Kulemera kwa thupi la beaver ndi pafupifupi 30 kg, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 1-1,5 m, zazimayi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulupo kuposa zazimuna. Makoko ake amakhala ndi mawonekedwe onyansa, makutu ndi ang'ono, mawaya ndi afupiafupi, olimba ndi zibwano zamphamvu. Ubweya wa beaver umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri: Pamwambapo pali ubweya wakuthwa wofiirira, ndipo pansi pawo pali lingaliro lakuda laimvi loteteza beaver ku hypothermia. Mchirawo ulibe kanthu, wakuda, wosanja komanso m'lifupi, wokutidwa ndi mamba. Pansi penipeni pa mchirawo pali tiziwalo timene timatulutsa fungo labwino kwambiri lotchedwa beaver river.
Zolemba Za Chakudya cha Beaver
Beavers ndi makoko a herbivorous. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo khungwa ndi mphukira zamitengo (aspen, msondodzi, popula, birch), mitundu yambiri yazomera herbaceous (kakombo wamadzi, dzira laling'ono, iris, katitala, bango). Amathanso kudya hazel, linden, elm, chitumbuwa cha mbalame. Acorn amadya mwakufuna kwawo. Mano akulu ndi kuluma kwambiri amathandizira kudya chakudya chokhazikika chomera, ndipo microflora yamatumbo awo imagaya bwino chakudya chama cell.
Chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku chimafikira 20% ya kulemera kwa beaver.
M'nyengo yotentha, chakudya cham'madzi chimayamwa kwambiri pakudya kwa okongoletsa; nthawi yophukira, makoswe amatuta chakudya chamtengo nthawi yozizira. Banja lililonse limasungira nkhuni 60-70 m3. Beavers amasiya m'matangadza awo m'madzi, pomwe amakhalanso ndi thanzi mpaka kumapeto kwa dzinja.
Kufalikira Kwa Beaver
Mpaka zana la makumi awiri, ma beawa anali ofala kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, malo awo tsopano atsika kwambiri. Beaver wamba amapezeka ku Europe, Russia, China ndi Mongolia. Wachibale wake wapamtima, waku Canada yemwe amakhala, amakhala ku North America.
Wamba kapena River Beaver (Fota ya Castor)
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 1-1.3 m, kutalika kuli pafupifupi 35,5 masentimita, kulemera kuli mulingo wama 30-32 kg. Thupi ndi squat, miyendo imafupikitsidwa ndi zala zisanu, miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyolimba kuposa kutsogolo. Pakati pa zala pali malo osambira. Zovala ndizolimba. Mchirawo umakhala wowumbika bwino, wopendekera, wautali masentimita 30, mulifupi 10 mpaka 101. Mchira wake umapindika pokhapokha, mbali yake yonse imakutidwa ndi zishango za nyanga. Maso ndi ang'ono, makutu ali akulu, afupiafupi, akuwonekera pang'onopang'ono pamalopo. Pansi pa madzi, mabowo ndi mphuno zimatsekedwa, pamakhala mawonekedwe apadera amaso. Wokongoletsa wamba amadziwika ndi ubweya wake wokongola, wa tsitsi lakunja lozungulira komanso chovala chamkati cha silika. Mtundu wa chovalachi umachokera ku mgoza wowala mpaka woderapo, nthawi zina wakuda. Mchira ndi miyendo yake ndi zakuda. Kukhetsa kumachitika kamodzi pachaka.
M'dera la anal muli tiziwalo ta m'matumbo, wen komanso otchedwa "beaver river", fungo lomwe limawongolera owotcha ena, momwe limanenera malire a banja.
Zakumwa zodziwika bwino zili ponseponse ku Europe (maiko aku Scandinavia, France, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine), ku Russia, Mongolia ndi China.
Canada Beaver (Castor canadensis)
Kutalika kwa thupi 90-117 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 32 kg. Thupi ndi lozungulira, chifuwa ndi chaching'ono, mutu ndi waufupi wokhala ndimakutu akulu amdima ndi maso akuthimbirira. Mtundu wa malaya ndi wofiyira kapena wamtundu wakuda. Kutalika kwa mchira ndi 20-25 cm, mulifupi ndi masentimita 13, mawonekedwe ndi ozungulira, kumapeto akuwonetsedwa, kumtunda kumakutidwa ndi zikopa zakuda za horny.
