Njati ndi yowunikira yochokera ku banja la ma bovid, nyama zamphongo zazing'ono, komanso gawo lokhala ndi ziboda ziwiri. M'mbuyomu, njati zonse zimadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa Bubalus. Tsopano ndi Asiya yekha yemwe amadziwika ndi iye, ena onse amadziwika mu mtundu wa Anoa ndi Syncerus. Achibale apafupi kwambiri a njatiyo ndi baten, gaura, Cupri, komanso njati zaku America, yak ndi njati omwe amakhala m'malo otentha. Buffaloes ndizofala kum'mwera kwa Asia, kuzilumba zina za Oceania, ku Africa.

Mawonekedwe a Buffalo ndi Habitat

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ma buffalo amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Woyamba, India, nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, komanso kumadera ena a Malaysia, Indochina ndi Sri Lanka. Njati yachiwiri yaku Africa.

Nyamayi imakonda malo okhala ndi udzu wawutali ndi mabedi abango omwe ali pafupi ndi dziwe ndi ma swamp, komabe, nthawi zina imakhala m'mapiri (pamtunda wamtunda wa 1.85 km kumtunda kwa nyanja). Imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa ng'ombe zamtchire zazikulu kwambiri, mpaka kutalika kwa mamitala 2 ndi unyinji wa matani oposa 0.9. Kufotokozera kwa njati mutha kudziwa:

• thupi lake lakuthwa, lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda bii
• miyendo yolimba, yomwe imakhala yoyera kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi,
• mutu wambiri wokhala ndi chopondera, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a mraba ndipo wotsika kwambiri pansi,
• nyanga zazikulu (mpaka 2 m), zokutira m'mwamba mu semicircle kapena kupatuka mbali zosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe a arc. M'madambo ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana,
• mchira wautali wokhala ndi mbewa yolimba kumapeto,

Wachiafrika njati zimakhala kumwera kwa Sahara, komanso, makamaka m'malo ake ndi malo osungirako anthu ambiri, kusankha malo okhala ndi chimanga chambiri ndi mabedi oyandikana ndi mayiwe ndi mitengo yamitengo. Mtunduwu, mosiyana ndi India, ndi wocheperako. Buffalo wamkulu imadziwika ndi kutalika kwakukulu mpaka 1.5 m ndi kulemera kwa matani 0,7.

Philippine buffalo tamarou

Chochititsa chidwi ndi nyama nyanga za njatiwamtengo wapatali ngati chiphaso chosakira. Kuyambira pamwamba pamutu, amasunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana ndikukula poyamba ndi kumbuyo, kenako ndikukwera m'mwamba, ndikupanga chisoti choteteza. Komanso, nyanga zake ndizazikulu kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatalika 1 mita.

Thupi limakutidwa ndi chovala chakuda kumaso. Nyamayi imakhala ndi mchira wautali komanso waubweya. Mutu wa Buffalo, pomwe pali makutu akulu opindika, ali ndi mawonekedwe ofupikirako komanso lalifupi ndi khosi lamphamvu.

Filipino ndi woimira wina wa ma artiodactyls. njati tamarou ndi njati yam'madzi anoa. Chimodzi mwa nyama izi ndi kutalika kwawo, pomwe koyamba ndi 1 m, ndipo chachiwiri - 0,9 m.

Dwarf Buffalo Anoa

Tamarou amakhala kumalo amodzi okha, komwe, kumayiko a Fr. Mindoro, ndi Anoa zimapezeka pafupifupi. Sulawesi ndipo ndi amodzi mwa nyama zomwe zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko lonse.

Anoa imagawidwanso m'mitundu iwiri: phiri ndi chigwa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ma buffalos onse amakhala ndi fungo labwino, kumva chidwi, koma samawona bwino.

Chikhalidwe komanso moyo wa njati

Mamembala onse am'banja la buffalo ndi okwiya kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Amwenye amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zowopsa, popeza sakhala ndi mantha a munthu kapena nyama ina iliyonse.

Chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake kwakanthawi, amatha kununkhiza mosavuta akunja ndikumumenya (owopsa kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi azimayi amateteza ana awo). Ngakhale kuti mtunduwu udagulidwa kale mu 3000 BC. e. Zidakali nyama zosasangalatsa, chifukwa sizikwiya mosavuta ndipo zimatha kugwa.

Pamasiku otentha kwambiri - nyamayi imakonda kumiza m'madzi amatope okha kapena kubisala mithunzi yazomera. Pa nyengo yakubala, ng'ombe zamtchire izi zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kuphatikizira gulu.

Wachiafrika amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuopa kwake munthu yemwe nthawi zonse amamuthawa. Komabe, nthawi ngati apitiliza kumulondola, amatha kuthana ndi mlenjeyo ndipo chifukwa chake atangoyimitsidwa ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimamuwombera m'mutu.

Nyamayi imangokhala chete, ndikuopa kuti imapanga phokoso lofanana ndi kutsitsa ng'ombe. Chinanso chomwe ndimakonda ndikuzunguliramo matope kapena kuzungulira dziwe.

Amakhala mu gulu, momwe mumakhala mitu 50-100 (pali mpaka 1000), yomwe imatsogozedwa ndi akazi okalamba. Komabe, nthawi yopuma, yomwe imachitika m'miyezi iwiri yoyambirira, gulu limagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.

Anoa wokhala m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango amakhalanso wamanyazi kwambiri. Amakhala ocheperako nthawi zambiri, awiriawiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ophatikizidwa. Amakonda kusamba matope kwambiri.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Buffaloes amadzidyetsa m'mawa kwambiri ndi kumapeto kwa usiku, kupatula anoa, omwe amangodya m'mawa okha. Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya:

1. Kwa amwenye - mbewu zazikulu za banja la phala,
2. Zachi Africa - zakudyera zosiyanasiyana,
3. Kwa owoneka bwino, msipu wa udzu, mphukira, masamba, zipatso, ngakhalenso zomera zam'madzi.

Buffalo yonse imakhala ndi njira yofananira yokugaya chakudya, yodziwika ndi zokumbira, pomwe chakudya chimayamba kusungidwa m'mimba m'mimba ndikugaya pang'ono, burps, kenako ndikuphwanyanso ndikumizidwanso.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Buffaloes yamadzi yokhala ndi moyo wautali wazaka 20. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 2 amakhala atatha msinkhu ndipo amatha kubereka.

Buffalo yamadzi

Pambuyo pa kubereka, mkazi yemwe anali ndi pakati miyezi 10 amabweretsa mwana wa ng'ombe 1-2. Ana ake ali owopsa pamawonekedwe, ophimbidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda.

Amakula msanga, kotero mu ola limodzi amatha kuyamwa mkaka kuchokera kwa amayi awo, ndipo miyezi isanu ndi umodzi atatha kusinthana ndi msipu. Nyamazi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi munthu wamkulu kwambiri kuyambira wazaka 3-4 za moyo.

Njati zaku Africa zimakhala ndi moyo wazaka 16. Pambuyo pa nthiti, pomwe pamakhala nkhondo zoyipa pakati pa amuna kuti agwiritse mkazi, wopambanayo amugoneka. Yaikazi imakhala ndi miyezi 11 yobereka.

Nkhondo ya ku Africa njati

Mu buffalo wocheperako, gon satengera nthawi ya chaka, kutalika kwa mimba ndi miyezi pafupifupi 10. Kutalika kwa moyo kumachokera zaka 20-30.
Pakufotokozera mwachidule, ndikufuna kulankhula za ntchito ya nyamazi m'miyoyo ya anthu. Izi zimagwira makamaka ku njati za ku India, zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kalekale. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pantchito yolima, pomwe amatha kusintha mahatchi (mwa 1: 2).

Nkhondo ya njati ndi mkango

Zinthu zamkaka zomwe zimachokera ku mkaka wa buffalo, makamaka zonona, ndizotchuka kwambiri. NDIPO khungu la njati ntchito pakupeza nsapato za nsapato. Ponena za mitundu ya ku Africa, ndizotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu kusaka za njati.

Mitundu yonse yazinyama

Buffalo ndi nyama yayikulu-yayikulu, kulemera kwake imafikira kuposa makilogalamu 1000, koma si aliyense amene ali ndi unyinji wotere. Polankhula za kukula, pafupifupi chizindikirochi chimayambira 1 mpaka 1.5 m, pomwe miyendo yake ndi yochepa, koma yamphamvu. Mwachilengedwe, kupatuka kuzizindikiro wamba ndizovomerezeka, kutengera mtundu ndi malo okhala nyama.

Chochititsa chidwikuti wamkulu njati, ndi zochuluka momwe amapangira. Amuna mwachikhalidwe chawo ndiochulukirapo, amalemera kuposa zazikazi, zomwe zimawalola kumenyera okha ndi gulu lawo. Yaikazi imalemera pafupifupi 600 kg, ngakhale mitundu ina yokhala ngati anoa, imafika 300 kg.

Chizindikiro cha ma buffalo ndi kukhalapo kwa nyanga. Mwa mtundu wamba - njati ya ku Africa - nyanga sizikulira kwambiri, koma zimayendetsedwa mbali zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala ndi maondo. Kunja, malo omwe nyanga ndi chigaza zimamera palimodzi ngati chisoti. Palinso nyama zamtundu monga njati zamadzi, momwe nyanga zimafikira zolemba: pafupifupi 2 mita kutalika. Nthawi yomweyo, samawongoleredwa m'mwamba, komanso amakula mpaka mbali, kumapeto kwake kutembenukira kumbuyo. Nyama zopanda nyanga zimapezekanso, koma izi sizodabwitsa.

Komwe timakhala timakhala

Njati ndi nyama yomwe ndi yamtundu wamphongo, koma yachilendo: nyanga zake sizabowa. M'pofunika kunena kuti ku Russia kapena ku Ukraine kukakumana ndi munthu m'modzi, komanso makamaka banja la njati, ndikosavuta. Izi ndichifukwa choti zachilengedwe zanyama zachilengedwe ndi dziko lotentha momwe mulibe nyengo yankhanza yotere.

Pakadali pano, magulu anayi a nyama iyi ndiosiyanitsidwa:

• Tamarou.
• Endoma anoa kapena chocheperako (chaching'ono, chaching'ono).
• Asia (dzina lina ndi India), lofala pachilumba cha Sulawesi.
• Njati zaku Africa (zimakhala ku Africa ndipo ndizofala kwambiri).

Mwachilengedwe, malo okhala amakhudzana ndi nyama yamtchire, imasinthidwa kwambiri kutengera nyengo yakwawo.

Komabe, pakadali pano, nyamayo imatetezedwa ndi lamulo la mayiko ambiri, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo amachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mitundu ina, monga anoa, imakakamizidwa kuti iyikidwe m'Buku Lofiyira, popeza mitunduyo imatsala pang'ono kutha. Ena amati izi ndi kutentha kwanyengo, pomwe wina akuwona chifukwa chakusaka nyama izi ndi kupha.

Njati zaku Africa

Njati zaku Africa, kapena njati yakuda (lat.Syncerus caffer) - yamtundu wa ng'ombe zamphongo, zofala ku Africa. Pokhala woimira ng'ombe zamphongo zochepa, njati ya ku Africa, komabe, ndiyachilendo kwambiri ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi mtundu umodzi wa Syncerus wokhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha (ndiwokhawo wochokera ku ng'ombe zamphongo zomwe zimakhala ku Africa).

Mawonekedwe

Kuti mumve mphamvu ya buffalo yaku Africa, zimangoyang'ana kamodzi. Weruzani nokha: kutalika kwake kumafikira mita ziwiri, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi atatu ndi theka. Kulemera kwa wamphongo wamkulu kuli pafupifupi tani, ndipo chowopsa chachikulu sichiri nyanga (zomwe zimafikira kutalika kwa mita), koma ziboda. Mbali yakutsogolo imawoneka yayikulupo ndipo ili ndi gawo lalikulupo kuposa kumbuyo. Ndi chifukwa chake kuti msonkhano ndi wothamanga wa njati ku Africa mothamanga kwambiri umakhala womaliza kwa womenyedwayo.

Woyimira bwino kwambiri pamitundu isanu ya ziphona zaku Africa ndi njati ya Kaffir. Iye ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa abale ake ndipo pafupifupi amafanana kwathunthu ndi malongosoledwe pamwambapa. Ili ndi mawonekedwe owopsa, omwe, titero, amachenjezedwa ndi mtundu wakuda wamkati.

Habitat ndi moyo

Kuchokera pa mayina a nyamazi zikuwonekeratu kuti akukhala ku Africa. Koma ndikosatheka kufotokozera bwino madera omwe ng'ombe zamphongo za ku Africa zimakonda. Amatha kukhala chimodzimodzi m'malo okhala nkhalango, ma savannah ndi mapiri. Chofunikira chachikulu m'derali ndikuyandikira kwa madzi. Ndi mu savannah pomwe ma Kaffir, Senegalese ndi ma buffaloes a Nile amakonda kutsalira.

Mu chilengedwe, magulu akuluakulu a nthabwala zaku Africa amapezeka kokha m'malo otetezedwa omwe amakhala kutali ndi anthu. Nyama sizidalira iwo ndikuyesa kuzipewa m'njira zonse zotheka, monga chiwopsezo china chilichonse. Mwa izi amathandizidwa kwambiri ndi fungo labwino komanso kumva, zomwe sizinganenedwe za masomphenya, omwe samatchedwa kuti abwino. Akazi okhala ndi ana achichepere amakhala ochenjera kwambiri.

Gulu la abusa ndi olamulira mmenemo amayenera kuyang'aniridwa mwapadera. Pangozi pang'ono, ana a ng'ombe amapita mkati mwa ng'ombe, ndipo okalamba komanso odziwa zambiri amawaphimba, ndikupanga chishango chofiyira. Amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera muzizindikiro zapadera ndipo amafotokoza momveka bwino zomwe akuchita. Ziwerengero zonse, gulu la ziweto limatha kuwerengera anthu 20 kapena 30 a mibadwo yosiyana.

Kugwiritsa ntchito anthu

Ngakhale kuti ma buffalo aku Africa amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo samayanjana ndi anthu, omalizirawa adakwanitsabe kupha zimphona, ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino mnyumbamo. Mafuko amagwiritsa ntchito nyamazo ngati mphamvu yodulira, kulima madera akuluakulu pansi pa mbewu monga chimanga ndi mbewu zina.

Komanso njati zaku Africa ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati ng'ombe. Amabzala nyama, ndipo samadikirira nthawi yonse mpaka ng'ombe itafika polemera kwambiri. Akazi amapereka mkaka wabwino kwambiri wokhala ndi mafuta ambiri. Amapanga tchizi cholimba komanso chofewa, chofanana ndi tchizi cha feta, ndipo amamwa motero.

Pambuyo popha njati za ku Africa, kuphatikiza nyama, zinthu zambiri zofunika ndizonso. Mwachitsanzo, khungu limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zofunda, zokongoletsera, kapena kuyika zovala zosoka. Tsopano mkati mwake mumakongoletsedwa ndi nyanga zazikulu, ndipo zida zakale zoyendetsera mundawo zidapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Ngakhale mafupa amayamba kusewera - amawotchera mu uvuni ndi pansi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza ndikudyetsa zowonjezera kwa ziweto zina.

Mkhalidwe Wopezeka Ndi Anthu

Buffalo wa ku Africa sanathawe chiyembekezo chomwe chimachitika pakati pa anthu opanda tanthauzo aku Africa, omwe adawonetsedwa mu 19 - theka loyamba la zaka zana la 20 chifukwa cha kuwombera kosalamulirika. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa njati sikunakhudzidwe kwambiri poyerekeza, mwachitsanzo, njovu - mwina chifukwa cha zovuta ndi kuwopsa kosaka, njatiyo sinali yamtengo wamalonda (mosiyana ndi njovu yomweyi yomwe ili ndi zibangiri kapena ma Rhinoceros ofunika. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ma buffalo kumakhalabe okwera kwambiri. Zowonongeka zazikuluzikulu pakati pa njatizi zinayambitsa ma epizootic a mliri wa ng'ombe omwe amabweretsedwa ku Africa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi ng'ombe za azungu. Kuphukika koyamba kwa matendawa pakati pa njati kunadziwika mu 1890.

Buffalo tsopano, ngakhale idasowa m'malo ambiri omwe amakhala kale, m'malo omwe adakali ambiri. Chiwerengero cha ma buffalo onse am'mabungwe onse ku Africa akuyerekezedwa pafupifupi mitu miliyoni. Boma la anthu, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa International Union for Conservation of Natural, "lili pachiwopsezo chochepa, koma zimatengera njira zosungira" (Eng. Chiwopsezo chotsika, chodalira chisamaliro).

Malo okhala njati zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika amakhala m'malo otetezedwa m'malo angapo ku Africa. Pali ma buffalo ambiri m'malo otchuka monga Serengeti ndi Ngorongoro (Tanzania) ndi National Park omwe adatchedwa Kruger (South Africa). Magulu akulu a njati amapezeka ku Zambia, m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe ku Luangwa River Valley.

Kunja kwa malo osungirako, chowopseza kwambiri kwa njati ndikuwonongeka kwa malo. Buffaloes sangathe kulekerera chikhalidwe komanso kuyesera kuti asayandikire malo olimapo, kulima ndikutukuka kwa nthaka, mosalephera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Africa, kuli ndi zotsatira zoyipa ku chiwerengero cha ma buffalo.

Njati zambiri zimasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi. Amaswana bwino mu ukapolo, koma kukonza kwawo ndikovuta kwambiri - njati ku zoo nthawi zina zimakhala yankhanza kwambiri. Pakhalapo zochitika pomwe zolimbana ndi njati zinali zakupha mu zoo.

Buffalo yamadzi

Buffalo yaku Asia, kapena buffalo waku India (lat. Bubalus arnee) ndi nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zingapo kuchokera kubanja la bovine. Imodzi mwa ng'ombe zamphongo zazikulu kwambiri. Akuluakulu amafika kutalika kwa mamita opitilira 3. Kutalika kwa kufota kumafikira 2 m, ndipo kulemera kwake kumafikira 1000 kg, nthawi zina mpaka 1200, pafupifupi, wamwamuna wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi 900 kg. Nyanga zimafika 2 m, zimawongoleredwa mbali ndi kumbuyo ndipo zimakhala ndi mwezi komanso gawo loloyera. Ng'ombe zokhala ndi nyanga zazing'ono kapena zopanda nyanga.

Kufotokozera mawonekedwe

Ngakhale kuti mitundu yamadzi ya buffalo imaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, onse amagawana zinthu zofananira. Zina mwa izo ndi nyanga. Kutalika, kukula pang'ono kubwerera m'mbuyo, amagwada mokweza ndikuyimira chida chachikulu, choopsa kwa adani ndi kwa anthu, komanso kwa nyama zina.

Ng'ombe zam'madzi za njati sizodziwika bwino ngati ng'ombe zamphongo, zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana - sizoluka, koma zowongoka.Kugonana kwamanyazi kumadziwonetsera kuzowonekera - zazikazi ndizocheperako.

Ng'ombe ya India, kupatulapo mitundu yocheperako, imafika kutalika pafupifupi mamita awiri. Buffalo wamkulu umalemera 900 kg pafupifupi. Pali anthu payekha omwe akulemera mpaka 1200 kg. Thupi lozunguliridwa ndi mbiya ndilotalika mamitala 3-4. Poyerekeza ndi ma buffalo ena, ng'ombe zamtundu wa India zimakhala ndi miyendo yayitali. Oimira nyamazo amakhala ndi mchira wautali (mpaka 90cm), wokulira.

Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwakakulu kwa thupi, chilengedwe chimadalitsa njati zaku India ndi moyo wautali, kufikira zaka 26 mu chilengedwe.

Mavuto osunthika ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe

Buffaloes za ku Asia zimakhala ku India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Laos ndi Cambodia, komanso ku Ceylon. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, njati zinapezeka ku Malaysia, koma tsopano, zikuwoneka kuti, palibe nyama zakuthengo zomwe zatsalira pamenepo. Pachilumba cha Mindoro (Philippines), gulu lapadera, laling'ono, lotchedwa tamarau (B. b. Mindorensis), limakhala kumalo osungirako apadera a Iglit. Izi zawoneka kuti zatha.

Koma mbiri yakale yakukhazikika kwa njatiyi ndi yayikulu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 1000 zoyambirira BC. e. njati zamadzi zimapezeka kudera lalikulu kuyambira Mesopotamia mpaka kumwera kwa China.

M'malo ambiri, njati tsopano zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa komwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ndipo sizikhalanso zakutchire kutanthauza kuti mawu. Buffalo yamadzi idayambitsidwanso ku Australia m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndipo inafalikira kumpoto kwa Africa.

