Usiku wa chilimwe, ziphokoso zamoto zimakhala zodabwitsa komanso zowoneka bwino, ngati nthano zachabe, zowala zokongola ngati nyenyezi zazing'ono zakuda.

Kuwala kwawo ndi kofiira-chikasu komanso kubiriwira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kowala. Tizilombo touluka amatanthauza dongosolo la kafadala, banja la kafadala, kamene kali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 3,000, komwe kumagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.

Oimira owoneka bwino a tizilombo amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. M'dziko lathu muli mitundu 20 ya nyama. Glowworm m'Chilatini amatchedwa: Lampyridae.

Tizilombo tofananako ndi kachilomboka pansi. Kuyang'ana pa iwo masana, ndizosatheka konse kukhulupirira kuti tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timakhala tosangalatsa timatha kudabwitsa usiku.

Amachokera pakati pa masentimita awiri kapena awiri kukula kwake, amasiyana mutu yaying'ono, maso akulu ndi thupi lokwera. Glowworm, monga taonera pa chithunzichiIli ndi mapiko ndi tinyanga tiwiri tokulumikizidwa pamphumi, mosiyana, kutengera mtundu, mawonekedwe ndi kukula.

Chowoneka chapadera cha zozimitsa moto ndi kupezeka kwa ziwalo zapadera zama luminescent pamimba, zomwe zimakhala ndi ziwonetsero zodzazidwa ndi makhwala a uric acid ndipo omwe amakhala pamwamba pawo, maselo a chithunzigenic olimbikitsidwa ndi mitsempha ndi ma tracheas omwe mpweya umalowa.

Njira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika pamenepo zimafotokoza bwino bwanji ozimitsa moto Kuchokera pazomwe akuwala. Tizilombo timagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiritso izi, kudziteteza kwa adani omwe titha kukhala nawo, ndikuwadziwitsa za kulephera kwawo, komanso kukopa zolengedwa zomwezo ngati anyamata kapena atsikana.

Khalidwe la Firefly ndi moyo wawo

Pakati pa oimira tizilombo tambiri tomwe timakhala m'mitengo yathu ndi Ivan nyongolotsi. Miyoyo monga choncho chimoto pamtondo, nyengo yotentha, yowonetsa zochitika usiku.

Oimira tizilombo amenewa amakhala tsiku lonse kubisala mu udzu wakuda. Akazi amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, logwirizana, labulawuni lofiirira lomwe limakhala ndi mikwendo itatu yoyera pamimba, satha kuuluka, ndipo alibe mapiko. Maonekedwe, amafanana ndi mphutsi zotalika pafupifupi 18 mm.

Tizilombo timeneti timatha kusinthiratu nkhalangoyi m'njira zamatsenga, kuyatsa nyali zawo pamtchire komanso kutchire, kuwalira kwambiri komanso kuzimiririka. Monga choncho chimphona chamoto - mawonekedwe osaiwalika. Zina mwa izo, zomwe zimawala kwambiri ndikuuluka m'mwamba ndikuyenda kudutsa mitengo.

Ndipo, mu kamvuluvulu wamphamvu, thawirani pansi ngati malamba a zozimitsa usiku. Awa ndi anyani amphaka omwe adapeza abwenzi awo ndikuthamangira mu udzu pafupi nawo.

Oyimilira achimuna a tizilombo timakhala ndi thupi looneka ngati ndudu pafupifupi masentimita ndi theka, mutu waukulu ndi maso akulu akulu. Mosiyana ndi zazikazi, zimawuluka mokongola.

Kukhazikika ku Caucasus, nthumwi za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta Luciola timene timayatsidwa mwachidule kwa masekondi awiri kapena awiri, ofanana ndi zoyeserera zofananira ndi kachilomboka.

Nthawi zina ozimitsa moto amatulutsa kuwala kotalikirapo, monga nyenyezi zowombera, magetsi owuluka ndi kuvina kumbuyo kwa usiku wakumwera. Pali zinthu zosangalatsa kudziwa za anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zozimitsa moto pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Mwachitsanzo, mbiri yakale ikuwonetsa kuti oyamba oyera oyamba, omwe amayenda kupita ku Brazil, Kuti komanso ozimitsa moto amakhala, amayatsa nyumba zawo ndi kuwala kwawo kwachilengedwe.

Ndipo amwenye, akupita kokasaka, anamangirira nyali zachilengedwe izi ku zala zawo. Ndipo tizilombo toyang'ana zowala sizinangothandiza kuwona mumdima, komanso kuwopa njoka zapoizoni. Monga zozimitsa moto nthawi zina ndimakonda kuyerekezera malowo ndi nyali ya fluorescent.

Komabe, kuwala kwa chilengedwe kumeneku ndikosavuta, chifukwa pozimitsa nyali zawo, tizilombo sizitenthetsa ndipo sizichulukitsa kutentha kwa thupi. Zachidziwikire, chilengedwe chimasamalira izi, apo ayi zitha kubweretsa imfa yamoto.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zoyimitsa moto zimakhala mu udzu, tchire, moss, kapena pansi pa masamba. Ndipo usiku iwo akusaka. Zoyimitsa moto zimadya nyerere, akangaude ang'onoang'ono, mphutsi za tizilombo tina, nyama zazing'ono, nkhono ndi mbewu zowola.

Mitundu ya akulu akulu amoto samadyetsa, koma imangokhala pakubereka, ikamwalira mutatulutsa mazira ndikuyamba kuyikira mazira. Tsoka ilo, masewera a matchingawa a tizilombo nthawi zina amafika pamatsenga.

Ndani angaganize kuti zazikazi zazilombo zochititsa chidwi izi, zomwe zimakongoletsa usiku wa chilimwe wa Mulungu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi machitidwe openga.

Akazi amtundu wa Photuris, akumapereka zonyenga zachimuna zamtundu wina, amakopeka, ngati kuti umuna, ndipo m'malo mwa kugonana komwe mukufuna, adye. Khalidwe lotere limatchedwa ndi asayansi ankhanza kwambiri.

Koma zozimitsa moto ndizothandizanso kwambiri, makamaka kwa anthu, pakudya ndikuchotsa tizirombo zowopsa mumasamba a mitengo ndi m'minda yamasamba. Zoyimitsa moto m'munda - Ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino kwa wolima dimba.

Ku Japan, komwe kuli mitundu yachilendo kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa ya tizilombo timene timakhala, ozimitsa moto amalambira m'minda ya mpunga, komwe amadya, akuwononga zochulukirapo, nkhono zamadzi oyera, kukonza malo obisika a midzi yosangalatsa, kubweretsa mapindu ake.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Kuwala komwe zimayatsira moto kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, komwe kumawathandiza akukhwima. Wamphongo ikafika nthawi yobala, amapita kukafunafuna amene wasankhidwa. Ndipo ndiamene amamsiyanitsa ndi mthunzi wazizindikiro zowala ngati wamphongo.

Mukamafotokozera mwachikondi komanso momveka bwino njira zachikondi, pamakhala mwayi wopeza bwenzi labwino. M'malo otentha kwambiri, pakati pa mitengo yamkuntho yomwe ili ndi mvula, maulemu amakonzekereratu kuti gulu lawolo lanyimbo zowala bwino, liziwunikira ndikuzimitsa nyali zowala kwambiri zomwe zimanyezimira kuposa magetsi oyang'ana m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

Pamenepo, pamene maso akulu aimphongo alandila chizindikiritso chofunikira kuchokera kwa chachikazi, chimayang'aniro cha moto chimakhala chapafupi, ndipo okwatiranawo amalonjerana kwa nyali zowala kwakanthawi, pambuyo pake njira yolemba imatha.

Akazi, m'malo omwe kugonana kumayendera bwino, kumagona testicles, pomwe pali mphutsi zazikulu. Ndi malo ndi madzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi wakuda wokhala ndi makaka achikaso.

Mibulu imakhala ndi kususuka kopatsa chidwi komanso chidwi chodabwitsa. Monga chakudya chawo chomwe amakonda, amatha kudya zipolopolo ndi ma bollus, komanso ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono. Ali ndi kuthekera kofanana ndi akulu. Kuyandikira chilimwe, nyengo yozizira ikayamba, amabisala pakhungwa la mitengo, komwe amakhala nthawi yozizira.

Ndipo nthawi ya masika, atadzuka, amayambanso kudya mwachangu kwa mwezi umodzi, ndipo nthawi zina zochulukirapo. Kenako pakubwera njira yogwirira ana, yomwe imatenga masiku 7 mpaka 18. Pambuyo pake, akulu amawoneka, okonzeka kudabwitsanso ena ndi kuwongola kwawo mumdima. Kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu kapena inayi.

Tizilombo touluka. Khalidwe la Firefly ndi malo okhala

Ndani adawonera chidwi chodabwitsa komanso chosadziwika bwino mu udzu nthawi yoyamba kuwonekera nthawi yamadzulo? Chilichonse mozungulira chimatengera chithunzi chokongola. Ma radiation ena osamvetseka amachokera pazowunikira izi.

Nthawi zonse amakhumudwitsidwa ndi kufuna kwachinthu chabwino. Kodi chodabwitsa ndi chiyani ichi? Ndi china zozimitsa moto Zomwe anajambula ndi zopeka za ana ambiri.

Aliyense amadziwa za chodabwitsa chodabwitsa kuyambira paubwana. Firefly m'munda amachita chidwi ndi chidwi, amakopa komanso amakopa ndi luso lake lachilendo.

Ku funso bwanji ozimitsa moto kulibe yankho limodzi. Nthawi zambiri, asayansi amakonda mtundu umodzi. Mowala modabwitsa komanso wosazungulira umatulutsa wamkazi kachilombo zomwe zimayesa kukopa chidwi cha omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzanu.

Kulumikizana kotere kwa chikondi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ozimitsa moto ndikuwala kwawo kwachilendo kunazindikirika kalekale, chifukwa chake makolo akale adagwirizanitsa kuyang'ana kwawo kwapadera ndi phwando la Ivan Kupala.