Mitunduyi imapezeka ku North America, Alaska, Canada, USA, Mexico. Adayambitsidwa kumayiko a Scandinavia ndi Russia.
Khalidwe
Beavers nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Samakhala m'mitsinje yotambalala komanso yachangu, komanso malo osungira omwe amakhazikika pansi nthawi yozizira. Kwa makoswe awa, masamba obiriwira mitengo m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, komanso kuchuluka kwa zomera zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi ndizofunikira. M'malo abwino, amamanga madamu kuchokera kumitengo yakugwa, amapanga ngalande, ndipo amasungunula matope kupita nawo ku damu.
Beavers ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya nyumba: burows ndi nyumba. Malo okhala amawoneka ngati zisumbu zoyandama za osakaniza ndi matope, kutalika kwake ndi mita 1-3, mulifupi mpaka 10 m, khomo lili pansi pamadzi. M'malo oterowo, omwe amakonda kudya usiku wonse amakhala usiku, kuphika zakudya m'nyengo yozizira, kubisala kwa adani.
Mizere imakumbidwa ndi ngalawa m'mphepete mwa phompho; awa ndi makina ovuta a 4-5 olowera. Makoma ndi mulingo wapamwamba komanso wopopera. Mkati, chipinda chogona mpaka 1 mulifupi ndi 40-50 masentimita akhazikitsidwa pakuya kwa mita 1. Pansi ndi 20 cm pamwamba pamadzi.
Beavers imasambira ndikulowera kwambiri, pansi pa madzi imatha kukhala mphindi 10-15, ndikusambira nthawi iyi mpaka 750 m.
Beavers amakhala amodzi munthawi imodzi ndi mabanja a anthu 5-8. Banja lomwelo lakhala m'dziko lawo kwazaka zambiri. Beavers sayenda mamita 200 kuchokera kumadzi.Zikwangwani zimayang'ana malire am'deralo ndi mtsinje wa beaver.
Nthawi yayitali yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi usiku ndi nthawi yamadzulo.
Beaver kuswana
Beavers ndi magulu oyenda monogamous. Kubala kumachitika kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mkatikati mwa Januwale ndipo imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa February. Mimba imatenga masiku 105-107. Mu ana amodzi, ana 1-6 amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Ana amabadwa osawona, osapindika bwino, kulemera kwawo ndi pafupifupi 0,45 kg. Patatha masiku angapo amatha kusambira. Akaziwo amawaphunzitsa kusambira, kuwakankha kunja kwa nyumbayo kupita mumphepo yamadzi. Pakadutsa masabata atatu, amwewo amayamba kudya masamba ndi zitsamba zamasamba, mpaka miyezi itatu, mayi amawadyetsa mkaka. Kukula kwachichepere kumakhala ndi makolo mpaka zaka ziwiri, kenako kumayamba msinkhu ndikuyamba kukhala wodziyimira pawokha.
Muukapolo, omwera amakhala ndi moyo wa zaka 35, mwachilengedwe zaka 10 mpaka 17.
Zambiri Zosangalatsa
- Beaver wamba ndiye makoswe akuluakulu kwambiri ku Europe komanso wachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa capybara.
- Mawu oti "beaver" amachokera ku chilankhulo cha ku Indo-European ndipo sikokwanira kutchula dzina brown.
- Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, ubweya waubweya unkakhala wotchuka kwambiri ku America, Europe, ndi Russia, komwe kunapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa nyama izi: anthu ochepa okha a 6000 a anthu 1200 adatsala. Kusungitsa mawonekedwe, kusaka nyama yoletsedwa kunali koletsedwa. Tsopano beaver wamba ali ndi chiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri, ndipo chomwe chimawopseza kwambiri ndi njira zobwezeretsanso nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi zida zamagetsi.
- Kuphatikiza pa ubweya wokongola komanso wolimba, ma beaver amapangira mtsinje wa beaver, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonunkhira komanso mankhwala. Nyama ya Beaver imapezekanso, koma imatha kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a salmonellosis. Malinga ndi canons amatchalitchi amawona kuti ndi opunduka.
- Mu 2006, chosema cha beaver chinapezeka mumzinda wa Bobruisk (Belarus). Komanso, zojambula za penti iyi zili mu Alpine Zoo (Innsbruck, Austria).
