Dzina lachi Latin: | Parus ater |
Gulu: | Odutsa |
Banja: | Tit |
Kuphatikiza: | Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya ku Europe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Wamng'ono (wocheperako kuposa mpheta), mbalame yaudongo. Gawo laling'ono kwambiri la Europe ndi Russia. Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 10 mpaka 12, kulemera kwa 7-12 g. M'chigawo chomwe chikuwunikiridwa, chikuyimiridwa ndi magulu atatu, awiri omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi gulu limodzi la malophaeonotus”, Zachilendo ku Caucasus, Turkey ndi Middle East. Mapulogalamu onse a gululi amasiyana bwino ndi mayendedwe osankhidwa (R. a. motche) wokhala pakati pa European Russia.
Kufotokozera. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto chimodzimodzi. Mu mbalame zamtunduwu wapamwamba, kumtunda kwake ndi kwamtambo ndi maolivi pang'ono, pansi kuli koyera, mbali ndi mkati mwake ndizovala zofiirira. Pamwamba pamutu kuyambira pamphumi kupita ku nape, komanso mbali za mutuwo zakuda ndizoyala zachitsulo. Nthawi zina, kukhala wokondwa kwambiri, mbalame imatha kudzutsa zofunikira kuti chigamba chizikhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Pali malo oyera oyera kumbuyo kwa khosi. Khosi ndi chifuwa chapamwamba zakuda. Kuchokera pamzere wamaso ndi nthenga zakutseka za khutu mpaka kummero ndi pamwamba pa chifuwa pali gawo lalikulu loyera - "tsaya". Mu Muscovite, siwokhazikika monga, mwachitsanzo, mu titini yayikulu, mawonekedwe ake omveka, ochepetsedwa ndi zofunikira zakumaso za pakhosi ndi mbali za mutu, zimasokonezedwa mdera lamapiko. Apa, pansi pa phiko, m'mphepete mwa chifuwa pali malo ang'onoang'ono akhungu. Mchira wake ndi mapiko ake ndi pang'ono pang'ono ndipo ndi zofiirira kuposa msana. Masamba a nthenga zazikulu komanso zobisika zachiwiri ndi zoyera, patali amaphatikizana ndi mikwingwirima yoyera iwiri. Malire ang'onoang'ono oyera akuwonekera bwino kumapeto kwa nthenga zautali. Diso ndi mulomo ndi zakuda, maondo ndi amtambo.
Akazi amapaka utoto pang'ono. Thupi lake lam'mwambamwamba ndiolivekera kwambiri, chipewa chimakhala chokhazikika, pafupifupi popanda kuwala, pakhosi ndi pachifuwa chofinya. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, pamwamba ndimtambo wakuda, wokhala ndi bulauni kapena maolivi. Chipewa ndi chakuda kumaso, kummero ndi bulauni, pamasaya ndipo malo otsegula m'maso ndi okutira. Zingwe zoyera pamapikowo sizimawoneka bwino.
Muscovites omwe amakhala ku Caucasus ndi am'magulu awiri - R. a. derjugini (Nyanja Yakuda ya Caucasus) ndi R. a. michalowskii (North Caucasus). Amasiyana pang'ono mzake, mbalame zam'mapeto ake ndizofupikitsa komanso zambiri kuchokera pansipa, ndipo zonse ziwiri ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame zamtunduwu wapamwamba wokhala ndi matupi akuluakulu, mapiko awo ndi mulomo, mtengo wa azitona kumtunda, yoyera pansi ndi yolemera mbali. Muscovite amasiyana ndi ma titmouse ena onse m'derali ndi kukula kwake, mchira wofupikitsa, kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yoyera kumapiko ndi malo oyera oyera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mosiyana ndi gawo lalikulu, pamitundu yambiri ya Muscovite palibe mtundu wachikaso ndi wobiriwira, palibe "taye" wakuda - mzere wotambalala kuchokera pansi mpaka pakhosi mpaka pamimba.
Mawu chete, wamtali, "wosakhazikika." Zoyimbira zimaphatikizidwa ndi whist whisk "Puy. », «buluu. », «tuiit. ", Mawu ophatikizidwa"syupii. », «vii. "Zowuma"tirrrrrr-ti. "Khalidwe lalitali kwambiri mwachangu"bbc bbc. ", Zofanana kwambiri ndi kufinya kwa mfumu ya mutu wachikaso. Nyimbo ndi mawu obwerezedwa-kawiri kapena atatu ”pee », «ti vi tiu. "kapena"pii-tii. ". Amuna ndi akazi onse amayimba.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Amakhala nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zosakanikirana za Europe ndi North Africa. Kuchuluka kwa dera la pakati ndi Caucasus kumakhala kokhazikika, anthu akumpoto kwawo amakhala nthawi zambiri, nthawi zina kum'mwera kwambiri kummwera. Nthawi zina nyengo, mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Caucasus. Mu ma biotopes ofananira, ndizofala kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha chizolowezi chodyetsa korona wapamwamba kwambiri komanso liwu lachete, Muscovite siziwoneka monga ma tini ena. Imodzi mwa mbalame zodziwika nthawi yachisanu m'mapaki amtawuni ndi mabwalo.
Moyo. Zokonda za Biotopic ku Europe ndi Caucasian Muscovites zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Anthu okhala ku Europe amakhala otentha, osasakanizika nkhalango, amakonda spruce, paini, larch ndi birch. Caucasian amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira za oak ndi beech. Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma invertebrates, mbewu za coniferous, masamba, mtedza, mapira a birch, aspen, mapulo. Mukasaka chakudya, mbalameyo imagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo imasaka malekezero a nthambi zoonda, imatha kukwera mosavuta mitengo, ndipo nthawi zina imadya pansi. Nthawi zambiri amayendera odyetsa. Amasunga chakudya cha nthawi yozizira kuyambira Juni mpaka Disembala, makamaka nthangala zambiri, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zolimba. Mu nthawi yopanda kubereka, imasunga zoweta, mwachangu kulumikizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zamtundu wina, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizana ndi chubs, grenadiers, pikas ndi mafumu.
