Mwa zolengedwa zonse, ndi mileme yomwe imapangitsa kuti ambiri asakonde. Kodi izi zikugwirizana ndi nthano za vampire, kapena pali chifukwa china? Osazitengera. M'modzi mwa oimira nyama zachilendozi, jekete lachikopa chakumpoto, ndizosangalatsa chifukwa cha moyo wawo wapadera. Ndipo ngakhale mutakhala kuti mumakhudzidwa bwanji ndi nyama zazing'onozi, muyenera kuganizira zabwino zomwe zimabweretsa.
Onani mafotokozedwe
Omwe akuyimira kulamula kwa mileme ndi nyama zokulirapo. Jekete wachikopa wakumpoto, malongosoledwe omwe amaperekedwa pansipa, akukhudzika ndi momwe mapikowo amafikira kukula kwake. Ngati kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 4,9-6.4, ndiye kuti mapikowo ndi masentimita 24 mpaka 28. Mapiko akuwongoka, opendekera (ngati akuyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mileme). Mchirawo ndi wamfupi, mpaka 5cm kutalika, ndi nsonga yotchinga kuchokera ku membrane wachikazi ndi 4-5 mm.
Khutu ndiloboweka zikopa, lozungulira mpaka kumtunda, lokhala ndi khungu loonda, lophimbidwa ndi ubweya wakuda. Pakhomo la chitseko cholumikizira pali chifupizifupi choperewera chozungulira.
Ubweya wa nyama ndi wautali komanso wandiweyani. Mosasamala kanthu ndi mthunzi wa chovalacho, kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda pang'ono kuposa pamimba. Chipewa ichi, chithunzi chomwe mumachiwona, chimasiyana ndi oyimira ena a gululi pojambula mtundu wagolide kumtunda kwa tsitsilo, nthawi zina ngakhale ndi ubweya wachitsulo. Mwa anthu ena, maupangiri agolide amangopezeka pokwera, osati kumbuyo konse. Chikhazikitso chophatikizika chimakhala chosawonongeka pakuyenda kwa nyama.
Ubweya ukhoza kukhala woderapo, kenako pamimba pamakhala bulauni. Ku Tuva, tavala chovala chachikopa chakumpoto chamachikasu amachikasu chokhala ndi mimba yoyera. Anthu ofotokozedwa ndi mtundu wa chokoleti wokhala ndi mimba yachikasu. Phokoso lalimapaka utoto wakuda, pafupifupi lakuda.
Khungu ndi nyama yolusa, chifukwa chake nsagwada yake ili ndi mano 32-34. Malangizo a mano a oimira amtunduwu ndi awa:
- incisors - 2/3,
- fangs 1/1,
- mizu isanafike - 1-2 / 2,
- molars - 3/3.
Kulemera kwa thupi kumachokera ku magalamu 8 mpaka 14, mafupa ndi opepuka, omwe amalola nyamayo kuuluka.
Malo ogawa
Pakati pa mileme yodziwika yonse, jekete lachikopa lakumpoto ndi lomwe limagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutentha kochepa. Chifukwa cha izi, nyamayi idatha kufalikira ku Europe yonse - kuyambira kunkhalango-tundra mpaka ku Sibiga ya Siberia. Mutha kukumana naye kumapiri a Republic of Tuva, ndi kumapiri a Caucasus, kudera la Mongolia ndi pachilumba cha Sakhalin. Mpaka nthawi yophukira, ma jekete achikopa amasaka mosaka.
Mtundu wa milemeyi imapezekanso kudera la Republic of Belarus. Zinapezeka koyamba mu 1934 kumayiko a Berezinsky Reserve, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono - ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Ndi republic iyi pomwe zikopa zidalembedwa mu Red Book.
Monga mukuwonera, kuchuluka kwa nyamayo ndi kotakata, koma mitunduyo imatha kuzimiririka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kafukufuku wakale, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe mileme imakhalamo. Ngati nthawi sinatengedwe kuti tisunge nyama izi, ndizotheka kuti nyamazo zimasoweka zisanaphunzire bwino.
Moyo
Chiyembekezo chazamoyo zamtunduwu ndi pafupifupi zaka 15. Amadzisungira ngati nkhosa zazing'ono, zopangidwa ndi anthu 20-30 (akazi). Amuna amakonda kusungulumwa. Pamatenthedwe, amabisala kuzizira m'malo opanda kanthu komanso pansi pa mitengo, m'mapanga kapena pansi padenga la nyumba, m'makoma kapena m'maenje. Koma mukungofunika kuwonetsa kutentha kwa kutentha pamwamba pa ziro, pomwe amachoka kumalo achisanu ndikutuluka kukasaka nthawi yomweyo dzuwa litalowa.