Koma zili choncho m'masiku oyambilira a Julayi kuti kachilombo kameneka kamawonedwa nthawi zambiri. Zoyimitsa moto zinkadziwika kuti ndi mphutsi za Ivanovo. Amakhala amodzi mwa kufalikira kwa kachilomboka. Palibe kulikonse komwe mungawone kukongola koteroko.

Koma anthu omwe adamuwona kangapo m'miyoyo yawo mwachidwi akuti izi ndi zosaiwalika komanso zochititsa chidwi. Chithunzi cha Firefly sikuti chimawonetsa kukongola kwake konse, koma mutha kuyang'ananso kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kupuma. Sizokongola zokha, komanso zachikondi, zochititsa chidwi, zolusa, zokopa.

Kufotokozera kwa Chikumbu

Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timawala ndi kuwala kosiyanasiyana ofiira kubiriwira, kuwala kwa kuwunikiranso kumasiyananso ndi aliyense. Ichi ndi kachilomboka, komwe kuli mitundu yambiri. Mu Russian Federation okha ndi okwana makumi awiri a iwo. Nyumbu zimakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha.

Firefly ndi kachilomboka pansi yogwira makamaka usiku. Osachepera, kuziwona masana, sizingatheke kulingalira kuti kachilombo wamba kameneka kamatha kuwoneka zachilendo kwambiri mumdima. Tizilomboti timachokera pa masentimita 0.5 mpaka 2 kutalika, ali ndi mutu wawung'ono ndi maso akulu. Thupi lathyathyathya pamwamba. Pali mapiko ndi masharubu 11, omwe ali pamphumi pa kachilomboka.

Chizindikiro cha tizilombo ndi kuthekera kwawo. Izi zimachitika mwachilengedwe mu kafadala chifukwa cha matupi awo. Pamimba pa kachilomboka pali miyala yamkati ya uric acid, pamwamba pake pamakhala maselo a photosgenic okhala ndi mitsempha ndi ma tracheas omwe amachititsa mpweya. Chifukwa cha makutidwe a oxidation, chiwombankhanga chimazima ndikuwala. Mwambiri, kunyezimira kwa chimphona chimadziteteza kwa adani, kuwawonetsa kuti siingadye. Komanso, pakuwunikira, tizilombo timene timakopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzathu.

Momwe zimayaka zimayaka

Zoyimitsa moto zimayaka chifukwa cha chinthu chapadera m'thupi lawo - chojambula. Imapezeka mchira wamimba ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, omwe ali ndi zigawo zitatu zogwira ntchito. Pofuna kumveketsa, lingalirani nyali wamba: pansi pamapangidwe ndipo pamafunika kuwalitsa ngati kuwala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupindika kwazomwe zimachitika pakatikati. Tizilombo tosanjikiza tating'ono timapangidwa ndi ma photocytes - maselo omwe amatha kusintha mpweya kuti ukhale wopepuka. Chapamwamba chogwira ntchito chimayimiriridwa ndi chowala chowonekera chopatsira cuticle.

Mpweya wa okosijeni, womwe umafunika kwambiri kuti upange kuwala kwa chiwuni, umachotsedwa mu ma cell ma cell ndikuchotsa nitric oxide. Tizilombo alibe mapapo, motero njira zonse zofunika kuti munthu akhalepo zimachitika m'maselo, kupuma. Ndipo dongosolo lamanjenje limayendetsa njira za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka "tochi".

M'chilengedwe, muli zolengedwa zambiri "zomwe zimanyamula kuwala" - miyala, nsomba zam'nyanja, mollusks, jellyfish, ndi zina zambiri. Onse awiriwa komanso ozimitsa moto, mtundu wa luciferin ndi womwe umayendetsa luminescence, womwe umayikidwa luciferase pogwiritsa ntchito molekyulu ya adenosine triphosphate - ATP (universal unit of cellular energy) ndipo, oxidizing, imapangitsa kuwala kwamatsenga. Izi zimachitika pakasiyanitsa mamolekyulu a kaboni dayokisi, pomwe mamolekyu a luciferin amachoka m'malo okondweretsedwa, natulutsa mphamvu yowunikira, potero kumapangitsa kuwala kwa kuwombera mumdima.

Kuwala kodabwitsa kwamoto kwa ntchentche sizimawfunda konse - pokhapokha ngati pali mzimu. Palibe misewu ya infrared kapena ultraviolet muma photons. Komano kuyatsa kumatenga pafupifupi 98% ya mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, mosiyana ndi nyali wamba yamagetsi, mphamvu yake ndi 10% yokha, ndipo mphamvu zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono pamoto wosagwira ntchito.

Zomwe zimayaka moto

Zoyimitsa moto zachikazi, mwa njira, sizimasiyana pakukongola - iwo, mosiyana ndi amuna, alibe mapiko, koma amawunikiranso motsatana poyankha anyamata ochokera pamtengowo. Komabe, azimayi ndi ocheperako - makamaka achikazi amtundu wa Photuris, omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi amtundu wina - Photinus. Pambuyo pake, abambo opusitsidwa amtundu wa Photinus amadyedwa, koma zazikazi zimapeza chidaliro m'tsogolomo, chifukwa zinthu zomwe zimawagwiritsa ntchito zimakhala ndi mapangidwe apadera omwe amachotsa mbalame ndi akangaude. Nthawi zina kuchita kwa cannibalism kumachitika popanda chifukwa chomveka.

Oimira achikazi amapereka chizindikiro chapadera, kuwonetsa kuti ali okonzekera umuna. Chifukwa chake yamphongo imadziwa komwe imawulukira. Kwakukulukulu, komwe kumawala, kumawonjezera chidwi chachikazi.

Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi, mapira ndi mazira ake zimawala - izi ndizomwe asayansi sangathe kufotokoza. Koma zitha kuganiziridwa kuti mwanjira imeneyi amapatsira mbendera ziwonetsero kuti sangakwanitse.

Ku Eurasia, mtundu wodziwika bwino, wotchedwa "Ivanov nyongolotsi." Amakhulupirira kuti linali usiku wa Ivan Kupala kuti tizilomboti timayambitsa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mitundu ya 2000, moto wowerengeka ndi wowerengeka, ena onse amangogwira masana.

Chizindikiro cha Firefly

Koma chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha miyambo ndi chizindikiro chozama chamoto chimaperekedwa ndi achi Japan. Pakafika nyengo yotentha ndi yanyontho, kumeneko amawala ndi chidwi chachikulu kuposa abale awo otumbululuka kuchokera kumadzimo. Chifukwa nthawi yakukhwima kwawo ndi chionetsero chabwino. Japan imakondwerera phwando la Firefly - chikondwerero cha Hotaru.

Anthu adagwiritsa ntchito kafadala wa zikumbutso pazosowa zosiyanasiyana - monga zokongoletsera mu tsitsi lawo, ngati chida popanga mawonekedwe achikondi, ngati chowunikira, monga othandizira polimbana ndi mizimu yoyipa. Masiku ano, zopangira luciferase, zomwe poyamba zimachokera ku tizilombo tamoyo, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala a forensic, komanso kuwunika mtundu wa zakudya zomwe zidapangidwa.

Chiwerengero cha ziphaniphani zagwa kwambiri, ndipo izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi malo okhala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuchokera m'malo awa samasamukira, koma amangosowa.

Kanema pazomwe zimayaka moto

Tizilombo todabwitsa ndi izi. Ndizabwino, zowunikira, zosangalatsa, ndi chisoni chabe - okhala usiku, masana simudzakumana nawo, simudzawasirira. Kodi chiwombankhanga chimawala bwanji? Ndipo chifukwa chiyani? Zachiyani? Mafunso ambiri okhudza cholengedwa chaching'ono chotere.

Zochepa pofikira zozimitsa moto: Tizilombo tausiku timagona masana, kusaka usiku, pali mitundu yonse ya 2,000, imakhala m'makona onse padziko lapansi, palibe dziko lomwe silikudziwa za zozimitsa moto. Kukula kwa zoyimitsa moto kumayambira 2 mpaka 4 mm (mm osati masentimita!). Mitundu yambiri imatha kuyika mphutsi zomwe zimasambira m'madzi.

Mitundu yachilendo kwambiri ya ziphokoso zamoto zimakhala ku Japan, malo omwe amakhala ndi minda ya mpunga, kumene amadya nkhono zamadzi atsopano. Chifukwa chake, zozimitsa moto ku Japan zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu pochotsa tizirombo ta m'minda ya mpunga.

Mutha kuyankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zozimitsa moto kwa nthawi yayitali, kukambirana za moyo wawo usiku, kudziwa zomwe mumakonda, koma chosangalatsa ndichakuti - chowala chimachokera kuti?

Kuwala kwa chimphona chamoto kumayambitsa kukhudzana kwa mankhwala komwe kumachitika kuphatikiza mpweya ndi calcium mkati mwa tizilombo. Njira yowunikira yokha imatchedwa bioluminescence. Kashiamu wambiri amapezeka m'mimba mwa ziphaniphani, chifukwa chake m'mimba mwake mumawala kwambiri, ndikuwoneka ndi tochi yaying'ono mumdima. Pali mitundu yomwe imatsitsa kunyezimira ndi thupi lonse, ndiye kuti kuwala kwake kumatsekeka, osati kowala.

Asayansi anayerekezera izi ndi tizilombo ndi nyali ya fluorescent, koma mosiyana ndi nyali, zimayatsa moto sizitentha, zimayatsa kuzizira. Mwachiwonekere, ngati kachilomboka amadziwotcha okha, amawotcha nthawi yomweyo, choncho chilengedwe chinasamalira kuteteza chiwombankhanga, kupatsanso mwayi woti uziwala popanda kuwotcha thupi.

Kuwala sikubwera zokha kapena pakakhala mdima, utawaleza uyenera kuyatsidwa. Kuti muchite izi, "kuwala" kolamulira thupi kumapereka mpweya ku malo amenewo komwe kupezeka kwa calcium kumawonekera. Kuletsa kuyera kokwanira kumayimitsa mpweya wabwino. Chilichonse ndichopepuka. Ganizirani za momwe anthu amagwirira ziphona zamoto, kuziyika mumtsuko ndikudikirira kuti chiwomberacho chiziwalika. Poterepa, kachilomboka kanalibe mpweya. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti chiwombankhanga chimafunikira mpweya, osati mumdima, kuti kuwala.

Popeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda alibe mapapo, nkovuta kupereka mpweya kwa thupi - kudzera mu ma tracheoles, omwe ali ndi dongosolo lamphamvu lamapangidwe am'mimba. Minu, ndiyomwe imayang'anira kuwala kwa chimphona.

Ntchito ya minofu ndiyosachedwa, ndipo chiwombankhanga chimayatsa msanga - asayansi athetsa mwambiwu posachedwa. Udindo waukulu pakuwala ndi nitric oxide, yomwe imapangidwa ndi lamulo la ubongo. Tizilombo timene timasonkhanitsa okosijeni masana, ndikuigwirizira mu mitochondria, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, ubongo umapereka lamulo, nayitrogeni imamasulidwa ndipo kuwala kwadzidzidzi kumaperekedwa. Udindo wa minofu umangokhala pakuthandizira kwakuthupi konse.

Kuwala kwa chiwombankhanga kumayatsa usiku nawonso pazifukwa zomveka - zochitika zowopsa m'moyo ziyenera kuwuka, thupi limatulutsa ma steroid omwe amachititsa kuti phokoso lamoto lisakhale lokoma, ndipo kuunikirako kumakhala chizindikiro kwa mdani - chizindikiro chobwerera.

Usiku kotentha kumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi, ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, mutha kuwona magetsi owoneka obiriwira mu udzu, ngati kuti wina wayatsa ma LED ang'onoang'ono obiriwira. Usiku wa chilimwe ndi waufupi, mutha kuwonera chiwonetserochi kwa maola angapo chabe. Koma ngati musaka udzu ndi kuyatsa nyali pamalo pomwe kuyatsa, mutha kuwona kachilombo koyang'ana ngati nyongolotsi, komwe kumapeto kwa pamimba kumayererako. Chimawoneka ngati chachikazi chimphona wamba (Lampyris noctiluca ) Anthu amamutcha Ivanov nyongolotsi , Ivanovo nyongolotsi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti nthawi yoyamba pachaka imawonekera usiku wa Ivan Kupala. Akazi okha omwe akuyembekezera amuna pansi kapena zomera zomwe zimapanga kuwala kowoneka, pomwe amuna sizimayatsa. Imodzi yamphaka wamoto imawoneka ngati kachirombo wamba wabwinobwino wokhala ndi elytra wolimba, pomwe wachikazi akamakula amakhala ngati mphutsi, ndipo alibe mapiko konse. Kuwala kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa amuna. Chiwalo chapadera chomwe chimatulutsa kunyezimira chimakhala pazigawo zomaliza zam'mimba ndipo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri pakupanga: pali ma cell ochepa. yokhala ndi makristali ambiri a urea, ndikuchita ngati galasi wowunikira. Gawo lodziyimira lokha limalumikizidwa ndi ma tracheas (kuti athe kupeza okosijeni) ndi mitsempha. Kuwala kumapangidwa panthawi yomwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni apadera - luciferin, pogwiritsa ntchito ATP. Kwa ozimitsa moto, iyi ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri, yochitika ndi pafupifupi 100% mphamvu, mphamvu zonse zimalowa m'kuwala, pafupifupi popanda kutentha. Ndipo tsopano mwatsatanetsatane pang'ono za zonsezi.

Phiri wamba (Lampyris noctiluca ) ndi nthumwi ya banja lamoto wamoto (Lampyridae ) dongosolo la kafadala (Coleoptera). Amuna a kachilomboka ali ndi thupi looneka ngati ndudu, mpaka 15 mm kutalika, komanso mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso akuluakulu. Zimawuluka bwino. Akazi ndi maonekedwe awo amafanana ndi mphutsi, amakhala ndi thupi lopanda mphutsi mpaka 18mm kutalika, komanso lopanda mapiko. Svetlyakov imatha kuwoneka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, mitengo yaiwisi, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje.

Zofunikira kwambiri m'mawu onse ndi ziwalo zowunikira. M'mayikidwe amoto ambiri, amakhala kumbuyo kwam'mimba, akufanana ndi tochi yayikulu. Matupi awa adakonzedwa pamaziko a nyumba yopepuka. Ali ndi mtundu wa “nyali” - gulu la maselo okhala ndi mafoto omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma tracheas ndi mitsempha. Selo iliyonse imadzazidwa ndi "mafuta", momwe gawo lawo ndi luciferin. Tambala wamoto utapuma, mpweya umadutsa mu trachea kulowa m'ziwalo zowunikira, pomwe luciferin imaphatikizidwa ndi mpweya. Mphamvu ya mankhwala imatulutsa mphamvu mu kuwala. Nyumba yowala yeniyeni imakhala yowunikira njira yoyenera - kulowera kunyanja. Zoyimitsa moto pankhaniyi sizotsalira kwenikweni. Zojambula zawo amazunguliridwa ndi maselo odzazidwa ndi makhwala a uric acid. Amagwira ntchito ya chiwonetsero chazithunzi (chiwonetsero cha galasi) ndipo amakulolani kuti musagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zopanda pake pachabe. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingade nkhawa ndi kupulumutsa, chifukwa momwe ziwalo zawo zowunikira zimakhudzidwira ndi katswiri aliyense. Zoyimitsa moto zimachita bwino kwambiri 98%! Izi zikutanthauza kuti 2% yokha mphamvu imangowonongeka, ndipo munthawi yomwe manja a anthu amapangidwa (magalimoto, zida zamagetsi), kuchoka pa 60 mpaka 96% ya mphamvu amangochita.

Mankhwala angapo akuphatikizidwa kuti achite. Mmodzi wa iwo amalimbana ndi kutentha ndipo amapezeka pang'ono - luciferin. Chinthu chinanso ndi ma enzyme luciferase. Komanso adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) amafunikiranso pakuwala. Luciferase ndi puloteni wolemera m'magulu a sulfhydryl.

Kuwala kumapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni a luciferin. Popanda luciferase, kuchuluka kwa pakati pa luciferin ndi okosijeni kumakhala kotsika kwambiri; ATP imafunika ngati cofactor.

Kuwala kumachitika pamene oxyluciferin amasintha kuchoka pamalo osangalatsidwa mpaka pansi. Nthawi yomweyo, oxyluciferin imagwirizanitsidwa ndi molekyulu ya enzyme ndipo, kutengera mphamvu ya hydenthogicin ya okosijeni osangalatsa, kuunika komwe kumachoka kumasiyana mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamoto wamoto kuchokera ku chikasu chobiriwira (chokhala ndi hydrophobic microen mazingira) mpaka kufiyira (ndi hydrophobic yaying'ono). Chowonadi ndichakuti ndi polar microenvelo yambiri, gawo lamphamvu limatha. Ma Luciferases ochokera kuma fireflies osiyanasiyana amatulutsa bioluminescence ndi maxima kuchokera pa 548 mpaka 620 nm. Mwambiri, mphamvu zamagetsi pazomwe zimachitikazo zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri: pafupifupi mphamvu zonse zomwe zimachitika zimasinthidwa kukhala kuwala popanda magetsi.

Tizilomboti tonse timakhala ndi luciferin. Ma Lusifara, mosiyana, ndi osiyana mitundu. Zotsatira zake kuti kusintha kwa utoto kumatengera kutengera kwa ma enzyme. Monga momwe kafukufuku wasonyezera, kutentha ndi pH ya sing'anga kumakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa kuwala. Pa microscopic level, luminescence imangokhala ndi cytoplasm ya maselo, pomwe ma nyukiliya amakhala amdima. Kuwala kumapangidwa ndi zida za Photogenic zomwe zili mu cytoplasm. Mukafufuza magawo atsopano a maselo a photosgenic mumayendedwe a ultraviolet, zopangirazi zimatha kupezeka ndi malo awo ena, fluorescence, zomwe zimatengera kupezeka kwa luciferin.

Zambiri zomwe zimabweretsa izi ndizokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zakale za luminescence, zomwe zikuyandikira umodzi. Mwanjira ina, mu molekyulu iliyonse ya luciferin yomwe ikutenga nawo mbali pazomwe zimachitika, muyeso umodzi umayatsidwa.

Zoyimitsa moto ndizizilombo zomwe zimadyera tizilombo komanso ma mollusks. Mphutsi za ziphaniphani zimakhala ndi moyo wosokera, zofanana ndi mphutsi za pansi. Mphutsi zimadyanso tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, touluka, touluka tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tambiri, totola touluka, timabisala tomwe timabisala.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono sitimadya, ndipo titangochotsa mazira ndikufa. Wamkazi amayikira mazira pamasamba kapena pansi. Posakhalitsa, mphutsi zakuda zamtundu wachikasu zimatuluka kuchokera kwa iwo. Amadya kwambiri ndipo amakula msanga, ndipo panjira, nawonso amawala. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, kunja kukatentha, iwo amakwera pansi pa khungwa la mitengo, komwe amakhala nthawi yonse yozizira. Pakumalizira, amatuluka kwawo, kunenepa kwa masiku angapo, kenako kukasaka. Patatha milungu iwiri, amfuti zazing'ono zimawonekera.

Kuyang'ana kuwunika kwamphamvu kwa ozimitsa moto, kuyambira nthawi zakale, anthu akhala akudabwa kuti bwanji osazigwiritsa ntchito pazothandiza. Amwenye adawakhomera kwa moccasins kuti awonetse njira ndikuwawopsa njoka. Anthu oyamba kukhazikika ku South America adagwiritsa ntchito nsikidzi ngati nyali pamiyendo yawo. M'madera ena, mwambowu udakalipobe mpaka pano.

Tizilombo touluka ndi banja lalikulu la gulu la kafadala omwe amatha kupatsa kuwala.

Ngakhale kuti tizilombo ta moto touluka sizibweretsa phindu lililonse kwa anthu, malingaliro pa tizilombo tosadziwika bwino nthawi zonse amakhala abwino.

Kuwona kuwunika kwamodzimodzi kwamayendedwe mumtambo wausiku, mutha kuyenda kwakanthawi ndikupanga nthano zamoto.

