Mphaka wamtchire Manul ndi woimira amphaka ang'onoang'ono ochokera ku banja la Feline. Manul ndi nyama yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo. Manuliti amphaka ndi anzeru, osamala komanso achinsinsi. Manul a nyama amatchedwanso amphaka wa pallas. Munkhaniyi mupezamo mafotokozedwe a manul ndi chithunzi chake, ndipo mutha kuphunziranso zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi chinyama chodabwitsachi ndi dzina lachilendo la manul.
Kufotokozera kwa Pallas
Kufotokozera kwamankhwala kumatha kuyamba ndi mawonekedwe ake. Manul amawoneka ngati mphaka wamba, wamkulu yekha ndi fluffy. Makulidwe a manulwo amayambira 50 mpaka 65 masentimita ndi mchira kutalika mpaka 30. Manulwo amalemera kuyambira 2 mpaka 5 kg. Mphaka wamtchire Pallas amasiyana ndi mphaka wamba wokhala ndi thupi lalikulupo, miyendo yayifupi yolimba ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zokulirapo. Mwa njira, mana asanu ndi amodzi amatha kutalika masentimita 7. Mphaka wa manul amakhala ndi ubweya wambiri komanso wowonda kwambiri pakati pa amphaka.
Pofotokozera za manul, mawonekedwe amkwiyo wa mphaka adziwike, zomwe zimapangitsa kukumbukira. Manul amawoneka woopsa chifukwa cha "ndevu" zachilendo pamasaya, omwe amapangidwa ndi zigawo za tsitsi lalitali. Nyama yamtunduwu imakhala ndi mutu wozungulira wokutidwa ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi mbali zazitali. Maso a manul ndiowoneka bwino komanso ali ndi utoto wachikaso.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ana a maso amphaka awa, mosiyana ndi ana amphaka am'nyumba, sakhala ochepa kuwala kowala, koma amakhalira ozungulira. Manul yakutchire imakhala ndi mchira wautali wofiyira wopindika. Utoto wa manula umaphatikizidwa ndipo umayimiriridwa ndi mtundu wa mtundu wa imvi yopepuka ndi tan.
Manul amawoneka zachilendo. Popeza malembedwe atsitsi la chovala chake adawoneka oyera, zikuwoneka ngati ubweya wa mana waphimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa kapena wokutidwa ndi ubweya wofiirira. Kumbuyo kwa thupi ndi mchira zimakhala ndi zingwe zopyapyala za mtundu wakuda. Mikwaso ya mtundu wakuda imayambira pamakona amaso ndi m'mbali mwa chotsekera, ndipo zidutswa zakuda zimapezeka pamphumi. Thupi lotsika la nyamayo ndi lofiirira ndi utoto woyera. Ku nsonga ya mchira ndi utoto wakuda. Mphaka wa Manul ali ndi mano owonda ndi zibwano.
Manul a nyama ali ndi maonekedwe enieni. Amakhulupirira kuti mphakayu ndiwokhudzana ndi amphaka achi Persia. Mphaka wamtchire Manul adapezeka ndi wasayansi waku Germany Peter Pallas, yemwe m'zaka za m'ma 1800 adafufuza pagombe la Caspian Sea. Munali ulemu wake kuti manul amatchedwa Pallas Cat.
Kodi manul amakhala kuti?
Manul amakhala ku Central ndi Central Asia. Malo okhala manul amatenga gawo kuchokera ku South Transcaucasia ndi kumadzulo kwa Iran kupita ku Transbaikalia, Mongolia ndi North-West China. Kutengera ndi kuyanjana kwa malo, ma pallas ali ndi kusiyana pang'ono pamitundu ndi kukula kwake. Pa gawo la Russia, a Pallas amakhala m'malo angapo: kum'mawa, Transbaikal ndi Tuva-Altai. Pamasamba awa, Pallas imagawidwa m'malo opondera ndi nkhalango.
Pazonse, ma subspecies atatu a manul amasiyanitsidwa: wamba, Central Asia ndi Tibetan. Ma subspecies oyambilira ali ndi mtundu wamba ndipo amakhala pamanambala awa ku Mongolia ndi kumadzulo kwa China. Magulu achiwiri a Pallas amakhala ku Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan ndi Afghanistan. Amadziwika ndi mtundu wofiirira, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yowoneka bwino yofiyira. Gulu lachitatu la a Pallas amakhala ku Tibet, Nepal ndi Kashmir. Tsamba ili ndi tsitsi la imvi lokhala ndi mikwaso ya mtundu wakuda. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wa manula waku Tibet umakhala siliva.
Kodi manul amakhala bwanji ndipo amadya chiyani?
Manul amakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri, yotentha kochepa komanso nyengo yotentha. Nyama Pallas imakonda chisoti chofewa, chifukwa miyendo yayifupi siyimuloleza kusuntha chisanu chambiri. Chifukwa chake, mphaka wamtchire Pallas ndiwambiri kwambiri m'malo omwe amakhala ndi chipale chofewa.
Manul amakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa mapiri, amasankha malo okhala ndi zitsamba, kupezeka kwa olemba miyala ndi ming'alu. M'mapiri, mphaka wa Pallas amakwera makilomita 3-4,5 pamwamba pa nyanja. M'malo otsika komanso lamba wamtchire, ndizosowa.
Manul amakhala yekha ndipo amakhala yekha, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa zochitika m'mawa komanso m'mawa. Masana, amagona, amabisala pogona. Pamalo pobisalira pansi pamiyala, m'miyala yakale ya marm, ankhandwe ndi zoyala, komanso m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono ndi m'matanthwe. Manul ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imalondera madera ake mwachangu ndipo sakonda alendo, chifukwa chake imathamangitsa mlendo aliyense wosafunikira.
Mtundu wa manula umagwira mphaka wamtchire ngati mtundu wofiyira, womwe umamuthandiza kusaka ndikuwulola kuti asadziwike. Komabe, mphaka wa mgulu ndi m'modzi mwa oimira gulu la mphaka. Koma kuwona bwino ndi kumva kumamulola kukhala wodziwa kugwira ntchito.
Manul amadya makoswe ndi pikas zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina, Pallas amadya mahares, mbalame, agologolo pansi ndi pansi. Manul agwira nyama yake mwachinyengo. Amamudikirira kudzenje kapena kuteteza wovutayo atayang'ana miyala, pambuyo pake amugwira, ndikuponya. Mphaka wamtchire amasamala kwambiri posaka. Manul sangathe kuthamanga, chifukwa chake kufunafuna nyama si kavalo wake. M'chilimwe, manulawo amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri, ngati pali vuto la kuperewera kwa makoswe.
Ngakhale maonekedwe owopsa, manul siamakani. Manul alibe mdani, mimbulu ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimadya zomwe zitha kuvulaza mphaka. Nyama Manul si m'modzi wa iwo omwe akuchita changu kuti achite ziwonetsero ndikuthana ndi mdani. Mphakayu akuyesera kuthawa ndikuthawa ndikugona pobisalira. Koma manul atadzidzimuka modzidzimutsa ndipo palibe njira yopulumukira pobisala, pomwepo amayamba kuwombera misozi ndikuulula mano ake akuthwa.
Kittens
Kubalana mu manul kumachitika nthawi 1 pachaka ndipo kuthekera kochita izi kumawonekera mwa iwo atakwanitsa miyezi 10. Nyengo yakukhwima ikupezeka pa febru-Marichi. Pankhani ya mpikisano, ufulu wamkazi umapita kwa amuna amphamvu kwambiri. Mimba Pallas imatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, munthawi yomwe mkazi amakonza phula.
Manul kittens amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Nthawi zambiri kuyambira ana awiri mpaka 6 amphaka amabadwa. Wamphongo satenga nawo mbali polera ana. Manulo a kitten ali ndi kutalika pafupifupi 12 cm ndipo amalemera mpaka magalamu 300. Achinyamata a Pallas amabadwa ali akhungu ndipo alibe chilichonse.
Ana akuyamba kuwona patsiku la 10-12, wamkazi amadyetsa ana awo mkaka ndikuwasamalira. Pafupifupi miyezi itatu adzakhala akusaka koyamba. Ana amphaka amakula msanga ndipo amafika pamlingo wokulirapo pakatha miyezi 6-8. Manul amakhala pafupifupi zaka 11-12.
Manul mu Buku Lofiyira
Masiku ano, manul ndi nyama yosowa kwambiri ndipo chiwerengero chake chikucheperachepera. Manul adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, m'malo ena, mphaka wamtchire Manul adawonongedwa ndipo tsopano watsala pang'ono kutha.
Chiwerengero chokhacho cha Pallas sichikudziwika chifukwa cha kugawanika kwakazungulira komwe kumakhalako komanso moyo wawo wobisika wa Pallas. Ku 2000s koyambirira, akatswiri adaganizira kuchuluka kwa Pallas, malinga ndi mawerengero awo, chiwerengerochi chinali pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni.
Malo okhala mankhowa sakukhudzidwa ndi anthu. Manul adawoneka mu Buku Lofiira chifukwa chakusaka kwa iye chifukwa cha ubweya. Komanso kuchuluka kwa agalu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa misampha komanso misampha yosiyanasiyana yogwira mahatchi ndi nkhandwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa Pallas.
Kuphatikiza pazifukwa zomwe zili pamwambapa, manul ali mu Red Book pokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya, popeza kuchuluka kwa makoswe omwe amadya manul atsika kwambiri. Ndodo zambiri zimawononga kadzidzi komanso mimbulu, kuwonjezera apo, achinyamata nthawi zambiri amafa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Manambala amakhudzidwanso ndi nyengo. M'nthawi ya chipale chofewa, nyama izi zimavutika chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Adakhala mu Red Book of the Russian Federation kuyambira 1995 ndipo ali ndi "pafupi kuwopsezedwa." Kusaka Manul ndizoletsedwa. Ali ku ukapolo, Pallas amabala bwino, komabe, pali vuto la anthu ambiri omwalira ku Pallas kuchokera ku toxoplasmosis. Nyama yamtchire yamtchire sawerengera bwino chifukwa cha njira zobisika komanso malo okhala, kotero kuphatikiza kwa njira zoteteza mtunduwu kumatenga nthawi.
Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyi ndipo mumakonda kuwerenga za nyama, lembetsani ku zosintha zamasamba kuti mukhale oyamba kulandira zolemba zaposachedwa komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri za nyama zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Mawonekedwe
Manul ndi nyama yolingana ndi mphaka wakunyumba: thupi lake ndi lalitali 52-65 cm, mchira wake 23-31 cm, ndipo limalemera 2-5 kg. Amasiyana ndi mphaka wokhazikika mumkati, amakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi komanso tsitsi lalifupi kwambiri (pali tsitsi la 9,000 pa sentimita imodzi yomwe imatha kutalika masentimita 7). Mutu wa manul ndi wocheperako, wamkulu komanso wosalala, wokhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira omwe amakhala ndi mbali zambiri. Maso ndi achikasu, ana omwe kuwala kowoneka bwino, kosiyana ndi mawonekedwe a mphaka wapakhomo, samakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, koma osazungulira. Pamasaya pali mitolo ya tsitsi lalitali (akasinja). Mchirawo ndi wautali komanso wandiweyani, wokhala ndi lingaliro lozungulira.
Manula ubweya ndiye wowonda kwambiri komanso wonenepa kwambiri pakati pa amphaka. Utoto wa ubweya ndi kuphatikiza mitundu ya imvi yopepuka ndi fawn-ocher, tsitsilo lili ndi malangizo oyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ubweya wa mana uphimbidwe ndi chipale chofewa. Kumbuyo kwa thupi ndi mchira kumakhala mikwingwirima yopyapyala yakuda, mikwingwirima yakuda yozungulira imachoka kumakona amaso kupita kumbali za muzzle. Msonga wa mchira wakuda. Pansi pa thupi ndi zofiirira ndi zokutira zoyera.
Ntchito Zogawa ndi Magulu Aang'ono
Manul amagawidwa ku Central ndi Central Asia, kuchokera ku South Caucasus komanso kumadzulo kwa Iran kupita ku Transbaikalia, Mongolia ndi North-West China.
Kusiyana kwina kwa mtundu ndi kukula kwa thupi la manula ndizochepa, mitundu itatu yokha ndiyomwe ikudziwika:
- Otocolobus manul manul - imapezeka m'mitundu yambiri, koma imapezeka ku Mongolia ndi kumadzulo kwa China. Ili ndi mtundu wamba.
- Otocolobus manul Ferruginea - Yogawidwa ku Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan. Imakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiyira.
- Otocolobus manul nigripecta - amakhala ku Kashmir, Nepal ndi Tibet. Amadziwika ndi mtundu wamakutu otuwa, omwe nthawi yozizira amakhala ndi mtundu wa siliva wotuwa.
Mu Russia, mndandanda wamankhwala umayimiriridwa ndi magawo atatu: kum'mawa, Transbaikal ndi Tuva-Altai. Loyamba lili kudera la Chita, pakati pa mitsinje ya Shilka ndi Argun, kumadzulo - kupita ku Onon. Apa, kufalitsa kwa manul kumangokhala gawo la steppe. Malo otetezedwa a Transbaikal amapezeka makamaka ku Buryatia, mkati mwa nkhalango ndi malo opondera: Dzhidinsky, Ivolginsky ndi Selenginsky, kufupi ndi Ulan-Ude. Pakufalikira kachitatu, ku Tuva ndi Altai, kupezeka kwa manul kumadziwika kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dera lino. Pazaka 10 zapitazi, manul mu mapiri otseguka atha kuthetsedwa, ndipo mndandanda wake umakhala ngati mbali yaokha.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Malo okhala a Pallas amadziwika ndi nyengo yotentha kwambiri yozizira kwambiri komanso yozizira kwambiri, nyengo yayitali kwambiri. Manul amakhala kumapeto kwa mapiri ndi mapiri aang'ono, mapiri ang'onoang'ono, malo apakati, makamaka ndi shrubber, malo akutali ndi mabwalo, kupezeka kwa olemba miyala ndi miyala. M'mapiri amatuluka mpaka 3000-4800 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Ndi osowa mu tchire lakutchire komanso m'malo otsika. Ubwino wa mtundu wake, magawidwe ake, komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono akufotokozedwa ndi wachibale wa stenotopy (wokhala malo ozungulira) a zolengedwa. Kulikonse manul ndi ochepa.
Manul amakhala moyo wongokhala. Imagwira makamaka m'mawa komanso m'mawa, masana amagona pogona. Malo obisalamo amakhala m'miyala yamiyala, m'mapanga ang'ono, pansi pa miyala, m'makola akale a marm, fox, mbendera. Mtundu wa manula uli ndi zinthu zambiri zobisika zomwe zimamuthandiza kusaka. Manul palokha ndiye wosachedwa komanso wosachedwa kwambiri wamphaka wakuthengo.
Muluwu amadya pafupifupi pikas ndi makoswe onga mbewa, nthawi zina amagwira agologolo, mbalame zankhondo, marm ndi mbalame. Munthawi yachilimwe, pazaka zakukhumudwa, kuchuluka kwa pikas, Pallas amadya orthoptera yambiri komanso tizilombo tina. Amagwira nyama mwa kuba kapena amasamala miyala ndi mabowo.
Manul samasinthidwa kuti azithamanga. Akakhala pachiwopsezo, amadziwika ndi kubisala, amathanso kuthawa kwa adani, kukwera pamiyala ndi miyala. Manul ochita mantha atulutsa phokoso lalikulu kapena lakuthwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi mafotokozedwe a manul
Amphaka oyambirirawo amatha kukhala ngati nyama yamakono ya ku Madagascar ngati fossa. Zoyamwa izi zimakhala ndi niche yomweyo kuthengo monga amphaka onse.
Pafupifupi zaka 18 miliyoni zapitazo, amphaka amakono (Felidae) anatuluka ku Schizailurus. Oimira amakono oyimilira amphaka anali akhungu akale (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). Amakhulupirira kuti adawonekera zaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo. Olemba ena akuti cheetah yaku North America idachokera ku Acinonyx zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti Miracinonyx mwina ndiye kholo la mimbulu ndi ndudu (Puma).
Pafupifupi zaka 12 miliyoni zapitazo, Felis wamtundu woyamba adatulukira, pomwe amphaka ambiri amakono adadzapanga. Mitundu iwiri yoyambirira yamakono ya Felis inali mphaka Martelli (Felis lunensis †) ndi Manul (Felis manul). Mitundu yowonjezera ya Felis ndi Felis attica, Felis bituminosa, Felis daggetti, Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), Felis lunensis ndi Felis vorohuensis. Chifukwa chake, Pallas ndiye malo akale kwambiri mpaka pano.
Mitundu ya Acinonyx, Felis ndi Panthera ikuyimiriridwa ndi anthu omwe akukhala masiku ano. Kusankhidwa kwina kwamitundu yamakono kumakonzedweranso ndikumangidwanso ndi mipanda yambiri ya omwe adalipo kale. Amapereka zodalirika zodziwika kuti ndi ndani amachokera, komanso nthawi yanji mitundu ya mitundu yambiri idasokonekera.
Manul ndi ndani?
Manul ndi nthumwi zoyimira banja la mphaka, ntchentche yamtchire komanso yosasangalatsa yokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo. Chifukwa cha ubweya wake wosalala ndi mtundu wosazungulira ndi mawonekedwe a maso omwe ali ndi nzeru zakuthambo, chirombo ichi chakopa mitima ya mamiliyoni a anthu padziko lapansi. Mbiri ya manula imabwerera kalekale. Adawonekera padziko lapansi zaka 12 miliyoni zapitazo ndikuyamba kubadwa amphaka zina zapakhomo.
A Felinologists amaganiza kuti amphaka a ku Persia ndi Angora ndi mbadwa zachindunji za manul.
Nyama yamtchireyi imatchedwa Turks. Kuchokera ku chi Turkic "manul" amatanthauzidwa kuti "mwachangu". Dzina lina la a Pallas ndi mphaka wa Pallas. Adalandira izi polemekeza katswiri wazachilengedwe a Peter Simon Pallas, yemwe adazindikira ndikuyambitsa dziko lapansi ndi nyama yodziwika bwino ija. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zana la XVIII, kum'mawa kwa Empress Catherine II, wasayansi wopambana adapita paulendo wopita ku Caspian steppes, komwe mosayembekezereka anapeza mulu. Zomwe asayansi yachilengedwe sanakonde dzina la Turkic la mphaka - mbiri siyokhala chete, koma adayitcha - Otocolobus manul, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Latin kuti "khutu loyipa". Kapangidwe kake khutu lamkati sikachilendo kwenikweni, koma mutha kumayitcha kuti yoyipa ndikutambalala kwakukulu.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Manul
Mphaka wamtchire amakhala ndi moyo wopatula. Ndiwopanga chiwembu ndipo, atatha kumva kuti ndi munthu, amatha kukhala m'malo obisalirapo kwa maola ambiri, kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi malo. Izi zidathandizira modulira. Chiwerengero cha nyama ndizovuta kudziwa.
Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'zaka zam'ma 2000 zamakonoli kuyambira 3 mpaka 3.5,000.
Ku Russia, chiwerengero cha manul chikuyembekezeredwa motere:
- Mountain Altai - anthu 250-300,
- Buryatia - mpaka 70 anthu,
- Dera la Chita - mpaka 2500.
Kodi mphaka wa manul amakhala kuti?
Mphaka wamtchire wa Manul umapezeka ku Central Asia, Nyanja ya Caspian, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi kumpoto India. Komanso, mphaka wamtchire amakhala pakati China, Mongolia ndi kumwera kwa Russia. Chiwerengero cha anthu chakumwera chakumadzulo kwa magawo awo - m'chigawo cha Caspian Sea, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan - akuchepa kwambiri. Manula pafupifupi sangathe kupeza pa Tibet Plateau. Masiku ano ku Mongolia ndi Russia kuli mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yawo.
Malo okhala manula amakhala ndi nyengo yotentha kwambiri komanso mvula yochepa, chinyezi chochepa komanso kutentha kwambiri. Adapezeka pamtunda wozizira mpaka 4800 mamita ozizira, malo owuma pakati pa mapiri komanso miyala.
Zinyama zodyerazi zing'onozing'ono zimakonda zigwa komanso malo amiyala pomwe zimakhala ndi mwayi wothawirako, chifukwa zimapewa malo okhala. Komanso, a Pallas sakonda madera okhala ndi chivundikiro chachikulu cha chipale chofewa (pamwamba pa 10 cm). 15-20 masentimita ndiwo malire a mitunduyi.
Malo okhalamo akuwoneka kuti ndi akulu kwa kathandizo kakang'ono ngati kameneka. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mongolia, mtunda wa pakati pa akazi ndi 7.4-125 km2 (23 km2 pa average), pomwe pakati pa amuna ndi 21207 km2 (98 km2 pa average). Kuchokera pamenepa tingaganizire kuti pa 100 km2 iliyonse pali anthu anayi kapena asanu ndi atatu.
Mkhalidwe wosungira nyama
Manul adalembedwa m'mabuku a Red of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, China ndi Mongolia, komanso mu IUCN Red List yokhala ndi "pafupi kuti awopseze".
Zifukwa zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa zinyama:
- ozunza
- Pokhala agalu amtundu womwewo popanda chodumphitsa,
- kugwiritsa ntchito misampha ndi misampha yosaka nyama za ubweya,
- nyengo yozizira kwambiri ndi ayezi,
- Kuchepa kwa chakudya,
- zilombo zokulirapo
- opikisana nawo:
- nkhandwe
- Wolverines
- ofera
- chiwombankhanga chagolide,
- mphutsi zankhondo
- kadzidzi.
- matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana.
Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu adapanga pulogalamu: "Kuwerenga, kusunga ndi kubwezeretsa manul." Pulogalamuyi, yopangidwa zaka 10, akatswiri osamalira nyama akukonzekera kubereka amphaka m'malo opangidwa mwaluso. Manul ndi chizindikiro cha Zoo ya Moscow.
Kodi amadya mphaka wamtchire?
Kupanga kwa manul kumasiyana kwambiri. Mphaka wamtchire amatengera:
- ma voles a kumunda
- marmot
- mapuloteni
- mbalame zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo mitengo, ma aviaries ndi magawo),
- tizilombo
- zirombo
- omasulira.
Mphaka wa manul steppe amabisala masana m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono osiyidwa omwe anali ammiyala kapena nkhandwe. Popeza Pallas ndiyosachedwa kwambiri, ayenera kukhala otsika pansi ndikuyandikira pafupi ndi zomwe agwirira asanadumphe. Pofuna kuti asagwidwe chifukwa cha chiwombankhanga, mimbulu, nkhandwe zofiira kapena agalu okha, amasuntha pang'ono, kenako ndikubisala pakudya.
Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yopeza manul ndi kucha ndi m'bandakucha. Amphaka amtchire amathanso kusaka masana. Ziwopsezo zina, monga nkhandwe za Corsac, nkhandwe zofiira ndi ma badger aku Europe, zimadalira magawo omwe amapezeka pakudya ngati manul. Pokana kupatula kupikisana nawo, pali mfundo pamtundu womwe mitundu yomwe imadalira zinthu zomwezo siyingakhale malo amodzi. Kutengera izi, a Pallas adasinthiratu momwe amasaka zakudya pakanthawi.
M'nyengo yozizira, pakalibe chakudya chokwanira, a Pallas amafunafuna mwachangu nyengo yachisanu kapena tizilombo tambiri. Nthawi yozizira ndi nthawi yobisalira mbendera, chifukwa amphaka amtchire amapewa kupikisana nawo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Makhalidwe a Manul ndi ovuta. Nyamayi imachita zinthu mwachinsinsi komanso mochenjera. Monga nthumwi zina za mafayilo ena a feline - zolakalaka. Mwa amphaka onse omwe analipo kuthengo, manul ndi osachedwa komanso osatha kuyenda. Manul, monga zilombo zina, amakonda nthawi yausiku. Ngakhale kuti nyama zam'madzi izi zimatha kusaka masana, zimakonda kugona masana. Chifukwa cha machitidwe ake, monga chizengerezi komanso kusangalala, manul Nthawi zambiri amayenera kumuwona yemwe akumenya pafupi ndi bowo. Mtundu wa ubweya wa mphaka wamtchire umakhala wopanda ntchito.
Manul amabisala kwa adani m'maenje, pamiyala kapena m'maenje. Mphaka uyu amatulutsa ubweya wake kuchokera ku mbendera zakale kapena nkhandwe, kapena amasinthana ndi miyala ndi mapanga ang'onoang'ono. Izi ndizomwe zimathandizira kuti manul akhale osadziwika ngati abisala. Manul ndiwosachedwa kwambiri pakati pa amphaka amtchire. Pokhala ndi mkwiyo kapena nkhanza, a Pallas amapanga mokweza mawu omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi mawu a kadzidzi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Amakhulupirira kuti Pallas yamphongo imayendayenda pafupifupi 42 km2, koma palibe umboni wodalirika wa izi. Asayansi akuti kuyimbira kwa manul kumamveka ngati kusakaniza kwa agalu ang'ono ndi kulira kwa kadzidzi.
Pallas amakhala ndi nyengo ya kubereka pachaka. Zachikazi zamtunduwu ndi zamtala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti yamphongo imatha kukwatiwa ndi akazi angapo. Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira pa Disembala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, ndipo nthawi yakhazikika imatenga masiku 75. Kuyambira pa 2 mpaka 6 amphaka amabadwa nthawi. Ng'ombe zimabadwa kumapeto kwa Marichi ndikukhalabe ndi amayi awo miyezi iwiri yoyambirira.
Ana amphaka akabadwa, amphongo samatenga nawo mbali polera. Amphaka akangosiyira nazale, aphunzira momwe angapangire chakudya ndi kusaka ali ndi zaka 4-5. Pofika pafupifupi chaka chimodzi cha moyo, iwo amakhala okhwima ndipo amatha kupeza anzawo. Kutalika kwa zaka zomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo amakhala pafupifupi miyezi 27, kapena zaka zopitilira ziwiri zokha, chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso malo okhala kwambiri. Ali kundende, Pallas amakhala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.
Zolinga zakuchepetsa kwamanambala
Zomwe zikuopseza kuchuluka kwa manul ndi:
Pallas ilipo mu chilengedwe chochepa kwambiri ndipo sichingasinthidwe bwino kuti itetezedwe kuzilombo. Kudalira kwawo kumalo enaake kumawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ubweya wa mphaka wamtchirewu amayamikiridwa m'misika yambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa 1900s, amphaka pafupifupi 50,000 pachaka amaphedwa chifukwa cha khungu lawo.
Kuwonongeka kwa Habitat kumakulirakulira ndikuwakhudza kupezeka kwa manul. Agalu akunyumba ndi zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kukhala 56% ya kufa kwa Pallas m'chigawo chimodzi chapakati cha Mongolia. Amphaka nthawi zina amaphedwa molakwika ndi alenje, kuwalakwitsa ngati kanyumba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Mongolia chikuwopsezedwa chifukwa chofuna kusaka nyama komanso kuba. Pallas amasakidwa kuti "agwiritse ntchito zapakhomo", palinso mwayi wopeza chilolezo kwa aboma am'deralo. Komabe, kukhazikitsa malamulo kumakhala kofooka ndipo palibe kuwongolera. Mwina choopsa chachikulu kwa kambukuyi ndi njira zoyipitsira boma za poizoni kuti achepetse mitundu ya anthu yomwe ikuchitika mokulira ku Russia ndi China.
Udindo wa anthu ndikusamalira manul
Mphaka wa Pallasov m'zaka zaposachedwa, yasowa m'malo ambiri mozungulira Nyanja ya Caspian, komanso kum'mawa komwe inali. Manulas adalembedwa kuti "ali pangozi" m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red. Misonkhano ya Washington for the Protection of Animal ikupereka chitsogozo pa mitunduyi pa Zakumapeto II.
Mu 2000, Dr. Bariusha Munkatso wa ku Mongolia Academy of Sayansi ndi Irbis Center ya Mongolia, pamodzi ndi Meredith Brown, adayamba kuphunzira zam'munda zakale. Dr. Munkatso adapitilizabe kuphunzira ntchito zofunikira kwambiri za amphaka awa m'chigawo chapakati cha Mongolia ndipo ndi m'modzi mwa ofufuza ochepa omwe amawona kuswana kwa akazi. Pallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) ndi polojekiti yatsopano yosungirako yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi North Ark Zoo, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland ndi Snow Leopard Trust. Fondation Segre adathandizanso pamsonkhanowu kuyambira Marichi 2016.
Ntchito ya PICA ndikuwonjezera chidwi padziko lonse lapansi cha a Pallas, kuyang'ana pa mbiri yawo yachilengedwe ndikupereka lipoti lakuwopseza amphaka awa. Kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwidwa kunkhondo kumathandizira kusintha kukhulupirika kwa majini. Chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri kwa a Pallas ndiosamalira, omwe, ngakhale atawonongeka ndikuwonongeka kwa malo awo, akufuna kuthandiza amphaka amtchire. Njira zotetezera ziyenera kuphatikizapo kukonza malamulo ndikukweza njira zololeza kusaka.
Habitat
Nyama zam'madzi zakutchire - manul atchire amakhala m'matanthwe amtunda, malo otsetsereka opanda miyala komanso malo ophatikizira ochokera ku Iran ndi South Transcaucasia kupita ku Transbaikalia, North-West China ndi Mongolia, ku Central ndi Central Asia. Ziwerengero zapamwamba kwambiri zimawonedwa m'malo okhala ndi chipale chofewa.
Ku Russia, mphaka wa Pallas amakhala mdera la Chita, m'malo a Buryatia, ku Tyva ndi Altai.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Pokasaka mphaka wamtchire, utoto wamtambo umathandiza, chifukwa chake umagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo. Zakudya zake zazikulu ndi makoswe, koma amathanso kugwira gopher, hare kapena mbalame. Munjala, sichimanyoza orthoptera ndi tizilombo tina.
Monga lamulo, nyama zimadyedwa ndi nyama kapena pansi pa miyala. Manul yakutchire siyitha kuthamanga, vuto likabisala kwa adani m'miyala ndi pakati pamiyala.
Kuswana
Kutha kumafika m'miyezi 10-11. Mpikisanowu umatha kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka March kamodzi pachaka.
Nthawi zambiri amuna angapo amadzinamizira kuti ndi akazi. Wopambana ndewu amapeza ufulu wokhala wokwatirana. Pambuyo pachimake, chachikazi chimachoka, ndipo chachikazi chimadziimira payokha pakulima kwa ana. Mphaka amanyamula ana pafupifupi masiku 60 ndipo kumapeto kwa Epulo - kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, mphaka amabwera ndi mphaka 2 mpaka 6. Ana amphongo akhungu amalemera pafupifupi 300 g. Pakatha masiku 10, maso awo amatseguka, ndipo pakatha miyezi itatu amphaka amayamba kupita kukasaka. Kutalika kwa moyo wa mphaka wa Pallas kuli pafupifupi zaka 10-12.
Pokhala akapolo, Pallas amabala bwino, koma ana amphaka nthawi zambiri amafa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Choyambitsa chachikulu chaimfa chachikulu ndi toxoplasmosis. Ku Russia, malo atatu okha ndi omwe apeza bwino kuswana kwamtunduwu.
Zifukwa zakutha kwa Pallas ndi chitetezo chake
Manul, mphaka wochokera ku Red Book ndi nyama yosowa, yokhala pangozi. M'malo ena okhala, kuchuluka kwake kukupitirirabe, ndipo nyamayo yatsala pang'ono kutha.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa mitundu iyi ndi:
- poaching
- Ziwawa ndi agalu,
- Chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pasakhale chakudya,
- kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha makoswe (kusowa kwa chakudya champhamvu).
- matenda.
Chifukwa cha zobisika zamphaka wa Pallas, ndizovuta kudziwa chiwerengero chake pakadali pano. Mlingo wapakati wamtunduwu m'malo omwe akukhalako umadziwika kuti ndi nyama zazikulu 2-3 pamakilomita khumi.
Mphaka wa Pallasov adalembedwa mu Red Book of Tyva, Khakassia ndi Russia, mndandanda wa IUCN, komanso mu 1995 mu CITES Appendix 2 ya Msonkhano. Popeza Manul ndi mphaka wochokera ku Red Book, kusaka iye ndikoletsedwa kulikonse.
Gome: Gulu la mphaka wamtchire Pallas
Onani | Manul |
Mutu | Mphaka wa Pallasov (Otocolobus manul) |
Chifundo | Amphaka ang'ono |
Kufikira | Zotsogola |
Banja | Feline |
Gulu | Amayi |
Mtundu | Chordates, vertebrates |
Habitat | Pakati ndi Pakati Asia, Mongolia, Tibet, China, Transbaikalia |
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi | Ziwonetsero |
Moyo | nthawi zamadzulo kwambiri ndi usiku |
Khalidwe ndi zizolowezi za Pallas
Makhalidwe apadera:
- kumangokhala
- kusamala ndi chinsinsi,
- madzulo ndi kukhalapo kwa usiku
- wodekha ndi wodekha,
- kukhalapo kwaokha
- kusungira.
Khalidwe la Pallas ndilobisalira kwambiri kwakuti asayansi omwe amayang'anira moyo wa mphaka wokhala ndi makutu osakhazikika amutcha phantom. Kusungulumwa ndiye maziko a moyo wamphaka wamtchire. Akatswiri amati katemera wa Pallas ndi amodzi mwa nyama zowchenjera kwambiri zomwe sizingachite chisanu chofewa, osangosiya dothi losawoneka bwino. Ndiye kuti chiwonetsero cha chilombo chiwerengedwe m'mawa, azidikirira masiku mpaka anthu ena amtundu womwewo akhale chizindikiro pamaso pa namwaliyo. Nthawi zambiri, manul amayenda kumapazi a bex ndi nsanja za kumpoto, zomwe zimayenda pagululo ndipo zimasiyidwa bwino.
Manul ndi katswiri wazobisika komanso nyama yochenjera kwambiri yokhala ndi moyo wosiyana.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Yambirani zolemba zingapo za WILD CATS. Zinapezeka kuti zandipeza kuti ndizambiri za izo. Ndidaganiza kuti "ndisapukute" positi imodzi, koma kuti ndikuwonetseni mwatsatanetsatane.
Kodi mungakonde kutengaulendo wakale ndikuwona nyama zomwe zinali zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo? Pankhani ya amphaka, izi sizikuyenera kuchitika, chifukwa kuli Manul - pafupifupi zaka 12 miliyoni, anali amodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba ya amphaka omwe amphaka amakono adachokera. Malinga ndi asayansi, a Pallas sanasinthebe kwambiri kuyambira pamenepo. Panalinso mtundu wina - mphaka wa Martelli, koma udasowa kwathunthu. Manul - nyama yapadera yomwe imatsegula zenera m'mbuyomu amphaka amakono
Manul ndiye mphaka wamtchire yekhayo amene amafanana ndi amphaka wamba. Itha kuwoneka yayikulu pang'ono chifukwa cha ubweya wake wakuda kwambiri. Ngakhale akuwoneka wamawonekedwe osavomerezeka, ndiwachisomo kwambiri, odekha komanso osachedwa. Ali ndi ziwonetsero zonse pabanja la amphaka, amapulumuka bwino m'malo achilengedwe ndipo amatha kudzilimira yekha polimbana ndi adani ena
Chifukwa chachikulu chopulumutsira kwa manul kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri chinali kudzipatula. Amakhala kuthengo kwamtchire ku Asia, pamalo okwera mpaka 4 km. Manul amakhala ku India, Pakistan, China chakumadzulo ndi Mongolia, komanso ku Afghanistan ndi Turkmenistan. Posachedwa, mphakayu adapezekanso kutchire kwa Sayan Siberia. M'malo awa amakonda miyala yamiyala. mapiri owuma komanso opanda mapiri. Mwanjira ina, awa ndi malo omwe kuli mwayi wochepa kwambiri wokumana ndi mdani wanu. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikosavuta kwa inu kuganiza kuti pakadali pano mdani wake wamkulu ndi munthu
Pakadali pano, magulu atatu a Pallas amadziwika: mwadzina, kapena Siberian, yemwe amakhala kumpoto kwa mtunduwu ndipo amadziwika ndi imvi ya ubweya, Central Asia, yodziwika ndi ubweya wofiira (wofanana ndi Turkmenistan, Afghanistan ndi Chilonda chakumpoto), Tibetan, yemwe amadziwika ndi ubweya wakuda kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yakuda pa thupi ndi mchira komanso mawanga owoneka bwino pamutu (wopezeka kumpoto kwa Pakistan, Northern India, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan).
Manul, kwakukulu, ndi mphaka yaying'ono wolemera kuyambira 2 mpaka 5 makilogalamu ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 65 masentimita - pafupifupi ngati mchira wam'nyumba, fluffy lonse umakhala ndi kutalika kwa 23-30 cm zokha. Kwakukulu, amawoneka ngati mphaka wamba, koma ali ndi thupi lakuthwa pamiyendo yayifupi ndi ubweya wonenepa kwambiri. Manul ndiwofatsa kwambiri pakati pa nthumwi zonse za amphaka amtunduwu - mpaka tsitsi 9000 limakhala 1 cm imodzi kumbuyo kwake. Tsitsi lililonse limakhala ndi nsonga yoyera, ndikupangitsa ubweya wake kuti uziwoneka ngati chipale chofewa. Kutalika kwa tsitsi la ubweya kumafalikira 7cm. Utoto umasinthasintha ndimtundu wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira, malaya akuda akuda amakhala mchira, kumbuyo kwa thupi komanso kupukutira. Pamphumi pa manula - madontho amtundu wakuda, ndipo nsonga ya mchira wa munthu wokongola ndi utoto wakuda.
Manula ali ndi maso akulu achikaso - achangu, osunthika, amoyo. Mosiyana ndi amphaka am'nyumba, ana amakhala owazungulira osati omangika, mwachitsanzo, ana agalu. Manul ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola komanso kumva, koma fungo lake silipezeka.
Manul palokha ndiye wosachedwa komanso wosachedwa kwambiri kuposa amphaka onse amtchire, sadziwa kuthamanga kwambiri. Manul amakhala moyo wongokhala. Nyama iliyonse imakhala m'gawo losiyana, lomwe limatanthauziratu, pomwe imathamangitsa mzake mwangozi mwangozi. Amapita kokasaka m'mawa komanso usiku, masana amabisala ndipo amagona m'makola kapena m'ming'alu. Chakudya chake chachikulu ndi makoswe, koma amatha kugwira kalulu kapena mbalame yaing'ono, mbalame.M'chilimwe chimagwira tiziromboti .Kuwongolera kwa Pallas kumabweretsa kamodzi pachaka, zinyalala zimakhala ndi ana awiri kapena asanu ndi limodzi. Nthawi yakukhwima imagwa, monga ikuyenera mphaka, mu February - Marichi. "Amphaka a Marichi" amakonzera ndewu amphaka, koma abambo satenga nawo mbali polera ana. Amayi Manul amasamalira ana mosamala, akunyambita, amawotchera ndikudya mkaka. Koma amayi akapsa mtima, amaluma ana ake. Ali ndi miyezi 3, manulata amapita kokasaka koyamba. Manul amakhala kuthengo kwa zaka 10-12.
Kulikonse, kupatula malo otetezedwa, manul ndi osowa kapena osowa kwambiri, m'malo ena ali pafupi kutha. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha nyamayi ndiyosavuta kuyambitsa chifukwa chobisalira kwa a Pallas komanso mtundu wa momwe amagawidwira. Pallas atha kubereka bwino ali muukapolo, ngakhale malo osungira nyama amakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la kufa kwa achinyamata manyowa ochokera ku toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis manus kuthengo samadwala, amatenga kachilomboka kuchokera ku amphaka akunyumba.
Zowopsa zomwe zimayambitsa Pallas ndikuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha msipu wa ng'ombe ndi migodi, kuba, abusa ndi agalu olusa. Ngakhale ziletsozo, malonda osayenera mu mittens komanso zovala za ubweya wa ubweya wacinyama wachilendoyu akupitilizabe.
Manul adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red and in Appendix II of CITES Convention (1995). Mndandanda wofiira wa IUCN (wogwiritsa ntchito IUCN Red Book), mbiri ya Pallasa imasankhidwa kuti "yapafupi kuwopsezedwa
Mu 2010, pamsonkhano wa Euro-Asia Regional Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EARAZA), pulogalamu yapadziko lonse yopanga kafukufuku ndi kupanga "Phunziro, kusunga ndi kubereka kwa manul" idasinthidwa ndikuvomerezedwa
Pulogalamuyi idapangidwa zaka 10. Pulogalamuyi, ochita kafukufuku akufuna kupanga ukadaulo wosungira ndikusungitsa manulidwe opangidwa mwaluso, kuti apange kuchuluka kwa manul mu machitidwe opangidwa mwaluso, kuti apeze chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza kupezeka kwa mitundu iyi muukapolo komanso mwachilengedwe. manula zachilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza pa omwe adayambitsa pulogalamuyi - Moscow Zoo ndi malo angapo omwe ali ndi manulas muzopeza zawo ndipo akufuna kulowa nawo pulogalamuyi - oyambitsa pulogalamuyi ndi a Siberian Ecological Center MBOO (Program for the Study and Preservation of Manul), Protozoal infusions Laboratory la Research Institute of Epidemiology ndi Microbiology atatchulidwa pambuyo N.F. Gamalei RAMS ndi GPBZ "Daursky Reserve" (Trans-Baikal Territory).
Manul, monga amphaka ena, amakonda kusungulumwa. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amakumana mwachidule panthawi yakukonzekera. Mkazi yekha ndi amene amalera ana obadwa. Kukula kwa tsamba lanu sikunafotokozedwe, zambiri pazomwe zili zangokhala zosakhudzika komanso zowerenga. Mwachitsanzo, zadziwika kuti akafuna kusaka, a Pallas amatha kusiya miyala yawo pamiyala 0,1-1 km, kupita kumadera apafupi ndi steppe, komanso minda, madipoziti ndi miyala. Munthawi yakubereka, amuna ambiri amatsata wamkazi atawotcha, pakati pawo kumenyanirana koopsa.
Manyowawo amadya makamaka tizirombo ndi makoswe: ma gerbil, ma voles, agologolo pansi, hamsters, komanso magawo ndi ma dumplings. Nthawi zina imagwira pansi tating'onoting'ono tokhala pansi, mbalame za mbalame, komanso mbalame zazing'ono zodyera kapena kudya pansi. Amagwira nyama yake mwa kuba kapena kuisunga kwa miyala ndi zingwe. Kuchokera m'maenje osaya kwambiri amatha kupeza makoswe. Gawo lofunika pakudya kwamankhwala ndi tizilombo.
M'malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi, a Pallas ndi osowa. Ngakhale akuwoneka kuti ndiosavuta kukonza, palibe malo amodzi omwe adakwanitsa kuswana nthawi zonse.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Moscow Zoo, Pallas adawonekera mu 1957, ndipo kuyambira mu 1987 chithunzi cha Pallas chakhala chizindikiro chake, koma ndizovuta kumuwona atangomaliza kumene: mphaka wachinsinsiyu amangoyenda pokhapokha dzuwa litangobwera alendo atachoka ku malo osungira nyama. Ndege yaying'ono yamankhwala ili pakati pa ndege zamkati ndi nthano ya Far East. Pakadali pano, manulowa akuwonetsedwa - chiwonetserochi chikuyambiridwanso. Okhala ndi ubweya wofunda mwachilendo, nyama zimamva bwino, zikukhala chaka chonse m'makomo amsewu. Mitengo ya mitengo imayikidwa mu zitayala, ndipo maimamu, omwe mwachilengedwe amayenda pansi pokhapokha, akonzeka kukwera nawo mpaka kukwera mabataniwo kukhoma kwa khola, ngati nyani. Monga dzenje kwa iwo amaika nyumba zamatabwa, pomwe nthawi yozizira amayala zinyalala. M'malo osungira nyama, ma pallas amathanso kudya nyama, koma chakudya chabwino kwambiri kwa iwo ndi nyama zonse za makoswe ndi zinziri, zomwe zimapangidwa mwanjira imeneyi. Pallas ali ndi gawo losangalatsa: pakugwa, mu Okutobala - Novembala, kukonda kwawo kumawonjezeka. Nyama zimadya nthawi imodzi ndi theka kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndipo zimalemera msanga - unyinji wa amuna akuluakulu panthawiyi amatha kufikira 10 kg. Koma mu Disembala - Januware, chilakolako chimalimba, ndipo nthawi zina ma pallas amathanso kudya tsiku lililonse.
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa andende muukapolo imachitika, monga chilengedwe, mu February - Marichi. Ng'ombe pazaka zakubadwa mwezi umodzi zimayamba kusiya chisa, yesani kudya zakudya zachikulire. Pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amafikira kukula kwa nyama zazikulu, pakatha chaka chimodzi, zazikazi zimatha kubereka kale.
Pallas ndi zinyama za stenotopic, i.e. kumangokhala m'malo omwe ali ndi nyengo komanso nyengo. Zoti amuchotsa kumalo awo okhala zimafooketsa chitetezo chawo, ndipo matenda omwe amakhudza mana nawonso samamveka bwino. Sikovuta kubzala manyowa pang'ono mu malo osungira nyama, ngakhale amayi atawasamalira bwino. Nthawi zambiri Kittens amadwala ndikufa. Kuti muwateteze, kuyambira milungu isanu ndi umodzi mpaka miyezi itatu iliyonse masabata awiri ali ndi katemera wa matenda opatsirana, kenako amatemera pachaka moyo wawo wonse. Amayi ndi amayi omwe amakhala ndi mantha kwambiri komanso osakhazikika, ngati akuganiza kuti anawo ali pachiwopsezo, amayesa kuyenda ndikubisa ana amphaka. Pofufuza malo abwinoko, amatha kuthamanga kwa nthawi yayitali ali ndi kamwana m'mano ndipo mosadziwa amatha kumuwononga.
Mankhwala achikulire nawonso si ovuta kwa a veterinarians. Amadwala mobisa, osawonetsa zizindikiro za matenda mpaka atachedwa. Nthawi zambiri, thanzi la chiweto limayenera kuweruzidwa ndi mawonekedwe amaso ndi malingaliro abwinobwino achikhalidwe. Sikovuta kuthana ndi manuli mwina; chifukwa chazowona zanyama ayenera kugwidwa ndi ukonde wapadera ndikukhazikika. Amphaka ang'onoang'onowa amatetezedwa kwambiri ndi zibwano zawo komanso mano ataliitali omwe amatha kupweteketsa mabala akulu. Koma palinso kusiyanasiyana pakati pa Pallas, Tinkakhala kumalo osungirako nyama otchedwa Sultan. Anagwidwa ali mwana wamng'ono ndipo amakhala kumalo osungira nyama kwazitali kwambiri. Ali atakalamba kale, adavulaza khosi lake, ndipo chilondacho sichidachira kwa nthawi yayitali. Atabwera kwa iye kuti amupatse chithandizo, adadzikweza miyendo yake yakumbuyo, atatsamira m'mphepete mwa nyumbayo ndi kutsogolo kwake ndikukhazikika khosi kuti azichiritsa bala.
Ndikovuta kwambiri kukulitsa manuli, pazifukwa zina zomwe zatsala popanda mayi. Tsiku lina, mmodzi mwa akazi a ku Pallas omwe amasungidwa kumalo athu osungira nyama amayenera kukhala ndi gawo la cesarean. Pambuyo pa opareshoni, wamkazi sanathe kusamalira ana iyemwini, ndipo tinali ndi zida zamitengo yama eyiti makumi atatu m'manja. Mwachangu ndi anthu onse omwe akudziwa komanso omwe adawadziwa adayamba kufunafuna mphaka wapakhomo yemwe akuyenda kumene. Mphaka adapezeka, ndipo eni ake, ngakhale anali ndi nkhawa kwambiri, adavomera kutibwereketsa ziweto zawo ndimphaka 6 kwa kanthawi. Mphaka wa Siamese adadzakhala mayi wokongola ndikukula manul palimodzi ndi tiana, osapanga kusiyana pakati pawo. Koma manuli, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri ankawanyamula ndikumulemetsa tsiku lililonse, amakhalabe opusa. Pomwe abale ndi alongo awo adathamangira kwa mwamunayo ndikusewera mwakufuna kwawo, manuli adayesetsa kubisala, kubisala. Itakwana nthawi yophunzitsira manulit kuti adye nyama, chinthu choyamba chomwe savage yaying'ono idachita kununkhira nyama - adanyamula zala zazing'ono pachala pomwe panali zidutswa za mincemeat ndikumuluma magazi.
Ma Pallas samasamba ndipo ngakhale atakhala zaka zambiri kumalo osungira nyama, samacheza ndi anthu. Koma nthawi ina, mtsikana wachichepere Pallas adatibweretsera kumalo athu osungira nyama, omwe adawugwira ang'onoang'ono ndikukulira m'nyumba ya Moscow. Eni ake sanasangalale kukhala limodzi ndi mphaka wokongola kwa nthawi yayitali, sipanatenge nthawi, osagwirizana, anaukira achibale, ndipo adayenera kuwapatsa zoo. Chidani chaching'ono, chongokhala nyama, sichinachite mantha ndi anthu. Amawona mawonekedwe aliwonse azithunzithunzi m'ngaliramo ngati kuyesera gawo lake ndikuwukira, akuyesetsa kuti afike pamaso pa munthu yemwe adalowa, chifukwa chake amayenera kuphatikiza mphaka wa kilogalamu inayi. Wina ankaponyera nkhosayo pamakona ndikuimangirira pamenepo, ndipo yachiwiriyo idatsuka mwachangu ndikuyika chakudya. Ndipo ngakhale mchitidwe wankhanza choterewu siwachilendo kwa a Pallas, amphaka okongola mwachilendo awa sayenera kukhala ziweto.
Posachedwa, chidwi cha zolemba pamalo osungira zachilengedwe chawonjezereka, njira zatsopano zofufuzira ndi kuwunika zatulukira. Chisamaliro chachikulu chimaperekedwa pophunzira za matenda awo. Mwina posachedwa tiphunzira zambiri pa moyo wa nyama zobisikazi, ndipo kuyang'anira ndi kuzisamalira kumalo osungira nyama sikudzakhalanso vuto. Chidziwitso chatsopano chithandizira kuteteza anyani m'malo omwe akukhala, ndipo kupezeka kwa anthu omwe ali mu ukapolo kumachepetsa kuchoka kwawo ku chilengedwe.
Mbiri yopezeka pamtundu wa manul
Mphaka wamtchire Manul adapezeka chifukwa cha wasayansi wazachilengedwe ku Germany a Peter Pallas, ndipo adalandira dzina lake lasayansi dzina lake. Wasayansi anapeza ndi kufotokozera zamtunduwu mu 1776 pa nthawi yophunzira mapiri a Caspian.
Chilombo cholusa chamtunduwu ndi chimodzi mwa nyama zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, zomwe sizinasinthe.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mphaka wa Pallas amawoneka wofanana ndi momwe anali kuchitira zaka zapitazo. Nyama yaying'onoyo inali ndi mwayi woposa, mwachitsanzo, akambuku abambo-ofunda.
Mawu akuti "Manul" ndi Chiturkic ndipo tanthauzo lake lenileni, asayansi sakudziwa. Mwambiri, amatanthauza "mphaka". Ngakhale nzika zadera la Pacific la Caspian ndi mafuko oyandikana ndi a Mongol sanachite chiwetochi ndi ulemu, komanso ulemu kwambiri, adasiyanitsa chilombocho.
M'masayansi, Manula akuti ndi amphaka amtchire, koma chifukwa chofufuza mozama za mawonekedwe amtunduwu, asayansi adadzilekanitsa nyamayo mgulu lina ndi dzina loti Otocolobus manul kapena Felis manul.
Mr. Cat akutsimikizira: mawonekedwe, osiyanasiyana
Mawu akuti "Otocolobus" ochokera ku Greek yakale amatanthauza "khutu laling'ono". Nyamayi imakhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono; chifukwa cha tsitsi lakuda, imataika.
Ichi ndi nyama yaying'ono, yomwe siyokwanira kukula kwa mphaka wamba. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 50 mpaka 65 cm, mchirawo ndi wautali, pafupifupi 20 mpaka 20 cm. Unyinji wazomwe zimayambitsa ndi ma kilogalamu awiri mpaka asanu okha. Apa ndipomwe kufananako ndi chiweto kumatha. Thupi la Manul ndilopindika, lamphamvu, lamatumbo, nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali (mpaka 7 cm). Kufikira tsitsi lokwanira zikwi zisanu ndi zinayi peresenti ya khungu.
Mutu kuyerekeza ndi thupi lozungulira kumawoneka laling'ono, ndipo maso owala achikasu ali ndi mwana wosazolowereka - amangokhala ozungulira, osaganizira mawonekedwe ofukula, ngati fupa lina lililonse. Pamasaya a nyama ngakhale tsitsi lalitali - "ndevu".
Mawonekedwe apadera a Manula ndi awa:
- thupi lamphamvu, logogoda,
- miyendo yamfupi yamphamvu
- Mchira wautali wokhala ndi lingaliro lozungulira,
- maso ang'onoang'ono agolide ndi mwana wazungulira,
- chovala chambiri chakuda
- wonyezimira, maziko akulu ndi oyera ndi oyera,
- mikwingwirima yokhala ngati malasha pathupi ndi mchira,
- mizere iwiri yakuda pamasaya,
- madera oyera pamiyala ya makutu,
- Makutu awo ndi ochepa kwambiri, otsika komanso osiyanasiyana m'mbali za mutu,
- mutu ndi wocheperako wokhala ndi akasinja akuda m'mbali.
Chovala cha ubweya wa Manula mosakayikira ndiye chobiriwira komanso chambiri pakati pa amphaka onse, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti, ndi chovala chofananira, Aperisi ali pachibale kwambiri ndi nyama yodabwitsayi komanso yosangalatsa. Nyama nazonso ndizofanana pozungulira mozungulira matupi awo komanso mawonekedwe achilendo a chigaza.
Mtundu wa amphaka a Pallas umayang'aniridwa ndi matayala a ocher-fawn ndi ma grey, koma chifukwa cha kununkha, chovala chonsecho chikuwoneka kuti chafumbi. Pachifuwa, pamimba komanso mkati mwa matako, mitundu ya ubweya imakhala yofiirira ndi fumbi lofanana ndi chipale chofewa.
Nyama izi zimakonda kukhala kumadera okhala kwambiri nyengo yotentha.
Chovala chakuthwa chokhala ndi undercoat yamphamvu chimapangitsa kuti kusakhale kosavuta kulekerera kusintha kwakukulu. Nthawi yomweyo, ma paws apafupi amapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyenda pamtunda wambiri wa chipale chofewa.
Imakonda malo am'mapiri ndi mapiri achipululu, mapiri ang'onoang'ono, malo apakati okhala ndi tchire, poyikapo miyala ndi m'miyala. Imatha kupezeka m'mapiri, mpaka kutalika kwa 3-4,000 mamitala kumtunda kwa nyanja.
Zosoŵa kwambiri m'nkhalango ndi m'malo otsika. Nthawi zambiri, mphaka wa Pallasov amatha kupezeka ku Central ndi Central Asia, komwe amakhala m'malo opezeka matalala, komanso kumapiri a Tibet ndi Nepal. Magulu ochepa a Manula amapezekanso ku Mongolia, China, Transbaikalia, Kashmir ndi madera otsika a Caspian.
Mitundu ya Manula
Mphaka wa Pallas ali ndi ma subtypes atatu:
- Otocolobus manul manul kapena Sibulan Manul - amapezeka paliponse m'malo ambiri zachilengedwe, koma amapezeka kwambiri ku Mongolia, China, Siberia ya Russia. Nyama imakhala imvi, m'malo mwake mtundu wopepuka.
- Otocolobus manul Ferruginea amadziwika kuti Central Asia Manul. Nyamayi imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira wakuda wokhala ndi zikwangwani zofiirira pamiyeso pamikwendo pa thupi, mchira ndi kupweteka. Amakhala makamaka kumadera oyenda pansi ndi malo oponderapo Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, ndi Pakistan.
- Otocolobus manul nigripecta kapena Tibetan Manul amadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri, momwe ma ooker ndi ma grey amatchuka. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala ndi ubweya wa silika. Malo okhala zachilengedwe ndi Kashmir, Nepal ndi Tibet.
M'dziko lathu, gawo logawidwa la mphaka wa Pallasov limangokhala madera atatu - kum'mawa, Transbaikal ndi Tuva-Altai.
Kummawa, Manul amakhala kumapiri kwa dera la Chita, ku Trans-Baikal Territory, ndipo amapezeka m'chigawo cha Buryat nkhonde ndi stepep. Ku Altai ndi ku Tuva Republic, chilombochi chimatsala pang'ono kuphedwa, anthu ochepa amangowona kum'mwera chakum'mawa.
Tsopano a Manul amabadwira ku Azerbaijan ku Zangezur National Park.
Zochita za Manula
Mphaka wa Pallas amakhala ndi moyo pawekha ndipo samakonda kuyenda mtunda wautali. Ma Shelter Manul amakonza zogona m'matanthwe, m'mapanga, mabowo opendekera, ndipo amakhalanso ndi ma mbewa otsalidwa ndi nyama zina - ma badger, marmots, ankhandwe. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, munthu amene amadyera kumeneyu amakhala pang'onopang'ono, zimawoneka zovuta komanso zopanda chidwi.
Masana, nthawi zambiri amagona mu khola, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo amasaka. Utoto umathandiza kuti nyamayo ikhale yolumikizana ndi chilengedwe komanso kuti izitha kuwoneka. Posaka komanso podziteteza, Manul amakonda kugona pansi ndikudikirira, samathamanga kwambiri ndipo sakonda kuthamanga.
Imatha kukhala pang'onopang'ono kukwera pamiyala ndi kukwera mumwala wopyapyala, pomwe nyama zambiri sizingafike. Koma Manul kwenikweni samadziwa kukwera mitengo.
Ikati ikadabwitsidwa, imapumira pakumenyetsa kapena kutsegula chiberekero.
Kusamala kwakukulu kwambiri kwa mphaka wa ku Pallas kumalongosoleredwa ndi unyinji wa adani achilengedwe - mimbulu, agalu amtchire, abuluzi, chiwombankhanga, zimbalangondo.
Manul amatha kuwona tsogolo lake kuchokera kwa obisalira kwa maola ambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawalondolera kuchokera ku mbewa, koma kuponya wolakwiridwa kungakhale kothamanga komanso kosavomerezeka.
Manul akuwoneka wopanda nkhawa komanso wopandaubwenzi. Zowonadi, chilombochi sichikondera kwenikweni ngakhale abale ake.
Paka ya Pallas imasinthidwa bwino ndi moyo mikhalidwe ya steppe. Mphepo yowuma, chisanu sichowopsa kwa nyama. Thupi limatetezedwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lomwe lili ndi undercoat yamphamvu, ndipo maso ali ndi ziwalo zapadera zomwe, chifukwa chakufinya pafupipafupi, amateteza cornea kuti isawonongeke.
Ngakhale kuti ndi waulesi, Manul amatha kuthana mtunda wafupi kwambiri, koma amafunika kugona tulo tambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukula kwakang'ono kwa thumba la mtima, chifukwa cha izi, mtima wamatumbo sulekerera katundu wambiri.
Chilombocho chimamva bwino kwambiri, chikuwona komanso kununkhira, motero malo ake ndi nyumba yake. Kuchokera patali amatha kununkhiza zowopsa ndikugona, ndikulowera munthaka yaying'ono kwambiri, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka amatha kudziteteza, akulira kwambiri ndikuwonetsa mawanga.
Chakudya
Usiku, nyama zodyerazo zimasaka, pang'onopang'ono zimadutsa pakati pa udzu wamtali kapena chitsamba chosowa. Kulira kwa mphaka ndikosowa kwambiri.
Manul amakonda kuti asapite patali ndi nyumba yake, motero sizowona kumuwona pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Sipadzakhalanso mphaka wopanda cholanda cha Pallas, luso lake losaka lili pamlingo wambiri.
Omwe akuvutikira kwambiri ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza pa mbewa, agologolo pansi, pika, sangakane kugwira khola, bwalo kapena mbalame yaying'ono. Komabe, panjala, nyamayo siyanyoza ngakhale tizilombo.
Zakudya zoyenera za Transbaikal Manul munthawi zachilengedwe zopitilira theka zimakhala ndi ma pikes a Daurian, 1/5 ya kuchuluka kwa tsiku ndi tsiku komwe iye amadya nsikidzi, ndipo pafupifupi 10% ya zomwe amapanga ndi nkhunda, zamkokomo, zopondera, migodi, zinziri. Chotsalira chimagwera pa gopher, jerboas, hamsters, voles, zipatso ndi mbewu.
Kutha msinkhu ndi kubereka
Ngakhale ali ndi zovuta komanso wopanda chikondi, paukwati, Manul amasinthidwa. Poona nyama zazing'ono zikuwulula kuti mphakayo ndiwokoma mtima ndi bwenzi lake.
Choyamba, mphaka uyenera kugonjetsedwa kunkhondo ndi oyimbirana nawo, chifukwa chachikazi imayenda masiku awiri okha kuchokera mu 365 ndipo tiyenera kufulumira.
Nthawi yakukhwima imachitika kamodzi pachaka ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwera pa February-March. Yaikazi imanyamula mwanayo kwa miyezi iwiri, pafupifupi masiku 60.
Pakati pa kasupe, akhungu awiri mpaka asanu ndi m'modzi, akulu kwambiri (mpaka 200 gramu masentimita 12) ma kittens amawonekera m'khola. Chovala cha makanda chimakhala chakuda kwambiri kuposa cha makolo awo ndipo ndiosathandiza.
Ng'ombe zimamera msanga, podzafika mwezi zimayamba kukwawa kuchokera mdzenjemo ndikuyesa chakudya cholimba, ndipo pofika anayi kapena asanu amadziwa kale kusaka okha. Amayi awo okha ndi omwe amawalera, amuna akamakula amasiya mkazi wokhazikika.
Achinyamata amatha kukhwima pofika miyezi 10-11 ndipo amayamba kudzidalira pawokha, koma atha kuonedwa kuti ndi achikulire kuyambira miyezi 15-18.
M'malo amtchire, amphaka amtchire amakhala zaka 12-13, ali mu ukapolo motalika - mpaka 20-23.
Maonekedwe akunja ndi kukula kocheperako, mogwirizana ndi kukula komanso kutalika kwa chiweto, nthawi zambiri zimasocheretsa anthu. Kupanga chiweto cha banja ku Manula ndizosatheka, ngakhale mutakwanitsa kupeza mphaka.
Pa zovuta zonse zachikhalidwe cha anthu, mavuto azaumoyo amawonjezeredwa. Monga momwe machitidwe amasonyezera, ali mu ukapolo, mpaka 90% ya Manul ali ndi toxoplasmosis. Werengani za matenda amphaka komanso anthu. Mchipinda chopondera ndi dzuwa lowala ndi mpweya wozizira, amphaka samadwala, ndipo ndikupatuka pang'ono pazochitika zachilengedwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo matenda amatenga nyama.
Ngakhale kumalo osungira nyama, komwe akatswiri odziwa za ziweto amawonera ku Manulas, ndipo malo okhala ndi pafupi kwambiri zachilengedwe, si nyama zonse zomwe zimatha kupita kunja. Ichi ndichinthu chinanso chofuna kusiya ntchito yokonza Manula mnyumba kapena m'nyumba.
Pali zifukwa zinanso zomwe simuyenera kuyesa kusintha mphaka wa Pallas kukhala chiweto.
Nyamayi ili ndi chikhalidwe chamtchire, chopanda moyo. Ngakhale ana a mphaka ang'onoang'ono, omwe amatengedwa kuchokera kwa amayi awo, amakhala osalamulirika panthawi yakutha.
M'miyezi itatu kapena inayi, mapangidwe onse a mlenje amadzuka mu Manuls yaying'ono, osati mipando ndi makhoma okha, komanso munthu amatha kudwala ndala ndi mano. Ngakhale chinyama chachikulu chimagwira modekha kwa anthu, sizimawonetsa zizindikiro zachifundo. Komanso, mphaka nthawi zonse amayesetsa kubisala ndikupewa kulumikizana konse ndi mwiniwake komanso banja.
Chovala chotalika, chovutanso chimayambitsa mavuto ambiri. M'mikhalidwe yopsinjika, nyama imasungunuka chaka chonse, kusiya tsitsi kumapeto.
Magulu a mitundu ndi chitetezo
Kulikonse, osapatula malo otetezedwa, manul ndi osowa kapena osowa kwambiri ndipo chiwerengero chake chikupitirirabe. M'malo ena ali pafupi kutha. Kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi sikudziwika chifukwa cha kubisala kwa manul komanso kukongola kwa magawidwe ake. Malinga ndi akatswiri, kuchuluka kwa manul akuyembekezeredwa mu 1989 ndi 1991: mu Altai Territory, anthu 200-300, ku Buryatia, anthu 50-70, komanso m'chigawo cha Chita, anthu 2000 mpaka 2400. Kuchuluka kwachuma cha nyama kumalo amtundu uliwonse kunali akulu akulu ndi anthu awiri ndi atatu mpaka atatu pa 10 km 10. Kumapeto kwa zaka za 2000s, chiwerengero chonse cha manul ku Russia chawerengeredwa ndi akatswiri pa 3,0003,650 anthu.
Malo okhala a Pallas (miyala yamiyala, malo ogulitsa) samakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi kuwonekera kwa anthu, kupha nsomba chifukwa cha ubweya, nyumba zomasuka za agalu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malupu ndi misampha yogwira mahava ndi nkhandwe zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwake. Pamodzi ndi zovuta za zinthu za anthropogenic, kuwonongeka kwa chakudya kumadziwika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ma marmots ndi makoswe ena. Nyama zambiri, makamaka zazing'ono, zimawonongedwa ndi mimbulu ndi kadzidzi wa mphungu; kuubwana, kufa kwa matenda opatsirana ndikokwera. Kutentha kwa chipale chofewa komanso nyengo ya ayezi yayitali ndi chinthu chinanso chofunikira kwambiri.
Manul adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, mu IUCN Red List yokhala ndi "pafupi kuti awopseze" komanso mu Zakumapeto II za CITES (1995). Kusaka manul ndizoletsedwa kulikonse.
Mu 2013, Russian Geographical Society idathandizira pulogalamu ya "Kuteteza Manula ku Transbaikalia", atapereka ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyi ku Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Cholinga cha polojekitiyi ndikupeza zatsopano zokhudzana ndi malo okhala, kusuntha kwamankhwala, kuwunika kuchuluka kwa mphaka ndi amphaka akuluakulu.
Pallas atha kubereka bwino ali muukapolo, ngakhale malo osungira nyama amakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la kufa kwa achinyamata manyowa ochokera ku toxoplasmosis. Pofika pa Januware 1, 1988, machitidwe 35 adasungidwa m'malo 13 osungira nyama padziko lapansi. Sichimodzimodzi. Chifukwa chosadziwa bwino malo a Pallas, njira zoteteza mtunduwu zikungopangika.
Kupeza kwa mphaka
Palibe pafupifupi kugula mwalamulo manula Manula. Nyamayi tsopano yatsala pang'ono kutha, yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse ndipo yatetezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri.
Komabe, nthawi zina zimagulitsa nyama yosowa yomwe imangobwera pa ukonde ndi mtengo wa madola 5,000 kapena kuposerapo.
Tikumbukire kuti kupeza kwa Manul wobedwira ndikosaloledwa ndipo kumalangidwa mwamphamvu. Ndipo mfundo yake ndi yotani yoti mugule kitito chomwe sichingakhale chosadetsa, ngakhale atasewera ndi kudyetsa nawo zochuluka motani.
Ngakhale khanda litakula pafupi ndi ana wamba amphaka wamba, posachedwa nyama zamtchire zimasokonekera. Sikuti malo oyandikira nyumbayo akhoza kuwonongeka, komanso thanzi la anthu likuwopsezedwa.
Mphaka wa Pallasov tsopano ndi wosowa kwambiri m'malo achilengedwe ogawa. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyipa kwa asayansi, palibe amphaka awiri kapena atatu omwe amakhala m'makilomita khumi kumalo awo komwe amakhala.
Amakhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha Manuls omwe amakhala m'chigawo cha Russian Federation sichikupitilira 3500-3700. Mpaka pano, nyamayi ikusakidwa chiwembu ndi cholinga chotulutsa khungu la ubweya komanso kugwira ana.
Kuchulukanso kumachepa chifukwa cha zifukwa zachilengedwe - chakudya chimachepetsedwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa makoswe, ana ambiri amafa chifukwa cha zilombo zikuluzikulu komanso matenda opatsirana, nyengo yachisanu ikusokonekera chifukwa cha kugwa kwa chipale chofewa komanso masanjidwe akuipa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa amphaka.
Kuyambira 2013, mdziko lathu, pulogalamu yakhala ikusungidwa kuti iteteze Manula m'chigawo cha Trans-Baikal. Akuyesera kuweta nyama kumalo osungirako zachilengedwe a Daursky.
Kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi, nyama zimangosungidwa m'malo osungira 15 padziko lapansi, ndipo ziwerengero zawo sizinapitirire 40. Tsopano chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka pang'ono; muukapolo, olusa amabereka kwambiri, koma kufa kwakukulu mwa ana chifukwa cha toxoplasmosis kumapitirirabe.
Manul pachikhalidwe
Mndandanda wa masitampu 12 a Tajikistan, omwe adasindikizidwa mu 1996 motsogozedwa ndi World Wide Fund for Nature, komanso masitampu angapo amtundu wa Tajik amaperekedwa ku Manulas. Mayiko ena, madera omwe mwamunayo amakhala - Azerbaijan, Mongolia, ndi Kyrgyzstan, adapereka masampu.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za Manul
Manul ndi amodzi mwa nyama zapadera kwambiri Padziko Lapansi, zomwe zakhala zikusasinthika kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
Ichi ndi amodzi mwa amphaka odziwika kwambiri omwe amakhala m'malo osungira nyama ambiri.
Chifukwa chazikulu, zopanda moyo, Manula amatchedwa wankhondo.
Ngakhale atakhala ndi usiku, nthawi ya masika ndi nthawi ya chilimwe Pallasov mphaka amakonda kusamba padzuwa ndipo amatuluka m'phanga masana.
Manul sadziwa momwe angalere ndi purr. Ngakhale tiana tating'onoting'ono timangolira mosatulutsa, ndikulankhulana wina ndi mnzake mothandizidwa ndi mawu amwano osasangalatsa, owafanana ndi owonda kuposa owonda.
Anali Manul pomwe, pomwe adavota pa intaneti kuti adziwike dzina la Woyimira Zoo ya Moscow, adapambana kwambiri ndipo adasanduka wonena.
Maonekedwe okondweretsa a nyamayo adapangitsa kuti chithunzi chake chikhale chotchuka kwambiri - masitampu ambiri a Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan ngakhale UN ndi Benin adatulutsa.
Ndalama zasiliva zokhala ndi chifanizo cha chilombo chachilendochi zimaperekedwa m'maiko ambiri.