Nthawi yochezerayo imayambira pa Marichi mpaka Julayi. Monogamous, maanja amapitilira moyo wawo wonse. Chisa chimakonzedwa mumiyala yachilengedwe kapena m'maenje akale, nthawi zambiri m'miyala ndi m'miyala ing'onoing'ono. Wamkazi amamanga chisa, mkati mwa mazira oyera mpaka 513 okhala ndi mazira ofiira kapena amtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu, wamkazi amakhala ndi masiku 14-16. Kudyetsa anapiye kumatenga masiku 18-22, makolo onsewo amadyetsa. Mosiyana ndi ma tambala ambiri, mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zangotuluka m'chisa zimachita zinthu mosamala ndipo sizisiye mtengo wa chisa m'masiku ochepa.
Makhalidwe akunja a Muscovites
Anthu amachitcha chakuda chakuda, chifukwa Muscovite ali ndi nthenga zowala nthenga. Ngati mutayang'anitsitsa mbalameyo, mutha kuona: ili ndi mlomo wawung'ono koma wowoneka bwino wakuda, masaya oyera, komanso mutu wonsewo ndi wakuda bii. Wina amatenga chithunzi cha chigoba chomwe chimakhala mokhalamo.
Nthawi inayake, anthu ankachitcha kuti kubisa, kuyang'ana kwambiri mitundu. Mapikowo ndi amtambo wakuda ndipo pali mzere woyera wopingika pomwe ukuwoneka, womwe umagwirizana ndi nthenga zonse.
Kutumphuka ndi imvi. Chifukwa cha utoto uwu, a Muscovite amabisala mwaluso kwa adani. Kuwala komanso mpweya wabwino kumamuthandiza kuti aziwuluka msanga, chifukwa kulemera kwa mbalameyo ndi magalamu 12, ndipo kukula kwake ndi masentimita 11 okha.
Habitat
Moscow si mbalame yabwino komanso yolimba. Sadzakhala wopanda chakudya, motero amatha kuwuluka kumizinda, kukhala pafupi ndi anthu, m'mapaki, m'minda.
Komabe, nkhalangoyi ndi malo abwino kukhalamo. Apa amasintha mwaluso mikhalidwe, koma amayang'anitsitsa malowo asanamange chisa.
Mbalame imatha kuwoneka mu Europe yonse. Nyengo zimakhala zoyenera kwa Muscovites, koma ndikayamba nyengo yozizira, imatha kupanga ndege. Izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa omwe akuimira omwe akukhala m'mizinda. Poterepa, malo awo amakhala chaka chonse.
Komabe, panali zochitika pamene kumadera a Sakhalin, gulu lawo limakhala mazana ndi masauzande a Muscovites. Asayansi amafotokoza izi poona kuti nyengo yotentha ili yovuta kwambiri m'dera lino la Russia.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti mbalameyi ndi yaubwenzi, amalandira mosangalala abale ake omwe ali m'gulu la nkhosalo. Mwachitsanzo: pika, wachikhulupiriro komanso tit mutu wofiyira, mfumu yokhala ndi mutu wachikaso komanso wachifwamba.
Zina za nesting Muscovites
Muscovites chisa makamaka m'nkhalango. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukhwima amapeza banja ndipo sagawana nawo mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo. Wamkazi amayikira mazira m'maenje a mbalame zina, nthawi zambiri amakhala akhungu.
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, mbalameyo siyitha kudzipanga payokha, ilibe mulomo wolimba ngati nkhuni.
Komanso, ngati mtunda sukulola chisankho chotere, mwalawo, womwe umakhala pamalo osatheka kapena dzenje la mbewa, umakhala pothawirapo kwakanthawi.
Mapangidwe a chisa ndichinthu chovuta, chomwe mbalame imatchula chisamaliro chapadera. Sichizungulira nthambi, koma nthenga, ubweya, mbewa, mahatchi, nthawi zina ma bulu.
Chifukwa cha izi, imasunga kutentha nthawi yachisanu nthawi yozizira, zomwe zimakhala zowona makamaka m'malo ozizira a Russia.
Yaikazi imayika mazira kawiri pachaka - koyambirira kwa Meyi ndi kumapeto kwa June. Mazira ang'onoang'ono ndi oyera mu kachidutswa ka bulauni. Samba yoyamba sikhala ndi mazira 5, 9 yachiwiri.
Yaikazi imasamala ana pafupifupi masiku 15, panthawiyi yamphongo imabisala. Mbali yodziwika bwino ya nyengo yakukhwima ku Muscovites ikuyimba, chifukwa imakhala nthawi yofananira ndi mbalame.
Kudyetsa anapiye kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 20. Zitachitika izi, mbalame zazing'ono sizimatuluka mu chisa nthawi yomweyo, koma zitatha kulimba. Banja limadyetsa ana limodzi.
Kufotokozera
Kachigawo kakang'ono, kowoneka ngati phokoso lowoneka bwino komanso mchira wamfupi. Kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kofanana ndi mtundu wa buluu, kutalika kwa masentimita 10-11,5, kulemera kwa 7.2-12 g. Mutu ndi nape wakuda, masaya oyera, pakhosi ndi pachifuwa chapamwamba. Nthenga za mutu nthawi zina zimakhala zazitali kwambiri ngati mawonekedwe, zomwe zimatchulidwa kwambiri kumabungwe akumwera. Pamwamba pali imvi yoyera ndi utoto wofiirira m'mphepete. Pansi pake ndi loyera ndi imvi. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi imvi. Mikwingwirima iwiri yopepuka yopepuka ikuwonekera bwino pamapiko. Pali malo oyera kumbuyo kwa mutu - chizindikiro chosiyanitsa mitundu iyi.
Imayimba kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembara, nyimboyo ndi ya awiri kapena atatu a sonodous melodic trill ofanana ndi nyimbo za tit chachikulu ndi mtundu wa buluu. Nthawi zambiri zimayimba, ndikukhala pamwamba pamtengo ndikuwona bwino pozungulira. Kuyimbira mwachindunji kwa banja ndikubwereza kapena qt-qi kapena “cyt” kongodziwika kamodzi. Kusintha - nyimbo ya melodic "цию ----» »» »» »", yobwerezedwa motsindika silabasi yachiwiri.