Mawonekedwe

Kunja, gulugufe wamtunduwu amawoneka wochepetsetsa kwambiri, ngakhale wosawoneka bwino. Thupi limakhala lokwera komanso lopapatiza, mutu ndi wocheperako, tinyanga taafupi. Kukula kwa chiwombankhanga cha kachilombo ndi kakang'ono - pafupifupi 1 mpaka 2 sentimita. Mtundu wakuda ndi wodera, wamtundu wakuda kapena wakuda.

Mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka yatchulapo kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Zoyimitsa moto zazimuna pakuwoneka ngati mphemvu, zimatha kuuluka, koma sizowala.

Yaikazi imawoneka yofanana kwambiri ndi mphutsi kapena nyongolotsi, ilibe mapiko, chifukwa chake imakhala moyo wongokhala. Koma wamkazi amadziwa kuunikira, komwe kumakopa oimira akazi kapena amuna.

Chifukwa chiyani kukuwala

Zoyala zowoneka bwino pamtambo wa chinsombacho zili kumbuyo kwa m'mimba. Ndi kudzikundikira kwa maselo owala - ma Photocytes omwe ma tracheas angapo ndi mitsempha imadutsa.

Selo lililonse limakhala ndi luciferin. Pakupuma kudzera mu trachea, mpweya umalowa m'chiwalo chowala, mothandizidwa ndi komwe luciferin imatulutsa, imatulutsa mphamvu ngati kuwala.

Chifukwa chakuti malekezero a mitsempha amatha kudutsa ma cell a kuwala, kambuku wautchire amatha kuwongolera pawokha komanso momwe kuwala kumawala. Imatha kukhala chowala mosalekeza, chonyezimira, chiphuphu kapena kung'anima. Chifukwa chake, nsikidzi zikuwala mumdima zimafanana ndi krisimasi.

Utali wamoyo

Tizilomboti tikuikira mazira pabedi lamasamba. Pakapita kanthawi, mphutsi zakuda zachikuda zimatuluka m'mazira. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kudya kwambiri, kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo tomwe timayamwa timayatsidwa ngati tasokonezedwa.

Kachilomboka kachikena nthawi yozizira. Mu nthawi yamasika, amachoka pogona, amadya kwambiri, kenako amasaka. Pakatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu, ndizimphamvu zoyimitsa moto zimatuluka kuchokera ku coco.

• Tizilomboti tikuwala kwambiri.
• Kutalika kwake, kumafika masentimita 4 - 5, osati pamimba pokha, komanso chifuwa chimawalako.
• Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kowala, bugyi ndiwoposa maulendo 150 kuposa mnzake waku Europe - chimphepo wamba.
• Zoyimitsa moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu okhala m'midzi yotentha monga zopepuka. Anawaika m'maselo ang'onoang'ono ndipo mothandizidwa ndi magetsi oyatsira amenewo amayatsa nyumba zawo.

• Chikondwerero cha Firefly chimachitika chaka chilichonse kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe ku Japan. Madzulo, owonerera ali m'mundamo pafupi ndi kawonedwe kaulemelero wokongola wopatsa mimbulu yambiri yowala.
• Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ku Europe ndi gulugufe wamoto wamba, yemwe amatchedwa Ivanovo nyongolotsi. Adalandira dzinali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kachilombo ka firefly kamayamba kuwalira usiku wa Ivan Kupala.

M'chilimwe dzuwa litalowa, mutha kuwona zozizwitsa: Usiku, nyali zazing'ono zimanyezimira ngati nyenyezi. Ndipo tizilombo tosadziwikiratu - kuwala kwa moto. Tiloleni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane za nsikidzi za moto zomwe zimatha kuwalitsa ndikuwoneka ngati nyenyezi.

Khalidwe la Chikumbu Cha Chingwe

M'dera lathu, chofala kwambiri ndi Ivan nyongolotsi. Uwu ndi mtundu wamtambo wamoto womwe umakhala kunkhalango ndipo ukhoza kuwonekera usiku wachilimwe.

Masana, tizilombo nthawi zambiri amabisala m'nkhokwe za udzu. Chachikazi chimakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni komanso mikwingwirima itatu pamimba. Satha kuuluka ndikufanana ndi mphutsi mpaka 18 sentimita kutalika kunja. Izi nsikidzi pangani mawonekedwe odabwitsa Kuwala kwake usiku, ngati nyenyezi zikugwa kuchokera kumwamba.

Chiwonetsero chosawerengeka ichi chikutsutsana. Zoyimitsa moto zina zimawala kwambiri kuposa ena ndipo chifukwa cha izi, kuyang'ana pa iwo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Zimawuluka kudutsa ndi mitengo ndi, ndikuwuluka msanga, ndikufanizira.

Amuna, thupi lili ngati ndudu, pafupifupi 1.5 sentimita. Amakhala ndi mutu komanso maso akulu. Mosiyana ndi atsikana anzawo, ndi maluwa owoneka bwino.

Zambiri zodziwika za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ozimitsa moto pamiyoyo ya anthu. Zolemba zakale zimanena kuti omwe adasamukira ku Brazil adasamukira ogwiritsa ntchito zoyatsira moto ngati kuyatsa m'nyumba zawo. Amwenye osaka nyama amaika kachilomboka kumapazi awo motero amawunikira njira, komanso kuwayang'anira njoka. Izi mawonekedwe a nsikidzi amafananadi ndi nyali ya fluorescent, koma mosiyana ndi nyali, chiwombankhanga siziwotha pamene yayatsidwa.

Kubelekera, ana ndi kutalika kwa kachilomboka

Monga tanenera kale, ntchentche zamoto zimakopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo kuti ayang'anire kuwala kwawo. Nyengo yamphongo ikadzayamba kachilomboka, imapita kukafunafuna wokwatirana naye ndipo ndi nthawi iyi pomwe amazindikira wosankhidwa wake ndi mthunzi wa kuwala. Kuwala kwambiri, kumakhala kotchuka kwambiri kwamphongo ndipo chidwi chachikulu chimaperekedwa kwa akazi.

Mitundu ina ya ziphona zamoto nthawi yakukhwima imapanga zisudzo zenizeni zomwe magulu onse a kachilomboka amatenga nawo mbali. Zikuwoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa kuwala kwa usiku kwa mzinda waukulu.

Mtsikanayo akapatsa mwamunayo chizindikiro kuti wamusankha, amatsikira kwa iye ndipo amalankhula kwa mphindi zochepa, akuwala ndi magetsi, kenako umuna ukachitika. Pambuyo pakubereka, wamkazi amayikira mazira omwe amakaswa kachilomboka . Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kapena zachikaso. Pali malo ndi mphutsi zamadzi.

Ndiwotchuke wodabwitsa, mphutsi zazambiri idyani ma invertebrates ang'ono komanso maula. Amatha kuwala ngati nsikidzi zachikulire. Popeza adadya nthawi yachilimwe, nthawi yozizira amabisala mumitengo ndikukhalako nthawi yachisanu.

Kumayambiriro koyambira, mphutsi zimadzuka ndipo zimadyanso zochuluka. Izi zimachitika kwa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kapena kupitirira, zitachitika. mphutsi , womwe umatenga masiku 7 mpaka 18.

Zotsatira zake, kachilombokaakula, komwe, monga zina zonse, kudzawalira usiku wamdima wachilimwe ndikuwala kwake. Akuluakulu sakhala nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi miyezi itatu kapena inayi.

Zodziwika bwino

Banjali limaphatikizapo kafadala wausiku. Mutu wake ndi waung'ono, ndi maso akulu. Antennae 11 wokhala ndi magawo awiri, lalifupi kapena lochepa, womata pamphumi, mawonekedwe awo amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku filiform kupita ku sawtooth ndi chisa. Mlomo wapamwamba umapangidwa. Chingwe cha thupi la kachilomboka chimakhala chofewa kapena chochepa. Thupi lakumwambalo limasunthidwa, gawo lachiwonetsero kapena limabisa mutu kwathunthu. Elytra anapyozedwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthiti. Coxae wapakati wasunthika, wokhudza. Mapiko okhala ndi cell cell. Beetles nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zowonjezera pakamwa ndipo samadyetsa. Kugonana kwa dimorphism nthawi zambiri kumadziwika kuti kumakhala kofunikira ndipo kumadziwonetsera pakumachepetsa kwa elytra ndi mapiko mu akazi, chifukwa chomwe icho chimafanana kwambiri ndi mphutsi.

Mphutsi za Campodeoid, zowongoka, zopendekera pang'ono panjira ya dorsoventral, zambiri zakuda. Prothorax ndi yayikulu kuposa mesothorax ndi mesothorax. Mutu ndiye gawo lalikulu lokokeramo. Pali chizolowezi chopanga mapangidwe ofunikira amtundu wa tergites: mphutsi za oimira genera Lampyris ndi Luciola mbali za tergites zam'mimba zigawo zimakhala zina mbali yakumaso ndi kumbuyo. Mutu wa mphutsi ndiwung'ono kwambiri, wamtunda, mumphaka wamtundu Lampyris pafupifupi lalikulu. Mutu umakulitsidwa bwino. Mlomo wapamwamba palibe. Crescent yooneka ngati ma bango okhala ndi ngalande yamkati, yolimba kwambiri. Maso ovuta akusowa. M'mphepete mwa mutu pali maso akulu owala. Antennae ndi magawo atatu. Gawo lachitatu ndi laling'ono kwambiri, lomwe limakhala papulatifomu papamwamba la gawo lachiwiri pafupi ndi zogwirizira, monga oyimira a banja la matupi ofewa.

Mphutsi ndi malo kapena madzi. Mphutsi za m'madzi zokhala ndi mabowo am'mimba, omwe agawidwa m'magulu awiri.Mphutsi zimadyanso tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, touluka, touluka tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tambiri, totola touluka, timabisala tomwe timabisala.

Mfundo zachikhalidwe zoyankhulirana

Kuwala kwa ozimitsa moto kumagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhulana pakati pa anthu. Oyimira banja lino amasiyanitsa pafupifupi ma sign omwe akukhudzana ndi kugonana, mauthenga oteteza komanso malo: ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito zikalata zosakira zazimuna, chizindikiro cha "kuvomereza", "kukana" ndi "zolemba pambuyo pake" zazimayi, komanso chizindikiro chankhanza. komanso kuyerekezera mopepuka. Komabe, si mitundu yonse yomwe ili ndi mitundu yonseyi yazizindikiro zomwe tafotokozazi. Mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, Lampyris noctilucaAmatha kutumiza ma sigineti oyimbira, komanso mwa oimira mabanja ambiri Photinus ndi Photuris palibe kusiyana pakati pa kukonzekera ndi chizindikiro chofufuza mwa amuna. Komanso, mwa akazi a mtundu Photuris chodabwitsa cha kuyerekezera kopepuka kumawonedwa, pomwe akazi amatulutsa mawonekedwe amitundu yamitundu Photinus. Amuna Photinuskukopeka ndi chizindikirochi kumakhala mwayi kwa zilombo zazimuna zamtunduwu Photuris .

Pakulankhulana kopepuka, ozimitsa moto amasiyanitsa njira ziwiri zoyankhulirana. Mu mtundu woyamba wa machitidwe, anthu omwe ali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (makamaka omwe ndi osawuluka) amatulutsa zisonyezo zakulumikizana zomwe zimakopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi ndipo potero amakwaniritsa ntchito ya "beacon". Njira yamtunduwu imadziwika ndi ma fireflies a kubala mwana. Lampyris, Phengode, Diplocadon, Dioptoma, Pyrophorous ndi ena ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa kuwala kwazizindikiro kwa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzanu ndikusankha.

Mu dongosolo la mtundu wachiwiri, anthu owuluka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (makamaka amuna) amatulutsa mitundu yazowoneka mwapadera, poyankha komwe amuna kapena akazi anzawo amapereka mayankho amtundu kapena amagulu. Njira yofananira yolumikizirana imapezeka m'mitundu yambiri yamoto zamoto, makamaka m'mabanja apansi Lampyrinae ndi Photurinaeamakhala ku America.

Palinso mitundu yomwe ili ndi mitundu yapakati yolumikizirana. Chingwe Phausis reticulata Amuna ndi akazi onse amatulutsa kuwala kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zikaopsa, zazikazi zimatha kuyimitsa. Pa mitundu Dioptoma adamsi zazikazi zopanda ndege zimakopa maimidwe osayimitsa a amuna omwe ali ndi kunyezimira kwakutali. Komabe, amuna amtunduwu, akagonana, amatulutsa kuwala kwauwisi. Mitundu ina yolumikizidwa ya mtundu Pteroptix pali mitundu yonse yolumikizirana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nsikidzi pansi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kugawika kwa magulu ambiri aanthu kuti awatenge m'magulu, mkati momwe amasinthanirana zachiyanjano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Khalidwe lofananalo limawonedwa mu mitundu. Luciola discicollis ndi Luciola obsolenta .

Ziwalo zowala

Ziwalo zowala kwambiri za ma fireflies (nyali) zimayimiriridwa ndi chiwalo chimodzi chachikulu pakukula kwam'mimba, kapena ziwalo zazing'ono zambiri, zomwe zimagawika thupi lonse. Maonekedwe, malo ndi kuchuluka kwa ziwalo zamagetsi zamtundu wamoto osiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, oyimira mamembala Ma Phengode, Diplocladon, Harmatelia ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya malo otentha, ziwalo zazing'ono zowunikira zimapezeka kumbali yakumanzere ya mbali iliyonse yamimba. Mitundu yaku Europe, yaku Africa, yaku America, Asia ndi Kummawa yamtundu wamoto zimakhala ndi gawo limodzi lalikulu lounikira lomwe lili mbali ya kumbuyo kwa ziwalo ziwiri zam'mimba.

Mphutsi zamitundu yambiri yaphatikizanso mbali zina zing'onozing'ono zounikira.

Morphological ndi mbiri yakale

Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mawonekedwe a morphological a ziwalo zowunikira zimasiyanitsidwa. Mitundu itatu yoyambirira ya kapangidwe kazinthu zowala imadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa omwe amatchedwa maselo ofikira. Amakhala achindunji a minofu ya zithunzi ndipo sapezeka mu ziwalo zina.

• Mtundu woyamba. Pali ziwalo za chimphona zokha. Ma Phengod, kuunikira kwake komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi maselo akuluakulu, ofanana ndi morphology ndi thupi lamafuta enocyte. Ma cellgenic sagwirizana ndi trachea. Kumbali ya ventral, nyaliyo imakutidwa ndi cuticle yowonekera, kumbuyo kwake pali zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu zopangidwa ndi maselo a photogenic.
• Mtundu wachiwiri. Kupezeka ndi zozimitsa moto zamtunduwu Phrixotrix ndi zazikazi Lamprohisa splendidula ndi mphutsi Phausis delarouseei . Ziwalo zopepuka zamtunduwu ndizochepa, zozungulira komanso zimatsatira mawonekedwe owonekera. Unyinji wophatikizika wa minofu ya m'maganizo umalowetsedwa ndi ma tracheols enaake, omwe amakhala ngati mizu.
• Mtundu wachitatu zofanana mu mawonekedwe amtundu wachiwiri ndipo zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa masanjidwe apadera a ma cellar a cellar omwe sangathe kuyimitsa pawokha, komabe, cytoplasm yomwe imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamakristali a urea. Amawonetsedwa kwambiri. Minofu iyi imatchedwa "Reflex wosanjikiza". Ma Tracheoles amadutsa izi ndi nthambi mkati mwa "chithunzigenic wosanjikiza". Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wofanana ndi mphutsi zamitundu yambiri yamoto yamoto ndi akuluakulu ena.
• Mtundu wachinayi yodziwika ndi nthambi ya trachea m'malire a zithunzi za "chithunzigenic" ndi "Reflex". Ma cell terminal amapezeka kumapeto kwa nthambi zotumphuka za trachea, ndikupanga njira mu dorsoventral malangizo. Izi zimadziwika mu mitundu ina. Photuris (Photuris pennsylvanica, Photuris jamaisensis).
• Mtundu wachisanu zofotokozedwa mwa mitundu ina yomwe imakhala ku Japan (Luciola parva, Luciola vitticollis), South-East Asia (Pyrocoelia rufa, Luciola cruciata) ndi Africa (Luciola africana) Kapangidwe kake ndi kupezeka kwa nthambi ya "trachea" mu "chithunzigenic wosanjikiza" ndi mawonekedwe oyang'ana mozungulira a machitidwe a maselo omaliza.
• Mtundu wachisanu ndi chimodzi ndiwofala kwambiri komanso wopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Imapezeka ku genera la ku America komwe Photinus ndi Photuris , Luciola parvula , Luciola lusitanica ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Nyali zamtunduwu zimadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi malo kumbali yamkati mwa 6 ndi 7 sternites yam'mimba mwa abambo ndi 6 sternitis mwa akazi.

Njira zomwe zimayambitsa kuwala

Mankhwala angapo akuphatikizidwa kuti achite. Mmodzi wa iwo amalimbana ndi kutentha ndipo amapezeka pang'ono - luciferin. Chinthu chinanso ndi ma enzyme luciferase. Komanso adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) amafunikiranso pakuwala. Luciferase ndi puloteni wolemera m'magulu a sulfhydryl.

Kuwala kumapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni a luciferin. Popanda luciferase, kuchuluka kwa pakati pa luciferin ndi okosijeni kumakhala kotsika kwambiri; ATP imafunika ngati cofactor.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo cha lunguzi wamoto zizichitika magawo awiri:

1. luciferin + ATP → luciferyl adenylate + PP_i
2. luciferyladenylate + O₂ → oxyluciferin + AMP + kuwala.

Kuwala kumachitika pamene oxyluciferin amasintha kuchoka pamalo osangalatsidwa mpaka pansi. Nthawi yomweyo, oxyluciferin imagwirizanitsidwa ndi molekyulu ya enzyme ndipo, kutengera mphamvu ya hydenthogicin ya okosijeni osangalatsa, kuunika komwe kumachoka kumasiyana mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamoto wamoto kuchokera ku chikasu chobiriwira (chokhala ndi hydrophobic microen mazingira) mpaka kufiyira (ndi hydrophobic yaying'ono). Chowonadi ndichakuti ndi polar microenvelo yambiri, gawo lamphamvu limatha. Ma Luciferases ochokera kuma fireflies osiyanasiyana amatulutsa bioluminescence ndi maxima kuchokera pa 548 mpaka 620 nm. Mwambiri, mphamvu zamagetsi pazomwe zimachitikazo zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri: pafupifupi mphamvu zonse zomwe zimachitika zimasinthidwa kukhala kuwala popanda magetsi.

Tizilomboti tonse timakhala ndi luciferin. Ma Lusifara, mosiyana, ndi osiyana mitundu. Zotsatira zake kuti kusintha kwa utoto kumatengera kutengera kwa ma enzyme. Monga momwe kafukufuku wasonyezera, kutentha ndi pH ya sing'anga kumakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa kuwala. Pa microscopic level, luminescence imangokhala ndi cytoplasm ya maselo, pomwe ma nyukiliya amakhala amdima. Kuwala kumapangidwa ndi zida za Photogenic zomwe zili mu cytoplasm. Mukafufuza magawo atsopano a maselo a photosgenic mumayendedwe a ultraviolet, zopangirazi zimatha kupezeka ndi malo awo ena, fluorescence, zomwe zimatengera kupezeka kwa luciferin.

Zambiri zomwe zimabweretsa izi ndizokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zakale za luminescence, zomwe zikuyandikira umodzi. Mwanjira ina, mu molekyulu iliyonse ya luciferin yomwe ikutenga nawo mbali pazomwe zimachitika, muyeso umodzi umayatsidwa.

Magawo a kuwala

Makhalidwe akuthupi opangidwa ndi chikumbu amaphunziridwa mosamala m'mitundu yambiri. Izi nthawi zonse zimakhala zowala za monochromatic, zopanda polar. Sichikuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu uliwonse umatulutsa kuwala kwa mtundu umodzi, wofotokozedwa bwino, koma kafadala amadziwika kuti kuwala kwa amuna ndi akazi kuli ndi mtundu wosiyana.

Ndichizolowezi kusiyanitsa mitundu inayi yayikulu yazizindikiro zakuwala zomwe zimadziwika ndi oyimira ena am'banja lamoto wamoto:

• Kuwala kopitilira. Bioluminescence yosalamulika, yokhala ndi mazira pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamoto yamoto. Zizindikiro zamtunduwu zimadziwikanso kwa achikulire a kachilomboka. Ma Phengod. Kuwala kwamtunduwu, zinthu zachilengedwe komanso momwe mkati mwathupi sizikhudzira kuwwala.
• Kuwala kopitilira muyeso. Ndi mtundu uwu wa luminescence, kafadala amatulutsa kuwala kwa nthawi yayitali, mawonekedwe owala omwe amatha kusintha kuchoka pakuwunika kwathunthu mpaka kuwala kwakukulu, kutengera zochitika zachilengedwe, masinthidwe a circadian, komanso momwe mkati mwazilombo zimakhalira. Kuwala kwamtundu wamtunduwu ndizofanana ndi mphutsi zamitundu yambiri komanso achikulire ochokera ku genera. Phryxotrix, Diplocladon, Lampyris, Lamprohisa, Dioptoma, Phausis ndi ena.
• Ripple. Chizindikiro cha mtunduwu chimayimiriridwa ndi kuwala kwakanthawi komwe kumayatsidwa ndi ziphokoso zamoto nthawi zonse. Zizindikiro zamtunduwu zimapezekanso polumikizitsa mitundu yotentha ya genera. Pteroptix ndi Luciola .
• Kufalikira. Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wama siginecha owoneka kwambiri ku Europe, America (Photinus, Photuris), Aku Asia, ozimitsa moto aku Africa - mtundu Luciola, Robopus, Pleotomus ndi ena: Mosiyana ndi mtundu wapitawu, kusinthasintha kwa ma inter-flash kumakhudzidwa kwambiri osati kokha ndi nyimbo za circadian zomwe "zimayang'ana" kapena "kuzimitsa" chizindikiro chowunikira, komanso zinthu zina zakunja ndi zamkati zomwe zikuyambitsa kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali yopumira. , kuyankha mochedwa komanso magawo ena a chizindikiro.

Mitundu yambiri ya ziphokoso zamoto imayendetsa bwino momwe kuwala kumawonekera bwino kotero kuti amatha kuchepetsa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuwala kapena kupangitsa kupepuka kwapakati. Zoyimitsa moto zamayiko otentha ndizodabwitsa chifukwa anthu awo, akasonkhana palimodzi, amalira ndi kutuluka nthawi yomweyo.

Kuwala kwa nyali za ziphaniphani kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Ngati mu nyali ya incandescent ndi 5% yamphamvu yokha yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala kuwala kowoneka (inayo ikung'ambika ngati mawonekedwe a kutentha), ndiye kuti kuchokera pamoto kuchokera pa 87 mpaka 98% ya mphamvuyo imadutsira mu kuwala.

Gulu

Mu 2019, mabanja okwera kwambiri adasinthidwanso ndipo adaganiziridwa: kukweza udindo wa fuko la Lamprohizini Kazantsev kufikira mulingo wa Lamprohizinae Kazantsev subfamily, 2010, kuphatikizapo mtundu Phausismtundu Memoan ndi Maimuna kusamutsa subfamily Amydetinae, mtundu Scissicauda adasamutsidwira ku subfamily Lampyrinae, mawonekedwe a genera angapo samadziwika bwino ndipo amatchedwa incertae sedis (Pollaclasis, Vestini, Vesta, Zododometsa, Dryptelytra, Ledocas), Photoctus McDermott, ndi Araucariocladus Silveira & Mermudes amasamutsidwira ku Lampyridae).

Incertae Sedis ("taxon osatsimikizika"):

Khalidwe la Chikumbu Cha Chingwe

M'dera lathu, chofala kwambiri ndi Ivan nyongolotsi. Uwu ndi mtundu wamtambo wamoto womwe umakhala kunkhalango ndipo ukhoza kuwonekera usiku wachilimwe.

Masana, tizilombo nthawi zambiri amabisala m'nkhokwe za udzu. Chachikazi chimakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni komanso mikwingwirima itatu pamimba. Satha kuuluka ndikufanana ndi mphutsi mpaka 18 sentimita kutalika kunja. Izi nsikidzi pangani mawonekedwe odabwitsa Kuwala kwake usiku, ngati nyenyezi zikugwa kuchokera kumwamba.

Chiwonetsero chosawerengeka ichi chikutsutsana. Zoyimitsa moto zina zimawala kwambiri kuposa ena ndipo chifukwa cha izi, kuyang'ana pa iwo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Zimawuluka kudutsa ndi mitengo ndi, ndikuwuluka msanga, ndikufanizira.

Amuna, thupi lili ngati ndudu, pafupifupi 1.5 sentimita. Amakhala ndi mutu komanso maso akulu. Mosiyana ndi atsikana anzawo, ndi maluwa owoneka bwino.

Zambiri zodziwika za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ozimitsa moto pamiyoyo ya anthu. Zolemba zakale zimanena kuti omwe adasamukira ku Brazil adasamukira ogwiritsa ntchito zoyatsira moto ngati kuyatsa m'nyumba zawo. Amwenye osaka nyama amaika kachilomboka kumapazi awo motero amawunikira njira, komanso kuwayang'anira njoka. Izi mawonekedwe a nsikidzi amafananadi ndi nyali ya fluorescent, koma mosiyana ndi nyali, chiwombankhanga siziwotha pamene yayatsidwa.

Firefly - kufotokozera ndi chithunzi. Kodi chimawoneka bwanji?

Zoyimitsa moto ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri tating'onoting'ono kuyambira 4 mm mpaka 3 cm. Ambiri aiwo amakhala ndi thupi lotalika lokwera yokutidwa ndi tsitsi, komanso mawonekedwe a kafadala aliyense, momwe amapezekera:

• Mapiko anayi, awiri apamwamba omwe adasandulika kukhala elytra, okhala ndi punctures komanso nthawi zina nthiti.

• mutu woyenda, wokongoletsedwa ndi maso akulu owoneka ndi maso, wokutidwa kwathunthu ndi chidutswa,

• filatera, wokhazikika kapena tinyanga taeta, wokhala ndi zigawo 11,

• zida zonyansa pakamwa (nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa mu mphutsi ndi zazikazi, mwa amuna akuluakulu zimachepa).

Amphongo amitundu yambiri, ofanana ndi kafadala wamba, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi achikazi, ofanana ndi mphutsi kapena mphutsi zazing'ono ndi miyendo. Oimira oterowo amakhala ndi thupi lofiirira lakumaso lokhala ndi timiyendo titatu tating'ono, maso akuluakulu osavuta, opanda mapiko kapena elytra konse. Mwakutero, sakudziwa kuuluka. Ana awo aang'ono ndi ang'ono, ali ndi zigawo zitatu, ndipo mutu wosavuta kusiyanika ubisika kuseri kwa chitseko cha khosi. Mwana akakhala wocheperako, amakula kwambiri.

Wamkazi Wanthanthi Wamkazi

Firefly Lamprophorus cf. Tenebrosus

Zoyimitsa moto sizikhala ndi utoto wowala: nthumwi za mtundu wa bulauni zimakumana pafupipafupi, koma zofunda zake zingakhale ndi matayidwe akuda ndi a bulauni. Tizilomboti tili ndi mawonekedwe opepuka komanso osinthika, amtundu wa scerotized. Mosiyana ndi kachikumbu kena, ma elytra amoto ndiowala kwambiri, chifukwa chake tizilomboto kale amatchedwa matupi ofewa (lat. Cantharidae), koma kenako nkukhala banja logawanika.

Kodi chifukwa chiyani ziphokoso za moto zikuwala?

Anthu ambiri am'banja lamphaka wamoto amadziwika kuti amatha kutulutsa kuwala kwa phosphorescent, komwe kumaonekera kwambiri mumdima. Mwa mitundu ina, amuna okha ndi omwe amatha kuwala, mwa ena - akazi okha, mwa ena - onse awiri (mwachitsanzo, ozimitsa moto aku Italy). Amuna amatulutsa kuwala kowonekera bwino pakuuluka. Zachikazi sizigwira ntchito ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawala kwambiri panthaka. Palinso zozimitsa moto zomwe zilibe mphamvu iliyonse, ndipo mitundu yambiri kuwala kumachokera ngakhale ndi mphutsi ndi mazira.

Mwa njira, nyama zochepa zapamtunda zambiri zimakhala ndi chodabwitsa cha bioluminescence (mankhwala luminescence). Mphutsi za udzudzu wa bowa wokhoza kuchita izi, michira ya mwendo (collembole), ntchentche zamoto, akangaude oyimira mahatchi ndi oyimira kafadala, mwachitsanzo, monga mincrackers olimbana ndi moto (pyrophorous) ochokera ku West Indies, amadziwika. Koma ngati muwerenge okhala m'madzi, ndiye kuti pali mitundu 800 ya nyama zowala Padziko lapansi.

Ziwalo zomwe zimaloleza kuyimitsa moto kuti zizimitsa kuwala ndi ma cellgenic cell (nyali), zolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi mitsempha ndi ma tracheas (ma ducts amlengalenga). Kunja, nyali zimawoneka ngati mawanga achikasu pambali yam'mimba, yokutidwa ndi filimu yowoneka bwino (cuticle). Zitha kupezeka pamagulu omaliza am'mimba kapena wogawika palimodzi pa thupi la tizilombo.Pansi pa maselowa pali ena, odzazidwa ndi makhwala a uric acid komanso amatha kuwalitsa. Pamodzi, maselowa amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati pali vuto la mitsempha kuchokera ku ubongo wa tizilombo. Oksijeni trachea amalowa mu cellgenic cell ndipo mothandizidwa ndi enzyme luciferase, yomwe imathandizira zimachitika, amadzaza mawonekedwe a luciferin (kuwala kopatsa kwachilengedwe pigment) ndi ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Chifukwa cha izi, chiwombankhanga chimawala, kutulutsa kuwala kwa buluu, chikasu, kufiyira kapena kubiriwira. Amuna ndi akazi amtundu womwewo nthawi zambiri amatulutsa kunyezimira kwamtundu wofanana, koma pali zosiyana. Utoto wake umatengera kutentha ndi acidity (pH) wa chilengedwe, komanso kapangidwe ka luciferase.

