenda mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse zam'maso, zomwe zimatha pamlingo wamaso, kotero gawo lamutu likuwonekera bwino. Chotseka cha Orlyakov chimaphatikizapo banja lalikulu la Stingray, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala palokha. Izi nsomba mchira ali ndi fupa protrusion - msana zofunika kuteteza ndi kusaka, mulinso poizoni. Anthu omwe ali pagombe, osazindikira stingray mumchenga, amatha kulowa pa Stingray ndikugundidwa. Zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimalowa mchilonda zimayambitsa kusanza, dontho la kukakamiza, paresis.
Kubwezeretsa kwa mbola
Ma stingrays ndi nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kubereka munjira ziwiri: zina zimatha kubadwa ndi moyo, zina zimayikira mazira wozungulira kapisi.
Akazi amtundu wa Viviparous amabereka ana ang'ono, motero mpaka ana 14 amabadwa m'mazenera amagetsi, ndipo mdierekezi wanyanja wamkazi amatha kunyamula mwana m'modzi yekha (kulemera kwa stingray yatsopano ndi pafupifupi 10 kg). Chiberekero chawo chimakhala ndi zinthu zina zapadera (trofotenia), zomwe zimapereka michere kwa mwana wosabadwayo.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu aliyense payekha kumatengera kukula kwawo, kukula kwake, kufupikitsidwa kuzungulira kwa moyo, nsomba zazing'ono zimakhala pansi pazabwino mpaka zaka 10, zokulirapo amatha kukhala ndi zaka 20.
Stingrays moyo
Moyo wapansi wapansi wa mbola umatsimikizira mawonekedwe a nsomba. Amakhala pansi kwa nthawi yayitali, simudzakumana nawo pamadzi, chifukwa ali ndi thupi lokwera. Zimasuntha mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse zam'mphepete, ndikuzimeta ngati mapiko, koma posambira sizigwiritsa ntchito mchira konse.
Amatha kukhala m'malo otentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 2 ° C), ndi kutentha kwambiri (mpaka 30 ° C).Ma stingrays ndi nsomba zodya nyama, zakudya zazikulu zomwe ndi chakudya cham'madzi, nsomba zazinkhanira, nsomba, sardines, mitundu ina imadyanso ndi plankton. Akamagwira chakudya, amakankha nyama kuti igwere pansi ndikugwira nsomba ndi kamwa yomwe ili pakatikati pamimba.
Ma stingray ena omwe amatha kupanga magetsi amagetsi, obisala pansi, akudikirira kulanda kwawo. Pamene octopus kapena nsomba zazinkhanira zimasambira pafupi, stingrays imawakhudza ndi zotulutsa, kenako amatola nyama. Stingray ili ndi chida chapadera - ndi mchira womalizira wokhala ndi mitsitsi yambiri pansi pomwe imakhudza ozunzidwa.
Mtengo wa stingrays m'moyo wamunthu
- Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira zakudya,
- stingrays - chakudya chamtengo wapatali, ndichakudya chamtengo m'makampani odyera, makamaka kum'mawa. Anthu aku Korea amadya nyama yaiwisi
- Adzakhala mu ukapolo, motero amasungidwa ngati nsomba zam'madzi,
- chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chakudya, ndi gawo lofunikira pakakhazikitsidwe kazinthu zam'madzi, poyambira kukula iwo amakhala chakudya,
- chikopa cha stingray chimakhala cholimba ndi mawonekedwe ake, chifukwa chake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusoka matumba, wallet.
Ma stingrays ndiwodziwika bwino wa nsomba-ma gill cartilaginous, zomwe zimaphatikizapo 5 oda ndi mabanja 15. Kwa mbola, zipsepse za mchenga ndi thupi lathyathyathya zimaphatikizidwa ndimutu. Nthawi zambiri mbola zimakhala munyanja. Sayansi imadziwa mitundu ingapo yamadzi oyera. Mtundu wa kumtunda kwa matupi awo umatengera komwe mbolazo zimakhala. Mapeto ake amatha kukhala akuda kapena owala kwambiri.
Kukula kwa malo otsetsereka kumakhala kotalika masentimita angapo kupita pamitunda ingapo, mapiko otsetsereka ena otsetsereka amatha kukhala opitilira mamitala awiri (mwachitsanzo, malo otsetsereka ochokera ku banja la brackish). Ma ramp yamagetsi amapatsidwa "chida" chachindunji. Zingwezi zimapweteka wothandizidwa ndi magetsi.