Beaver: ndi chiyani?
Oyimira akuluakulu kwambiri okhala ndi makoswe kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi ma beawa. Izi ndi nyama zapadera, kufunsa chifukwa? Tsopano tikuuzani ...
Nyama zam'madzi zoterezi zimadziwika ndi kupanga madamu odziwika bwino. Kodi akuwapangiranji, ndipo kodi pali chilichonse chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamapangidwe awa?
Nazi malingaliro pawiri: phindu - kutengera amene. Kwa "omanga" omwe, iwo eni, zabwino zake zilipo, koma kwa anthu ndizokayikitsa. Koma, choyamba, tiyeni tidziwe zambiri za mitundu ya nyama zamkati zachilengedwe komanso momwe zimawonekera.
Beaver (Castor).
Ndipo pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya zinyama zam'madzi padziko lapansi: beaver waku Canada ndi wachibale wake waku Europe. Onse oyimira banja la beaver amafikira zazikulu: kutalika kwa thupi ndi pafupifupi mita imodzi, ndipo chinyama chomwe chimakhala chikukuta nthawi zonse chimalemera kilogalamu 30. Nyanja zonse za ku Europe ndi ku Canada ndizosinthika mosiyanasiyana kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe zam'madzi: Zimasambira bwino kwambiri, zimakhala ndi ziwalo zapadera kumbuyo, zili ndi zida zapakamwa zopangidwira (zomwe zimalepheretsa beaver kutsamwa, ngakhale itatsegula pakamwa pake pansi. madzi), komanso pali undercoat yakuda yomwe imalepheretsa khungu kuti lisanyowe kwambiri. Nayi chinsinsi cha ntchito yabwino yopanga madamu: owokota samawopa madzi!
Canada Beaver (Castor canadensis).
Malo okhala ma beaan aku Canada ndi magawo aku North America. Wachibale waku Europe North America adakhazikika ku bara la Europe (ku Europe ndi ku Asia). Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwinopo, wokonda ng'ombe amangosankha m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi: mitsinje, nyanja zazing'ono, madzi obwerera, mitsinje yaying'ono. Nthawi zina amapezeka m'malo otentha kwambiri. Koma chochititsa kudziwa posankha malo okhala buaver ndi kukhalapo kwa mitengo yomwe ikukula moyandikana ndi madzi, komanso ndibwinonso ngati mitengo ikuluikulu imamizidwa m'madzi.
Beaver mukufunafuna nyumba.
Atakhazikika m'mphepete mwa nyanja, wokondayo amakhala ndi moyo wokhala m'mbali. Komanso, malo omwe adasankhidwapo kale atha kukhala nyumba kwa mibadwo ingapo ya anthu onyamula. Mwa njira, zoweta izi zimakonda kukhala awiriawiri kapena m'mabanja, osakumana nawo payekhapayekha.
Wokongoletsa nyumba amapita kunyumba yake kudzera njira yomenyedwa.
Tsopano zofunikira kumanga madamu ... makatani awa amapanga zomanga zapamwamba zotere kuti athe kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa madzi m'malimwe. Kuyambira magawo opangidwa ndi dongo ndi matope (omwe amafalitsa pa dziwe lopanda dambo), ma beba opanga maziko am'munsi mwa khoma lawo. Kenako amaika china chake ngati chimango cha mitengo yawo yayikulu, nachiphatikiza ndi nthambi zazing'ono, matope ndi zidutswa za dongo. Chifukwa chake "malo osungira nyama, otchinga bedi la mtsinje. Mwanjira ina imatchedwa damu la beaver. Kutalika kwa nyamayi kumachokera pa 15 mpaka 30 metres, koma pakhala pali nthawi pomwe mtengowu udafika 700 metre!
Panthawi yomanga madamu.
Zochita za Beaver zimawonekera usiku. Ndi kuyamba kwamdima, makoko awa amapita kukafunafuna chakudya, amapanganso madamu - usiku. Kukumana ndi nyama masana siachilendo.
Mverani mawu okongola
Beavers amalankhulana wina ndi mluzu wofuula. Koma pali liwongo limodzi: kuti pakachitika ngozi, m'modzi mwa abale am'mabayo amenya mchira wake m'madzi, ndikuchenjeza enawo kuti mdaniyo ali pafupi. Pakadali pano, banja lonse mwachangu limalowa m'madzi ndikudikirira kwakanthawi.