Mimbulu imayang'anira kuyatsa, imatha kuilimbitsa kapena kuipangitsa kuti ikhale yocheperako kapena yopitilira. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi mitundu yakeyake payekhapayekha ya ma radiation a phosphoric. Kutengera cholinga, kuwala kwa chikumbu cha ziphaniphani kumatha kutulutsa, kunyezimira, kukhazikika, kuzimiririka, kuwala kapena kuzimiririka. Yaikazi yamtundu uliwonse imangogwira ma chizindikiro amphongo okha ndi kupindika kwakatundu, kutanthauza mawonekedwe ake. Pokhala ndi phokoso lapadera lotulutsa kuwala, kafadala samangokopa okondera, komanso amawopa owopsa omwe amateteza madera awo. Kusiyanitsa:

• Sakani ndi kuyimbira amuna amuna,
• Zizindikiro zovomerezeka, kukana komanso kusintha kwa zikalata zazimayi,
• Zizindikiro zosonyeza kukwiya, kuchita ziwonetsero ngakhale kutengera kochepera.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti ozimitsa moto amawononga pafupifupi 98% ya mphamvu zawo pazimitsa kuwala, pomwe babu wamba wamba (nyali ya incandescent) amasintha mphamvu 4% yokha kukhala kuwala, mphamvu zotsalazo zimasungunuka ngati mawonekedwe a kutentha.

Zoyimitsa moto, zomwe zimatsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zambiri safuna luso lotulutsa, chifukwa sizichokera kwa iwo. Koma omwe akuyimira masana omwe amakhala m'mapanga kapena m'makona amdima amapezekanso "magetsi" awo. Mazira amitundu yamafiyilo amitundu yonse poyamba amatulutsa kuwala, koma posakhalitsa amazimirira. Masanawa, kuwala kwa chiwombankhanga kumatha kuwonekera ngati mutaphimba kachilombo ndi manja awiri kapena kusunthira kumalo amdima.

Mwa njira, ozimitsa moto amaperekanso zizindikilo pogwiritsa ntchito komwe akuwuluka. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi za mtundu umodzi zikuuluka molunjika, nthumwi za mtundu wina zimauluka mzere wosweka.

Firefly Lamprohiza splendidula

Mitundu yazizindikiro zowala za zowombera moto.

Zizindikiro zonse zopepuka za fireflies V.F. Buck wogawika m'mitundu inayi:

• Kuwala kopitilira

Umu ndi momwe kafadala wamkulu wamtundu wa Phengode amawalira, ndi mazira a zowononga zonse, kupatula. Kutentha konsekomwe kapena kuwunikira sikukhudza kuwala kwa mauni amtunduwu wosalamulawu.

• Kuwala kopitilira muyeso

Kutengera ndi momwe zachilengedwe zimakhalira komanso momwe zilili mkati mwa tizilombo, izi zitha kukhala zopanda mphamvu kapena zowala. Itha kuzimiririka kwakanthawi. Kotero mphutsi zambiri zimawala.

Kuwala kwamtunduwu, komwe nthawi zopumira komanso kusowa kwa kuwala kumabwerezedwanso pafupipafupi, ndi mtundu wa genera wotentha Luciola ndi Pteroptix.

Palibe kudalira kwakanthawi pakati pamagetsi ndi kupezeka kwawo ndi mtundu uwu. Mtundu wamtunduwu wa chizimba ndi chizimba cha ozimitsa moto ambiri, makamaka m'malo otentha. Munthawi imeneyi, kuthekera kwa tizilombo kutulutsa kuwala kumadalira kwambiri chilengedwe.

HA. Lloyd adanenanso mtundu wachisanu:

Chizindikiro cha mtundu uwu chimayimira kuwunika kwakanthawi (pafupipafupi kuyambira pa 5 mpaka 30 Hz), kuwonekera mwachindunji. Imapezeka m'mabanja onse ocheperako, ndipo kupezeka kwake sikudalira malo ndi malo.

Makina Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zaufulu.

Mu lampirid, mitundu iwiri ya njira zoyankhulirana ndizosiyanitsidwa.

1. Mu kachitidwe koyamba, munthu yemwe ndi wamkazi kapena wamwamuna (yemwe nthawi zambiri ndi wamkazi) amatulutsa mawu osonyeza kukopa komanso kukopa woyimira wamkazi, pomwe kukhalapo kwa ziwalo zawo zomwe sikofunikira. Kuyankhulana kwamtunduwu ndizofanana ndi ma fireflies amtundu wa Phengodera, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
2. Mu dongosolo la mtundu wachiwiri, amuna kapena akazi omwe (omwe nthawi zambiri amauluka) amatulutsa mawu opembedzera, omwe akazi othawa amatha kupereka mayankho ogonana ndi mitundu. Njira yolankhulirana iyi imadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri kuchokera ku mabanja achichepere a Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) ndi Photurinae, wokhala ku America.

Kugawikaku sikuli kokwanira, chifukwa pali mitundu yokhala ndi njira yapakati yolumikizirana komanso njira yotsogola yopitilira patsogolo ya luminescence (mitundu ya ku Europe Luciola italica ndi Luciola mingrelica).

Zoyatsira moto zimayaka mosiyanasiyana.

M'malo otentha, mitundu yambiri ya nsikidzi yochokera ku banja la Lampyridae imawoneka ngati kuwala limodzi. Amayatsa "nyali" zawo nthawi yomweyo ndikuzimitsa. Asayansi amati izi ndizowombera kwamoto. Njira yotchingira makina owombera moto sizinaphunziridwebe, ndipo pali mitundu ingapo yokhudza momwe tizilombo timayendera nthawi imodzi. Malinga ndi m'modzi mwa iwo, pali mtsogoleri m'gulu la kachilomboka kamtundu womwewo, ndipo amatitsogolera ngati "kwayala" iyi. Ndipo popeza nthumwi zonse zimadziwa pafupipafupi (nthawi yopumira ndi nthawi yowala), amakwanitsa kuchita izi mwamtendere. Amasinthasintha mozungulira, makamaka amuna aamuna ochita kuponderezana. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza onse amakonda kutengera momwe masanjidwe amtundu wamoto amalumikizirana ndi chikhalidwe cha kugonana kwa tizilombo. Mwa kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza mnzake wokwatirana naye. Asayansi adawonanso kuti kuphatikiza kwa kuwala kwa tizilombo kumatha kusokonezedwa ndikupachika nyali pafupi nawo. Koma pakutha kwa ntchito yake, njirayi imayambiranso.

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa izi kudachitika 1680 - uku ndikulongosola kopangidwa ndi E. Kempfer atapita ku Bangkok. Pambuyo pake, zonena zambiri zidanenedwa pakuwona izi ku Texas (USA), Japan, Thailand, Malaysia ndi zigawo zamapiri ku New Guinea. Makamaka mitundu yambiri yamoto wamoto imakhala ku Malaysia: kumeneko, izi zimatchedwa ndi "kelip-kelip". Ku United States, ku Elkomont National Park (Great Smoky Mountain), alendo amabwera kudzaona mitundu ya Photinus carolinus.

Kodi zozimitsa moto zimakhala kuti?

Zoyimitsa moto ndizofala kwambiri, zoteteza kutentha zomwe zimakhala kumadera onse padziko lapansi:

• ku America
• ku Africa,
• ku Australia ndi New Zealand,
• ku Europe (kuphatikiza UK),
• ku Asia (Malaysia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia ndi Philippines).

Zoyimitsa moto zambiri zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Nyengo. Ambiri aiwo amakhala kumayiko otentha, ndiye kuti, kumadera otentha ndi kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa dziko lathuli. Mitundu ina imapezeka m'malo otentha. Ku Russia, mitundu 20 ya ziphokoso zamoto zimakhala, zomwe zimapezeka kudera lonselo kupatula kumpoto: ku Far East, gawo la ku Europe ndi ku Siberia. Amatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zowuma, m'mapiri, m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Ozimitsa moto sakonda kukhala m'magulu, amakhala achilala, koma nthawi zambiri amapanga masango osakhalitsa. Zoyimitsa moto zambiri ndizinyama zamadzulo, koma pali zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito masana. Masana, tizilombo timapuma pa udzu, kubisala pansi pa khungwa, miyala kapena silika, ndipo usiku omwe amatha kuwuluka amachita bwino komanso mwachangu. M'malo ozizira, nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka padziko lapansi.

Kodi ntchentche zimadya chiyani?

Mphutsi ndi akulu onse nthawi zambiri amadyera, ngakhale kuli zozimitsa moto zomwe zimadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu, komanso mbewu zowola. Tizilombo tina touluka timadyera tizilombo tina, tizilombo ta agulugufe, maula, milili, kachilomboka, ngakhalenso abale awo. Zina zazikazi zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku genur Photuris), mutatha kukhwima, tsanzirani mawonekedwe akuwala kwa amuna amtundu wina kuti awadye ndikupeza michere yakukula kwa ana awo.

Akazi akamakula amadya kwambiri kuposa amuna. Amuna ambiri samadya nkomwe ndipo amwalira atachira kangapo, ngakhale pali umboni wina kuti akulu onse amadya chakudya.

Mphutsi yamoto imakhala ndi burashi yomwe ikhoza kutulutsidwa pamgawo womaliza wamimba. Amafunikira kuti ayeretse ntchofu zomwe zidatsalira pamutu wake waung'ono atatha kudya nkhono ndi ulesi. Mphutsi zonse zamoto zimadya nyama zolusa. Kwenikweni, amadya chipolopolo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mazira awo.

Kubwezeretsanso zozimitsa moto.

Monga zikumbu zonse, zimayaka zimayamba ndi kusinthika kwathunthu. Nthawi yazamoyo izi zimakhala ndi magawo anayi:

1. Dzira (masabata 3-4)
2. Mphutsi, kapena nymph (kuyambira miyezi itatu mpaka zaka 1.5),
3. Pupa (masabata 1-2),
4. Akuluakulu, kapena wamkulu (miyezi 3-4).