Ma stingraw amatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Zimapezeka ngakhale pagombe la Antarctica komanso ku Arctic Ocean. Ndikofunika kuyang'ana "zowuluka" m'mphepete mwa gombe la Australia.
Stingrays ndi abale a asodzi. Komanso, wachibale. Zofanana zakunja, kumene, sizimawonedwa. Potengera momwe zimapangidwira mkati, ma stingrays pamodzi ndi shaki amapangidwa ndi cartilage, osati mafupa. M'masiku akale, stingrays anali ofanana ndi shaki osati mu mawonekedwe awo amkati, komanso mawonekedwe awo akunja. Komabe, nthawi yawasintha osadziwika.
Stingrays ndi nsomba zakale. Izi ndi zowona - zina mwa nsomba zakale kwambiri, monga shaki.
Ma stingrays ali ndi njira yapadera yopumira. Zapadera, chifukwa nsomba zina zonse zimapumira ndi ma gill. Komabe, ngati dambali lingayese kuchita zomwezo, ndiye kuti, limodzi ndi mpweya, zimakoka mumchenga womwe uli pansi. Ndiye chifukwa chake kupuma kwa mbola kumasiyana ndi mpweya wa nsomba zina. Mpweya umalowa mu stingray kudzera kupopera kwapadera. Omwe ali kumbuyo kwa nsomba'yi. Zomwezi zimatetezedwa ndi valavu yapadera, koma ngati zichitika kuti kachinthu kena kowoneka bwino kamawonekeranso m'malo owaza, ndiye kuti mtambowo umamasulidwa ndikuwamasula mtsinje wamadzi kwa wokuwaza.
Ma stingrays ndi mtundu wa agulugufe oyandama. Kufanizira kotereku kumatha kujambulidwa kutengera momwe maelekedwe amayenda m'madzi. Amakhalanso achilendo chifukwa sagwiritsa ntchito mchira posambira, monga nsomba zina zimachitira. Olimba amasuntha chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa zipsepse, pomwe akufanana ndi agulugufe.
Ma stingrays amasiyana wina ndi mzake. Choyamba, kukula kwake. Zachilengedwe zimadziwika ndi stingrays kuyeza masentimita pang'ono ndi stingrays, omwe kukula kwake kumafikira 7 metres. Kachiwiri, malo otsetsereka osiyanasiyana amakhalanso mosiyanasiyana. Ma stingraw ena samasamala, mwachitsanzo, kudumphira pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe ambiri mwa nsomba izi amakonda kukhala ndi nthawi yoyikidwa m'mchenga.
Mdierekezi wanyanja ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Amalimbikitsa amalinyero kupanga nthano zodabwitsa kwambiri.Inde mungatero! Ngati mungaganizire chithunzi pomwe kanthu kamphindi kasanu ndi kawiri kamauluka m'madzi am'nyanjamu kwa masekondi angapo (ndipo ichi ndi mdierekezi wanyanja kapena, monga amatchedwanso, manta ray), omwe kulemera kwake kupitilira matani awiri, ndiye kuti oyendetsa sitimawo amatha kumvetsetsa. Komanso, atazindikira kuti patapita mphindi chimphona chija chikugwiranso pansi mozama, kuwonetsa oyendetsa sitimayo ngati mchira wakuda.
Mdierekezi wanyanja ndi cholengedwa chotetezeka. Ngakhale zili zazikulu kwambiri pamizere yonse, njirayi siikhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi iliyonse, ilibe mano ndi mano. Ndipo mchira wokwera, womwe umakumbukiridwa ndi oyendetsa sitimawo, ulibe zida. Mdierekezi wapanyanja ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola, koma samakhudza anthu konse. Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimapezeka munyanja zonse zam'madzi otentha. Amatha kuwoneka pamwamba pamadzi, ndi makulidwe ake, komanso kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka pamwamba pamadzi. Mwa njira, cholinga cha "kudumpha" mdierekezi wanyanja kuchokera kumadzi sichimadziwika.
Mdierekezi wanyanja amakonda zabwino. Amati nyama yake siyokoma kokha, komanso yopatsa thanzi. M'mabuku akale mungapeze kufotokoza kwa maphikidwe ndi mdierekezi wapanyanja. Kusaka kokha kwa stingray kumeneku sikotetezeka komanso kovuta. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, mdierekezi wanyanja mosavuta, mwachitsanzo, amatha kusintha bwato. Ndipo bwanji kupha chilengedwe chodabwitsachi, makamaka poganizira kuti chachikazi chimangobweretsa kamwana kamodzi. Zowona, kukula kwa chomalizachi ndikosangalatsa kwambiri, monga momwe, kuliri, komwe pafupifupi pakubadwa ndi ma kilogalamu khumi.
Stingray yamagetsi ndi nsomba zowopsa. Mwakutero, zoyipitsitsa kuposa, mwachitsanzo, mdierekezi wapanyanja. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma cell a ramp yamagetsi (amatchedwanso wamba kapena marble) amatha kupanga magetsi mpaka 220V (kumene, dzina la njirayi idachokera kuno). Ndipo ndi angati omwe adakumana ndi magetsi pamagetsi awa! Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ma ramp onse amatha kupanga magetsi, koma osagwirizana ndi chingwe chamagetsi. Njira yamagetsi yakhala ikudziwika kwanthawi yayitali. Maweresi ake amatha kutsimikizika motere: pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka m'litali ndi mita m'lifupi. Zimalemera kuchokera pa kilogalamu makumi awiri ndi kasanu mpaka makumi atatu. Thupi lakumtambo limakutidwa ndi mitsempha yoyera ndi yofiirira, momwe mithunzi imatha kukhala yosiyana.
Mbola yaikazi imabereka ana amoyo. Makanda makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi anayi amatha kubadwa nthawi. Zinali kuti ngati ana amtunduwo anali pachiwopsezo china chake, mkaziyo amawatenga kukamwa. Ana ake amakhala pamenepo mpaka ngoziyo itatha. Koma pakadali pano, izi sizinatsimikizidwe.
Ma chingwe wamagetsi ndi zolengedwa zaulesi. Iwo pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Komabe, malo otsetsereka a nsapato ali ndi mphamvu yapadera, ndiye kuti mtambowo ungapangitse nsomba iliyonse kusuntha pokhapokha. Chifukwa cha luso lapaderali, njirayo sikufunika kusuntha mwachangu - kugwedezeka mumchenga, imangodikira nyama. Kusambira nsomba pafupi ndi poyimira magetsi kumakhala kovuta kugona komanso koopsa. Pafupi ndi nsangalabwi, nsomba mwina zitha kufa. Asodzi akudziwa luso lapaderalo la kanjira, komwe mphamvu yake kudzera pa netiweki imafika m'manja ndikupangitsa maukonde kuti amasulidwe. Poizoni wa stingray wamoyo amatha kulowa thupi la munthu ngakhale atachikhudza ndi ndodo. Njira yakufa ndiyotetezeka kwathunthu.
Marble stingray amenya mwadala zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa magetsi. Mikwingwirima imakhala yolimba kwambiri pamadzi. Ngati chingwecho chatsekedwa, ndikosavuta kukakamiza kubwereza kugwedeza kwamagetsi kangapo. Mothandizidwa ndi zida zamagetsi, malo okumbikakumbika amatetezedwa kwa adani ndikuchotsa chakudya.
Chida cha mbola ndi mchira wake. Ndi chingwe chomwe chimamatira mu nsembe yake. Pambuyo pake, chingwe chimakoka mchira kumbuyo.Zilonda za wozunzidwayo zimang'ambika chifukwa mchira wamkati wamata ndi minga. Thambo lamtondo silimagunda monga choncho, limalowetsa chongofuna kudziteteza. Ndipo zakudya zamagulu a stingrays zimakhala ndi ma crustaceans ndi ma mollusks, omwe samapunthwa ndi stingrays ndi mano, koma ndi platinamu yapadera ndi ma lead.
Stingray (nkhandwe ya mnyanja) ndi wokhalamo m'madzi. Thupi lake limawoneka ngati mphumi ndi mchira woonda kumapeto. Monga lamulo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nsomba zamtunduwu imakhala ndi masipini ndi zipsepse kumbuyo kwawo.
Kuyambira kalekale, nthano zosiyanasiyana zopeka komanso zopeka, zolongosoledwa mu nthano zosiyanasiyana, zidafalitsidwa za nkhandwe ya mnyanja. Kupatula apo, maonekedwe ake ndi okongola, oopsa komanso oopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mitundu yomwe imakhala m'madzi akuya kwa nyanjayi ndiwowopsa komanso owopsa kwa anthu.