Awiriwo akunyamula chakudya m'nyengo yozizira.
Monga chakudya, nyama izi zimakonda nthambi zazing'ono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi masamba obiriwira omwe amapitilira. Nthawi zina, kuti akongoletse korona wamtengo wofunika, ma bea amangodula mitengoyo ndikuitaya.
Mwachilengedwe, maiwe amawasaka, kuphatikiza anthu, ndi nyama monga: nkhandwe, coyote, lynx ndi chimbalangondo.
Ma beavers aku Europe (Castor fiber).
Zokhudza kubereka ma bea ... nyama zodabwitsazi zimapanga banja kamodzi kokha. Wophatikiza nthawi yakukhwima (nthawi zambiri pakati ndi kumapeto kwa dzinja), wamkazi amanyamula ng'ombeyo kwa miyezi pafupifupi 3.5. Kubala mwana kumachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Anthu obadwa kumene amatha kumizidwa m'madzi ndikusambira kale tsiku lachiwiri atabadwa.
Mwachilengedwe, okongoletsa amakhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 10, koma mu ukapolo nthawi imeneyi imawonjezeka kufika zaka 35!
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Habitat
Beavers ndi a banja la a Castaridae, kuphatikiza mtundu wokha wa Castor ndi mitundu iwiri yokha:
- beaver wamba (Castor fiber) (aka mtsinje kapena kummawa),
- Can beanver beaver (aka North American) (Castor canadensis).
Masiku ano, ma bea aku North America amapezeka ku kontrakitala yonse, kuyambira pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Mackenzie ku Canada kumwera mpaka kumpoto kwa Mexico. Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Anthu akhala akusaka nyama kwazaka zambiri chifukwa cha nyama, ubweya, komanso mtsinje wa beaver. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Canada kudakhala kotsutsa, ndipo m'malo awo okhala ambiri adawonongedwa, makamaka kummawa kwa United States. Mabungwe aboma ndi oyandikana nawo adapereka chiphokoso, ndipo nyama zinayamba kutumizidwa kuchokera kumadera ena. Adayambitsidwanso ku Finland, Russia, komanso m'maiko angapo a Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Poland). Chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu kwambiri za makoswe aku Canada lero zilipo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Finland.
Zakale zodziwika bwino m'mbuyomu zinkakhala ku Europe ndi North Asia, koma si anthu onse omwe adakwanitsa kukhala ndi moyo pafupi ndi anthu. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu ochepa okhaokha okhala ndi anthu 1200 anali atapulumuka ku France, Norway, Germany, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, China ndi Mongolia.
Chifukwa cha kubwezeretsanso ndi kukhazikitsanso mapulogalamu a nyama izi, zomwe zinayamba kugwira ntchito m'zaka zoyambirira za zana lomaliza, kuchuluka kwa ma beaver pang'onopang'ono kunayamba kukula. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XXI, panali anthu pafupifupi 500-600, ndipo malo awo adakula ku Europe ndi ku Asia.
Mitundu yonseyi imapezeka kudera la Russia lero, ngakhale kuti ndi yemwe amakhala kale. Dera lake limakhala pafupifupi dera lonse la nkhalango ku Russian Federation - kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kupita kudera la Baikal ndi Mongolia, komanso kuchokera kudera la Murmansk kumpoto kupita ku Astrakhan kumwera. Kuphatikiza apo, mtunduwu udavomerezedwa ku Primorye ndi Kamchatka.
Beaver waku Canada mdziko lathu adawonekera mu 50s ya zaka zapitazi, modzala ndi anthu okhazikika a Karelia ndi Leningrad Region ochokera kumadera oyandikana ndi Finland, ndipo mu 70s chilombochi chidayambitsidwa mu beseni la Amur ndi ku Kamchatka.
Kufotokozera kwa Beaver
Maonekedwe a beaver ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a oyimilira ena a gulu lothamanga, omwe akufotokozedwa ndi njira yamoyo yam'madzi yathu. Kuchokera pakuwoneka wasayansiyo, mawonekedwe odabwitsa a chilombocho ndi zinthu zake zazikulu, mchira wokhazikika komanso miyendo yakumbuyo yokhala ndi kakhalidwe kapadera "kokanda" pachala chachiwiri, komanso mbali zingapo za kapangidwe ka pharynx ndi chimbudzi.