Akazi amuna ndi amuna okwatirana pansi kapena pazomera zochepa kwa maola 1-3, pambuyo pake mkaziyo amaikira mazira 100 m'zinthu zadothi, zinyalala, pansi pamasamba kapena m'miyala. Mazira amphaka wamba amoto amaoneka ngati timiyala zachikasu topaka timadzi. Zigoba zawo ndizochepa thupi, ndipo "mutu" mbali ya mazirawo imakhala ndi nyongolosi yomwe imawonekera kudzera mufilimu yowonekera.

Pambuyo pa masabata 3-4, mphutsi za pamtunda kapena zamadzi, zomwe zimadya kwambiri, zimaswa mazira. Thupi la mphutsi ndi lakuda, lathyathyathya pang'ono, lokhala ndi miyendo yayitali. M'mitundu yazam'madzi, ma gorali am'mimba amkati amapangika. M'mphepete mwa mutu muli malo owala 1. Ma mandibles omwe amaperewera kwambiri amawoneka ngati chikwakwa, mkati mwake momwe mumakhala ngalande yoyamwa. Mosiyana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akuluakulu, milomo yapamwamba ya nymphs ilibe.

Mphutsi zimakhazikika panthaka - pansi pa miyala, m'nkhalango, m'nkhola. Nyani za mitundu ina ya ziphaniphani zamoto zimagona nthawi yomweyo, koma zimapulumuka nthawi yozizira ndipo nthawi yopuma imasandulika pupae. Mphutsi zamtchire pamtunda kapena podzimangirira pa khungwa la mtengo, monga mbozi zimachitira. Pambuyo pa masabata 1-2, kafadala amatamba kuchokera pachimbudzi.

Mitundu ya zozimitsa moto, zithunzi ndi mayina.

Ponseponse, akatswiri a zamagetsi alipo pafupifupi mitundu 2000 ya ziphokoso zamoto. Tiye tikambirane za otchuka kwambiri a iwo.

• Firefire wamba (ali chinjoka chachikulu (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Ili ndi mayina a Ivan nyongolotsi kapena Ivan nyongolotsi. Kawonedwe ka kachilomboka kanalumikizidwa ndi tchuthi cha Ivan Kupala, chifukwa nthawi yakukhwima imayamba nyengo yakukula. Kuchokera pamenepo kunachokera dzina lodziwika, lomwe linaperekedwa kwa mkazi wofanana kwambiri ndi nyongolotsi. Chingwe chachikulu chimakhala ngati cholowera. Kukula kwa amuna kumafika 11-15 mm, akazi - 11-18 mm. Tizilombo timene tili ndi thupi looneka bwino komanso zizindikilo zina zonse za banja ndi dongosolo. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi wamtunduwu ndi osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Yaikazi imafanana ndi mphutsi ndipo imakhala moyo wokhalitsa pansi. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kukhala ndi bioluminescence. Koma chachikazi chimatamandidwa koposa, pakucha, imawala. Yaimuna imawuluka bwino, koma imawalira kwambiri, pafupifupi osayang'ana. Mwachidziwikire, ndi wamkazi yemwe amapereka chisonyezo kwa wokondedwa.

• Mvunguzi (lat.Luciola cruciata) - Munthu wamba wokhala m'minda ya mpunga ku Japan. Amakhala mumadzi okhota kapena m'madzi. Imasaka usiku nthawi zambiri, kuphatikiza zithunzithunzi zapakatikati. Panthawi yosaka, imawala kwambiri, imayatsa kuwala kwamtambo.

• Firefly wamba (Fire Photinus) (Latin Photinus pyralis) amakhala ku North America. Amphongo amtundu wa Photinus amangowoneka modutsa ndikuuluka kudzera m'njira yazaka, pomwe akazi amagwiritsa ntchito zowunikira kuti adye amuna amtundu wina. Mwa oimira mtunduwu, asayansi aku America amadzilekanitsa ma enzyme luciferase kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe. Phiri lamoto wamba ndilomwe limapezeka kwambiri ku North America. Ichi ndi kachilomboka kowoneka usiku wokhala ndi thupi lofiirira 11-14 mm kutalika. Chifukwa cha kuwala kowala, kumaonekera bwino panthaka. Zachikazi zamtunduwu ndizofanana ndi nyongolotsi. Mphutsi zamoto zokhala ndi moto zimakhala zaka 1 mpaka 2 ndipo zimabisala m'malo onyowa - pafupi ndi mitsinje, pansi pa khungwa komanso pansi. Amakhala nthawi yachisanu akudzibisa pansi. Tizilombo tonse akuluakulu komanso mphutsi zake ndi nyama zolusa, timadya mphutsi ndi nkhono.

• Pennsylvania Firefly (Lat. Photuris pennsylvanica) amakhala ku Canada ndi USA. Tizilomboti tokalamba timakhala ngati masentimita awiri. Timakhala ndi thupi lakuda, maso ofiira komanso kuwala kwachikasu. Pa zigawo zomaliza za m'mimba mwake ndi maselo a photogenic. Mphutsi zamtunduwu amatchedwa "nyongolotsi yowunikira" chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kwa bioluminescence. Zazikazi zazikulu ngati zamtunduwu zimakhalanso ndi kutengera kuunika; zimatsata zizindikilo za mitundu ya ziphaniphani za moto za Photinus kuti zigwire ndikudya zazimphongo.

• Cyphonocerus ruficollis - mitundu yakale kwambiri komanso yophunzitsidwa bwino. Amakhala ku North America ndi Europe. Ku Russia, kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka ku Primorye, pomwe akazi ndi amuna amawala mokwanira mu Ogasiti. Chikumbuchi chimalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la Russia.

• Phirilo (Red Fire Pyrocelia) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) - mtundu wocheperako komanso wosaphunzira bwino womwe umakhala ku Far East ku Russia. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 15 mm. Amatchedwa chimphepo chamoto-chofiira chifukwa mawonekedwe ake ndi chithunzithunzi chozungulira amakhala ndi utoto wa lalanje. Elytra ya kachilomboka ndi yofiirira, nyerere ndi mawotchi komanso zazing'ono. Gawo lazambiri za tizilombo timatha zaka 2. Mutha kupeza mphutsi mu udzu, pansi pa miyala kapena zinyalala. Amuna achikulire akuwuluka.
• Firefly Fir (lat.Pterotus obscuripennis) - kachilomboka kakang'ono ndi mutu wamalalanje ndi tundu wokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Zachikazi zamtunduwu zimawuluka ndikuwala, pomwe zazimuna zimalephera kutulutsa kuwala ndikusintha kukhala kachilombo wamkulu. Tizilombo ta nthomba timakhala m'nkhalango za North America.

• Nyongolotsi yaku Middle East (nyongolotsi yowala) (lat.Lamprohiza splendidula) -Munthu wokhala pakati pa Europe. Pa chikwangwani cha chikumbu chachimuna pali malo owonekera, ndipo thupi lake lonse limapakidwa utoto. Kutalika kwa kachiromboka kumasintha 10 mpaka 15 mm. Amuna ndi owala kwambiri kuwuluka. Zachikazi ndizowumbidwa ndi nyongolotsi komanso zimatha kuyatsa kuwala kowala. Ziwalo zopangira kuwala zimapezeka ku Central Europe mphutsi osati kumapeto pamimba, komanso gawo lachiwiri la chifuwa. Makina amtunduwu amathanso kunyezimira. Amakhala ndi thupi lakuda lomwe lili ndi madontho achikasu achikaso m'mbali.

Ubwino ndi zopweteketsa za ozimitsa moto.

Zoyimitsa moto ndizopindulitsa. Amawononga magulu apakati a parasitic flatworms - mollusks ndi slugs. Monga ma elfa a nthano, amawunikira bwino malo omwe amakhala. Asayansi amazigwiritsa ntchito kupatula zinthu zomwe zimatha kudziwa kukhalako kwa mapulaneti ena ndikupanga zinthu zatsopano.

Zoyimitsa moto zimakhala ndi adani ochepa, popeza tizirombo timatseketsa poizoni kapena zosasangalatsa pa zinthu zomwe zili m'gulu la lucibufagin ndi obwezeretsawo.

Zosangalatsa

• Tizilomboti tikuwala kwambiri.
• Kutalika kwake, kumafika masentimita 4 - 5, osati pamimba pokha, komanso chifuwa chimawalako.
• Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kowala, bugyi ndiwoposa maulendo 150 kuposa mnzake waku Europe - chimphepo wamba.
• Zoyimitsa moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu okhala m'midzi yotentha monga zopepuka. Anawaika m'maselo ang'onoang'ono ndipo mothandizidwa ndi magetsi oyatsira amenewo amayatsa nyumba zawo.

• Chikondwerero cha Firefly chimachitika chaka chilichonse kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe ku Japan. Madzulo, owonerera ali m'mundamo pafupi ndi kawonedwe kaulemelero wokongola wopatsa mimbulu yambiri yowala.
• Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ku Europe ndi gulugufe wamoto wamba, yemwe amatchedwa Ivanovo nyongolotsi. Adalandira dzinali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kachilombo ka firefly kamayamba kuwalira usiku wa Ivan Kupala.

Ndizosangalatsa

Myrmycins, wamkulu kwambiri wabanja la nyerere.

Kuti muwonjezere zazikulu zanu kapena mulembe lipoti labwino ndi nkhani, tikulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge zolemba pansipa.Tikukhulupirira kuti mutawerenga nkhanizi, muphunzira zambiri mwapadera komanso zothandiza. Tikufunirani chisangalalo chabwino mgulu lathu labwino!

Maliro a Gulugufe (lat.Nymphalis antiopa)

Wokondedwa mlendo! Kuti mudziwe zambiri zanyama zamtchire kapena tizilombo, muyenera kudziwa magulu awo asayansi. Magulu akuluakulu asayansi a nyama ndi awa:

Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muzitsatira ulalo womwe uli pansipa ndikuwonjezera chidziwitso chanu ndi sayansi. Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe!