Asayansi ali ndi lingaliro la kubadwanso kwa nyama izi kuchokera ku zisalenso za dinosaur yokhudzana ndi nsomba. Panali mazenera 11 m'mimba mwa mkazi wamkazi wa nyama iyi.
Kapangidwe ka thupi la ichthyosaur kumaonetsa kuti sakanatha kupita kumtunda, choncho zikuonekeratu kuti ma dinosaurs amenewa anabereka ana amoyo. Kubadwa kwamoyo pakati pa zokwawa ndi zochitika zodziwika bwino. Viviparous pafupifupi njoka zam'nyanja zamakono.
Adani
Asayansi akunena kuti ma dinosaurs akuluakulu am'madzi - nsomba zambiri komanso asodzi akuluakulu asodzi amatha kusewera ndi itthyosaurs yaying'ono chifukwa anali ndi nsagwada zamphamvu. Chitetezo chokha cha ichthyosaurs chinali kuthamanga komanso masomphenya modabwitsa, chifukwa chomwe iwo ngakhale ali kutali adawona njira yobwera. Achichepere achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala chiphokoso cha asodzi ndi akulu a mitundu yawo. Zotsalira za nyama zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zimapezeka m'mimba mwa akuluakulu achthyosaurs zimatsimikizira kukayikira kwa nyama zamtunduwu.
Mudadya chiyani komanso moyo wanji
Ngakhale zotsalira zoyambirira zidapezeka ku Russia (m'mphepete mwa Volga), malo okumbikirako akulu kwambiri adapezeka ku Germany (Holzmaden, boma ku Stuttgart).
Ma dinosaurs amadzi amakhala nthawi zonse amasaka komanso kusaka m'matumba, kuti athe kumenya nkhondo mosavuta kwa aliyense amene akuukira, komanso zinali zosavuta kupeza chakudya. Anali wachilengedwe, adadya nsomba ndi nyama, ad amangowononga okhawo omwe anali oyenera, a belemnites ("abale" a squid) omwe amadziwika kuti ndiye mbale yayikulu, mafupa awo ambiri amapezeka m'mimba ya ma dinosaurs.
Kubadwa kwa ana kunachitika m'madzi, panthawi yakubadwa, "aang'ono" achthyosaurs eni ake amadziwa kale kusambira bwino ndikupeza chakudya chawo.
Zambiri zamapangidwe amthupi
Mawonekedwe a thupi amafanana ndi dolphin, kusiyana kumakhala kokha pakupangidwe kwa vertebra (mtundu wa nsomba, i.e. panthawi yosambira, kugwada kunachitika mu ndege yopingasa, mchira lobe mumlengalenga wokhazikika). Chifukwa chake, ngati mungakumane ndi chithunzi kwinakwake komwe zavr kudumpha kuchokera m'madzi, dziwani kuti sakanatha kuchita izi (chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a spinal). Kumbuyo, komanso mchira, ichthyosaurs inali ndi zipsepse. Khungu silinali lopanda khungu, koma kuti lisunthe kuyenda bwino lidakola mafuta.
MALANGIZO
Makolo akale a ichthyosaurs anali zinyama zapamtunda, zodzala, zomwe tingayerekeze ndi abuluzi amakono. Pinyama pang'onopang'ono zidazolowera moyo wamadzi. Zala zam'mimbamo zamitengo yam'madzi zatsalira sizomwe zimawonekera. Komabe, zomwe zapezedwa ku Germany zili ndi mapiko omveka a ziphuphu ndi mapiri a caudal. Chifukwa cha izi, zidathekanso kupanga maonekedwe a ichthyosaur. Ichthyosaurus inali ndi mutu waukulu wopota patatu wokhala ndi nsagwada zazitali zopindika. Thupi lake linali lobooka ngati torpedo, dorsal triquular dorsal lifanana ndi shaki, mtengo wotsika wam'mphepete mwa khosi lamiyala yamphamvu unalimbikitsidwa ndi dera la caudal la msana. Izi zidathandizira kuti nyamayo isamayende m'madzi kuthamanga kwambiri.
ZOPHUNZITSIRA ZOSANGALALA MUKUDZIWA KUTI.
- Dzinali la ichthyosaur wachikhalidwe chachi Greek komanso lotanthauziridwa limatanthawuza "msodzi wa nsomba" ("ichthios" amatanthauza "nsomba").
- M'zaka za zana la 19, zonyansa zakale zambiri za ichthyosaur zidapezeka kufupi ndi tawuni yaying'ono ya Street ku Somerset, England, kuti nyamayo idawonetsedwa ngakhale atavala manja a mzindawo.
- Mafupa athunthu a ichthyosaur, omwe amatha kuwoneka m'malo osungirako zakale aku Britain ndi Germany, ndiwogwirizana kwambiri ndi ichthyosaurs.
- Ichthyosaurs adasowa kale kuposa ma dinosaurs, komabe, izi zisanachitike, nyamazo zinangokhala nthawi yayitali ndi nyama zapamtunda.
NKHANI ZOSAVUTA ZA ICHTHIOSAUR
Nsagwada: anali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, onyansa ngati mkaka, omwe amachepetsa kukana kwamadzi pakusaka. Iwo anali ndi mizere iwiri yamano yaying'ono yomwe inkasamala mosavuta ngakhale poterera.
Msana: khomo lachiberekero linapindika mwamphamvu, kumapeto kwa mchira kwambiri.
Dorsal fin: zopindika zitatu, monga shaki, zimakhazikika m'malo a nyama pamadzi.
Maso: mphete yamiyala yotsalira ndi diso lalikulu. Mothandizidwa ndi masomphenya akuthwa, ichthyosaurus amawona ngakhale m'madzi amatope.
Tail fin: Zovuta zoyipa zimathandizira asodzi kuti ayende mtsogolo. Mtengo wolimba wotsikirapo umalimbikitsidwa ndi gawo lopindika la msana.
Kapangidwe ka thupi: thupi linali lamankhwala ndipo linali ndi mawonekedwe.
Zoneneratu: inasandulika malata ndikuthandizira kuyenda m'madzi.
- Malo omwe zinthu zakale zidapezeka
KAPENA NDI PAMENE ICHILIOSAURI ANAKHALA
Mafupa a ichthyosaurs, omwe amasungidwa bwino, adapezeka m'malo amdima a Jurassic ku Germany ndi Southern England, malo awa adakutidwa ndi madzi amadzi zaka 200-210 miliyoni zapitazo. Zina zomwe zapezeka zimachokera ku Alberta ndi Briteni ku Canada, komanso ku Oregon ku United States.
Ichthyosaurus
Ichthyosaurus - "msaki"
Nthawi ya kukhalapo: Nthawi ya Jurassic - pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo
Gulu: Ichthyosaurs
Zodziwika za ichthyosaurs:
- amakhala m'madzi ndipo sanapite kumtunda
- mawonekedwe ngati nsomba
- kubadwa kwamoyo
Sayizi:
kutalika - 0,4 m
kutalika - 4 m
kulemera - 100 makilogalamu.
Chakudya: nsomba, ma mollusks
Anazindikira: 1822, Russia
Ichitosaurus - gulu la ma dinosaurs otengera moyo wamadzi. Maonekedwe a thupi ali ofanana ndi ma dolphin. Ichthyosaurus wamkulu kwambiri wofotokozedwayo ndi shonizaurkukhala nthawi yopambana.
Ichthyosaur Head:
Mutu ichthyosaurus amaphatikizana ndi thupi ngati nsomba. Pamkamwa patsekemera panali mano ambiri azithunzi zosiyanasiyana.
Maso ichthyosaurus zazikulu kwambiri zinali zosiyana mwadongosolo lachilendo: kaso yamaso inazunguliridwa ndi mphete yamapfupa, masiku ano timapeza china chofanana ndi mbalame zina zodyedwa ndi akamba. Zikuoneka kuti chipangizo chamaso chotere ndichofunikira ichthyosauruskuthana ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi ndikamizidwa mwakuya.
Kapangidwe ka thupi la ichthyosaur:
Ichthyosaurs Izi ndi nyama zapanyama zomwe zimakonda kukhala munyanja, koma nthawi yomweyo zimakhalabe zokwawa. Khosi lawo linachepetsedwa kwambiri, kamalulidwe kanakutalika ndipo mutuwo pafupifupi unakulira limodzi ndi thupi. Miyendoyo idasandulika matumphuka, kunalibe zala zisanu, koma zambiri mpaka khumi, ndipo zala zomwezo zinali ndi ma phalange ambiri. Ziphuphu zopangidwa kumbuyo ndi mchira. Khungu silinakutidwa ndi mamba ngati nsomba, koma likuwoneka kuti linapangidwa ndi mafuta kuti lizisenda bwino m'madzi.
Maonekedwe a thupi ichthyosaurs zofanana kwambiri ndi ma dolphin amakono. Mosiyana ndi ma dolphin omwe amapanga msana. Msana ichthyosaurs mtundu wa nsomba ndikusambira, inkakungika ndege yopingasa. Ngocho, chapwa chachikalu kwitavila kumuchima ichthyosaurs amapangidwa mu ndege yoyima. Mu ma dolphin, m'malo mwake, msana ukugwada mu ndege yoyima, ndipo mchira lobe - molunjika.
Ichthyosaurs Nthawi zambiri amawonetsera kulumpha kuchokera mmadzi, koma kuweruza ndi mawonekedwe a msana, sanathe kudumphira m'madzi. Ichthyosaurs Anapumira mpweya ndipo amatha kupumira kwakanthawi.
Kusaka ndi Moyo:
Kusaka ichthyosaurs pamankhwala ndi nsomba zomwe zimatha kudyedwa potengera kukula. Kusiyananso kwina kofunikira kwambiri ichthyosaurs anali atazolowera kukhala ndi moyo kubadwa, chifukwa kunali kosatheka kuyikira mazira m'madzi, koma pamtunda ichthyosaurs sanatuluke. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena a paleontologists, ichthyosaurs adayikira mazira, koma idakhalabe m'mimba mwa mkazi mpaka kukhazikika ndipo nyama yodziimira payokha idabadwa kale.
Ikupeza:
Ichthyosaurs adawonekera mu nthawi ya Triassic ndipo adafika pakusiyana kwakukulu mu nthawi ya Jurassic. Kutha kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, pamodzi ndi ma pliosaurs, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs ndi pterosaurs.
Pakadali pano mitundu yoposa 50 ikufotokozedwa kuchokera ku Mesozoic deposits aku England, Swabia ndi Franconia ichthyosaurs. Ku Russia, zotsalira zawo zambiri zidapezeka mu phosphorite (nugget) ya Cretaceous system ya milomo ya Kursk. Kafukufuku watsatanetsatane ndi kufotokoza kwa anthu aku Russia ichthyosaurs ntchito zambiri zazikulu zatsatanetsatane za Kipriyanov, yemwe kwa zaka zambiri amaphunzira zotsalira, adzipereka ichthyosaurs.
Dinosaur ichthyosaurus
Dinosaur ndi ichthyosaurus, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki ngati msodzi wa nsomba. Uku ndikuyimira kosowa kwa nyama zapamadzi zam'madzi. Unakhalapo padziko lapansi kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi yonse ya Mesozoic. Mitunduyi idawoneka koyambirira kwa nthawi ya Jurassic ndipo idatha kumapeto kwa Cretaceous. Pakadutsa nthawi, zaka 250 - 90 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kupeza koyamba kwa wosaka nsomba zakale kumene kunapezeka ku 1822 ku Russia.
Ichthyosaurus
Maonekedwe a ichthyosaurs
Malinga ndi asayansi, ichthyosaurs ndi mbadwa za oyimira malo akale a ma dinosaurs, omwe pang'onopang'ono adasinthira kukhala ndi madzi. Chifukwa cha izi, mawonekedwe awo asintha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake pang'onopang'ono thupi linapeza mawonekedwe ngati nsomba, mphipi idazimiririka, miyendo idasinthika, khungu limataya chivundikiro chake, ndipo mwina lidakutidwa ndi ntchofu, zomwe zimathandizira kuyenda m'madzi.
Mutu wa ichthyosaur unali lathyathyathya komanso wamtunda chifukwa chosinthika nsagwada. Mkamwa mkamwa mudali ndi mano akulu kwambiri ochokera ku maselo ndipo moyandikana moyandikana. Nthawi zingapo pamoyo wonse pamakhala kusintha kwa mano. Zofanana ndi izi zimawonedwa mu umuna wamakono.
Zambiri mwa zotsalira za ichthyosaurs zomwe zapezeka zidapangidwa. Zikuoneka kuti awa ndi akazi okhala ndi ana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ma dinosaurs amenewa anali makolo abwino kwambiri.
Maso a ichthyosaurs anali akulu kwambiri ndipo amatha kufikira 20 cm mulifupi. Kutetezedwa kwawo mothandizidwa ndi mphete yamfupa kukuwonetsa kuti zokwawa zimatha kusaka usiku.
Ponena za msana, unapangidwa ndi pafupifupi ma vertebrae pafupifupi 150, ambiri a iwo (pafupifupi 80) anali mu gawo la mchira, ndipo nthiti zimalumikizidwa ndi zotsalazo, ndipo potero adapangira thupi loyenda la ichthyosaur, kutalika kwake kuyambira 1 mpaka 10 kapena kuposa mita.
Khosi linali lalifupi kwambiri, lomwe linapanga chithunzi cha kukhulupirika kwa mutu ndi thupi.
Ichthyosaurs amasewera pamafunde
Kunena za utoto, zinali za mtundu wa "mthunzi wotsutsana" - kumtunda wakuda ndi pansi pansi, wopepuka.
Khalidwe la Ichthyosaurus
A Ichthyosaurs anali anthu okhala m'madzi okha. Chifukwa cha chisinthiko, miyendo yawo idataya cholinga ndipo, posandulika zipsepse, adayamba kugwira ntchito ngati chida chothandizira kuyenda m'madzi.
Ma Ichthyosaurs anali osiyanasiyana pamagetsi ndipo amatha kuyenda m'madzi kuthamanga kwambiri ndikusintha mayendedwe awo chifukwa cha mchira.
Ichthyosaurus anali ndi nsagwada zazitali kwambiri
Kusatheka kolowera kumtunda, ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuyikira mazira, kunapangitsa kuti ichthyosaurs ikhale zolengedwa zowoneka bwino.
Koma kwenikweni, ichthyosaurs adakhalabe zilombo, ndipo zomwe adadya anali nsomba ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabulosi.
Zambiri zomwe zidapezeka zakalezi ku Central Europe, zikuwonetsa kuti zikufanana kwambiri ndi asodzi amakono ndi dolphin, zomwe zidapangitsa ochita kafukufuku kuganiza kuti mwina moyo wawo ndi wofanana kwambiri.
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