Kupitilira kwama 20 a Muscovites amadziwika, kutengera mtundu, kukula kwa tuft ndi kukula. Kuzindikiritsa kwa subspecies nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta chifukwa chakuti magawo awo ogawikirana amapitilira ndipo anthu pawokha ali ndi mawonekedwe amitundu ingapo, komanso chifukwa chosiyana malo. Mndandanda wamabizinesi amaperekedwa mu gawo la Systematics.
Dera
Dera lomwe amagawikidwako ndi nkhalango za ku Eurasia kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kummawa, komanso mapiri a Atlas komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tunisia ku Africa. Kupita kumpoto ku Scandinavia ndi Finland kukwera mpaka 67 ° C. ., ku Europe ku Russia mpaka 65 ° C. sh., m'chigwa cha Ob mpaka 64 ° c. ., kummawa kupita ku mbali ya 62, pagombe la Pacific kupita ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Malinga ndi zofalitsa zina, anthu okhala kwayekha amapezeka kumwera kwa Kamchatka. Gawo lakum'mwera lopanda malire la malo okhala limafanana ndi malire a steppe zone ndipo limadutsa malo otsetsereka a Carpathians, Northern Ukraine, Kaluga, Ryazan, Ulyanovsk, mwina Southern Urals, Altai, Northern Mongolia, ndi madera akutali a Amur. Kum'mawa, malirewo amapita kumwera, kuphatikiza zigawo zakumpoto kwa China kumwera mpaka Liaoning. Kuphatikiza apo, ku China ndi madera oyandikana nawo (Nepal, Myanmar) pali masamba angapo akutali. Madera ena akutali ndi mndandanda ndi Crimea, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Iran, Syria ndi Lebanon (kuti mumve zambiri, onani magawidwe). Imapezeka kunja kwa chigawo chachikulu ku Britain Isles, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Kupro, Sakhalin, Moneron, zilumba zakumwera za Kuril, Hokkaido, Honshu, Tsushima, Jeju, Yaku, Taiwan, ndipo mwina zilumba za Shikoku, Kyushu, kumpoto kwa Izu ndi Ryukyu.
Habitat
Imakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, zomwe zimakonda nkhalango zowirira. Zochepa pakati pama nkhalango osakanikirana ndi paini, larch kapena birch. M'madera akumapiri kumwera kwa Europe, Caucasus ndi Zagros kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iran, kuli malo otsetsereka a mitengo omwe amalamulidwa ndi Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), Pitsunda pine (Pinus brutia), oak ndi beech. Ku North Africa, kumapezeka malo obzala mitengo ya mkungudza ndi mkungudza. Nthawi zambiri silimakwera pamwamba pa 1800 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ngakhale m'mapiri a Atlas amadziwika pamalo okwera mpaka 2500 m, komanso ku Himalayas kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China mpaka 4570 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zomwe zimakhala
Nthawi zambiri nyama yomwe imangokhala, nthawi yozizira ikakhala yozizira kapena kusowa kwa chakudya, imakonda kukhudzidwa - kusamukira kumadera kwatsopano, kenako mbalame zina zimabwerera kumalo awo okhalamo, ndipo gawo lina limakhazikika m'malo atsopano. M'malo ammapiri amapangitsa kuyendayenda kwamtunda, kutsikira kumapiri, komwe kuphimba kwa chipale chofewa kumakhala kotsika. Panthawi yobereketsa, imasungidwa awiriawiri, nthawi yonseyo imagwetsedwa m'magulu, kukula kwake komwe sikumapitilira anthu 50, koma ku Siberia kumatha kufikira mazana kapena ngakhale anthu masauzande. Ziweto zambiri zimasakanizika, kuphatikiza ku Muscovites, zimatha kuphatikiza ndi mutu wokhala ndi mutu wofiyira, pika wamba, mfumu ya mutu wachikasu, ndi scum.
Kuswana
Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi, pomwe kumpoto kwa mtunduwu kumatha kuyamba pambuyo pake. Monogamous, maanja amapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali. Chiyambireni nyengo yakukhwima itha kuweruzidwa ndi nyimbo yayikulu yamphongo yamphongo yomwe ikukhala pamtengo ndikulemba chizindikiro gawo. Panthawi ya chibwenzi, mbalamezo zimagwedeza mapiko awo ndikupanga zazifupi. Wamphongo amathanso kuwuluka mlengalenga, atatambasula mapiko ake ndi mchira wake. Malo omwe amakhala ndi zimbudzi nthawi zambiri amakhala kamtengo kakang'ono kwambiri kamtengo wopendekera kutalika kwake pafupifupi mita pafupifupi pansi, nthawi zambiri imasiyidwa ndi motley Woodpecker, gadget wamutu wofiirira, kapena mbalame zina. Itha kupezekanso pachitsa chovunda, mu dzenje la mbewa kapena mu mwala wosemedwa ndi khomo lopapatiza. Nthawi zina mabowo ochita kupanga amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Chisa chake chimakhala chomwera chikho, chomwe chimakhala ndi buluu wosakanikirana ndi mahatchi, ndipo chimamangiriridwa ndi ubweya kuchokera mkati, ndipo nthawi zina nthenga ndi maulendo. Chilimwe ndichopapatiza kwambiri, m'mimba mwake nthawi zambiri simaposa 25-30 mm. Mkazi m'modzi akonzekera kukonza chisa.
Ambiri mwa anthuwa amakhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri, yoyamba imapezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo yachiwiri mu Juni. Kumpoto kwa Africa kokha komanso ku Corsica, ana amabadwa kamodzi kokha. Yoyambira yoyamba imakhala ndi 5-13, mobwerezabwereza mazira 69. Mazira amakhala oyera ndi madontho ofiira, nthawi zambiri amakhala owuma kumapeto kwenikweni. Kukula kwa Dzira: (13-18) x (10-13) mm. Yaikazi imagwiruka kwa masiku 14-16, pomwe yamphongo imamupeza chakudya. Ndi anapiye oswedwa okha omwe amaphimbidwa ndi imvi kumutu kwawo ndi kumbuyo kwawo. Pakadali pano, kufuula kwawo kokweza komanso kochezeka kumamveka kutali. Kwa masiku atatu oyamba, mkazi amakhala mchisa, amawotcha anapiye, ndipo kenako amaphatikizana ndi wamwamunayo ndipo limodzi naye amapeza chakudya cha obadwa pambuyo pake. Mwana woyamba amakhala ngati masiku 18-22, koyambirira kwa Juni. Mosiyana ndi tambala ena, anapiye akuuluka usiku wonse amakhala pachisa masiku angapo asanabalalikire. Chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti - kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, mbalame zazing'ono komanso zokhwima zimakhwima m'makola, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mitundu ina. Kutalika kwa moyo wa Muscovites ndi zaka 9 kapena kuposerapo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mu nthawi yakuswana, amakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Mokulira, amadya nsabwe za m'masamba, agulugufe, kachilomboka, kachilomboka kosiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza ma weevils, kachikumbu ka kachilomboka), nyerere, ntchentche, ntchentche za caddis, orthopterans (ziwala, crickets), hymenopteran, retina, etc. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, amasintha kubzala mbewu, makamaka conifes ndipo makamaka adadya. Munthawi imeneyi, munthu amatha kuwona mbalame zikulendewera pamakungwa a spruce ndikutulutsa mbewu mkati. Kuphatikiza pa spruce, amadya mbewu za payini, larch, yew, sequoia, cypress, cryptomeria, beech, sycamore, zipatso za juniper.
Pankhani ya kulephera kwa zokolola, gululo limasamukira kumalo otetezedwa a mtunduwu - nkhalango zowuma, tundra, mapiri a nkhalango ndi malo olima. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amapita kukadyetsa zakudya m'minda ndi m'mapaki, pomwe amakhutitsidwa ndi njere, mtedza, kirimu kuchokera pamapaketi amkaka, komanso zotsala chakudya. Zowonderazo zimachokera pakati pa masamba azithunzi kumtunda kwa korona, kapena kuwunikira zitsime zakugwa pansi. Imapanga nkhokwe nthawi yachisanu, kubisa mbewu ndi tizilombo tosakhwima pamakungwa a khungidwe lalitali pamwamba pa nthaka, kapena m'malo obisika pansi.
Kuchulukitsa
Muscovite pansi pa dzina lachi Latin Parus ater adafotokozedwa mwasayansi ndi a Carl Linnaeus mu 1758 mu kope la 10 la Natural System.Dzinali limagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi akatswiri ambiri a zamankhwala, kuphatikizapo a Russia, komanso pansi pa dzinalo Periparus Timalingalira za Subgenus ya subspecies yogwirizana kwambiri, yomwe imaphatikizapo Moscow. Akatswiri angapo, kuphatikiza mamembala a American Society of Ornithologists, azindikira Periparus mumtundu wina, poganizira zotsatira za kafukufuku wa mtDNA, malinga ndi zomwe Muscovite ndi mitundu ina ili pafupi kwambiri ndi zida kuposa zipatso zina. Kugawikaku kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofotokoza za birds of the World.
Masanjidwe
- P. a. motche (Linnaeus, 1758) - Kumpoto, Pakati ndi Kum'maŵa kwa Europe, Siberia kumwera kumapiri a Altai, Sakhalin, Northern Mongolia, Northeast China (Manchuria, Eastern Liaoning), North Peninsula, kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Asia Little, Northern Syria, Lebanon ,
- P. a. britannicus (Sharpe & Dresser, 1871) - Great Britain, madera aku kumpoto chakummaawa kwa Ireland,
- P. a. hibernicus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1910) - Ireland,
- P. a. vieirae (Nicholson, 1906) - Iberian Peninsula,
- P. a. sardus (O. Kleinschmidt, 1903) - Corsica, Sardinia,
- P. a. atlas (Meade-Waldo, 1901) - Morocco,
- P. a. mangochin (Malherbe, 1845) - North Algeria, Northwest Tunisia,
- P. a. moltchanovi (Menzbier, 1903) - South Crimea,
- P. a. acypriotes (Mavalidwe, 1888) - Kupro,
- P. a. derjugini Zarudny & Loudon, 1903 - kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Caucasus, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Turkey,
- P. a. michalowskii (Bogdanov, 1879) - Caucasus (kupatula kumwera chakumadzulo), Central and Eastern Transcaucasia,
- P. a. gaddi Zarudny, 1911 - Southeast Azerbaijan, Northern Iran,
- P. a. chorassanicus (Zarudny & Bilkevitch, 1911) - Southwest Turkmenistan, Northeast Iran,
- P. a. phaeonotus (Blanford, 1873) - Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Iran (Mapiri a Zagros),
- P. a. rufipectus (Severtsov, 1873) - Pakati ndi Kumwera kwa Tien Shan kummawa kwa madera akumwera chakumwera kwa Kazakhstan komanso kumadzulo kwa zigawo zakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China (kumadzulo kwa Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region),
- P. a. martensi (Eck, 1998) - Kali Gandaki River Valley (Central Nepal),
- P. a. aemodius (Blyth, 1845) - Malo otsetsereka a kum'mawa kwa Himalayas (kum'mawa kwa Central Nepal), Central China (kuchokera kumwera kwa Gansu ndi Shaanxi kumwera kumwera kwa Sizan ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Yunnan), Kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa Myanmar,
- P. a. pekinensis (David, 1870) - Eastern China (kuchokera ku South Liaoning kumwera kupita kumadera akumpoto kwa Shanxi, Hebei ndi Shandong),
- P. a. kuatunensis (La Touche, 1923) - Southeast China (kuchokera ku South Anhui kumwera mpaka Northwest Fujian),
- P. a. insularis (Hellmayr, 1902) - South Kuril Islands, Japan,
- P. a. ptilosus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1912) - Taiwan.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala mbalame za Muscovites
Mbalame ya Muscovite yaying'ono kuposa mpheta wamba, kutalika kwake sikuposa 10-12 cm, ndipo kulemera kumangokhala 9-10 g. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, mtima wa zinyenyeswazi umachepetsedwa pafupifupi nthawi 1200 pamphindi.
M'mawonekedwe, Muscovite ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi wachibale wake wapamtima - tit, wamkulu, ndiwocheperako ndipo ali ndi thupi lolimba komanso mawonekedwe ambiri. Chifukwa chakuwonekera kwa nthenga zakuda m'mutu ndi khosi, a Muscovite adalandira dzina lachiwiri - chakuda chakuda.
Monga tanena kale, kumtunda kwa mutu wa Muscovite ndi utoto wakuda, ngati malaya akutsogolo pansi pa mulomo. Nthenga zomwe zili pa korona nthawi zina zimakhala zazitali kwambiri ndipo zimayamba.
Masaya ali ndi maula oyera, osiyanako bwino ndi mutu ndi tsekwe. Kukula kwachichepere kumatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi achikulire ndi mtundu wachikaso cha masaya omwewo; akamakula, khungu lawo limatha.
Mapiko, kumbuyo ndi mchira wa mbalameyo amapaka utoto wonyezimira, m'mimba ndi imvi, pafupifupi yoyera, mbali zake ndizopepuka ndi kukoka kwa ooker. Mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera yopindika imasiyanitsidwa bwino pamapiko. Maso a Muscovites ndi akuda, mafoni, mutha kunena zolakwika.
Kuchokera kwa oimira ena a titmouse, monga Blue Tit, Great Tit kapena wautali, Wachi Moscow Pamakhala malo oyera oyera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ndi chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kuzindikira.
Mitundu yamtunduwu imakonda nkhalango zachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri imakhala nkhalango zobiriwira, koma nthawi yozizira imatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zosakanizika ndi m'malo a zipatso. Moskovka ndi mlendo pafupipafupi wodyetsa zikho, ngakhale zimapewa malo okhala ndi anthu.
Kukhazikika kwa mtundu wakuda ndi kwakukulu. Moscow amakhala m'maofesi a coniferous kutalika konsekonse kwa kontinenti ya Europe.
Komanso timawu tating'onoting'ono timatha kupezeka kumapiri a Atlas komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tunisia, komwe amakhala m'nkhalango za mkungudza komanso m'nkhalango za juniper. Kuchulukana kwapezeka ku Sakhalin, Kamchatka, zilumba zina za Japan, komanso ku Sicily, Corsica ndi gawo la Great Britain.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa a Muscovites
Muscovite, monga abale ake, amasuntha kwambiri. Amakhala moyo wokhazikika, amasamukira mtunda wautali ngati mwadzidzidzi, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chakudya. Mbalame zina zimabwereranso kumalo omwe zidakhazikika bwino, zina zimakonda kukhala zatsopano.
Amakhala m'gulu la ziweto zosaposa mbalame 50, ngakhale ku Siberia kuwerengetsa nkhosazo kuli akatswiri azachipatala omwe amakhala ndi anthu mazana kapena masauzande. Nthawi zambiri magulu a mbalamezi amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osakanikirana: Muscovites amakhala limodzi ndi tmouse thukuta, anapiye, ndi pikas.
Kanyumba kakang'ono kameneka nthawi zambiri kamasungidwa. Amayamba kuzolowera munthu ndipo pakatha milungu iwiri amayamba kuluka tirigu kuchokera m'manja mwake. Ngati mumangokhala ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi cholengedwa chokhala ndi mbewa, mutha kukwanitsa zotsatira zake mwachangu - Moscow idzakhala yolemba pamanja.
Izi ndi zokhazo zomwe zimachokera kubanja lawo zomwe sizimva kusangalala kwambiri ndi moyo wokhala m'selo. Chithunzi cha Muscovite tit, mbalame, yosasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongola kwapadera, sikungakope chidwi chochuluka, zomwe sizinganenedwe za luso lakelo.
Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amabzala Muscovites mu chipinda chomwechi ndi canaries kuti omaliza aphunzire kuimba bwino kuchokera ku tit. Nyimbo ya Muscovite imafanana ndi kutulutsa kaphokoso kwambiri, komabe, imathamanga ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba zambiri.
Mverani mawu a Moscow
Kuyimbira mwachizolowezi ndichinthu ngati "pit-pit-pt-pit", "t-p-p-p-p" kapena "s-s-s-s-s", koma ngati mbalameyo itachita mantha ndi china chake, chikhalidwe cha tweet ndichosiyana kwambiri. mawu osokosera komanso "tyuyuyu" achisoni. Zachidziwikire, m'mawu ndizovuta kufotokoza za kusiyanasiyana kwa kuyimba kwa mbalame, ndibwino kuti mumve kamodzi.
Muscovites amayamba kuyimba muFebruwari komanso nthawi yonse yotentha, nthawi yophukira nthawi zambiri amayimba nyimbo mosavutikira. Masana, amakhala pamtunda wa mipanda kapena maini, pomwe pali mawonekedwe abwino a m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, ndikuyamba konsati yawo.
Moyo & Habitat
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala m'matumba a sing'anga. Kuchokera awiri, atatu mpaka mazana angapo. Gulu la nkhosalo limakhala malo a ma kilomita angapo. Samapanga ndege zanyengo. Koma nthawi zina, gulu lonse limatha kusamukira ku gawo lina.
Pambuyo pake, gawo lina la gululo limabwelera kumalo omwe asiyidwa posachedwa. Pali kugawanika kwa gululo. Chifukwa chake, magawo atsopano akukonzedwa. Nthawi zambiri magulu osakanikirana amakhala gulu. Zitha kuphatikiza ndi mbalame zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana: Muscovite, wautali-wokhalitsa, wand ndi ena. Kupezeka palimodzi kumawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka.
Kukula kwakanthawi komanso kulephera kuyenda nthawi yayitali kumapangitsa kuti mbalame zizikhala pakati pamitengo ndi zitsamba. Iwo (Muscovites) sakhala m'malo otseguka. Amakonda nkhalango zowirira; kumalire a kum'mwera kwa mitundu yawo, amatha kukhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi paini, larch, ndi juniper momwemo.
Moskovka nthawi zambiri kuposa ma tini ena amakhalira kunyumba okonda nkhuku. Cholinga chake ndichosavuta - chimalola ukapolo kukhala bwino kuposa ena. Ndipo ili ndi mawu omveka bwino. Nyimbo yake imafanana ndi mkokomo wa mawu a chidutswa chachikulu, koma champhamvu, chachitali, ndichopatsa. Mbalame imatenga zolemba zambiri, zimawonetsera mosiyanasiyana.
Mverani mawu a Moscow
Mitundu ya titmouse imazolowera zomwe zili mu cell, imakhala yolandiratu. Nditha kukhala mu ukapolo kwa nthawi yayitali. Makamaka ngati mumusankha. Mulimonsemo, mbalame (yokhala ndi kapena yopanda awiri) imalekerera kukhala pamodzi ndi mbalame zina mu khola wamba, aviary.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuuluka kwa moss ndi mbalame yocheperako kwambiri, munthu atha kunena kuti ndi yosakhazikika, imaphatikizika ndi moyo wokhala ndi anansi olimbirana kwambiri, ankhanza. Kuphatikiza apo, m'khola wamba, msampha wa moss umatha kuyimba.
Kudyetsa mu ukapolo kumayenerana ndi komwe mbalame imatha kulowa m'nkhalango, ndiko kuti, chakudya chokhazikika cha mbalame. Awa ndi mbewu za birch, hemp, nthangala zowonongeka za mpendadzuwa, ma conse owuma spruce.
Kodi Muscovite amadya chiyani?
Popeza Muscovite si mbalame yabwino, zakudya zake ndizosiyanasiyana, koma zimadalira nyengo. M'nyengo yotentha, awa ndi tizilombo, mbozi zosiyanasiyana, nsikidzi, nsabwe za m'madzi, akangaude, njenjete. Pang'onopang'ono amasinthidwa ndi mbewu zawo zomwe amakonda kwambiri, zipatso zokhala ndi zipatso komanso zipatso.
Kukhazikika kwa Muscovites kumakhalanso ndi gawo lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, m'mizinda, mbalame imadya zomwe zingapeze, komanso chifukwa cha zakudya zowonjezera kuchokera m'manja mwa anthu. Izi ndi zinyenyeswazi za mkate, chimanga, mtedza ngakhale maswiti. Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimatha kuwoneka m'malo akuluakulu m'mizinda, momwe zimakhala ndi malo abwino, chifukwa nthawi zonse pamakhala chakudya.
Kukhala zakutchire, gawo lakelo ndi lopambana. Chaka chonse, amabisala pansi pa makungwa a mitengo yomwe imakhala nthawi yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, amachita izi kuti matalala asagwere "osawonongeka" komanso kuti asawononge malo osungirako kwakanthawi.
Moskovka ndi mbalame, popanda kuyimba komwe sizingatheke kulingalira koyambirira kwam'mawa komanso mzinda wamadzuwa. Zolemba zake zimapezekanso mosiyanasiyana, koma zonse zimasiyanitsidwa ndi phokoso lapadera lachilengedwe, ndipo cholembera chimagwira chimagwira.
Onerani kanemayo momwe tit Muscovite amawonekera:
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Periparus ater Muscovite ndi mbalame yamtundu wa Passerformes, banja Titmouse, genus Periparus, mitundu Muscovite. Moscow ndi gulu lakale kwambiri la mbalame zodutsa. Kalulu woyamba ngati anthu okhala padziko lapansi kale m'nthawi ya Eocene. Masiku ano, dongosolo la ma passerines ndilochuluka kwambiri;
Mbalamezi ndizofala padziko lonse lapansi. Mitundu ya ma periparus atiri m'chigawo chathu imayimiriridwa ndi ma subspecies atatu, awiri mwa iwo ndi gawo la gulu la masanjidwe a phaeonotus; mbalamezi zimagawidwa makamaka ku Turkey, Middle East ndi Caucasus. Mu gawo la ku Europe la dziko lathu, ma subspecies a R. a. motche.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi Moscow akuwoneka bwanji
Muscovite ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ma tits wamba, komabe a Muscovites ndi osiyana pang'ono ndi mamembala ena a banja lino. Zinyama zoterezi zimawerengedwa ngati mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri m'banja la tit. Kukula kwa nyamayi kuyambira mulomo mpaka mchira kuli pafupifupi 11 cm, ndipo Muscovite amalemera magalamu 8-12 okha.
Mlomo ndi wowongoka, wawung'ono kukula. Mutu wake ndiung'ono, wozungulira mawonekedwe. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mbalamezi ndi mtundu wawo wachilendo. Masaya oyera amasonyezedwa pamazira a mbalame. Kuchokera pamlomo pena paliponse pamutu mutuwo ndi wakuda. Zimawoneka ngati "chigoba" chayikidwa pankhope ya mbalameyo, chifukwa chake mbalameyo idatchedwa dzina.
Pamene Muscovite ali wokondwa, amakweza nthenga pamphumi pake ngati kanyimbo kakang'ono. Palinso gawo loyera pamwamba pa mbalame. Mitundu yayikulu imvi ndi bulauni. Nthenga pamutu ndi zakuda ndi tint yofiirira. Nthenga ndi imvi m'mapiko a Muscovites; pali zojambula zamitengo yoyera. Mchira umakhala ndi nthenga zambiri.
Amuna ndi akazi ali pafupifupi osadziwika kunja. Ana ake ali ndi utoto wofanana ndi mbalame zazikulu. Chipewa chakuda buluu pafupifupi chakuda chokhala ndi tint ya brownish, pamasaya kumbuyo kwa mutu komwe kumayenera kukhala ndi mawanga oyera, utoto ndi wachikasu. Mikwingwirima pamapiko imakhalanso ndi tint chikasu.
Mitundu ya mbalamezi imamveka ponseponse kuyambira pakati pa Marichi mpaka Seputembara. Muscovites akuyimba mwakachetechete, mawu osasangalatsa. Nyimbo imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu zovuta za mtunduwo: "tuiit", "pii-tii" kapena "CCC". Akazi ndi amuna amayimba limodzi. Kujambulanso kwa mbalame imodzi kumatha kukhala ndi nyimbo 70. Matayala nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa kuyimba ku Canada. Kuthengo, mbewa zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 8-9.
Chochititsa chidwi: Muscovites ali ndi kukumbukira kwabwino, amatha kukumbukira malo omwe amakhala ndi chakudya, anthu omwe amadyetsa mbalame, ndipo koposa zonse, atakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo osadziwika, mbalamezi zimatha kupeza chisa chawo ndi malo omwe adabisamo chakudya.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mbalame ya Muscovite imawonekera. Tiwone komwe kachidutswa kakuda kamapezeka.
Kodi Muscovite amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Muscovite
Muscovites amakhala m'nkhalango za ku Eurasia, North Africa. Zimapezekanso kumapiri a Atlas, ku Africa ndi Tunisia. Kumpoto kwa Europe, mbalamezi zimapezeka ku Finland komanso kumpoto kwa Russia, ku Siberia. Tizilombo tambiri timakhala ku Kaluga, Tula, dera la Ryazan, timakhala ku Urals komanso kumpoto kwa Mongolia. Komanso mbalamezi zimakhala ku Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Crimea ndi Transcaucasia. Nthawi zina udzudzu umatha kupezeka pachilumba cha Sisily, Briteni Islands, Kupro, Honshu, Taiwan, ndi zilumba za Kuril.
Muscovite akhazikika makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira. Nthawi zina nkhalango yosakanikirana imatha kusankha moyo. Ngati mukukhala m'malo okhala m'mapiri, khalani malo otsetsereka pamitengo pomwe mitengo ya maini ndi mitengo yayikulu imamera. Sichikhazikika pamalo okwera kwambiri kupitirira 2000 pamtunda wa nyanja, komabe, ku Himalaya mbalamezi zimawoneka pamalo okwera pafupifupi 4,500. Muscovites samakhala phee ndipo amatha kufufuza malo atsopano pofunafuna chakudya.
M'malo ofunda kwambiri ku Caucasus ndi kumwera kwa Russia, mbalame zimangokhala. Komanso mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsalira nyengo yachisanu, ndipo mkati mwa Russia zimasamukira kumapaki ndi mabwalo. Muscovites chisa m'nkhalango. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri sizimayenda nyengo zina, komabe, pakakhala chakudya kapena nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimatha kupanga ndege zowunika magawo atsopano.
Malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zogona, m'malo osowa amakhala mu magawo atsopano. Chidacho chili pabowo kapena malo ena achilengedwe. Nthawi zina amatha kukhazikika kudzenje lazoyala pang'ono. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa adani kuthengo, komanso kulephera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, a Muscovites amayesa kukhala pafupi ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Moskovka, iye ndi gawo lakuda
Muscovites, monga ma tini ambiri, ndi mafoni kwambiri. Zimasuntha pakati pamitengo, zimakwawa m'nthambi zofunafuna chakudya. Amakhala moyo wakhazikika, sakonda kusamuka ndikusamuka kwawo komwe amakhala munthawi zosowa chakudya, kapena nyengo yoipa kwambiri. Mbalame zodyera mbalame zimakonda kubwerera m'malo awo.
Muscovites amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 50-60, komabe, ku Siberia komanso malo a Kumpoto, panali magulu omwe anali ndi anthu chikwi chimodzi. Makwai nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana, a Muscovites amakhala bwino ndi scum, crested titmouse, mafumu ndi pikas. Nthawi yakudyaku, mbalame zimagawika pawiri ndipo zimapanga zisa zomwe zimakhala m'dera lalikulu.
Amayi ndi abambo abwino abambo, amapanga maanja pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse, amasamalira ana awo kwa nthawi yayitali. Mtundu wa mbalamezo ndi wodekha, mbalame zimakhala mwamtendere mkati mwa gulu, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikangano. Mbalame zamtchire zimawopa anthu, ndikuyesera kuti musayandikire anthu, komabe, nthawi yozizira, nyengo yovuta imakakamiza mbalamezi kusamukira kumizinda ndi matauni.
Mbalame zimazolowera anthu. Muscovite akagwidwa ukapolo, mbalameyi imazolowera munthu mwachangu kwambiri. Pakatha sabata, mbalame imayamba kupukusa mbewu m'manja mwa mwini wake, ndipo pakapita nthawi, mbalameyo imatha kukhala yopanga malangizo. Matayala ndi odalirika kwambiri, azizolowera anthu.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Muscovite Tit
Nthawi yakukhwima ku Muscovites imayamba kumapeto kwa Marichi. Munthawi imeneyi, anyani amayamba kukopa akazi ndi nyimbo yayikulu, yomwe imamveka ponseponse. Ndipo amadziwitsanso amphongo ena za komwe gawo lawo likhala, ndikuwonetsa malire ake. Kuphatikiza pa kuyimba, abambo amawonetsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kupanga banja likuwoneka mlengalenga.
Panthawi yovina, yomwe yamphongo imatulutsa mchira wake ndi mapiko ake, ndikupitilizabe kuyimba mokweza.Kusankha malo okhala chisa ndi bizinesi yaimuna, koma mkazi ndi amene amakonza zokhalamo. Zachikazi zimapanga chisa mkati mwa dzenje lopyapyala, pamwala kapena pathanthwe. Kupanga chisa, moss zofewa, nthenga, tsitsi la nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chochititsa chidwi: Akazi amateteza ana awo kwambiri; akamadwala, wamkazi samachoka pachisa pafupifupi milungu iwiri.
M'nyengo yotentha, a Muscovites amakhala ndi nthawi yopanga awiri. Yoyambira yoyamba imakhala ndi mazira 5-12 ndi mawonekedwe mkati mwa Epulo. Colutch yachiwiri imapangidwa mu June ndipo imakhala ndi mazira 6-8. Mazira a Muscovites ndi oyera ndi madontho a bulauni. Mazira a mazira amatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Zikatero, mkaziyo amazikira mazirawo pafupifupi osakomoka, ndipo mwamunayo amateteza banja ndikupeza chakudya chachikazi.
Ana aang'ono amabadwa atakutidwa ndi zofewa, imvi. Wamphongo amabweretsera anapiyewo, ndipo mayiyo amawawotha ndi kuwadyetsa masiku ena anayi, ndipo pambuyo pake amayamba kupeza chakudya cha ana amphongo ndi wamphongo akusiya anapiye mu chisa. Nkhuku zimayamba kuwuluka chisa zikafika zaka 22, ndikuphunzira kuuluka, ana ang'ono atha kugona chisa kwakanthawi, pambuyo pake anapiye achichepere amachoka ku chisa, akusokera m'gulu la mbalame zina.
Adani achilengedwe a Muscovites
Chithunzi: Kodi Moscow akuwoneka bwanji
Mbalame zazing'onozi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
Mbawala zimadyera anthu onse akuluakulu ndikuwononga zisa zawo pakudya mazira ndi anapiye, chifukwa mbalame zazing'onozi zimayesetsa kukhalira limodzi pagululo. Nthawi zambiri, omwe amadyera ana amakumana ndi ana omwe akuyamba kumene, omwe akungoyamba kumene kuphunzira momwe angawulire momwe ali osatetezeka kwambiri. Muscovites sakonda kuwonekera m'malo otseguka, amakonda kubisala mumitengo ndi tchire. Pamenepo amakhala otetezeka.
Makoko, hedgehogs, martens, nkhandwe ndi amphaka zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame, motero mbalame zimayesetsa kumanga zisa m'malo osavomerezeka ndi nyama zodya zidazi. Amasankha mabowo, malovu okhala ndi khomo lopapatiza kuti adani asakwere mwa iwo.
Muscovites ambiri samwalira chifukwa cha nyama zomwe zimadyedwa, koma chifukwa cha nkhwawa zomwe zimakhalapo. Mbalame sizilekerera kuzizira, nthawi yozizira, mbalame zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimafa ndi njala osapeza chakudya, makamaka nyengo yamvula yamatalala, pomwe m'matangadza awo amasinthidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Kuti apulumuke nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimakhamukira kumizinda yocheperako. Anthu amatha kupulumutsa ambiri mwa mbalame zokongola izi pomangopaka zomwe amadyetsa pamtengo ndikubweretsa nyenyeswa za tirigu ndi mkate kumeneko.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mpaka pano, mitundu ya Periparus ater ili ndi mtundu wa mitundu yomwe imayambitsa nkhawa pang'ono. Mitundu ya mbalamezi imachuluka. Ndizovuta kwambiri kutsatira kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi, chifukwa mbalame zimakhala m'matumba osakanikirana ndipo zimatha kuuluka, zikufufuza malo atsopano. Popeza a Muscovites amakonda kukhazikika kumapiri komanso m'nkhalango zosakanikirana m'malo ambiri m'dziko lathu, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kumachepa chifukwa cha kudula mitengo.
Mwachitsanzo, kudera la Moscow, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kwatsika kwambiri. Moskovka adalembedwa mu Red Book of Moscow ndipo mtunduwo udapatsidwa gulu lachiwiri la mitundu yosowa ku Moscow ndi anthu omwe akuchepa. Pangokhala 10-12 chisa awiri ku Moscow. Mwina mbalame sizimakonda phokoso la mzinda waukuluwo, ndipo moyo wawo umasankha malo abata.
Pakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi ku Moscow ndi dera, njira zachitidwa pofuna kuteteza mbalame:
- Malo oteteza mbalame otchuka amapezeka m'malo otetezedwa,
- mapaki ndi malo obiriwira omwe ali mdera la megalopolis amakonzedwa,
- Akatswiri a zamankhwala amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi ku Moscow ndikupanga malo abwino moyo wawo.
M'dziko lonselo, mitunduyi ndi yambiri, mbalame zimamva bwino m'chilengedwe ndipo zimaswana mwachangu mtundu womwe sufuna chitetezo chapadera.
Moscow mbalame yothandiza kwambiri. Mbalamezi ndizodongosolo ndendende kuthengo, zomwe zimawononga kafadala ndi tizilombo tomwe timawononga mbewu ndipo timanyamula matenda osiyanasiyana. Mbalame zimawachitira zabwino anthu, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimatha kuwuluka kumizinda kukafuna chakudya. Tili ndi mphamvu zathu kupangitsa mbalamezi kukhala pafupi nafe. Zimangofunika kudyetsedwa panthawi yomwe zachilengedwe mbalame zilibe chakudya.
Mawonekedwe a Muscovites
Kachigawo kakang'ono kameneka kamalemera pafupifupi magalamu 7 mpaka 12 ndipo kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 10 mpaka 12. Mutu ndi mutu wa mbalameyo ndi zakuda, ndipo masaya ake ndi oyera.
Pafupifupi pamwamba pa chifuwa pali malo akuda ofanana ndi kolala. Nthenga pamutu pake zimakhala mtundu waung'ono kwambiri. Pansi pa mbalameyo papakidwa utoto wonyezimira komanso wamaluwa.
Thupi lakumaso ndi laimvi, ndipo mbali zake ndizodumphadumpha. Mchira ndi mapiko ake amakhala amtambo wonyezimira. Kusiyana kwa Muscovites ndi malo oyera oyera kumutu kwa mutu.
Khalidwe la Muscovites
Muscovite amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku nkhalango zosakanizika ndi mitundu ina. Ku Africa, Muscovite amakhala m'mitengo ya mkungudza ndi mlombwa. M'mapiri a ku Europe, Zagros, Caucasus komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iran, amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a nkhalango, omwe amapezeka Pitsunda ndi Aleppo pine, komanso beech ndi oak. Monga lamulo, gawo lakuda silimawulukira kutalika kwa 1800 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja, koma m'malo ena limapezekanso pamwamba.
Pafupifupi kudera lonse kumene amakhala, Muscovite amakhala moyo wongokhala. M'madera ozizira kwambiri komanso chifukwa chosowa chakudya, mbalamezi zimasamukira kumadera ena, koma patapita kanthawi mbalame zina zimabweranso.
Chipewa, kapena "chigoba", chinakonzeratu dzina loyambirira la Russian la mbalame - chigoba, chomwe chinasandulika kukhala Muscovite.
M'mapiri, mbalamezi zimayenda pansi kupita kumapiri kumene kulibe chipale chofewa. Muscovite pafupifupi nthawi zonse amakhala m'matumba, akumagawika pawiri kokha nyengo yakukhwima. Ziweto, monga lamulo, zimakhala ndi anthu 50, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo mbalame zamtundu wina, monga pika wamba, tststed, froth, etc.