Amakonda kufunafuna chakudya kuthengo kapena pamphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, m'misewu yamizinda kapena pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu. Kukulira mpaka 30 m, mosatetemera, mwachangu komanso nthawi zambiri kuwuluka mapiko, kumayendetsa jekete lachikopa lakumpoto. Amadya chiyani, mumafunsa? Tizilombo tonse touluka timagwera m'mano akuthwa a nyama - njenjete ndi ma scoops, njenjete ndi njenjete, masamba owoneka ndi mphutsi, kachilombo ka barbel ndi kachilombo. Mwa kudya, tinyama tomwe timathandiza kuchotsa tizirombo m'nkhalango ndi mbewu, kupulumutsa mbewu.
Mukakhala kuphanga komwe kumakhala zigawo, mudzadabwitsidwa ndi kufinya komwe kumatha kulumikizana pakati pa anthu. Mtundu uliwonse, kuphatikiza jekete lachikopa chakumpoto, uli ndi mitundu yake yazizindikiro. Kwa mitundu yathu, chizindikiro ndi chodziwika bwino kuyambira 5 mpaka 25 kHz. Koma kufinya uku sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakulankhulana. Ndi chithandizo chake, nyamayo "imawona" ndipo imatha kuyendayenda ngakhale mumdima wathunthu.
Ndi nyengo yachisanu ikayamba, anthu ena amasamukira kumwera, ndipo ena amakhalabe m'malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu.
Mating, mimba, kubereka mwana
Masewera olimbana ndi milemeyi saphunziridwa pang'ono, koma zimadziwika kuti amangochitika kamodzi pachaka - kugwa. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna ndi akazi amatha kukhala pafupi, pomwe nthawi yayitali, abambo amakonda kusungulumwa. Zachikazi zimapulumuka nthawi yozizira yoyembekezera kale. Ndipo kumayambiriro kapena pakati pa chilimwe, makanda amabadwa. Nyama imabereka (zithunzi za nyama zimaperekedwa munkhaniyi), nthawi zambiri ziwiri, zochepa nthawi imodzi ana amodzi.
Pokhala mu paketi, zazikazi zokha zimalera ana awo mpaka atakula, zomwe zimachitika m'miyezi khumi ndi umodzi. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Ndizosangalatsa kuti unyamata wama jekete achikopa nthawi zambiri amakhomereredwa kuti akakamize magulu amtundu wina, mwachitsanzo, kumenya-mbalame ndi nyali za usiku. Ndipo siziwathamangitsa.
Mwina tikamadziwa bwino nyama zofunikirazi, tidzaleka kugwada titaona mileme ikuuluka usiku thambo. Kupatula apo, awa ndi anzathu omwe amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kuzungulira chilengedwe ndipo ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo.
Kufotokozera
Mbale ndi yaying'ono. Kulemera 8-14 g Kutalika kwa thupi 49-64 mm, kutalika kwa mchira 38-551. Mapiko ali ndi 24-25 masentimita, kutalika kwa mkono ndi 38-43 mm. Mapiko ndi ochepa kwambiri, akuti. Khutu ndilakhungu lowonda, lopendekera modekha kufikira pamwamba. Ubweya wake ndi wokulirapo komanso wamtali. Pansi pake ndiwopepuka kuposa pamwamba, pamwamba pamakhala bulauni ndi zokutira wagolide wopangidwa ndi malekezero owala a tsitsi. Ma jekete achikopa ku Tuva ali ndi msana wamaso achikasu. Kutha kwa mchira ndi 4-5 mm kutuluka kuchokera ku umwini wamkazi.
Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mileme yomwe imakhala ndi utoto wamtundu wagolide kapena wamtundu wonyezimira wopindika kumbuyo kumbuyo kolowera chakuda chakuda kapena chofiirira chamtundu wapamwamba wamtundu (mu nyama zosungunuka, "chophimba" cha golide chimatha kufotokozedwa mosalongosoka).
- Kuchokera pa zowala za usiku, ma jekete akumpoto amasiyanitsidwa ndi tragus wa kutsogolo, womwe ndi wofalikira pakati kuposa pansi.
- Kuchokera pagulu laling'ono, chipewa cha Natusius, chakum'mawa ndi chaku Mediterranean chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa dzino lakumaso.
- Kuchokera pa jekete lachikopa la Bobrinsky - kukula kwake kwakukulu (kutalika kwa mkono osati pansi pa 38 mm).
- Kuchokera zikopa zakum'mawa ndi mochedwa - m'maling'ono ang'onoang'ono (kutalika kwa kutsogolo kosapitirira 43 mm).
- Kuchokera zikopa za zikopa ziwiri ndi zikopa za Ognev - chida chachikulu chakunja chakumaso, chofika kutalika kwa theka lamkati (mawonekedwewa ndi othandizanso kusiyanitsa ndi nthenga zakum'mawa ndi mochedwa).
- M'munda, sizosiyana ndi khungu looneka ngati chikopa.
Echo chizindikiro kuchokera 50 mpaka 25 kHz, ndi matalikidwe okwera pafupifupi 30 kHz.
Ndege imathamanga, ndikuwuluka pafupipafupi, kuponya kolunjika ndikutembenukira lakuthwa. Ma jekete akumpoto amathera tsiku lonse m'maenje okhala ndi khomo lopapatiza, m'makonde, m'ming'alu yamiyala. Akazi amakhala m'magulu a amuna 30, amuna amakhala okha. Nthawi zambiri amasaka usiku komanso ngakhale masana, m'malo okwera mosiyanasiyana (nthawi zina amakwera mpaka 20-30 m), nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, m'mphepete ndi m'misewu yamidzi, pamwamba pamadzi. Zotsalira za nyama zimakonda kudziunjikira malo azakudya nthawi zonse. Mu Juni-Julayi, zazikazi zimabereka ana awiri. Nthenga zakumpoto zimakhala zaka 15.
Ma jekete achikopa achizungu (m'modzi kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono) m'mapanga, ma adits ndi zipinda zapansi pa kutentha pafupifupi 0 ° C, pang'ono kumawulukira kumwera - ku Caucasus ndi Primorye. Mu 1857, I. Blasius adawonetsa chidwi cha ndege za jekete chakumpoto, zomwe, poganiza, zidawoneka kumpoto kwa Russia kwa milungu ingapo kumapeto kwa chilimwe kenako ndikuwolowera kumwera.
Kufalitsa
Kugawidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Eurasia kuchokera kumalire akum'mawa a France kupita ku Pacific Ocean, ku Mongolia ndi Western China. Amapezeka mumsewu wapakati komanso kumpoto kwa gawo la ku Europe la Russia (mpaka ndi kumaphatikizapo nkhalango tundra), munkhokwe ya Siberia, zipululu za Tuva, Caucasus, Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka.
Kudera la Buryatia kumakhala kumapiri a Baikal (dera la Baikal, Barguzinsky, Ulan-Burgas, Khamar-Daban), m'zigwa za Upper Angara, Barguzin, Selenga, Temnik, Uda, Chikoy, komanso ku Dzhidinsky ridage komanso ku Khamh-Dan.
Kuteteza zachilengedwe
Chiwerengero cha mitundu yotsika ndikuchepa kwambiri. Palibe deta yokwanira pa dziko lawo mwachilengedwe. Ku Middle Urals amadziwika kuti ndiosowa. Zomwe zimachepetsa mitundu: Kuwononga ndi kuphwanya malo okhala masana ndi nyengo yachisanu. Jekete wachikopa wakumpoto walembedwa mu Red Book of Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk ndi Ulyanovsk Regions.
Malowo amatetezedwa mdera la Deer Stipes Natural Park, mu Visim Biosphere Reserve ndi Denezhkin Stone Reserve.
Mawonekedwe.
Makulidwe ake ndi apakati. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50-60 mm, chotsogola ndi 38-43 mm, mchira ndi 39-7 mm, khutu ndi 12-15 mm, tragus ndi 5-6 mm. . Mtunduwo ndi wakuda bii wokhala ndi mapiko ake. Kuchokera kumbuyo, motsutsana ndi mtundu wa bulauni kapena bulauni, nsonga zagolide zina zimatuluka. Chophimbacho ndichachikulu, chachitali komanso chofewa. Kunja kwa thupi ndi kasooka kasooka. Nembanemba ndi auricles ndimdima, pafupifupi wakuda. Ulusi wamapiko umalumikizidwa ndi maziko a phazi lakunja la phazi. Vuto lachiberekero ndi lopapatiza, lopanda chopindika.
Kufalitsa.
Mtundu wofalikira wa palearctic, womwe umalowera kumpoto kwa mitundu ina. Mitunduyo imakhala kumpoto kwa Europe. Ku Siberia, m'zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulukufika 69-70 motsatana. Malire akum'mwera akukumana moyenerana ndi malire a nkhalango. Kumpoto kotchulidwa ku Yakutia [4, 5]. Ku Turasory ya Krasnoyarsk, imapezeka pafupifupi m'mapanga onse odziwika a kum'mawa kwa East Sayan.
Malo oyambira kumpoto kwenikweni kwa chikopa cha kumpoto amapezeka mumtsinje wapamwamba. Maymecha (68 ° N). Ku Khakassia, idapezeka m'mapanga m'mawa a Kuznetsk Alatau (malo a Efremka karst) ndi gawo loyang'ana kumpoto kwa Kuznetsk Alatau (dera la Kemerovo). Imawonedwa ngati mitundu yodziwika bwino, yogawidwa m'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso zosakanikirana, nkhalango zamapiri ndi mapiri [6-12, 16, 18]
Ecology ndi biology.
Mitundu yamnkhalango, koma imagwiritsa ntchito malo otseguka: pamwamba pa zotchingira ndi zopaka, pamwamba pa nduwira za mitengo ndi maiwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi munthu m'mizinda ndi m'midzi yakumidzi. Monga malo achitetezo a chilimwe, amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba za anthu, ming'alu ndi ming'alu m'matanthwe, m'mapanga.
Amayamba kusaka dzuwa litalowa. Imadyera kumapiri a nkhalango m'nkhalango zosowa, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi nyumba zomwe zimakhala m'misewu yamidzi ndi matauni. Kuuluka kwawo kumathamanga komanso kuthamanga, ndikuwuluka mwachidaliro ndipo ndikuponyera pafupipafupi pambuyo pouluka. Zimafalitsidwa kamodzi pachaka. Gon mu Okutobala-Novembala. Akazi amadzabereka ana awiri mu June komanso kumayambiriro kwa Julayi. Amuna samapezeka m'midzi yopanda ana [1, 16].
Kutha kwamtunduwu nthawi yozizira m'malo otentha kumadziwika, komwe kutentha kumatha kugwa madigiri angapo pansi pa 0 ° C. M'mapiri amapezeka malo asanafike kumapiri. M'malo otentha a Krasnoyarsk Territory m'mapanga. Kufika kumalo obisalako nthawi yozizira kumawonedwa mu Okutobala-Novembala, kunyamuka - kumapeto kwa Marichi. Amakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pa nthawi yozizira. Zimatha kusuntha kwakanthawi.
Mphamvu ndi zina zochepetsera.
Ngakhale amagawidwa kwambiri, m'mapanga ake mumakhala ochepa. Wopitilira mmodzi, anthu awiri, koma amatha kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono mpaka anthu 10. Sipanga masango akuluakulu. Adani achilengedwe m'malo otentha nthawi yozizira ndi marten, makoswe, ndi carnivores.
M'nyengo yotentha, amayamba kuzunzidwa ndi kadzidzi, ma corvid ndi amphaka. Zifukwa zikuluzikulu zomwe zikuthandizira kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mileme ndi izi: kuchepa ndi kuzimiririka kwa malo okhala zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwa nkhalangoyi, kusintha kwa malo ndi ma microclimate, kutukuka kwa mizinda, malo okhala moto, kutchuka kwa speleotourism ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa nkhawa kwa popanga nthawi yachisanu komanso kusintha kwa mapanga.
Njira zachitetezo.
Onani Mndandanda wa Red Book of the North Kumpoto Kakutali kwa Russia, Primorsky Territory ndi Kemerovo Region. Palibe njira zapaderazi zomwe zakhazikitsidwa m'derali. Bungwe loti lisungidwe pang'ono m'mapanga momwe mitundu yocheperako yozizira ndiyofunikira. Kufikira anthu akufunika.
Magwero achidziwitso. Buku Lofiyira la Krasnoyarsk Territory. 1. Kuzyakin, 1950, 2. Botvinkin, 2002, 3. Kozhurina, 2009, 4. Naumov, 1934, 5. Tavrovsky et al., 1971, 6. Efanova, 2004, 7. Vinogradov, 1927, 8. Kokhanovsky, 1962 9. Emelyanova et al. 1962, 10. Yudin et al., 1979, 11. Efanova, 2001, 12. Sokolov et al., 1985, 13. Shvetsov, 1977, 14. Khritankov, 2001, 15. Efanova et al. ., 2002, 16. Stukanova, 1982, 17. Buku Lofiyira la Krasnoyarsk Territory, 2004, 18. Vassenkov et al., 2008.