M'mayiko a ku Asia, manambala ndi mitundu yambiri ya njati zamadzi ikucheperachepera. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe sichili kusaka, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa ndipo kumachitika molingana ndi ndalama zowerengera, koma kuwononga malo, kulima ndi kukhazikitsa madera akutali. Malo omwe njati zamtchire zitha kukhala m'malo achilengedwe zikucheperachepera. M'malo mwake, tsopano ku India ndi ku Sri Lanka njati zamtchire ndizolumikizidwa kwathunthu ku mapaki adziko (Kaziranga National Park wodziwika ku India ku Assam ali ndi gulu la njati zopitilira zolinga chikwi). Zinthu ku Nepal ndi Bhutan ndizabwino pang'ono.

Vuto lina lalikulu ndikumakhala kosinthasintha kwa njati zamtchire ndi zanyumba, ndichifukwa chake mitundu yamtchire imayamba kutaya magazi. Kupewa izi ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi ponsepo njati zamtchire zimayenera kukhala moyandikana ndi anthu ndipo, chifukwa chake, njati zam'nyumba zimakhala zopandaulere.

Makhalidwe ndi machitidwe

Buffalo yamadzi imadziwika ndi mtundu wa ng'ombe. Magulu ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri - ng'ombe yakale kwambiri, amuna achichepere angapo, komanso ana a ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe. Pakawoneka vuto, gululi limayesetsa kuchoka kwa olondola posachedwa. Komabe, nyamazo zimayambiranso ndikuyembekezera adani kuti aziwatsogolera, nthawi zambiri pamayendedwe awo. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, nyama zachikulire zimayesetsa kuteteza ana.

Buffalo yamadzi m'chilengedwe imalumikiza moyo wake ndi madzi osasunthika: nyanja kapena madambo, pazovuta kwambiri, imagwirizana ndi mitsinje yomwe imayenda pang'onopang'ono.

Madziwe amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri:

1. Ndiwo magwero azakudya. Mpaka 70% ya kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse yazomera zomwe zimamera mumadzi. Njati zotsalazo zimadyedwa pagombe.
2. Thandizani ng'ombe zamtundu wa India kuthana ndi kutentha kwa tsiku. Monga lamulo, njati zimagawidwa mochedwa kapena m'mawa kwambiri chakudya. Masana, nyama sizisiya matope agombe kapena kulowa m'madzi. Gawo lokhalo la thupi lomwe limatsalira m'mutu ndi mutu.
3. Akamba amakhalamo m'madzi, ndipo nthawi zonse pamakhala mbalame zambiri, makamaka, heron yoyera. Amathandizira njati zamadzi kuthana ndi majeremusi. Tizilombo tomwe, tomwe amzake a ng'ombe samapitako, amafa m'madzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, ng'ombe zamtundu wa India ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zachilengedwe. Manyowa omwe amapangika amathandizira kuti michereyi ibwezeretsanso mchere ndipo imathandizira kukula kwamphamvu kwa zobiriwira.

Buffalo yaying'ono yachilumba

Ku Philippines, kapena m'malo, pachilumba chaching'ono cha Mindoro, mumakhala kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri ka buffalo tamarou. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 110 okha, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mamita 2-3, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 180-300. Maonekedwe ake, imawoneka ngati fanizo kuposa njati. Nyanga za mtengo wa tamarou ndi lathyathyathya, lotembenukira kumbuyo, lalitali pafupifupi masentimita 40. Amapanga pembetero pansi. Chovalacho chimakhala chamadzimadzi, chakuda kapena chokoleti, nthawi zina imvi.

Ngakhale zaka 100-150 zapitazo, malo omwe tamarou buffalo amakhala amakhala ochepa. Pachilumba cha Mindoro, panali matenda oopsa a malungo, adawopa kuchidziwa. Nyama zimatha kuyenda modekha m'nkhalangozi popanda kuwopa chilichonse, chifukwa pachilumbachi mulibe zilombo zazikulu, ndipo tamarou ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri pamenepo. Koma adaphunzira kulimbana ndi malungo, chilumbachi chidayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa anthu. Tsopano padziko lapansi palibe anthu opitilira 100-200 amtunduwu, adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Njati ina yaying'ono imakhala pachilumba cha Sulawesi. Amatchedwa anoa, ochepa kukula kukula kuposa tamarou. Anoa ndi wamtali wa 80cm ndipo thupi limakhala lalitali masentimita 160. Akazi amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 150 ndipo amuna amalemera 300 kg. Palibe pafupifupi tsitsi pakhungu lawo, khungu limakhala lakuda. Ng'ombe zazikazi zimabadwa pafupifupi ofiira. Pali mitundu iwiri ya njatiyi: phiri komanso buffalo Anoa. Mu Anoa lathyathyathya, pali nyanga zoongoka komanso zodula patatu, kutalika pafupifupi 25. M'phiri la Anoa, amapotoza komanso kuzungulira.

Buffalo yaying'ono yachilumbachi imakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 20, yomwe imakhala yayitali kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina. Anoa tsopano ndi osowa kwambiri. Ngakhale atetezedwe ku Indonesia, nyama nthawi zambiri zimazunzidwa ndi ozembe. Kulikonse komwe munthu akuwoneka, gawo lokangalika limayamba.

Sulawesi ndi amodzi mwa zilumba zokhala ndi anthu ambiri, motero pali malo ocheperako a anoa, omwe alibe zotsatira zabwino kwa anthu. Mwinanso posakhalitsa izi zitha kuwoneka pa chithunzi ndi makanema.

Chiwerengero

Mpaka zaka za zana la 19, njati zam'madzi zakutchire ku Sulawesi zidadzaza anthu m'derali. Komabe, pakukula kwaulimi, ng'ombe zamphongo zinayamba kuchoka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikuchoka pamaso pa anthu. Malo atsopano okhala nyama zazing'ono zomwe adasankhidwa kukhala mapiri.

Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, kuchuluka kwa njati kunali kofunika. Malamulo a kusaka amateteza nyanjazo kuti zisawonongedwe, kuphatikiza apo, anthu wamba sanaphe anoa. Zinthu zidasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

Anthu akumaloko apeza mfuti zoopsa kwambiri. Tsopano kusaka kwa anoa kunayamba kupezeka kwa iwo. Malamulo a kusaka anali kuphwanyidwa nthawi zonse, ndipo malo omwe amatetezedwa kuti ateteze njatiwo anasiidwa.

Chifukwa cha manyazi a nyama, sizingatheke kuti muphunzire mitunduyi mosamala. Mitundu yonseyi imadziwika kuti itatsala pang'ono kutha. Kuchuluka kwa njati zamtchire sikudziwika. Palinso anthu ena ambiri akumapiri, chifukwa cha mapiri omwe mungabisike pangozi. Mitundu yamtchire imatha kugwidwa ndi adani komanso nzika zam'deralo, motero kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperachepera.

Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Natural limalemba mubukuli kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimakhala mu ukapolo. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mupange thumba laling'ono la ng'ombe zazing'ono.

Ng'ombe zam'nyumba

Buffalo yamadzi idapangidwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Zithunzi za nyama zokhala ndi njati zimatha kupezeka pamiyala yakale yachi Greek ndi matailosi achi Sumerian. Zimagawidwa kudera lonse lakumwera kwa Europe, ng'ombe zamphongo zimasungidwa ngati ziweto kumwera kwa Europe ndi Southeast Asia. Anawatumiza ku Hawaii, ndi Japan, ndi Latin America.

Kudera la Caucasus, mtundu wakale wamtundu waku India umakhala kale. Pakadali pano, ntchito ykuswana ikuyambitsidwa kukonza nyama zam'deralo: kuwonjezera zokolola za nyama ndikuwonjezera mkaka wa njati. Pachikhalidwe, kuyambira mkaka, anthu amapanga gatyg kapena yogati, kaymag (yodziwika bwino zonona) ndi ayran. Pakadali pano, maphikidwe a mafakitale opanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tchizi akupangidwa, chifukwa amadziwika kuti Italy mozzarella malinga ndi njira yoyambira idapangidwira kuchokera mkaka wa buffalo.

Ng'ombe zam'nyumba ndizodziwika ku Bulgaria (gulu la kubereketsa ku Indo-Bulgaria), komanso ku Italy ndi dera la Balkan. Amaleredwa ku Transcarpathia ndi dera la Lviv (Ukraine). Nyama zonse ziwiri zamkati ndi mkaka ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Ku India, komwe nyama ya ng'ombe wamba imadziwika kuti ndi yoletsedwa, njati zam'nyumba ndizomwe zimayambitsa chakudya chama protein. Kuletsedwako sikugwira ntchito ngati ng'ombe zamkati, ndipo zimawetedwa ngati mkaka komanso ng'ombe zazikazi. Ku Southeast Asia ndi Latin America, nyama zamphamvu, zolimba ndizomwe zimayendetsa bwino kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi ng'ombe, anthu amalima minda ya mpunga, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito njati kuti ikhale yolima ndi nthawi yayitali. M'malo am'mapiri kapena m'madambo momwe mahatchi sangathe kugwira ntchito, katundu wonyamula katundu amatumizidwa kwa iwo.

Ziweto zambiri nthawi zambiri zimawoloka zokha njati, ndikusokoneza kuyera kwa magazi amwewo. Pafupipafupi, ng'ombe zamtchire zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kubadwa kwawoko, kubala ana okhala ndi genotype yosakanikirana. Ng'ombe zangwiro zangotsala zikuluzikulu 1000 zokha.

Kupanga kwa Buffalo

Pafupifupi zizindikiro zonse zazikuluzikulu, njati zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa ng'ombe wamba. Chifukwa chake, zokolola nthawi zambiri sizidutsa 47%, pomwe ng'ombe wamba chizindikiro ichi chimachokera ku 50-60%. Nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe a nyama ndi achifwamba kwambiri, kunena zochepa.

Nyama ya ma buffalo akuluakulu imakhala yolimba komanso imapatsa musk, chifukwa chake singagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya wamba. Iyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuzama kukonza (mwachitsanzo, kupanga masoseji), kapena kudyetsa nyama zina (mwachitsanzo, kupanga galu chakudya). Koma nyama ya nyama zazing'ono ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi ng'ombe, ngakhale imakhala yotsika pang'ono pakoma. Mwa njira, njati zamtchire za ku Africa ndi Australia ndi zinthu zosaka nyama, koma nyama yawo ilinso ndi phindu lapadera.

Kutulutsa mkaka kwapakati sikulimbikitsanso kwambiri - malita 1400 mpaka 1700 pa mkaka wa m'mawere, womwe umakhala wotsika katatu kuposa ng'ombe wamba ndi mkaka (osanenapo zoweta za mkaka wamba). Komabe, mwayi wa njati ndikuti mkaka wawo ndi mafuta ambiri. Ngakhale mkaka wamba wamba umakhala ndi mafuta awiri mpaka 4%, njati zimakhala ndi 8%. M'malo mwake, ma buffalo samaperekanso mkaka, koma zonona zamafuta ochepa.

Zikopa za njati ndizothandiza. Kulemera kwazopaka zikopa kwa nyama imodzi ndi 25-30 kg ndi kukula kwake pafupifupi mamilimita 7.

Zinthu za njati

Malinga ndi momwe amasungidwira, njati yakuda yaku Asia ili pafupi kwambiri ndi ng'ombe wamba. Amadyetsa msipu womwewo, amakhala khola wamba ndipo, yonse, imasiyana pang'ono ndi ng'ombe. Nthawi yomweyo, malingaliro awiri otsutsana mwamitundu yokhudzana ndi mtundu wa njati apezeka pakati pa abusa.

Ena amati njati ndizovutitsa kwambiri komanso zimapsa mtima: amazindikira ambuye m'modzi yekha ndipo amaloledwa kuti azikodwa mkaka ndi iye yekha. Koma ngakhale mwini wake wokondedwa nthawi zambiri amayenera kukopa gulu lake kuti ligawire mkaka. Ena, mmalo mwake, amati njati ndizomvera kwambiri kuposa ng'ombe, ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri kwa eni ake kuposa agalu.

Onse njati am'madzi amtundu waku Indonesia komanso ku India wobadwira amafunitsitsa kudya zakudya zonenepa kwambiri komanso zosafunikira kwenikweni, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosayenera ng'ombe. Mwachitsanzo, nyama izi zimatha kudyetsedwa udzu ndi mapesi a chimanga. Kuphatikiza apo, timakumbukira kuti njati zam'nyumba zimatchedwa "mtundu wamtsinje". Zitha kudyetsedwa bwino m'malo otetezeka komanso m'malo odyetsako nkhalango kumene ng'ombe wamba sizimadyedwa. Buffalos amakonda kwambiri zomera zam'mbali (mabango, sedge), ndipo amadyanso maula, ma fern komanso singano popanda mavuto.

M'malo okhala phokoso pomwe zimakhala zovuta kubereka ng'ombe wamba, njati zimamva bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati pali madzi pang'ono pafupi, amasambira m'madzimo nthawi yotentha.

Amakhulupirira kuti njati zimalekerera kuzizira, koma chifukwa chakum'mwera kwa mtunduwu, izi siziyenera kuzunzidwa. M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, nyama zimafunikira khola lalitali.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njati

Mwachikhalidwe, mawu oti "ng'ombe" amatanthauza ng'ombe wamba ndi ng'ombe, koma njati zamkati zimakhalanso m'gulu lino la ziweto. Ndipo popeza ng'ombe ndizomwe zimayimira gulu lino, ndizomveka kuyerekeza zabwino ndi zovuta za ma buffalo monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kwa iwo.

Phindu lomveka bwino ndi:

Komabe, kutchuka kwambiri kwa ng'ombe ku Russia kuli ndi zifukwa zambiri.

Buffalos ali ndi zovuta zingapo zovuta, chifukwa chomwe alimi ambiri amakonda ng'ombe:

1. Zotulutsa mkaka yaying'ono. M'mikhalidwe yofananira ndikusamalira ndikudya ma buffalo kumapereka mkaka 2-3 nthawi zochepa kuposa nyama ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe, ndi 4-6 nthawi yochepa kuposa mkaka.
2. Nyama yokoma. Ngakhale kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, obereketsa adziyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya njati, momwe mitundu yokomera nyama imapangidwira bwino, ng'ombe imadalirabe.
3. Chikhalidwe chovuta. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa abusa ambiri omwe anali odziwa kubzala njati, nyama zamtunduwu ndizopanda ulesi komanso zopanda phindu kuposa ng'ombe.

Zambiri zodabwitsa

• Tchizi chotchuka cha mozzarella ku Italy chimapangidwa kuchokera mkaka wa buffalo malinga ndi njira yabwino.
• Ku India, kumene ng'ombe yodzipatula ndi nyama yopatulika ndipo sangawombere nyama, imagulitsidwa, komabe, mumatha kupeza ng'ombe komanso nyama yamphongo. Vuto limeneli limafotokozedwa chifukwa chakuti zoletsa zachipembedzo sizigwira ntchito pa njati, chifukwa chake, pansi pa dzina la ng'ombe, sogulitsa chilichonse koma nyama ya buffalo. Amasiyana ndi ng'ombe yeniyeni mu kukoma, kupatula njati ndizolimba kuposa ng'ombe.
• M'malo angapo ku Southeast Asia (madera ena a Vietnam, Thailand, Laos), masewera oseweretsa njati amakonda kuphatikiza ndikumenyera njati zapanyumba.
• Buffalo wamtali kwambiri amakhala okonzekera mpikisano kwanthawi yayitali, wophunzitsidwa komanso wonenepa mwapadera.
• Nkhondo ya Buffalo zimachitika popanda kutengapo gawo kwa anthu - ng'ombe zamphongo zimabweretsedwa pamalowo moyang'anizana ndi chimphindi, mpaka imodzi itapulumuka kunkhondo kapena kuwonetsa zisonyezo zakugonjetsedwa (mwachitsanzo, kugwera pamapazi a wopambana). Kulimbana sikumakhala kowamba wamagazi - nthawi zambiri ma buffalo siziwadzetsa vuto lina lililonse. M'zaka makumi aposachedwa, kumenyedwa kwa njati kwathandizanso kwambiri kwa alendo okaona malo.

Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza

Chithunzi: Buffalo waku Africa

Buffalo wa ku Africa ndi woimira nyama zamtundu wa artiodactyl. Zokhudza banja la bovid, opatulidwa kukhala osiyana ndi amtundu wina. Kambuku kakang'ono kwambiri kwa nthomba zamakono za ku Africa ndi nyama yokhala ndi bere lathyathyathya, lomwe limafanana ndi nyama zouluka.

Nyamayo idakhalapo kudera la Asia wamakono zaka 15 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuchokera kwa iye kunachokera mzere wa ma bastards Simatheriuma. Pafupifupi zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo mtundu wakale wosavomerezeka wa Ugandax unaonekera. Mu nthawi yoyambirira ya Pleistocene, mtundu wina wakale wa Syncerus wochokera pamenepo. Ndiamene adayambitsa njati zamakono za ku Africa.

Pakubwera kwa ma buti akale akale mdera lamakono la Africa, panali mitundu yoposa 90 ya nyama zodabwitsazi. Dera lomwe amakhalamo linali lalikulu. Adakhala mdziko lonse la Africa. Kupezekanso ku Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia.

Pambuyo pake, adawonongedwa ndi munthu, ndipo pakukonzekera gawo lawo adathamangitsidwa konse ku Sahara, ndipo ochepa adangokhala kum'mwera. Mothandizirana, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: savannah ndi nkhalango. Yoyamba imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa ma chromosome 52, yachiwiri ili ndi ma chromosomes a 54.

Anthu amphamvu kwambiri komanso wamkulu kwambiri amakhala kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kwa Africa. Madera akumpoto, anthu ochepa amakhala. Mtundu wocheperako, womwe umatchedwa kuti njati, umapezeka m'chigawo chapakati. Mu Middle Ages, subspecies enanso adalipo ku Ethiopia - buffalo yamapiri. Pakadali pano, amadziwika kuti anasowa kwathunthu.

Kodi njati zaku Africa zimalemera zochuluka motani?

Kulemera kwa thupi la munthu m'modzi kumafikira ma kilogalamu 1000, ndi zina zambiri. Ndizachilendo kuti osadulitsawa amawonjezera kulemera kwa moyo wonse.

Mukakhala ndi njati, mumalemera kwambiri. Nyama zimakhala ndi mchira wautali, wowonda. Kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi ndipo ndi ofanana masentimita 75-100. Thupi la oimira banja la bovids ndi lamphamvu, lamphamvu kwambiri. Miyendo ndi yaying'ono koma yolimba kwambiri. Izi ndizofunikira kuthana ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama. Kutsogolo kwa thunthu kuli kokulirapo komanso kokulirapo kuposa kumbuyo, ndiye kuti miyendo yakutsogolo imakhala yotakata kuposa kumbuyo.

Kodi njati za ku Africa zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Buffalo ku Africa

Njati zakuda zimakhala zokha ku gawo la Africa. Monga madera okhala, sankhani dera lomwe lili ndi magwero amadzi, komanso malo odyetserako ziweto, momwe muli masamba obiriwira ambiri. Amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango, m'misewu yamapiri, kapena m'mapiri. Nthawi zina, amatha kukwera mapiri kupitirira 2,500 metres.

Zaka 200 zokha zapitazo, njati za ku Africa zinali ndi gawo lalikulu, lomwe limaphatikizapo Africa yonse, ndipo pafupifupi 40% ya onse osapembedza m'derali. Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa osakhulupirira kwatsika kwambiri ndipo malo awo achepera.

Ma Habographic Habitats:

Monga malo okhalamo, sankhani malo omwe amachotsedwa kwambiri kuchokera kumalo okhala anthu. Nthawi zambiri amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zitsamba zambiri komanso m'nthiti zomwe sizingafike. Nyama zimawona anthu ngati gwero la ngozi.

Choyimira chachikulu m'deralo chomwe asankha kukhala malo okhala ndi kukhalapo kwa matupi amadzi. Oimira banja la bovine amakonda kukhazikika osati anthu, komanso oyimira maluwa ndi nyama zina.

Sizachilendo kwa iwo kugawana gawo ndi nyama ina iliyonse. Zokha kupatula ndi mbalame zotchedwa buffalo. Amasunga nyama ku nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo tina ta magazi. Mbalame zokhala ndi mbalame zina zimakhala pamsana pa mbalame zazikuluzikulu zoterezi.

Panthawi yotentha kwambiri komanso chilala, nyama zimakonda kusiya malo awo okhala ndikugonjetsa madera akuluakulu kufunafuna chakudya. Nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala kunja kwa khola zimapezeka kudera lomwelo ndipo pafupifupi sizisiya.

Kodi njati ya ku Africa imadya chiyani?

Oimira banja la bovine ndi herbivores. Gwero lalikulu la chakudya ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera. Ng'ombe za ku Africa zimadziwika kuti ndi nyama zothanzi kwambiri pankhani yathanzi. Amakonda mitundu yazomera. Ngakhale pali mbewu zambiri zobiriwira, zatsopano komanso zokoma kuzungulira, zimayang'ana zakudya zomwe zimakonda.

Akuluakulu aliyense amadya chakudya chambiri patsiku chofanana ndi 1.5-3% ya thupi lake. Ngati chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku ndichoperewera, pamakhala kuchepa msanga kwa thupi ndi kuchepa kwa nyama.

Gwero lalikulu la zakudya ndi zobiriwira, zokoma zamitundu mitundu zomwe zimamera pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Buffalos ali ndi mawonekedwe am'mimba. Muli makamera anayi. Zakudya zikafika, chipinda choyamba chimadzaza choyamba. Monga lamulo, chakudya chomwe sichichita kutafuna chimafika kumeneko. Kenako imang'ambika ndipo imatafuna bwino kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mudzaze zipinda zotsala za m'mimba.

Njati zakuda zimadya makamaka mumdima. Masana amabisala mumthunzi wamatchire, akhoma matope. Amatha kupita kumalo othirira. Munthu m'modzi wamkulu amadya malita osachepera 35-45 tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zina, chifukwa chopanda zomera zobiriwira, zitsamba zouma zimatha kukhala chakudya. Komabe, nyama sizisamala kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wamtunduwu.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Chinyama cha njati ku Africa

Njati za ku Africa zimadziwika kuti ndi nyama zanjala. Ndiwopangika kuti apange magulu olimba, ogwirizana. Kukula kwa gululi kumatengera malo omwe nyamazo zimakhala. Pa gawo la ma savannas otseguka, ng'ombe zochulukirapo ndi 20-30 nyama, ndipo mukakhala m'nkhalangomo, osaposa khumi. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri ndi chilala, ng'ombe zazing'onozi zimaphatikizana gulu limodzi lalikulu. Magulu otere amakhala ndi zolinga mazana atatu.

Magulu a nyama ali amitundu itatu:

• Khosalo limaphatikizapo ana amphongo, achikazi, ndi ana ang'ono.
• Amuna achikulire azaka zopitilira 13.
• Achinyamata a zaka 4-5.

Aliyense amagwira ntchito yomwe wapatsidwa. Achinyamata, amuna okalamba amakhala omwazikana kuzungulira mtunda ndipo amayang'anira malo okhala. Ngati palibe chomwe chikuopseza nyamazo ndipo palibe choopsa, amatha kumwazikana pamtunda wautali. Ng'ombe zikakayikira, kapena zikuwoneka zoopsa, zimapanga mphete yolowera mkatikati mwa yomwe ili akazi ndi ana ang'ono. Akamaukiridwa ndi adani, amuna onse akuluakulu amateteza mwamphamvu anthu ofooka m'gululo.

Mokwiya, ng'ombe zamphongo ndizowopsa kwambiri. Nyanga zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodzitetezera komanso kuwukira. Atavulaza mnzake, amamaliza ndi ziboda zawo, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amapondaponda kwa maola angapo, mpaka palibe chomwe chimatsala. Ng'ombe zakuda zimatha kuthamanga kwambiri - mpaka 60 km / h, kuthawa kuthamangitsa, kapena mosinthanitsa, kuthamangitsa wina. Amuna achikulire osungulumwa amayesetsa kuthana nawo ndipo amakhala moyo wapadera. Ndi owopsa kwambiri. Nyama zing'onozing'ono zimathanso kulimbana ndi ziweto ndikupanga ng'ombe zawo.

Buffalos wakuda amabadwa ndi moyo wamadzulo. Usiku, zimatuluka m'nkhalangozi ndipo zimadya mpaka m'mawa. Masana amabisala dzuwa lotentha m'nkhalangozi, kusamba matope kapena kungogona. Nyama zimasiya nkhalangoyi kuti zizithirira madzi okha. Khosalo nthawi zonse limasankha malo awo okhala m'deralo pafupi ndi posungira. Sizachilendo kwa iye kuti achoke kuchisungiko kupitilira makilomita atatu.

Buffaloes aku Africa ndizosambira modabwitsa. Amadutsa mosavuta dziwe poyenda mtunda wautali kukafunafuna chakudya, ngakhale sakonda kupita pansi mwamadzi. Dera lokhalidwa ndi gulu limodzi la herbivores silidutsa 250 km kilomita. Mukakhala m'malo achilengedwe, njati ya ku Africa imapereka mawu akuthwa. Anthu amtundu umodzi amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera mu mutu wake ndi mchira wake.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Buffalo waku Africa

Nthawi yakukhwima kwa njati zaku Africa imayamba ndikuyamba kwa Marichi ndipo imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa masika. Paudindo wa utsogoleri mgululi, komanso ufulu wokhala ndi mkazi yemwe amasankha, amuna nthawi zambiri amamenya. Ngakhale kuti ndewu ndizowopsa, sizichitika muimfa. Nthawi imeneyi, ng'ombe zamphongo zimakonda kubangula, ndikutikisa mitu, ndikukumba pansi ndi ziboda zawo. Amuna amphamvu kwambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wolowa muukwati. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti wamwamuna mmodzi amalowa mbanja ndi akazi angapo nthawi imodzi.

Pambuyo pa kukhwima, miyezi 10-11 pambuyo pake, ana amphongo amabadwa. Zachikazi zimabereka mwana wosaposa ng'ombe imodzi. Asanabadwe, amasiya gulu la ng'ombe ndi kupeza malo opanda phokoso.

Mwanayo akabadwa, mayi amamuyamwa. Unyinji wa wakhanda watsopano ndi ma kilogalamu 45-70. Mphindi 40-60 atabadwa, ana amphongo akutsatira amayi awo kubwerera ku gulu la ng'ombe. Ana amphaka am'madzi ku Africa nthawi zambiri amakula, amakula komanso kulemera msanga thupi. Mwezi woyamba wamoyo, amamwa pafupifupi malita asanu a mkaka wa m'mawere tsiku lililonse. Ndi kuyamba kwa mwezi wachiwiri wa moyo, ayamba kuyesa zakudya zamasamba. Mkaka wa m'mawere ndi wofunikira mpaka kufikira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi iwiri.

Anawo amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo mpaka atakwanitsa zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi. Kenako mayiwo amasiya kuwasamalira ndikuwasanja. Amuna amasiya gulu lomwe anabadwiramo kuti apange zawo, ndipo akazi amakhalamo. Kutalika kwa njati yakuda ndi zaka 17- 20. Muukapolo, chiyembekezo chamoyo chikuwonjezereka kufika zaka 25-30, ndipo ntchito yoberekera imasungidwanso.

Adani achilengedwe a njati ya ku Africa

Chithunzi: Njati ya ku Africa motsutsana ndi mkango

Njati za ku Africa ndi nyama zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu. Pankhani imeneyi, ali ndi adani ochepa kwambiri m'malo awo achilengedwe. Oimira banja la nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zopendekera mwamphamvu amatha kuthamangira molimba mtima kuti apulumutse ovulala, odwala, ofooka a gululi.

Helminths ndi tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi titha kupezeka kuti ndi adani achilengedwe. Amakonda kufalikira thupi la nyama, kuchititsa kutupa. Kuchokera pamizimba yotere ya mbalame zopulumutsa njati zomwe zimakhala pamsana pa nyama zazikulu ndikudyera tizilombo. Njira ina yopulumukira ku majeremusi ndikusambira m'matope amatope. Pambuyo pake matopewo amawuma, nkugubuduka ndi kugwa. Kuphatikiza apo, majeremusi onse ndi mphutsi zawo zimasiyanso thupi la nyama.

Mdani wina wa njati yotchuka ya ku Africa amadziwika kuti ndi munthu komanso zochita zake. Masiku ano, kusaka njati sikofala, koma koyambirira asodzi anali atapheratu ng'ombe zamtunduwu chifukwa cha nyama, nyanga ndi zikopa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Buffalo waku Africa

Njati za ku Africa sizinthu zachilendo, kapena nyama yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Pankhaniyi, sanalembedwe mu Buku Lofiyira. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, pali mitu pafupifupi chikwi miliyoni ya nyama padziko lapansi masiku ano. M'madera ena a Kontinenti ya Africa, kusaka njati movomerezeka kumaloledwa ngakhale.

Mabafa ambiri amapezeka m'malo otetezedwa komanso malo osungirako zachilengedwe, omwe ali otetezedwa, mwachitsanzo, ku Tanzania, ku Kruger National Park ku South Africa, ku Zambia, m'malo otetezeka a Luangwa River Valley.

Malo okhala njati zakuda mu Africa kunja kwa mapaki amtundu komanso malo otetezedwa ndiosakanikirana ndi zochita za anthu ndikupanga madera ambiri. Oimira banja la bovine sangathe kulekerera zapakhomo, malo azaulimi ndipo sangathe kutengera kusintha kwa malo ozungulira.

Njati zaku Africa adaganiza moyenera mfumu yonse ya ku Africa. Nyama zowopsya, zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zamphamvuyi zimachita mantha ngakhale ndi mfumu yolimba mtima komanso yolimba ya nyama - mkango. Mphamvu ndi ukulu wa chirombo ichi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Komabe, zimamuvuta kuti apulumuke kuthengo.

Kugonana kwamanyazi

Mitundu yaikazi ya njati ya ku Asia imadziwika ndi zazikulu zazing'ono zazing'ono komanso thupi labwino kwambiri. Nyanga zake ndi zazifupi komanso osati zazifupi kwambiri.

M'mabukhu aku Africa, nyanga za akazi sizili zokulirapo ngati zazimuna: kutalika kwake, pafupifupi, ndizochepa 10-20%, kuphatikiza apo, iwo, monga lamulo, samakula palimodzi pamutu wamutu wawo, ndichifukwa chake "chishango" "Sizimapanga.

Mitundu ya Buffalo

Pali mitundu iwiri ya njati: zaku Asia ndi ku Africa.

Ndipo mitundu ya Asia ya njati zimakhala ndi mitundu ingapo:

Buffalo yaku Africa imayimilidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, womwe umaphatikiza mitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza njati yakumtunda, yomwe imasiyana m'mitundu yonse yaying'ono - zosaposa 120 cm pakufota, ndi utoto wofiirira, wokhala ndi zilembo zakuda pamutu, khosi, mapewa ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ya nyama.

Ngakhale kuti ochita kafukufuku ena amati njati zam'madzi zotere ndi mitundu ina, nthawi zambiri amapatsa ana osakanizidwa kuchokera ku njati zodziwika bwino za ku Africa.

Habitat, malo okhala

Kuthengo, njati zaku Asia zimakhala ku Nepal, India, Thailand, Bhutan, Laos ndi Cambodia. Zimapezeka pachilumba cha Ceylon. Ngakhale mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 1900, iwo amakhala ku Malaysia, koma pofika pano, mwina kulibe kuthengo.

Tamarau ndiwofalikira pachilumba cha Mindoro, membala wazisumbu za Philippines. Anoa ndiyopezekanso, koma kale chilumba cha Sulawesi ku Indonesia. Akin kwa mitundu yake - mapiri a anoa, kupatula Sulawesi, amapezekanso pachilumba chaching'ono cha Bud, chomwe chili pafupi ndi malo awo okhala.

Buffalo ku Africa ndilofala ku Africa, komwe amakhala m'dera lalikulu kumwera kwa Sahara.

Mitundu yonse ya njati amakonda kukhazikika m'malo okhala ndi udzu wambiri.

Ma buffalo aku Asia nthawi zina amakwera m'mapiri, momwe amapezeka pamalo okwera makilomita 1.85 pamwamba pa nyanja. Izi zimachitika makamaka kwa tamarau ndi anoa mapiri, omwe amakonda kukhazikika kumapiri a nkhalango zamapiri.

Njati za ku Africa zimathanso kukhala m'mapiri komanso m'malo otentha mvula, koma nthumwi zambiri zamtunduwu, zimakonda kukhala ku savannah, komwe kuli udzu wambiri, madzi ndi zitsamba.

Zosangalatsa! Khalidwe la ma buffalos onse limakhala lofanana ndi madzi, chifukwa chake, nyama izi nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.

Zakudya za Buffalo

Monga zitsamba zonse, nyama izi zimadya zakudya zam'mera, kuphatikiza apo, zakudya zawo zimatengera mtundu ndi malo okhala. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, njati ya ku Asia imadya makamaka zam'madzi zam'madzi, zomwe gawo lawo mumakampani ake ndi 70%. Komanso samakana mbewu ndi udzu.

Njati za ku Africa zimadya udzu wobzala wokhala ndi fiber yambiri, komanso, zimapereka mwayi wowonekera kwa mitundu yochepa chabe, kusinthira ku chakudya china chomera pokhapokha pakufunika. Koma amathanso kudya zamasamba kuchokera ku zitsamba, zomwe gawo lawo muzakudya zimakhala pafupifupi 5% yazakudya zina zonse.

Mitundu ya lambiri imadya zomera za herbaceous, mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso, masamba, ndi zomera zam'madzi.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Mu buffaloes mu Africa, nthawi yobereketsa imagwera nthawi yachilimwe. Chimodzimodzi panthawiyi, pakati pa amuna amtunduwu munthu amatha kuwona zozizwitsa, koma ndewu zopanda magazi, cholinga chake sichomwe kumwalira kwa wotsutsa kapena kumuvulaza kwambiri, koma chiwonetsero cha mphamvu. Komabe, panthawi yopanga amuna, amuna amakhala ankhanza kwambiri komanso oopsa, makamaka ngati njati zakuda za ku Cape zomwe zimakhala kumwera kwa Africa. Chifukwa chake, kuwafikira panthawiyi ndikosachita bwino.

Mimba imatenga miyezi 10 mpaka 11. Kubala mwana kumachitika nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula, ndipo, monga lamulo, wamkazi amabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi wolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 40. Ma subspecies aku Cape ali ndi ana ang'ono akulu;

Pakadutsa kotala la ola limodzi, khandayo amadzuka ndikutsatira amayi ake. Ngakhale kuti mwana wa ng'ombe woyamba amayesa kutsina udzu ali ndi mwezi umodzi, njati imadyetsa mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Koma pafupifupi 2-3, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, ngakhale zaka 4 mwana wa ng'ombe wamphongo amakhala ndi amayi ake, pambuyo pake amasiya gulu la ng'ombe.

Zosangalatsa! Yaikazi ikamakula, monga lamulo, sichimachoka kulikonse kuchokera ku gulu lakwawo lakubadwa. Amafika zaka zitatu za kutha msinkhu, koma nthawi yoyamba amabereka ana, nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 5.

Mu ma buffaloes aku Asia, nthawi ya kubzala nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo inayake.Mimba yawo imatenga miyezi 10 mpaka 11 ndipo imatha ndikubala kamodzi, kawirikawiri - ana awiri, omwe amadyetsa mkaka, pafupifupi, kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu ya mitundu

Ngati njati zam'madzi za ku Africa zimadziwika kuti ndi zabwino komanso mitundu yambiri, ndiye kuti ndizoyambira ku Asia zonse sizabwino. Ngakhale njati yamadzi wamba yakale kwambiri ku India pano ndi mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Komanso, zifukwa zazikuluzikulu izi ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikulima m'mbuyomu m'malo opanda anthu komwe njati zangati zinkakhala.

Vuto lachiwiri lalikulu la njati yamadzi ndi kuchepa kwa magazi chifukwa chinyamayi chimakonda kudutsana ndi ng'ombe zam'nyumba.

Chiwerengero cha matamarau omwe anali atatsala pang'ono kutha mu 2012 anali atatsala pang'ono kufa. Anoa ndi mapiri anoa, okhudzana ndi mitundu yomwe ili pangozi, ochulukirachulukira: kuchuluka kwa anthu achikulire a mitundu yachiwiriyo kupitilira nyama 2500.

Buffalos ndi cholumikizira chofunikira mu chilengedwe cha malo awo okhala. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, kuchuluka kwa nyama za ku Africa kuno ndi gwero lalikulu la chakudya kwa zilombo zazikulu monga mikango kapena nyalugwe. Ndipo njati zaku Asia, kuphatikiza apo, ndizofunikira kuti zisunge kwambiri kukula kwamasamba m'madzi amadzi, kumene amakonda kupuma. Njati zakutchire zaku Asia, zomwe zimapezeka kalekale, ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri, osati ku Asia kokha komanso ku Europe, komwe kuli ambiri a iwo ku Italy. Buffalo yakunyumba imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yokoka, yolima minda, komanso mkaka, womwe umakhala wolimba kwambiri kuposa mafuta wamba.

Mitundu yayikulu ya njati

Monga tanena kale, njati zimakhala za banja la bovine, lomwe limaphatikizapo nyama zambiri. Mitundu ya buffalo ndiyosangalatsa, ikuphatikiza mitundu ingapo:

Nyama izi zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, zimasiyana kukula kwake komanso mawonekedwe ake. Ma buffalo aku Asia adabisala zaka 5,000 zapitazo. Amagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati ziweto ku India ndi mayiko ena aku South Asia. Nyama ya buffalo imalowetsa ng'ombe kwa Ahindu, chifukwa nyamazo sizimadziwika kuti ndizopatulika. Mkaka wawo ndi wamafuta kwambiri komanso wopatsa thanzi.

Zaka 100 zapitazo, njati zinkasakidwa kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yasowa kwathunthu padziko lapansi, ina yatsala pang'ono kutha tsopano. Nyanga za buffalo, makamaka za ku Asia, zinkawerengedwa kuti ndi chida chamtengo wapatali. Popeza nyama zazikuluzikulu izi ndi zanzeru kwambiri, zimakhala zankhanza kwambiri, sizinali zophweka kuziwombera, chifukwa chiphokoso cha mawonekedwe a nyanga ndi mitembo ya njati zimalankhula ndi luso lalikulu la mlenje. Tsopano nyama zakuthengo zambiri zamtunduwu zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, kusaka kwawo ndizosaloledwa kapena zochepa.

Buffalos: mafotokozedwe

Buffalos ndi zolengedwa zoyamwitsa. Awa ndi am'mabanja ang'ono amtundu wa artiodactyls a banja la bovine. Mwa mawonekedwe awo, ali pafupi ndi ng'ombe. Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu yomwe ili ndi nyanga zazikulu. Ndizitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndiye kuti ndizokongoletsera nyama. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ng'ombe zamtchire:

Mitundu yonse okhala ndi mawonekedwe awo maonekedwe, zosiyana m'makhalidwe, mawonekedwe. Buffalo waku Africa amadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri mwa mitunduyi. Kutalika kwa masamba kufota kumafikira mita 1.8, chifukwa thupi limakhala lathanzi komanso lamiyendo lalifupi.

Mmwenye ng'ombe yamphongo pakufota imafikira kutalika kwa 2 metres. Komabe, kukula kwamtunduwu kumawonedwa mwa amuna okhwima. Akazi ndi ocheperako. Mitundu ina iwiri ya njati imakhala ndi kutalika kufota kwa 60 mpaka 105 cm.

Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi nyanga yosiyana. Nyanga zazitali kwambiri njati zamadzi zosiyanasiyana. Nyanga zake zimamera mpaka mamita awiri. Nyanga zimamera pang'ono mpaka kumbali ndi kumbuyo, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Woimira ku Africa ali ndi nyanga zazifupi. Amakula mpaka m'mbali ndikugwada. Nyanga zake zimakhuthala ndipo zimapanga chisoti pamutu pa nyama. Tamaru ndi Anoa ndi ofupikitsa nyanga kutalika kwa 39c. Nyanga zake ndi zodalirana ndipo zimayikidwa kumbuyo.

Amuna ndi akazi ndi osiyana kwambiri kukula kwawo, komanso nyanga. Mu akazi amakhala amfupi kwambiri kapena alibe konse. Zili zazing'ono pafupifupi 1.6 poyerekeza ndi amuna kukula.

Chovala cha nyama zamtunduwu ndizifupi komanso zazifupi. Nsonga ya mchira imakongoletsedwa ndi burashi la tsitsi lalitali. Maonekedwe aku Africa ali ndi ubweya wakuda kapena wakuda. Maonekedwe aku India amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa imvi. Mitundu yaku Asia khalani ndi malaya opepuka m'miyendo kuposa thupi.

Ziboda zakutsogolo ndizotakata kuposa kumbuyo, popeza ziyenera kupirira kulemera kwamthupi. Njatiyo imakhala ndi mchira waukulu komanso wautali. Makutu a nyama ndi okulirapo.

Zithunzi: buffalos (zithunzi 25)

Njira ndi mabungwe

Buffalo yaku Africa ndiyosintha, zomwe zidapereka mwayi waukulu m'mbuyomu. M'zaka za m'ma 1900, njati zamakono zisanapangidwe, ofufuza ena adapeza mitundu 90.

Pakadali pano, akukhulupirira kuti mitundu yonse ya mitundu ya akambuku a ku Africa ndi amitundu imodzi, yomwe ndi mitundu 4-5 yolemekezeka bwino:

• Syncerus caffer caffer - mtundu wamba, waukulu kwambiri. Ndizachilendo ku South ndi East Africa. Ma buffalo a subspecies awa omwe amakhala kumwera kwenikweni kwa kontilakitoli ndiakulu kwambiri komanso oopsa - awa ndi omwe amatchedwa katemera wa cape (Chingerezi Cape buffalo). Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wakuda kwambiri, pafupifupi wakuda
• Syncerus caffer nanus Boddaert, 1785 - Buffalo wofiyira - njira zazocheperako (Latin nanus - amamera). Ma buffalo a subspecies awa ndi ochepa kwambiri - kutalika kwa kufota ndi kosakwana 120 cm, ndipo kulemera kwakukulu kuli pafupifupi 270 kg. Mtundu wa njati yocheperako ndi wofiyira, wokhala ndi malo akuda pamutu ndi mapewa, Tsitsi pamakutu limapanga mawonekedwe. Njati zamadyedwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo a nkhalango ku Central ndi West Africa. Ma subspecies awa ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mtunduwu pomwe ofufuza ena amawawona kuti ndi mitundu ina. S. nanus . Pakati pazomwe zimasinthidwa ndi ma hybrids ocheperako sizachilendo.
• S. c. brachyceros, kapena Buffalo waku Sudanmorphological okhala pakati pakati pa subspecies awiri omwe atchulidwa. Amakhala ku West Africa. Mizere yake ndi yaying'ono, makamaka kwa njati zopezeka ku Cameroon, zomwe zimalemera hafu ya kukula kwa masanjidwe aku South Africa (ng'ombe yolemera makilogalamu 600 imawonedwa kukhala yayikulu kwambiri m'malo awa).
• S. c. aaquinoctialiskomwe dera lake ndi ku Central Africa. Ndizofanana ndi njati ya Cape, koma yaying'ono pang'ono, ndipo mtundu wake ndi wopepuka.
• S. c. mathewsi, kapena buffalo ya kumapiri (Izi zamtunduwu sizaperekedwa ndi akatswiri onse). Dera lake ndi malo okwera ku East Africa.

Njati za ku Africa ndiye mtundu wamakono wamphongo wa ng'ombe ku Africa. Koma kumapeto kwa Pleistocene ku Africa kumpoto kwa Sahara, chimphona njati yayitali yokhala ndi nyanga (lat. Pelorovis antiquus), yokhudzana ndi zamakono. Inasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kwambiri - kupitirira 2 mamita pakufota - ndi nyanga zazikulu zazitali pafupifupi mita atatu. Kutha kwake zaka pafupifupi 8-10 zapitazo kudagwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa nthumwi zazikulu za Pleistocene fauna ndipo, mwina, sizinachitike popanda anthu kutengapo gawo.

Kugawa ndi malo

Malo ogawa njati ku Africa ndi akulu kwambiri - ngakhale zaka zana ndi theka zapitazo, njatiyi inali nyama yodziwika kwambiri mdziko lonse la kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, ndipo malinga ndi maphunziro ena amakono, inali pafupifupi 35% ya zotsalira zazikulu zazikulu zaku Africa. Tsopano yasungidwa kumtunda uliwonse kwina kulikonse. Imasungika bwino kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa, m'malo otukuka pang'ono.

Buffalo la ku Africa lasinthasintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera m'nkhalango zowirira ndi zotseguka. M'mapiri amatha kupezeka pafupifupi 3000 m. Mitundu yambiri ya njati zaku Africa imakhala mumvula yamvula yambiri, komwe chaka chonse kumakhala madzi, udzu ndi zitsamba zambiri. Komabe, kulikonse kumalumikizidwa ndimadzi ndipo sikhala kutali ndi matupi amadzi. Sikhala m'malo omwe mpweya wochepera 250 mm umagwera chaka chilichonse. Kwenikweni, mtundu wa buffalo tsopano umamangirizidwa kumalo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo ena otetezedwa. Pali njati zokha zomwe zimapangika, zowerengetsa mazana a nyama.

Khalidwe la gulu la njati

Njati ya ku Africa ndi nyama yazitsamba. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala timagulu ta nyama 20-30 tomwe timasonkhana tiwiri nthawi yadzuwa, kenako magulu ambiri amatha kuwerengetsa mazana a nyama. Mtundu wa njati ulibe malo okhala.

Pali mitundu ingapo yamtundu wa njati. Nthawi zambiri, ng'ombe zosakanikirana zimapezeka, zophatikiza ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zazing'ono zamphaka zingapo. Zoweta zosakanizika zoterezi, nyama zokulirapo zimapanga zochepa zosakwana theka la chiwerengero chonse cha anthu (39-49%). Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi akatswiri aku South Africa awonetsa kuti gawo ili limasiyana kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera kwa dzikolo - ochulukirapo kum'mwera kwa nyama zazing'ono.

Kuphatikiza apo, ng'ombe zamphongo zimagawika m'magulu awiri a mitundu - kuchokera kwa anthu azaka 4-5 komanso ng'ombe zakale, pafupifupi zaka 12. Ngati amuna angapo ali m'gulu lomwelo, ndiye kuti pakati pawo nthawi zambiri pamalimbana ndewu zomwe zimayambitsa gulu lachigulu. Kwakukulu, pamagulu a ng'ombe, makamaka a ng'ombe, olembetsa okhazikika amalemekezedwa nthawi zonse.

Khosalo likamadyetsa ndipo njati zikagunda, zimatha kubalirana patali, koma mosamalitsa gulu lotetezalo limakhala lolimba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri likugwirana ndi mbali zawo. M'mphepete mwa gulu lalikulu pali ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zamphongo zingapo, zomwe zimayang'anitsitsa chilengedwe ndipo, ngati zingachitike ngozi, ikani alamu kaye. Potetezeka, ng'ombe zimamangidwa mumtundu wina - ng'ombe zamphongo ndi ng'ombe zakale, ng'ombe zazing'ono zamkati.

Mtundu wa njati ndimapangidwe okhazikika omwe amatha kukhalapo m'dera limodzi kwazaka zambiri, monga asayansi ena amakhulupirira, mpaka zaka 36. M'mbuyomu, njati zikakhala zochulukirapo, ng'ombe za mitu chikwi sizinali zachilendo, ndipo ng'ombe za zikwizikwi zambiri nthawi zambiri zinkapezeka. Komabe, ngakhale pano m'malo angapo ku Africa, m'mapaki amtundu ndi m'malo ena otetezedwa, munthu amatha kukumana ndi magulu a kukula kwamtunduwu. Ku Kenya, m'chigwa cha Kafue River, gulu lambiri la njati ndi nyama 450 (owonerera amawerengera ziweto 19 mpaka 2075 m'derali).

Amuna okalamba kwambiri amakhala osayanjika kotero kuti amasiya achibale awo ndikukhala okha. Ng'ombe zazokha zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi nyanga zazikulu. Ndizowopsa kwa anthu komanso nyama zambiri za savannah, chifukwa zimatha kuukira popanda chifukwa. Ku South Africa, njati izi zimatchedwa ndewu ya chamba (eng. Dagga Boy, lit. "guy from ziphuphu",, Chomwe m'chinenerochi ku South Africa chilankhulo cha Chingerezi chimatanthawuza dothi lapadera m'malo otsetsereka a savannah), kapena mbogo (dzina la njati m'zinenedwe zina za Anthu, lomwe lakhala dzina pakati pa ng'ombe zazikulu zoyera pakati pa azungu akumwera kwa Africa). Opanga miyala amakhala ndi chiwembu paokha, chomwe amakhala nacho. Tsiku lililonse amapuma, amadya ndipo amasinthana m'malo omwe amafotokozedwa mosamalitsa malowa ndikuwasiya pokhapokha atayamba kusokonezeka kapena kusowa kwa chakudya. Mukamawonekera pagululo pakati pa gulu, nthawi zambiri sizikhala zaukali, koma zimamupangitsa kuti akhale mtsogoleri. Komabe, gululo likachoka, amakhalanso pamalowo. Pakuyamba kwa matendawa, nyama zazikazi zimafunafuna ng'ombe.

Buffaloes yomwe imakhala m'nkhalangoyi imakhala ndi timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta anthu atatu, kapena ng'ombe, zomwe siziposa 30 nyama.

Adani achilengedwe a njati

Buffalo imakhala ndi adani ochepa m'chilengedwe, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu ndi mphamvu yayikulu, njati wamkulu imakhala yolusa kwambiri kwa adani ambiri. Ng'ombe ndi ana a ng'ombe, komabe, nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa ndi mikango, zomwe zimayambitsa zowopsa zazitsulo za njati, zikuwukira modzikweza. Ofufuza ku Soviet anena kuti pa milandu itatu yomwe amayenera kuwona mikango itapatsidwa chakudya, mwa njati ziwirizo ndi zomwe zinawachitikira. Koma pa ng'ombe zazikuluzikulu, ndi zochulukirapo ndi mphamvu zazing'ono, mikango imazengereza kuigunda.

Ng'ombe zamphongo zomwe zidasiyidwa kuchokera ku gulu la ziweto ndi zofooka zimatha kukhala chakudya kwa zilombo zina zazikulu, monga kambuku kapena fulu lotere. Nthawi zina, ng’ona zikuluzikulu za Nailo zimagwira njati pamalo othirira komanso podutsa mitsinje.

Podzitchinjiriza kwa adani, ma buffalo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuthandizana ndikuchita m'magulu ochezeka. Milandu yambiri yalongosoledwa pomwe ma buffaloes samangoyendetsa mikango kuchoka pagulu, komanso adawapha. Ndizodabwitsa kuti ma buffalo amakhala ndi malingaliro othandizirana, oonekera bwino akagwidwa ndi adani. Woyang'anira zinyama waku Belgian adayang'anitsitsa pamene ng'ombe ziwiri zimayesetsa kunyamula nyanga za munthu wovulala, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi zitheke. Izi zitalephera, onse awiri anaukira msaki, yemwe sanathawe.

Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka kwa zilombo zolusa, njati zimavutika kwambiri ndi matenda osiyanasiyana komanso kufalikira kwa parasitic. Achinyamata ambiri amafa kuchokera ku helminths. Kuphatikizika pakati pa njati kumakhala kofala kwambiri ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Akatswiri asayansi aku South Africa omwe adayang'ana njati zazing'ono adapeza yosavuta pang'ombe lililonse lopangidwa ndi magazi, kupatula izi Theileria parva - causative wothandizila matenda owopsa a osabereka.

Zotsatira zaku Buffalo ndi zopangidwa ndi anthu

Buffalo nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa za anthu komanso zopangidwa ndi anthu, ngakhale m'malo osungira zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ku Serengeti, yomwe inali yotchuka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa njati, kuyambira mu 1969 mpaka 1990 ziweto zawo chifukwa cha matenda omwe abweretsa ndi ng'ombe ndipo kuwononga zachilengedwe zatsika kuchoka pa 65 mpaka 16,000. Paki kwa iwo. Chifuwa cha ng'ombe za Kruger mchaka cha 1990 chinachititsanso kuwonongeka kwa njati. Tsopano m'malo angapo kuno ku South Africa, njati zakhala zodwala matendawa - pafupifupi 16% ya njati ndizomwe zimanyamula.

Mosiyana ndi njati yaku India, yomwe yakhala nyama yayikulu kumayiko ambiri ku Asia, ina ya ku Africa ndi yovuta kwambiri kubereka chifukwa cha mkwiyo woyipa komanso chikhalidwe chake chosadziwika. Sizinakhalepo malo okhala anthu aliwonse a ku Africa, ngakhale kuyesera kuti aguluguwe ndi asayansi aku Europe ndikudziwika. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ana amphongo omwe agwidwa azaka zakubadwa za 1-3 miyezi mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri aku Europe ku Africa akhala akuchita kafukufuku wokhudza njati zosungidwa mnyumba zochepa. Chifukwa chake, zidapezeka kuti njati yomangidwa pagaleta imatha kunyamula katundu wolemera kanayi kuposa ng'ombe yam'nyumba yamtundu womwewo. Imodzi mwa njati zoyambirira za ku Africa zomwe zidabwera ku Europe, zidazolowera mwachangu kwa anthu ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe abwino komanso osinthika, adagwirizana ndi ena osapembedza. Chochititsa chidwi, adadyetsedwa ng'ombe yoweta.

Ngakhale kuti njati zimapewa kuyandikira kwa anthu, m'malo ena mu Africa momwe zinthu ziliri kotero kuti amapezeka pafupi ndi nyumbayo, kenako kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ndi kuwachotsa nkhuni ndi njati. Zikatero, anthu okhala komweko nthawi zambiri amawononga njati ngati tizirombo.

Komwe kuli njati zambiri, anthu akumaloko amazindikira - chifukwa cha njati ku Africa anthu ambiri amafa kuposa mikango ndi nyalugwe. Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, njati imakhala m'malo lachitatu pambuyo pa ng'ona ndi mvuu.

Kuyambira kalekale, anthu aku Africa akhala akusaka njati nyama ndi khungu, koma, pakalibe mfuti, anthu obadwayo sakanatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa chirombochi. Zikopa za ma buffalos, ovala moyenerera, anali kuyamikiridwa ndi mafuko ambiri ngati zida zabwino zishango.

Anthu a Chimasai, omwe sazindikira nyama zamtchire zambiri, amasankha njatiyo, poganiza kuti ndi m'bale wake wa ng'ombe yoweta. Kuyika njuchi pamaulendo ambiri ndizofala kwambiri, chifukwa kumayiko osauka a ku Africa nthawi zambiri boma silingakhazikitse njira zosungira.

Buffalo ngati chinthu chosaka masewera

Pakadali pano, kusaka njati ku Africa kumayendetsedwa bwino, ngakhale kumaloledwa pafupifupi kulikonse komwe nyama izi zimakhala. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso nkhanza, njati zam'madzi za ku Africa ndi chimodzi mwazithunzithunzi zolemekezedwa kwambiri. Amaphatikizidwa (limodzi ndi njovu, ndulu, mkango ndi nyalugwe) mwa nyama zotchuka kwambiri ku Africa.

Kuphatikiza apo, njati ya ku Africa mosakayikira ndiyowopsa kwambiri kwa onse oimira "asanu", osapatula njovu kapena mkango. Ngakhale ng'ombe yamphongo yachikulire yotetezeka, itaona munthu ali ndi mfuti, imakonda kuukira, osadikira kuti awombere, ndipo wovulazidwayo amangopitilira kuukira konseko, osasankha. Njati yovulazidwa ndiyowopsa. Alibe mphamvu zochulukirapo, ndichifukwa chake zimakhala zosatheka kukhalabe ndi moyo pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa njati, komanso chinyengo kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri njati yomwe imathamangitsidwa imakola mbewa mumtsinje ndi zobisalira, kudikirira osaka, panjira yakeyayo. Chifukwa chake, kufunafuna buffalo mumtambo kumafunikira maluso apamwamba a osakira, ndipo mlenjeyo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu komanso kupezeka m'maganizo, chifukwa sipangakhale nthawi yoti muwombe.

Msodzi wodziwika kwambiri Robert Ruark analankhula za njati ngati izi:

Njira yanthawi zonse yosakira njati ndikubisala ng'ombe. Njatiyo sikuwona bwino, koma imanunkhiza bwino, kotero poyandikira gulu, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa momwe mphepo ikuwunikira. Nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa gulu zimasungidwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito, kuyang'anira chilengedwe, ndipo ngati chimodzi mwa izo chazindikira munthu, kusaka kumatha. Mutha kuwonanso ma buffalos m'mawa pamalo othirira.

Kuwombera ma buffalo, makamaka ma subspecies aku Cape, kumafunikira zida zamphamvu, zomwe zimatha kuyimitsa chipolopolo. Kulikonse komwe kusaka "Big 5" ndikololedwa, zida zochepa zofunikira malinga ndi lamulo - izi ndi .375 N & H Magnum, kapena analogi 9.3 × 64 mm. Ma caliber amenewa ndi oyenera kuwombera buffalo wapakatikati, koma ngati tikulankhula za ng'ombe zazikulu, ndiye bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chipewa cholemera cholemera 23 23 g ndi mphamvu ya 6-7 kJ (.416 Rigby, .458 Lott, .470 Nitro Express, etc.).

Nyanga za buffalo zimawerengedwa ngati chiphokoso - kwambiri mtunda pakati pa malekezero awo, mpofunika kwambiri chinsinsi (chizizindikiro chokhazikika, chomwe chimafotokozedwa mu mainchesi, ndi 38-40, ndipo mainchesi 50 akuwonedwa kale ngati chotsatira chabwino). Koma izi zimaganiziranso kutalika konse kwa nyangayo, yomwe ikhoza kupitirira 2.5 m, kukula kwa maziko a nyanga ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mtengo wamba wa buffalo ndi owerengeka (mpaka 25-30) madola masauzande pamutu, ndipo nthawi zambiri mtengo umadalira kukula kwa nyanga za chilombo chololedwa.

Moyo ndi machitidwe

Kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kwa njati ndi dziko lotentha lomwe mulibe nyengo yozizira. Nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi dziwe. Mtundu wamaIndia wakhalapo chiweto. Amatha kuwoneka ku Greece, Italy, Hungary ndi mayiko onse a Danube apansi. Monga nyama yoweta, ma buffalos amakula ku Central ndi West Asia, Egypt, ndi West Africa.

Akuluakuluwa amakonda kukhazikika m'dera lopezeka maiwe. Ali osambira akulu ndipo umatha kuwoloka mtsinje mosavuta. Popeza ma buffalo amakonda kwambiri madzi, amatha tsiku lonse kumizidwa. Amakonda kukhazikika pamatope ndi pamata. Komabe, mayendedwe awo pamtunda ndikuyenda pang'ono. Kuthamanga kwambiri kumakhala kotopetsa kwa nyama yayikulu.

Sachita zachilendo komanso amakwiya kwambiri. M'mkwiyo wotere, ng'ombe zamphongo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Malinga ndi alimi omwe amasunga njati, amafunika kuwopedwa ngakhale ndi bata. Amuna achikulire ndi owopsa, amakhala amtopola komanso oyipa. Pakatha zaka 10-12, amuna nthawi zina amasiya ng'ombe ndi kukhala payokha.

Herbivores amadya zakudya zamasamba. Zakudyazo zimakhalira pa udzu, mabango, mabango, ndi mbewu za marshy. Popeza amakonda madzi, sangakhale kutali ndi matupi amadzi. Nthawi imodzi, akulu amamwa mpaka malita 50 a madzi. Ngakhale zakudya zam'mera, abambo a njati amapindula kulemera mpaka 1000 kg. Pali amuna amuna olemera kwambiri, omwe kulemera kwawo kumafikira 1200 kg.

Mu chaka chachisanu cha moyo, njati zimakhala anthu okhwima. Mawu awo amasinthika kukhala mkokomo woopsa, wofanana ndi ng'ombe yamphongo, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ngati nkhumba. Pakati pawo, amakhala mwamtendere mpaka nthawi yakukhwima ibwere. Yaikazi imangosonyeza kamwana kamodzi ndikusamalira mwa njira iliyonse yomwe ingatheke. Amayi amamukonda kwambiri ndipo m'njira iliyonse amamuteteza ku zowopsa zosiyanasiyana.

Buffalos imalekerera bwino chinyezi ndipo imatha kuyenda mwachangu kuposa zinthu zina zakumaso. Ntchito zaku Buffalo zofunikira kwambiri m'minda yampunga. Nthawi zambiri amatengedwa kuti akatenge katundu kumadambo. Ng'ombe zazikazi zamtchire zimatha kukoka mahatchi pafupifupi 4. Komanso, azikoka katundu pamalo omwe mahatchi sangathe kudutsa.

Njati zam'nyumba

Osati alimi ambiri amene amabweretsa njati. Monga chiweto chowetedwa njati zamadzi zokha. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yabwino.

Mkaka wachikazi umakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi a ng'ombe. Ili ndi mavitamini, michere ndi michere yambiri. Ngati mkaka wa ng'ombe mafuta omwe ali 3%, ndiye mu mkaka wa njati kuchulukitsa katatu. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti njati imadya zochepa kwambiri kuposa ng'ombe pafupifupi 2-3. Alimi amapanga tchizi ndi tchizi kuchokera mkaka wotere. Izi mkaka amazindikiridwa monga zakudya zam'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Tchizi chotchuka cha mozzarella chimapangidwa kuchokera mkaka wa buffalo.

Pafupifupi, mayi mmodzi amapatsa 1400 malita a mkaka wosalala komanso wathanziwolemera calcium. Zachidziwikire, kusunga nyama zoterezi zimawonedwa kuti ndizotsika mtengo. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti buffalo ndi nyama zamtchire, choncho mwini wake wa nyama amafunika kungowapatsa udzu watsopano komanso mavitamini okhala ndi chakudya chochuluka.

Mukadzakulitsa kuphedwa, ndiye kuti sizingafanane ndi theka la nyama yonseyo. China chilichonse ndi khungu ndi mafupa a njati. Chikopa chikufunikira kwambiri, kuchokera komwe mitundu yambiri ya zikopa imapangidwa nthawi zambiri.