Beavers ndiye ndodo zazikulu kwambiri za zolengedwa za Old World ndi zomata zazikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa ma capybaras aku South America. Thupi la nyamayo ndi squat, wandiweyani, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe, mbali yake yakumbuyo imakulitsidwa, kokha pamizu ya mchiraawo imachepa. Kutalika kwa thupi 80 - masentimita 120. Akuluakulu amalemera pafupifupi 20-30 makilogalamu, kawirikawiri kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 45 kg. Kukula kwa mitundu ya ku Canada ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa masiku onse.
Mutu wocheperako pang'ono wokhala ndi khosi lofatsa komanso lakuda pafupifupi sukutembenuka. Maso ndi ang'ono, ali ndi mwana wowongoka komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino (kuteteza maso pansi pa madzi). Makutu ndi ochepa, osatulutsa ubweya. Makutu ndi mphuno zakunja zimakhala ndi minofu yapadera yomwe imayamba kumizidwa m'madzi. Kutuluka kwa milomo kumatha kutseka zodzilimbitsa, kupatula mkamwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma bea azilimitsa masamba pansi pamadzi osatsegula pakamwa pawo.
Maso a nyama samangoona kusunthasuntha, kupenya kwamaso kopepuka kuposa kungomva bwino komanso kununkhira bwino, komwe ndi mphamvu zazikulu pamtunda.
Mchirawo ndi wosalala, wamtali masentimita 30, mulifupi 13 cm, ndipo wamfupi komanso wofalikira mu beaver waku Canada. Gawo looneka ngati matayala limakulungidwa ndi mamba akulu a horny, pakati pake pali mabatani olimba kwambiri.
Malingaliro a mikono isanu, amafupikitsidwa, komanso ali ndi miyendo yosambira bwino pamiyendo yakumbuyo (pamphumi pawo ali mwana. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yofooka kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama ngati manja - mothandizidwa ndi, beaver imakoka zinthu, kukumba njira ndi mabowo, imapangira chakudya. Chigawo chachikulu cha mayendedwe a nyama ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Pa chala chakumanzere chakumaso kuli chovala chokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, mbali ziwiri zapamwamba - zoloza komanso zochepera - zazitali, zosunthika. Chovala ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chilombochi pofuna kukonza ukhondo - chimatsuka ndikusakaniza ubweya ndi iyo mukasungunuka, ndikuchotsa majeremusi.
Ubweya wokongoletsera umakhala wonyezimira mpaka wakuda, nthawi zambiri wofiirira.Nthawi zina anthu a pinto omwe ali ndi mawanga a mithunzi yosiyanasiyana amapezeka. Mkati wamkati ndi wakuda, wakuda. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi ndiensenscent denser.
Zimadziwika kuti mtundu wofiirira womwe ndi wakale kwambiri utoto, udapulumuka nthawi ya ayezi, chifukwa chake zotheka zotere zimatha kuzolowera nyengo yozizira, pomwe anthu amtundu wakuda amapezeka kwambiri kum'mwera chakumwera.
Moyo
Beavers nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi maiwe owuma, osayenda pang'onopang'ono kapena oyimilira. Chofunikira kwambiri pakupezeka chitsime china ndikupezeka kwa chakudya - masamba obiriwira mitengo. Misondodzi ndi mitengo ya aspen imakonda kwambiri nyama. Makoswewo amateteza mitsinje yayikulu ndi kusefukira kwamadzi chifukwa malo ake amathanso kusefukira.
Beavers amakhala moyo wokhalitsa. Kwa chaka chathunthu, amakhala otakataka nthawi yausiku, kusiya malo okhala dzuwa litalowa ndikubwerera kucha. M'nyengo yozizira, kumpoto kwa mtunda, madamu akaphimbidwa ndi ayezi, nyamazo zimangokhala m'mizere kapena pansi pa ayezi, popeza kutentha kumakhalako pafupifupi 0 ° C, pomwe kunja kumazizira kwambiri.
Pamtunda, wakubayo amawonetsa ngati nyama yosakwiya komanso yosasimbika, pamene ikuyenda mozungulira, ikudalira miyendo yayikulu yakumapazi yakutsogolo komanso kutsogolo kwa phokoso. Komabe, pakakhala ngozi, iye amayenda m'madzi.
Pakati pa makoswe onse, ngwazi yathu ndiyoyenera kusuntha m'madzi. Thupi lake lopangika ndi torpedo limasinthidwa, ndipo ubweya sudutsa madzi. Amasambira pang'onopang'ono pafupi ndi nyanja, ndikuyenda pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, pomwe mchira umakhala ngati chiwongolero chake. Ikasambira kapena kusambira pa liwiro lalitali, mbangayo imagwedeza mchira wake m'mwamba ndikuyenda pansi ndikuzungulira mzere ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo.
Monga nkhwangwa ya mitengo yamatabwa, enamel yam'maso yakumaso imalimbitsidwa kwambiri. M'malo ofowoka umapunthwa mwachangu, ndikupanga m'mphepete mwake ngati chisel, kuti chikhale chosavuta kudula mitengo. Chilombo chomwe chili ndi zitsulo zakuthwa chitha kudulira ndi kugwetsa mtengo mpaka mita imodzi. Monga makoswe onse, ma bea okhala ndi zokongoletsa zazikulu, zomwe zimakula mwachangu momwe zimapunthira.
Mu chithunzichi, beaver amawonetsa mawonekedwe ake apadera.
Ndizomwe makoswe amatha kuchita ndi mitengo
Madamu ndi nyumba
Mwina aliyense wamvapo za luso lodabwitsa lolimbitsa nyamayi. Chifukwa chotopa, okonza ndege adaphunziranso kusintha chilengedwe kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zawo. Madamu omwe amapangira amawonjezera zachilengedwe, amakulitsa malo amadzi, amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, komanso amasintha mawonekedwe. Monga maziko a damu, mtengo womwe wagwera mumtsinje nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imakhala ndi nthambi, mbali za mitengo yamtengo, miyala, nthaka, masamba, mpaka kutalika kwa damu kupitirira 100 metres (m'mphepete mwa dziwe limatalikirana kwambiri kuposa msewu), ndipo kutalika kumafikira mamita atatu. Potere, kusiyana kwa madzi kumafika pamtunda wa mamita awiri. Zimachitika kuti banjali limamanga madamu angapo nthawi imodzi, chifukwa chotsatira madamu onse amapangidwa. Zodzikongoletsera ndizodzipereka makamaka pakupanga madamu kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ngakhale ntchito ingapitirize chaka chonse.
Damu la Beaver
Beavers ndi akatswiri okumba miyala mwaluso. Nthawi zambiri, amakumba mabowo ambiri pamalo abanjapo, omwe atha kukhala makina osavuta kapena ma laboratinth athu onse ochokera kutsogolo kwa mtsinje kapena damu kupita ku chipinda chimodzi kapena zingapo. M'mabotolo ambiri, makokawo amagwiritsa ntchito burrows ngati malo oyambira.
Chimawoneka ngati nyumba yokongoletsera
Njira ina yanyumba yakugombe ndi kanyumba. Zomangira zawo zimamanga m'malo omwe sipangakhale mabowo. Nyamazo zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsa chakale, gombe lotsika kapena kukwera pansi ngati chimbudzi. Kunja, nyumba yotereyi ndi mulu waukulu wa mitengo yaminga, mitengo yazipatso, yomangidwa paliponse ndi dothi, silt, zinyalala za mitengo. Mkati, chipinda chotsekera chakonzedwa, kuchokera pomwe pali gawo pansi pamadzi. Pafupifupi, mainchesi am'nyumba amafikira mamita 3-4. Zovuta zowonjezera zimakhala ndi zipinda zingapo pamlingo wosiyanasiyana. Ma nyalawa amatha kukhala osakhalitsa komanso osatha, ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Zotsirizirazi zimatsirizidwa nthawi zonse ndipo zimatha kufika mainchesi 14 kutalika ndi mamitala awiri kutalika.
Mwa zina zomanga zofunikira kwambiri, kukumba ngalande ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndi kutsogolo kwawo, amaluka silika ndi dothi kuchokera pansi pa mitsinje yaying'ono ndi njira zazitali, kuzitayira kutali ndi njira zawo. Zotsatira zake zimapangitsa kuti nyama zizikhala m'madzi, kuyenda pakati pa madamu kapena malo odyetsa. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe amachita izi m'chilimwe, madzi akakhala ochepa.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ma beaan aku Canada amakhala akhama akhama pantchito komanso omanga kuposa wamba. Nyumba zawo ndizovuta komanso zolimba, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito miyala pomanga.
Zakudya
Beavers ndi nyama zokhazokha zokha. Zomwe chakudya zimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mu kasupe ndi chilimwe, maziko a zakudya zawo amapangidwa ndi masamba, mizu, zitsamba, algae. Pofika nthawi yophukira, amasinthana ndi nthambi zoonda za mitengo ndi zitsamba, kusankha spen, msondodzi kapena alder.
Kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala, makoswe amayamba kukolola nkhuni nthawi yozizira. Itha kukhala nthambi zambiri komanso mbali zina za mitengo yayikulu ya buluzi, msondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, chopota, birch, komanso chiwerengero chochepa cha conifers. Mitengo yodulidwa imadulidwamo tiziduswa tating'onoting'ono ndi zinyama ndikusungidwa pansi pa madzi m'malo ozama pafupi ndi kamakumba ndi pogona. Beaers amatha kusambira kupita kumadzi kwawo osasiya dziwe lotetezeka.
Ngati chakudya chopanda nkhuni chokwanira, nyamazo zimakhutira ndi zomerazo. Nthawi zina anthu amathawidwa m'minda yolimidwa yomwe inali ndi masamba komanso masamba.
Ma bea ambiri aku Europe samasunga nyengo yozizira. M'malo mwake, amapita kunyanja nthawi yozizira kukafunafuna chakudya.
Mtsinje wa Beaver
Chinyama chomwe chimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa "mitsinje ya mbewa" yomwe imapangidwa ndi tiziwisi tambiri. Ndizinthu zovuta kuphatikizira mazana a zigawo zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo ma alcohols, phenols, salicylaldehyde ndi castoramine. Dzina lasayansi pazinthu izi ndi castoreum.
Kuyambira kale, mphamvu zochiritsa zauzimu zadziwika kuti ndi mitsinje ya beaver. M'zaka za zana la Y-IY BC Hippocrates ndi Herototus adagwira ntchito yake pochiza matenda ena ake. Ndipo lero chinthu ichi chapeza ntchito pa mankhwala wowerengeka, koma chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonunkhira.
Wokongoletsayo yekha amagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi chake chofukizira polemba chizindikiro. Ma tagu onunkhira ndi njira imodzi yomwe akatswiri athu amasinthanirana chidziwitso. Mitundu yonse iwiri yaku Canada ndi mitsinje imasiya zonunkhira pamiyala yomwe imapangidwa pafupi ndi madzi kuchokera ku silt ndi mbewu zomwe zimakwezedwa pansi pa posungira.
Ubwenzi wapabanja
Nthawi zambiri, ma beawa amakhala m'magulu a mabanja (mabanja), koma pali ena omwe amakonda kukhala pawokha. Pazifukwa zopanda chakudya, kuchuluka kwa nyama imodzi kumatha kufikira 40%.
Banja limakhala ndi banja la achikulire, ma cubs a chaka chamawa, ma cubs a chaka chatha, ndipo nthawi zina wachinyamata m'modzi kapena angapo ochokera kumabwalo am'mbuyomu. Kukula kwa mabanja kumatha kufikira anthu 10-12.
Utsogoleri wolamulira umakhazikitsidwa molingana ndi zaka zaka, ndi udindo wamkulu wa okwatirana. Kuwonekera kwaukali kwakuthupi ndikosowa, ngakhale mabala akumisala amatha kuwoneka m'malo owala akumwa. Izi ndi zotsatira za ndewu ndi alendo osowa kufupi ndi malire.
Zawiri mu makoswe izi ndizokhazikika komanso zimapitilira mu moyo wonse waothandizana. Gulu la mabanja likhazikika, mwanjira ina chifukwa cha kuswana kochepa. Amabweretsa mwana wamwamuna pachaka, mkati mwake kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 cubs mu beaver wamba, mu chonde cha Canada ndiwokwera - mpaka ma 8 ana. Komabe, nthawi zambiri mu ana mumakhala ana a 2-3.
Mpikisano umayamba mu Januware (kumwera kwa masheya) ndipo umatha mpaka Marichi. Mimba imatenga masiku 103-110.
Makanda obadwa kumene, owoneka bwino kwambiri, okhala ndi zofunikira zam'munsi. Amayi amadyetsa ana mkaka (womwe umakhala wonenepa kwambiri kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe) kwa masabata pafupifupi 6, ngakhale ali ndi zaka ziwiri, owolawo amayamba kulawa masamba achifundo omwe amabwera ndi makolo awo. Pazaka 1 zakubadwa, mbadwo wachichepere umayamba kusiya pang'onopang'ono chisa ndikudya pawokha.
Ngakhale anawo ali ocheperako, bambo amakhala nthawi yayitali kuteteza chiwembu: kuyendayenda m'malire ndikusiya ma fungo. Yaikazi panthawiyi yatanganidwa kudyetsa ana ndikuwasamalira. Ana amakula msanga, koma amafunikira miyezi yambiri yochita bwino kuti aphunzire maluso opangira madamu ndi nyumba. Makolo amaphunzitsa kuti azitenga nawo mbali pazinthu zonse za banja, kuphatikizapo zomanga.
Nthawi zambiri, achinyamata amasiya mabanja awo ndikupita kukafunafuna tsogolo lawo kale chaka chachiwiri ndikumakhala moyo wawo wokha mpaka atapeza banja.
Kutha kwa beaver kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, koma zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimayamba kubereka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu za moyo.
Njira yayitali kwambiri yodziwikitsira nyama yachilengedwe ndi zaka 17-18, Canada - zaka 20. Komabe, mu vivo nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka zoposa 10. Zaka zapamwamba kwambiri za zolembera izi zolembedwa pa nazale zidafika zaka 30.
Kulankhulana
Kuphatikiza polemba chizindikirochi, ma beaver amalankhulana wina ndi mnzake pomawomba mchira wawo m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri ndimomwe anthu achikulire amauza alendo kuti adawaona. Makoko omwe adalowa m'dera lomwe mukukhalalamo akuwomba m'manja, kumulola kuti awone kukula kwa zolinga zake komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe akuwopseza.
Njira ina yolumikizirana imadutsa mosiyanasiyana, komanso mawu: nyama zitha kung'ung'uza ndi kulira.
Ubwino ndi zopweteketsa za zakumwa
Monga tanena kale, ma bea omwe amadziwika kuti akufuna kumanga: kukonzekeretsa malo awo, amapanga madamu omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'matupi amadzi. Zotsatira zake, madzi amatha kusefukira madera akuluakulu m'nkhalangoyi ndikuwononga. Madera ndi misewu zitha kuvutika.
Mitu yachiwiri yosatsutsika ndiyoti madamu akuipiraipira momwe nsomba zimatayira, popeza ndi chotchinga chotchingira ma grey, whitefish, nsomba ndi nsomba zokhala trout kuti zizituluka mu mitsinje yaying'ono.
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone zochitika za nyama izi kuchokera mbali inayo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, madamu a beaver omwe adalipo pamtsinjewo amasungunuka ndikusintha kwamadzi, ndipo izi zimachepetsa mwayi wamadzi osefukira, kusefukira pansi komanso kugumuka kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kufupikitsa nthawi yamadzi a chilimwe, ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsa dongosolo la akasupe ndi mitsinje yomwe idawonongeka chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti nkhalango yokhalamo nyama ikhale yodetsa, motero siyingafanane ndi moto wamnkhalango.
Kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa mitsinje, madamuwo amathandizira kudzikundikira, ndikupanga njira yachilengedwe yachilengedwe yomwe imachotsa zosayenera zoopsa m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi ambiri omwe akung'ambika amapanga mapindu ena, monga, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe.
Beavers imathandizanso kupezeka kwa chakudya cha hares, nguluwe, kudya "zotayidwa" za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga madamu, ndipo izi, zimakopa nyama zolusa.
Chifukwa chake, makoko awa amatenga gawo lofunikira mu machitidwe am'madzi oyandikira, ndipo munthu amangokulitsa chidziwitso chake pazosowa zawo zachilengedwe ndikupanga njira zomwe zingalole anthu onse komanso opanga mitengo kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe.