- DZIWANI IZI
- Nthawi ya moyo ndi malo ake (nthawi): Jurassic - Cretaceous times (zaka 200-85 miliyoni zapitazo)
- Zopezeka: mu 1871, India
- Ufumu: Zinyama
- Era: Mesozoic
- Mtundu: Makina
- Gulu: Lizard-pelvic
- Kalasi: Zotulutsa
- Gulu lakufa: Zauropods
Ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ma dinosaurs omwe amayenda pamiyendo 4 ndikudya zamasamba. Gulu ili lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 130, mabanja 13 ndi 68 genera. Odziwika kwambiri onse ndi diplodocus ndi brachiosaurus.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti ma dinosaurswa amakhala pamadzi ndi pamadzi. Koma ataphunzira mwatsatanetsatane momwe thupi limapangidwira, adazindikira kuti izi sizingatheke.
Zambiri zamapangidwe amthupi
Thupi ndi unyinji wake zinali zazikulu. Mafupa a sauropod anali olimba komanso amphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa amayenera kuchirikiza kulemera konse. Pazonse, mitundu yonse pafupifupi siyinasiyana wina ndi mnzake m'thupi. Mchira wawo unali wautali komanso wamphamvu, dinosaur amatha kuthana ndi aliyense wowukira.
Mutu
Mutu wazamoyo zonse unali wofanana kukula, sunali waukulu, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kukula kwa thupi. Nsagwada za anthu ena zidapangidwa bwino, i.e. anali ndi ufulu kutafuna masamba, koma mwa ena anali oti amameza miyala kuti akupera masamba awa m'mimba.
Paleontologists anazindikira mbali ya khosi pakusintha kwa ma dinosaurs
Asayansi apeza kuti chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kusintha kwa ma dinosaurs a herbivorous ndi sauropod. Pambuyo pakukula kwake, ziwalo zotsala za thupi zinasinthanso.
Izi zanenedwa mu nkhani yomwe asayansi aku Britain aku University of Liverpool, adalemba mu magazini yotchedwa Royal Society Open Science.
Ma Zauropod ndi ma dinosaurs ataliitali a herbivorous omwe adawoneka kumapeto kwa Triassic ndipo adasowa kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, pamodzi ndi ma dinosaurs ena. Izi zikuphatikiza mitundu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi yomwe inakhalapo padziko lapansi.
Zinapezeka kuti chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa sauropod ndikusintha pakati pakukoka kwa thupi. Makolo akale a sauropods, omwe amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri, ngati ma dinosaurs a theropod, anali ndi malo osambira pafupi ndi mchira, koma pang'onopang'ono anasunthira kutsogolo kwa thupi.
Kusamutsidwa kwa likulu la mphamvu yokoka kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri kumapeto kwa Jurassic mu gulu la Titanosauriformes - dokotala wotchuka wa ku Dominosaurus, wamkulu kwambiri wakudziwika. Pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka idasunthira iwo motsogozedwa ndi khosi lalitali, ndipo kutalika kwake kunatsogolera kusintha kwina konse.
Malinga ndi asayansi, akukulitsa khosi, ma dinosaurs adayamba "kuganiza" zokhudzana ndi ziwalo zina zamthupi. Chifukwa chake, adayenera kulimbitsa kutsogolo ndikusintha ma git - ngati mu nthawi ya Jurassic sauropods, kuweruza ndi ma track awo, sanatambasule miyendo yawo, ndiye mu nthawi ya Cretaceous ma Titanosauriformes omwe anali ndi nthawi yayitali adatambasula miyendo yawo kupatula thupi.
Chifukwa chake, chinthu chachikulu pakupanga masinthidwe a sauropod chinali kusintha kwa zida za locomotor. Koma khosi lalitali silinakhudze chakudyacho - pakati pa ma sauropod ataliitali pali mitundu yokhala ndi mano amphamvu omwe adasinthika kupera masamba olimba, ndi mitundu yokhala ndi mano ofooka. Zomwezi zimawonedwa mwa abale awo ofupikirawo.
Dona wamkuluyu anali ndi miyendo yaying'ono
Akatswiri a Paleontologists apeza ku Argentina phazi la imodzi mwa dinosaurs zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri. Zinapezeka kuti nyamayi inali ndi zala zazifupi miyendo yake yakumbuyo.
Zauropod Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi Kafukufuku wopezedwa ndi asayansi aku America ndi ku Argentina, lofalitsidwa mu magazini ya Science Science Reports.
Pazonse, zotsalira za ma sauropod awiri, ma dinosaurs ataliitali a herbivorous adagwa m'manja mwa asayansi - humerus ndi awiri a vertebrae adapulumuka kuchokera kwa amodzi mwa iwo, phazi lakumanzere ndi chidutswa cha mchira kuchokera kwina. Ofufuzawo akuti ma dinosaurs ndi mtundu watsopano wa Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi, womwe ndi gulu la titanosaurs.
Ma Titanosaurs anali ochulukirapo kumapeto kwa Cretaceous ku Southern Hemisphere (ma duckbill dinosaurs omwe ankalamulidwa nthawi imeneyo ku North Hemisphere). Ma dinosaurs akuluakulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndi a titanosaurs - mwachitsanzo, mu 2014 ku Argentina, mafupa pafupifupi athunthu a titanosaurus Dreadnoughtus adapezeka, omwe kutalika kwake kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira wake kunali pafupifupi mita 26.
Kukula kwake, Notocolossus siotsika kwa Dreadnoughtus. Poyerekeza ndi humerus (1.76 metres), kutalika kwamtunduwu kunali 2525 metres, ndi kulemera - matani 66. Pofuna kuti asagwere ndi kulemera kwake, Notocolossus adayenera kufupikitsa phazi lake: m'masuropods akale, kuchuluka kwa phalanges kumiyendo yamiyendo yakumbuyo kunali 3-4, koma mu chimphona cha ku Argentina adatsitsidwa kukhala 2. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ma phalanges, zala za dinosaur zidayamba kukhala zolimba.
Monga tanenera, chizolowezi chofupikitsa zala chinawonedwa mu sauropod komanso m'miyendo yakutsogolo. Komabe, miyendo ya zimphona izi sizimapezeka kawirikawiri, chifukwa chake sichiri chokwanira kutsatira chisinthidwe chawo mwatsatanetsatane.
Asayansi anayeza kutentha kwa thupi kwa ma dinosaurs
Kwa asayansi kwa nthawi yoyamba anayeza kutentha kwa thupi kwa ma dinosaurs ndi kupangidwa kwa chipolopolo cha mazira awo. Zinapezeka kuti ena mwa iwo akhoza kukhala okhetsa magazi.
Mazira a dinosaur Izi zanenedwa mu nkhani yomwe a American paleontologists ochokera ku Yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles, adafalitsa mu nyuzipepala yotchedwa Nature Communications.
Monga momwe ndikudziwika bwino, pakhala kutsutsana pakati pa asayansi kwazaka zopitilira khumi kuti kaya ma dinosaurs anali ndi magazi ofunda, ozizira magazi, kapena ngati ali ndi gawo lapakati pakati pamisasa iwiriyi, chifukwa chokweza kutentha kwa thupi lawo pamwamba pa kutentha komwe, koma panthawi imodzimodzi osasunga nthawi zonse.
Poyesa kuyankha funsoli, ofufuza m'mbuyomu adagwira ntchito makamaka ndi mafupa ndi mano a ma dinosaurs, kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwawo - mu nyama zamagazi ozizira nthawi zonse kumakhala kocheperako poyerekeza ndi magazi aubongo.
Komabe, olemba nkhaniyi adaganiza zotenga njira ina - adayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma carbon-13 ndi mpweya-18 isotopu mu chipolopolo cha mazira a dinosaur. Mwachidziwitso, chizindikirochi chimadalira kutentha kwa thupi la mayi nthawi yomwe mazira amapanga mazira ake.
Poyamba, asayansi adawonetsa kuti kutentha kwenikweni kwa mitundu 13 ya mbalame ndi mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya m'madzi kungathe kuwerengedwa kuchokera ku chipangidwe cha isotopic cha zipolopolo za mazira - cholakwacho sichili pafupifupi madigiri 1-2.
Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira, olemba adawerengera kutentha kwa thupi kwa sauropods kuchokera pagulu la titanosaurs - dinosaur yayikulu ya herbivorous, yomwe mazira ake (kuchuluka kwa 6) amapezeka ku Argentina. Kuphatikiza apo, anayeza kutentha kwa oviraptor wina yemwe mazira (13 onse) amachokera ku Mongolia. Ma dinosaurs onsewa adakhala kumapeto kwa Cretaceous.
Zinapezeka kuti kutentha kwa sauropod kunali 37 kuphatikiza kapena kusiyira madigiri 2, ndipo kutentha kwa oviraptor kunali 32 kuphatikiza kapena kusiyanitsa madigiri 3. Izi zikutanthauza kuti woyamba mu kutentha kwa thupi amayandikira mbalame zamakono zotentha magazi, ndipo chachiwiri - ku zokwawa magazi-ozizira. Komabe, powunikira kupangidwa kwa isotopic kwa zidutswa zamiyala pafupi ndi chisa cha oviraptor, chilengedwe chinali chozizira kwambiri kuposa momwe analiri, motero mwanjira imeneyi dotolo uyu adatha kutentha.
Malinga ndi asayansi, zomwe apezazo zikutsimikizira kuti ma dinosaurs osiyanasiyana amatha kutsatira njira zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira.
Akatswiri a Paleontologists adabwezeretsa dzina lake ku brontosaurus
Patadutsa zaka zopitilira zana, akatswiri a ma paleont adazindikira kuti brontosaurus wodziwika bwino adalandidwa dzina lake. M'malo mwake, ndi mtundu wina ndipo uyenera kukhala ndi dzina lina.
Brontosaurus Izi zanenedwa mu nkhani yomwe akatswiri a Chipwitikizi ochokera ku New University of Lisbon, adasindikiza m'magazini ya PeerJ.
Brontosaurus ndi mtundu wa ma dinosaurs a herbivorous ochokera ku gulu la sauropod, a banja la Diplodocidae, omwe amakhala theka lachiwiri la nthawi ya Jurassic. Woimira woyamba wa brontosaurs adafotokozedwa ndi American paleontologist Charles Marsh mu 1879 pansi pa dzina la Brontosaurus excelsus.
Komabe, mu 1903, asayansi adaganiza kuti mtunduwu ndi wa mtundu wina, motero adasinthidwa dzina loti Apatosaurus, ndipo dzina loti "brontosaurus" lokha silinakhale lovomerezeka (lovomerezeka) malinga ndi zoenclature ya zoological. Komabe, omvera adakumbukira chimphona chakuthwa'cho pansi pa dzinalo, kotero kuti ngakhale ku American Museum of Natural History, chikwangwani chomwe chili pansi pa mafupa a brontosaurus omwe adachedwidwanso sichinasinthe.
Zidadziwika kuti ngakhale amafanana kwambiri, mafupa a oimira Apatosaurus ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa a Brontosaurs, makamaka, ali ndi khosi lalikulu. Malinga ndi asayansi, kuphatikiza pa B. chowonjezera, mitundu ina iwiri, yomwe idalembedwa kale mu mtundu wa Apatosaurus, iyenera kukhala yopangidwa ndi brontosaurs.
Onse apatosaurus ndi Brontosaurus amachokera ku mapangidwe a North American Morrison mapangidwe - onse, pafupifupi mitundu 10 ya sauropods adapezeka kumeneko. Kumbukirani, posachedwa, asayansi adawonetsa kuti kupezeka pakudya zamasamba osiyanasiyana kudachepetsa mpikisano pakati pa zimphona izi, kotero kuti zidakhalako popanda mavuto munthawi yomweyo.
Chinjoka cha Giraffe chinapezeka ku China
Mtundu watsopano wa ma dinosaurs apamwamba a sauropod wopitilira ma 15 metres anapezedwa ndi Canada paleontologists ku China. Ma dinosaur omwe amakhala nthawi ya Jurassic anali ndi khosi lalitali, lomwe limakhala pafupifupi theka lathunthu. Tsopano asayansi akudzifunsa chifukwa chomwe nyamayo idakonzedweratu.
Mamenchizaur - Qijianglong guokr University of Alberta pulofesa Philip Curry ndi ophunzira ake omaliza maphunziro a Tetsuo Miyashita ndi Lida Sin afotokoza mtundu watsopano wa mummychizaur - Qijianglong guokr. Popeza adakula mpaka kutalika pafupifupi 15 metro, dinosaur adakhala kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic, zaka pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka zinapezeka komwe kunali Qijiang ku Chongqing.
Manda a dinosaur awa adatchuka mu 2006, pantchito yomanga. Mwa zina zakale, akatswiri a paleontologists apeza chigaza chaching'ono ndi khosi lalitali. Kufufuzanso kwina kukuwonetsa kuti mafupa achikopa a nyamayo adasungidwa kwathunthu, ndipo mafupa okhaokha omwe adatsalako kuchokera kumapazi. Chigoba chinawonongeka mu nthawi ya Jurassic, koma ubongo ndi chivundikiro cha cranial zidakalipobe mpaka pano zili bwino, kupatsa asayansi mwayi wophunzira momwe ubongo wa mamaenosaurs sunadziwike kale.
"Qijianglong ndi cholengedwa chosangalatsa kwambiri. Ingoganizirani nyama yayikulu yomwe ili ndi khosi ndipo mudzaona kuti chisinthiko chimatha kupanga zinthu zachilendo kwambiri," anatero Miyashita. "Sitingathe kupeza mutu ndi khosi la suropod limodzi, chifukwa mutu wawo chaching'ono kwambiri mwakuti chimasiyanitsa mosavuta nyama itafa. "
Mamenchisaurs adadziwika pakati pa abale awo ali ndi khosi lalitali. Nthawi zambiri, sauropod imakhala ndi khosi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi, ndipo, ndikakhala kuti, mwa mammychisaurs, imatha kufikiranso theka. Mosiyana ndi mtundu wakale wa Mamenchisaurus, Qijianglong cervical vertebrae inali yopanda tanthauzo, zomwe zinkathandizira kwambiri kunyamula mafupa. Kuphatikiza apo, khosi la ma dinosaur limakhazikika mmwamba kwambiri, zomwe sizofananira kwambiri ndi sauropod.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti amayi a maenchisaurs ndi gulu la ma dinosaurs aku Asia okha, ndipo zotsalira zawo sizipezeka m'maiko ena. Malinga ndi Pulofesa Curry, mitundu yaku China yakutsogolo ndiyopezeka, ikula bwino m'malo ena akutali. Mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kudulidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi nyanja, mapiri kapena chipululu chosawerengeka. Chifukwa chake, basal Mamenchisauridae sakanakhoza kufalikira, ndipo patapita nthawi, pamene mbali zawo zimaphatikizidwa ndi zigawo zina, mitundu yatsopano yomwe idalowa m'malo mwake idalowa m'malo mpikisano.
Pakadali pano, mafupa a dinosaur yatsopano akuwonetsedwa ku Museum ya Qijiang. "China ndi nyumba ya zikhulupiriro zakale za chinjoka," atero Miyashita. "Mwina pamene achi China adapeza zikopa za ma dinosaurs ataliitali ngati Qijianglong m'dziko, adabwera ndi zolengedwa zongopeka."
Momwe zimphona zazikulu zimagawana kudula
Ma dinosaurs akuluakulu a sauropod ngati Diplodocus ndi Brachiosaurus nthawi zambiri amakhala nthawi yomweyo, komanso nthawi yomweyo m'malo omwewo. Aliyense wa iwo anafunika chakudya chambiri chambiri. Momwe ma sauropod amagawana chakudya pazakudya, akatswiri a ku Britain atulukapo.
Chigoba cha Camarasaurus Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma sauropod anali mapangidwe a Late Jurassic Morrison - mndandanda wamiyala yomwe imapezeka kumpoto kwa USA komwe kumakhala zotsalira za mitundu yoposa 10 ya zimphona izi. Izi zidasokoneza asayansi kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa masiku ano ngakhale zinthu zachilengedwe za ku Africa zabwino kwambiri ndizotheka kuthandizira kukhalapo kwa nthumwi imodzi ya zilombo zazikulu kwambiri - njovu. Koma polingalira ndi kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe a Morrison kumakhala kovuta kwambiri m'malo ouma, ndipo kumachepetsa kukula kwa maluwa.
University of Bristol paleontologist David Button ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito modula makompyuta kuti adziwe kusiyanasiyana pakukula kwa zakudya zamitundu mitundu ya sauropods. Atayetsetsa kwambiri chigaza cha Camarasaurus, adachiyika pansi pa Finite Element Analysis (FEA), chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga makina ndi makina. Pulogalamuyi "inakulitsa" mafupa a dinosaur yakale yokhala ndi minofu yeniyeni ndikuwerengera katundu ndi kugawa kuyesayesa kwa chigaza chonse cha camarasaurus wamoyo. Kenako, zomwe zidapezedwa zidafanizidwa ndi nambala yomweyi yomwe idapezedwa kale pachigoba cha diplodocus, popeza izi zimphona zimapezeka palimodzi m'malo ambiri.
"Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kuti onsewa sanathe kutafuna, ma sapoti a ma dinosaurs onsewa ndi njira yovuta kuluma," Button adati. "Chigoba cha Camarasaurus chinali champhamvu, ndipo kuluma kunali kolimba, komwe kunalola kudya masamba ndi nthambi zambiri. Chigoba choonda komanso kulumidwa kofooka kwa diplodocus kudalira chakudya chake cha ferns ndi mbewu zina zofewa, pomwe diplodocus imatha kugwiritsa ntchito minofu yolimba khosi popanga masamba, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakudya kwa ma dinosaurs awiri, omwe amayambitsa olyali kuti akhale nawo. "
Poyerekeza kuwerengera kwa biomechanical zopangira mitundu ina ya sauropod, gulu lofufuzira linazindikira kuti onse anali osiyana kwambiri pankhani yosintha zakudya, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito masamba osiyanasiyana pachakudya.
"M'malo azinyama zamakono, kusiyana kwa menyu monga izi kumatchedwa trophic niches .imalola mitundu yambiri yapafupi kuti ichepetse mpikisano wazakudya," anatero wolemba nawo kafukufuku wina, Emily Rayfield, pulofesa wa paleobiology ku Yunivesite ya Bristol. "Phunziro lathu linali loyamba kupereka manambala odalirika komanso kupanga matupi umboni kuti zodabwitsazi zidapezekanso m'madela azinthu zakale. "
Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a British paleontologists amathandizira kulingalira bwino kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha kudya kwa masuropods akuluakulu, omwe amakakamizidwa kudutsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mitu kudzera m'mutu yaying'ono komanso yayitali. Zikuwoneka kuti, oyimira oyambilira a gululi adatha kudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera, koma m'zaka zakusintha kwawo adayenera kutsatira njira yaukatswiri wa chakudya.
Bulletproof vest ya chimphona. Chifukwa chiyani ma titanosaurs amafunika zida zamafupa?
Akatswiri a Spain a paleontologists abwezeretsa mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane wa zovala za pakhungu la titanosaurs - ma dinosaurs omaliza omaliza m'mbiri ya Earth. Malinga ndi iwo, nyama zikuluzikuluzi zidakutidwa ndi mizere ingapo ya scute yamafupa, kuphimba kumbuyo ndi mbali zawo.
TitanosaurusZokonzanso: A Mauricio Anton Jose Luis Sans ndi a Daniel Vidal a ku Autonomous University of Madrid mu nkhani yawo amatcha ma dinanursurs "opepuka zida". Pamodzi ndi a Florida Ortega a National University of Distance Learning, afotokozanso zomwe apeza zatsopano za osteoderm - zida za zikopa za titanosaurs zopezeka m'chigawo cha Spain ku Cuenca.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ma titanosaurs pafupifupi ndi ma sauropod okha omwe ali ndi zida zotere. Zojambula zofananira zamadzimadzi zimadziwikanso mu mtundu wina watsopano wa diplodocus, koma sizinafotokozedwe, chifukwa chake ma titanosaurs amakhalabe osiyana ndi amtundu wawo. Cholinga cha ma scut amenewa komanso kukula kwawo ndi kovuta chidwi kwa ofufuza, chifukwa chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, ma titanosaurs sangaope adani. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina waposachedwa, ma osteoderms adawagwiritsa ntchito ngati malo osungirako mchere.
Zida zazikulu za titanosaurs ndizopezeka zomwe sizimapezeka. Mpaka pano, padziko lonse lapansi anasonkhanitsa zinthu zoposa zana limodzi mwa zinthuzi. Ku Europe, amapezeka makamaka ku France (eyiti) ndi Spain (asanu ndi awiri). Ntchito yatsopano ya akatswiri a ku Spain paleontologists imalongosola nthawi zisanu ndi ziwiri zatsopano za 11 ndi 11 zochotsa titanosaur kuchokera komwe Lo Hueco.
Zotsatira zonse zaku Europe, malinga ndi ofufuza, ndi a babu ndi mizu ya morphological mtundu (babu ndi muzu). Ngakhale amapezeka mkati mwa zotsalira za munthu m'modzi, ndiwosiyana maonekedwe, kotero akatswiri a paleontologists amawona izi kukhala mawonekedwe a kuphatikizika kwatsatanetsatane komanso ngakhale payekhapayekha. Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a osteoderm monga chidziwitso pakuwunika taxon inayake udakambirana kale.
Tsoka ilo, akatswiri a paleont pano sakudziwabe momwe mafupa adakhalira pa thupi la nyamayo. Malinga ndi ma hypotheses osiyanasiyana, adasunthira kudera la dorsal-sacral, kapena kudera la kufota, kapena kutsikira mbali. Malinga ndi a Sans, Vidal ndi Ortega, kwakukulu, mafupa akulu anali kumbuyo kwa ma dinosaurs m'mizere iwiri yoyanjana, kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumchira. Pafupifupi momwemonso, malinga ndi kukonzanso kwamakono, mafupa achitetezo a stegosaurs amakula. Mwanjira iyi, makamaka ma osteoderms akuluakulu a titanosaurs anali opezeka pafupi ndi msana, ndipo mipiringidzo yaying'ono imatha kuyikidwa m'magulu ozungulira gawo lililonse la zigawozi.
Kukhazikika kwa khungu la kakulidwe ka titanosaurus komwe kamapezeka ku Auca Mahuevo kunapangitsa kuti chikwangwani chotengera chikopa cha asayansi. Komabe, olemba amakakamizidwa kuti asungitse malo kuti izi sizopitilira lingaliro - kwenikweni, kwa onse opulumuka archosaurs, zida zankhondo zimapangidwa pambuyo pobadwa, ndipo ngati titanosaurs adachitanso zomwezo, ndiye kuti zolemba zomwe zimapezeka mluza sizikugwirizana ndi ma osteoderms.
Mwakutero, sizingatheke kunena kuti mapangidwe amtundu wa fupa anali ovuta kwambiri, kuphimba, kuphatikiza kumbuyo, mbali zina za thupi. Koma pankhaniyi, osteoderm yochulukirapo ingafunike kuposa yomwe idapezeka pakufukutsaku.
Zauropods agwera kuzilumba za Europe
Ma dinosaurs amtundu wodabwitsa anakumbidwa ndi akatswiri oteteza khungu ku dera lamakono la Germany. Ma Europasaurus holgeri anali mimbulu yeniyeni kuyerekeza ndi abale awo a titanic, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zonse.
Europasaurus holgeri. Zomangidwanso: Gerhard Boeggemann Kukula kwake kwakutali kwambiri kunali pafupifupi mita sikisi ndi khosi lalitali ndi mchira, ndipo kulemera kwake sikudafike ngakhale pa tani. Poyerekeza ndi akavalo amakono ndi anyani, imawoneka yolimba, koma achibale apamtima a Europasaurus - ena sauropods - amadziwika kuti ndiwotali komanso wolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'mbiri yonse ya makolo awo ndipo nthawi zina amaposa msuweni wawo wakale kwambiri m'njira zonse.
Pokumba zotsalira za Europasaurus kwa nthawi yoyamba, asayansi adaganiza kuti anali kuthana ndi zotsalira zaunyamata, osati nyama zachikulire. Koma kuyambira 2006, pomwe Eurosaurus yoyamba idapezeka kumpoto kwa Germany, zinthu zakale zokwana 14 zidaphunziridwa kale, ndipo ambiri mwaiwo adakula. Microscopy inathandizira kumveketsa zaka za zolengedwa zakale zomwe zatha.
A Martin Sander, pulofesa wa paleontology ku Yunivesite ya Bonn, anati: "Ma fupa opanga mafupa akutiuza kuti Europasaurus wopangidwa kale, anali atapangidwa kale," kuti tidziwe, tinayenera kudula mafupa awo kukhala tating'onoting'ono, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa pafupifupi millimeter. "
Mbalezi zimakhala zowonekera ndipo zimatha kuphunziridwa ndi maikulosikopu, kuwona mawonekedwe a mafupa a achinyamata kapena achikulire. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuzawo adasanthula mawonekedwe a mafupa a chigaza, mosiyana pa gawo lirilonse la Intogenis. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa otchulidwa awa, zotsalira zambiri za maEurosaurs zidakhala za akulu, nyama zazing'ono.
Mwachiwonekere, akatswiri opanga ma paleont aku Germany amati, tikulimbana ndi kuzizira kwa chilumbachi - kukukuta kwa nyama zazikulu, zomwe anthu ambiri adatsekedwa pachilumba chaching'ono. Izi zimaphunziridwa bwino ndi chitsanzo cha kuchuluka kwa njovu zamakono ndi mvuu zomwe zimakhala kuzilumba zakutali. Zowonadi za zisumbu zomwe zidalipo masiku amenewo pagawo lamakono la Europe ndizokhazikika. Pafupifupi zaka 150 miliyoni zapitazo, malo awa anali nyanja yopanda, yofunda ndi zisumbu zomwe zidabalalika pamenepo.
Nthawi zambiri, kuchepetsa kukula kwa ma dinosaur kumatheka mwa njira ziwiri, akutero Sander. Choyamba ndi kuyimitsidwa koyambirira kwa nyama, pomwe munthu wabwinobwino amatha, mwachitsanzo, mpaka zaka 20, ndipo munthu wonenepa amangokulira mpaka zisanu, pambuyo pake kukula. Njira yachiwiri ndikuchepetsa kukula komwe, pomwe nthawi yakucha imakhalabe yomweyo, koma liwiro lake limatsika. Malinga ndi pulofesa uja, pankhani ya Europasaurus holgeri njira zonsezi zidachitika, koma ndi ziti mwa zomwe zidapambana sizikudziwika mpaka pano.
Chinsinsi china cha maEuropasaurs chinali kugawa kwawo m'magulu awiri akulu, imodzi yomwe inali yayikulu pafupifupi 30% -50% kuposa inayo. Izi zitha kukhala chiwonetsero cha magonedwe azakugonana, kapena umboni wa kukhalapo kwa anthu awiri osiyana madera omwe ali pafupi, kapena kulongosola kwina. Mwina posachedwa mitundu ina ya ma sauropod amtundu wa Jurassic idzawonjezedwa ku Europasaurus holgeri.
Diplodocus adabisala kuti ziwonongedwe ku South America
Nkhani yotchuka ya Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World, ikuwoneka kuti ili ndi zifukwa zenizeni. Mulimonsemo, ma dinosaurs ena adatha kupulumuka kutha kwa abale awo, ndikupeza malo ogona ku South America.
Mothandizidwa ndi mchira wautali wolimba, Leinkupal laticauda imatha kudzitchinjiriza kwa adani omwe amawopseza. Kubwezeretsanso: Jorge Antonio Gonzalez Tikuyankhula za oimira banja la a diplodocidae - ma sauropod aafupi komanso omata amtali omwe amakhala ku Europe, Africa ndi North America ku Jurassic. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotsatira ya Cretaceous, nyama izi zimaganiziridwa kuti zitha kukhala paliponse. Komabe, akatswiri a Paleontan a ku Spain adapeza zotsalira za diplodocus mu zolembedwa zotsika za Cretaceous zomwe zidayamba zaka 140 miliyoni zapitazo.
"Zinali zosayembekezeka kukumana ndi a Diplodocidae ku South America, mwachitsanzo, kupeza Tyrannosaurus rex ku Patagonia," atero a Sebastian Apestigua wa ku paleont of the University of Maimonides, omwe adagawana zomwe adawonetsera. M'mbuyomu, asayansi sanapeze chilichonse chosonyeza kuti pali diplodocus komanso abale ake padziko lino.
Leinkupal laticauda adaganiza zotcha buluzi watsopano. Liwu loyamba kumasulira kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Amwenye Achimapuche akutanthauza "banja losowa", ndipo lachiwiri, Chilatini, limamasulira kuti "wonyezimira kwambiri". Pamalo omwe mchira umadutsa m'thupi, ma dinosaur vertebrae adakulitsa, ndikupanga mafupa olimba kwambiri. Zotsalira zina zonsezo zinali zofanana ndi abale ake onse ndipo anali ndi khosi lalitali komanso mchira. Komabe, anali wocheperako komanso wokoma mtima kuposa ma diplodocus ena ambiri, ofikira kutalika kwa mamita asanu ndi anayi okha.
Apestigua anati: "Kuleza anali munthu wocheperako wochokera pagulu la anthu otchuka." Sitikudziwa kuchuluka kwake, koma chifukwa mafupa ake ambiri anali owonda komanso opepuka, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kunali kukhosi komanso mchira. "Kulemera kwake sikungakhale kosangalatsa komanso sikunali kwapamwamba kuposa njovu yamakono."
Ankakhala kumadera ouma kumwera kwa chipululu chachikulu, chomwe chinali masiku amenewo pakati pa South America, a Reuters analemba. Dziko lonseli lokha lidasiyanitsidwa konse ndi North America, ndipo South Atlantic, yomwe idayamba kudziwulula yokha, idazipatula ku Africa. Masiku ano Leinkupal laticauda amadziwika kuti ndiye woimira achichepere kwambiri ku diplodocidae, yemwe wamwalira abale ake kwazaka zambiri.
Cretaceous China inali malo achitetezo cham'mimba
Mabwinja a prehistoric pangolin wotsatira yemwe amakhala zaka zoposa 100 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo ali m'gulu la titanosaurs, adapezeka ndi akatswiri ofufuza zam'madzi aku America omwe amagwira ntchito ku China. Mafupa ojambulidwa mwachidziwikire sanali a munthu wamkulu, koma wachinyamata, koma ngakhale izi, zidafikira pafupifupi 20 mita kutalika.
Mafupa opulumuka a Yongjinglong datangi ndi zojambula za silhouette yake. Peter Dodson et al. Kukula kwa gawo lalikulu ndi 600 mm. Gulu la asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania linakumba mayendedwe oyamba a Cretaceous ku Gansu ndipo linapunthwa pa mafupa osakwanira a sauropod osadziwika ndi sayansi. Dongosolo la Yongjinglong datangi adaganiza zopezazo, ndipo kafukufukuyo adawonetsa kuti ndi a titanosaurs - gulu lapadera la ma dinosaurs oyenda miyendo inayi, omwe anaphatikiza zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya Dziko Lapansi. Komanso, pankhani ya chisinthiko, Yongjinglong anali m'modzi mwa oimirira kwambiri gulu la Asia.
Zambiri mwazomwe zimapanga Yongjinglong zokhudzana ndi woyamba Chinese titanosaurus Euhelopus zdanskyi, wopezeka kumbuyo kwa 1929, koma m'njira zina zambiri ndizosiyana ndi abale ake. Chifukwa chake, mano a titanosaurus atsopano amatalika masentimita 15 ndipo ananyamula zikwatu ziwiri, pomwe mwachitsanzo, panali chisa chimodzi chokha m'mano a Euhelopus.
Khola lalikulu la ku Yongjinglong linali ndi zingwe zam'mlengalenga, kutsimikizira kuti anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti matupi a ma dinosaurs ena adalowetsedwa ndi mabatani amlengalenga, monga mbalame zamakono. A Peter Dodson, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania, m'modzi mwa olemba kafukufukuyu anati: "Mtunduwu uli ndi zingwe zazikulu kwambiri," anatero a dinosaurs, monga mbalame, kuti ali ndi ma buluzi othandiza kupewetsa thupi. ”
Zithunzi zazikulu za Yongjinglong scapulas, zomwe zimafikira pafupifupi mikono iwiri, zinali zodabwitsa. Mafupa akulu oterewa sanalowe mthupi la buluzi ndipo ayenera kuti sanapezeka molunjika kapena molunjika, monga ma dinosaurs ena, koma pakatikati pafupifupi madigiri 50 kupita kumtunda.
Mwa njira, scapula ndi coracoid ya mafupa opezedwa samalumikizana, zomwe zimachitika kwa achinyamata, osati akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake, Yongjinglong wamba mwina anali wamkulu kwambiri kuposa fanizoli la mita 18.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mpaka posachedwapa, United States inali ngwazi yodziwika padziko lonse lapansi pa chuma cha dinosaur. Komabe, mu 2007, China idakanikiza mtsogoleri wakale podium uyu. Kwakukulu, kuzungulira uku kunathandizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa nyama zolemera kwambiri za dinosaur m'boma la Gansu. Mwachitsanzo, mchaka cha 2007 mudapezekanso anthu ena awiri achi China - Huanghetitan liujiaxiaensis ndi Daxiatitan binglingi. Mitembo yawo idapezedwa kilomita kuchokera ku mafupa a Yongjinglong.
A Dodson anati: "Posachedwa, mu 1997, panali ma dinosaurs ochepa okha omwe adadziwika ku Gansu, ndipo tsopano lino ndi gawo limodzi la madera otsogolera ku China. Ma dinosaurs amenewo ndiye chuma chenicheni cha Gansu."
Kuti apeze malo a Yongjinglong mumtundu wa mabanja a Titanosaurus, paleontologists anayerekeza ndi ena oimira gulu lino, ochokera ku Africa, South America ndi USA. "Tidagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera za paleontological, ndipo zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti anali wotukuka kwambiri kuposa Euhelopus, kukumbukira mitundu ina yaku South America," adatero Dodson.
Kupeza kwa ma titanosaurs atsopano angapo ku Cretaceous sediments of China kunakakamiza ma paleontologists kuti asiye malingaliro omwe anali kale kuti sauropod heyday anali mu nthawi ya Jurassic, ndipo ndi Cretaceous kuchuluka kwawo ndi kufunika kwake kunachepa kwambiri. Izi ndizowona kwa zolengedwa zaku America, koma kumadera ena a dziko lapansi, makamaka ku Asia ndi South America, ma dinosaurswa adapitilirabe kuyenda bwino ndipo sangaonedwe ngati mbali yachiwiri ya madera, EurekAlert akulemba!
Nthenga za ma dinosaurs ndizokhazokha kuposa lamulo
Mbalame zimachokera ku ma dinosaurs, ndipo zotsalira zomwe zidutswa za dinosaurs nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nthenga, ndipo akatswiri ena opanga ma paleont amati malingaliro a nthenga anali chinthu chodziwika bwino pa ma dinosaurs omwe adawonekera koyambirira kwamasinthidwe amakedzedwe a gululi. Komabe, kusanthula kwatsopano kwa nthenga za dinosaur kwawonetsa kuti izi zomwe zafika patali kwambiri sizolondola.
Ma Triceratops kumapeto kwa Cretaceous anali ena mwa omwe alibe nthenga. (Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi De Agostini Chithunzi Library / Getty Zithunzi.) Akatswiri ofufuza za Paleont adziwa kwazaka makumi awiri kuti maroprops (gawo lomwe limaphatikizapo trisannosaurus ndi velociraptor ndipo kuchokera komwe mbalame zamakono zimachokera) zidakutidwa ndi kena kake ngati fluff. Osatengera izi, nkhuku zokhala ndi nkhuku (ma trizeratops, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, ndi zina) ndi ma sauropod akuluakulu okhala ndi khosi lalitali amawonedwa ngati opindika, ngati zouluka zamakono. Komabe, kuyambira 2002, apolisi angapo ngati agalu opangidwa ndi ulusi pakhungu apezeka. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza ngati mabatani ngati nthenga za makolo awo.
Pofuna kudziwa zambiri, akatswiri akadaima, Paul Barrett wa ku London Museum of Natural History (UK) ndi David Evans a Royal Ontario Museum (Canada) apanga chizimba cha zikopa zonse zodziwika za khungu la dinosaur. Kenako anayesa kulinganiza ubale wa abuluziwo omwe anali ndi nthenga kapena mawonekedwe ngati nthenga.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, zomwe a Barrett adapereka pamsonkhano wapachaka wa Society for Vertebrate Paleontology ku Los Angeles, akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale mbewu zina za nkhuku (makamaka psittacosaurus ndi tianyulong) zinali ndi nthenga kapena zida ngati ulusi, ambiri amavala masikelo kapena zida. Pakati pa ma sauropod, masikelo analinso wamba.
"Ndili wokonzeka kupita patali ndikunena kuti ma dinosaurs onse anali ndi mtundu wamtundu womwe umalola ulusi, singano ngakhale nthenga kutuluka pakhungu," atero a Barrett. "Koma masikelo ndiwofala kwambiri pamizere yonse motero amaoneka ngati makolo."
Monga momwe paleontologist Richard Butler waku University of Birmingham (UK) akuonera, ili ndi phunzilo labwino kwa aliyense amene anasangalala ndi zomwe wapeza posachedwa ndipo ananena kuti ma dinosaurs ndiye mbalame yoyamba. Komabe, a Butler sakayikira kuti mawu omaliza amanenedwa pankhaniyi, chifukwa mpaka pano palibe zitsanzo za ma dinosaurs oyambira ku Late Triassic ndi Early Jurassic ku banki ya sayansi yomwe ikadakhalabe mu mikhalidwe yomwe imatipatsa chiyembekezo chofuna kupeza zikuto za khungu kapena nthenga. Zowoneka ngati zoterezi zikapezeka, chithunzicho chidzasintha kwambiri.
Akatswiri a Paleontologists adabwezeretsa kuyenda kwa dinosaur yayikulu kwambiri
Ambiri okhala padziko lapansi anali ma dinosaurs a sauropod kuyambira nthawi ya Cretaceous. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono, asayansi adatha kukonzanso zovuta za zimphona izi.
Mafupa a argenitnosaurus Gulu la akatswiri opanga ma paleontologists ku University of Manchester ananyamuka kuti abwezeretse zimango ndi ziwonetsero zakuyenda kwamadinala akale. Mtundu wawo woyamba anali wa Argentina wa mita 40 kuchokera ku ma Cretaceous sediments aku South America. Malinga ndi kukonzanso kwina, kulemera kwa nyamayo kunafika matani 80, ndipo asayansi ena amakayikira zoti AArgentina angakwanitse kuyendayenda pawokha.
Komabe, ntchito yomwe ofufuza adatsogolera Dr. Bill Seller yawonetsa kuti ma dinosaurs akuluakulu sikuti amangoyenda, komanso anachita mwachangu kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa makompyuta, kuthamanga kwa munthu wa ku Argentina wofulumira pafupifupi bizinesi yake kufika makilomita eyiti pa ola limodzi.
Dr. Lee Margetts, yemwe akutenga nawo mbali pa ntchitoyi anati: "Tidagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta okhala ndi makompyuta pafupifupi 30,000 kuti anthu aku Argentina atha kuchita nawo zaka 94 miliyoni zapitazo," atero omwe akuchita nawo ntchitoyi Dr. Lee Margetts. "Patagonia."
Kuti adziwe, asayansi amayenera kukasinthitsa mafupa onse a buluzi, kenako ndikupanga mtundu wake. "Ngati mukufuna kudziwa momwe ma dinosaurs amayendera, njira yabwino ndikulingalira pamakompyuta. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yobweretsera ulusi wonse wazidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zomwe tili nazo zokhudzana ndi ma dinosaurs," adatero Dr. Sellers.
Kuti "muwukitse" sauropod gait, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yoyambirira ya Gaitsym, yomwe imalola kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a kayendedwe ka nyama zamakono komanso zosowa.
"Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ma dinosaurs siofanana ndi nyama iliyonse yomwe ikukhala masiku ano, chifukwa sitingangofanana nayo," atero a Sellers. "Anthu onse okhala ndi nsomba, ali ndi minofu yayikulu, mafupa ndi mafupa. mafupa kuti amvetse momwe amagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kufananiza, ndipo ndizosangalatsa kuyerekeza mawonetsedwe owonekera.Argentinosaurus ndiye nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idakhalapo padziko lapansi, ndikumvetsetsa momwe idasunthira imatiuza zambiri zakupanga kwakukulu. a minculoskeletal system of vertebrates. "
Malinga ndi ofufuza, zotsatira za ntchito yawo zilola m'tsogolo kupanga ndi kupanga maloboti othandiza kwambiri malinga ndi kayendedwe, lipoti la 4 News. Pakadali pano, gulu la asayansi likuyang'ana kubwezeretsanso ndikuphunzira za gait ya ma dinosaurs ena akuluakulu, monga triceratops, brachiosaurus ndi trisannosaurus.
Nkhani "March of the Titans: The Locomotor uwezo wa Sauropod Dinosaurs" ikupezeka patsamba la PLOS One.
Chifukwa chiyani ma dinosaurs akulu kwambiri adakula kwambiri
Pamodzi ndi Tyrannosaurus rex, sauropod "yodziwika bwino" ndi imodzi mwaminyama yodziwika bwino kwambiri. Simungasokoneze chilichonse ndi chithunzi chake chokongola pa "zikhazikiko" zinayi, mchira wautali wopindika, makamaka, khosi lalikulu lokhala ndi mutu waching'ono.
Mafupa aku dinosaur akuArgentina Zilombozi zitha kufananizidwa ndi zazikulu zazikulu za baleen (pafupifupi 85 matani) ndipo chizindikiro ichi ndichopambana kuposa zolengedwa zina zonse za pamtunda zomwe zinayendapo pansi. Funso lachilengedwe limabuka: bwanji adakhala akulu chonchi?
Yankho lidafotokozeredwa ndi gulu lalikulu la asayansi, omwe adasindikiza nkhani 14 nthawi imodzi mu nyuzipepala ya pa intaneti ya PLoS One.
Zowopsa za sauropods zimafotokozedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imapezeka - mpaka nyengo ya Mesozoic (pafupi zaka 66-252 miliyoni zapitazo) mphamvu yokoka ya Dziko lapansi inali yocheperapo pang'ono pano. Nthawi yomweyo, kafukufuku wodabwitsa wazasayansi pankhaniyi akukhudzika. Mwina mfundo ndi yovuta yaku banal ya nkhaniyi komanso kufunika kogogoda ndi mafupa osalimba.
Koma zilizonse zomwe zimayambitsa kusasamala kumeneku, ndizinthu zakale: zaka zingapo zapitazo boma la Germany linagawa ndalama zochulukirapo kuti aphunzire sayansi ya sauropods, makamaka chiyambi cha zovuta zawo. Martin Zander waku University of Bonn amayang'anira ntchito ya magulu 13 omwe akuyimira maphunziro osiyanasiyana asayansi. Adasindikiza zoposa zana ntchito ndi buku lofupikitsa. Ndipo tsopano - gawo latsopano lamalingaliro okhudza mbali zingapo za sauropod biology, komanso momwe mtundu wa chitukuko cha gigantism wawo wokonzedwa ndi asayansi awa ukugwirizana ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa.
Evolutionary Cascade Model (ECM) ndiye gawo lalikulu la gululi. Amaganiziridwa kuti kusakanikirana kwapadera kwa otsogola komanso oyambira - mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi komanso ochita zinthu zofanana ndi zomwe makolo a sauropods adakhala nazo - zidapangitsa kuti pakhale masinthidwe angapo osinthika omwe adapanga chidziwitso chabwino ndipo potero adalola ma sauropods kupitilira zinyama zina zonse zapadziko lapansi.
Kodi anali osakaniza bwanji? Mwachidule - kuchuluka kwambiri kwa kagayidwe kazinthu komanso zida zamagetsi zopumira, ndiye kuti, ndi mpweya wosavomerezeka womwe umayenda kudzera m'mapapu (zizindikiro zopita patsogolo), zophatikizidwa ndi m'badwo wambiri wa ana ang'onoang'ono komanso zakudya zosavomerezeka kwambiri pakamwa.
Hypothesis ndikuti zizindikirazi zimawerengedwa ngati zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale masinthidwe asanu omwe adalumikiza 1) kubereka, 2) zakudya, 3) kapangidwe ka mutu ndi khosi, 4) mapapu ndi 5) kagayidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tisinthe masinthidwe azakudya.
Tiyeni tiyambirepo ndi chinthu choyambiriracho monga kusakwaniritsa kutafuna kwathunthu kapena pafupifupi. Zotsatira zake, ma sauropod oyambilira (kumbukirani, anali azinyama osasamba) adadya kwambiri mphindi zochepa, popeza nthawi yochepa idadutsa pakati pakulowetsa chakudya mkamwa ndi kumeza. Zowonadi, m'mbiri ya sauropods, zingapo zapadera zimawonedwa zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale chakudya chothamanga: kukonzanso mano kwambiri, kukulitsidwa kwa nsagwada ndi kutaya masaya - zonse kuti muzitha ndi kumeza momwe mungathere. Anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zotere adapeza mwayi: kwakanthawi kochepa, adalandira mphamvu zambiri kuposa mitundu ina, kupatula, kuti zida zam'mimba zitha kulandira ndikuwotchezera kuchuluka kwa chakudya chosafuna. Zotsatira zake zinali kukula kwakukula kwa thupi.
Kuti timveke bwino bwino za ubale wamakhalidwe, tiyeni tilingalire momwe zosinthazi zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi kusintha kwa mutu ndi khosi. Popeza sikunali kofunikira kutafuna chakudya mosamalitsa, ma sauropod sankafunika minofu yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, mu zolengedwa zamakono zam'madzi, minofu ya mastic ndi kukula kwa mutu, yomwe imayenera kuwanyamula, imawonjezeka molingana ndi kukula kwa thupi. Ndipo ngwazi zathu zidathawa mokondwa ndikusunga mutu wochepa, mayendedwe ake omwe amafunikira mphamvu zochepa. Izi zinalola khosi kutalika, ndipo ma sauropod anayamba kudya zakudya zambiri pamalopo, ndipo potero amalandiranso mphamvu zochulukirapo ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa dongosolo logaya chakudya kunapitilira kukula, ndipo ndi kukula kwa thupi.
Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha masewera amodzi amodzi ndi chingwe chimodzi chamasewera. Mtundu wonsewo, ndichachidziwikire, umakhala wovuta ndipo umafuna kufotokozera kusinthaku zingapo zomwe zimapita kupitilira kusinthika kwa sauropods ndikuwongolera kuwoneka kwa akamba am'madzi ndi anyani.
Kodi ndizotheka kunena kuti pochita izi, asayansi adatha kujambula chithunzi chimodzi cha sayansi ya sauropods? Tsoka ilo, ayi.
Palinso kusagwirizana mkati mwa gulu lodabwitsa ili la asayansi. Mwachitsanzo, amagwirizana ndi ngodya yomwe ma sauropods anali atagwira makosi awo. Malingaliro onse pamfundoyi nthawi zambiri amatsata kuchokera ku mitundu ya digito ya mafupa, momwe fupa lirilonse limalumikizidwa ndi oyandikana nawo ndikusinthidwa mwanjira yoti mawonekedwe a nkhope amatha kusakanikirana kwambiri kapena pang'ono. Izi zimayendetsa mayendedwe osiyanasiyana (DD) ndi zero osteological msimamo (NOP), momwe mawonekedwe a malo olumikizirana amayanjana momwe angathere ndipo mafupa amayanjana m'njira yophweka kwambiri.
Kodi ma sauropod adagwiradi khosi lawo monga choncho? (Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Mark Witton.) Chimodzi mwazinthu khumi ndi zinayi zija amati kuweruza ndi NOP, ma sauropod amawongola makosi awo, m'malo mowakola iwo ngati swans. DD sinalole kuti mutuwo ukukwera kwambiri, pomwe kuyenda kwakukulu pamlengalenga yopingasa kunali kotheka, motero kuyerekezera ndi mapira ndiosayenera.
Palibe chamtunduwu, atero anzawo omwe asayansi anzawo munkhani ina. Ali ndi chidaliro kuti NOP sichinenapo chilichonse chokhudza kutalika komwe mutu ungathe kuwuka, komanso kuti mitundu yonseyi siyiganizira zomwe zingachitike pazizindikiro zonse ziwiri za minofu yofewa, kuphatikizapo ma cartilage a articular ndi ma disc intervertebral.
Apatosaurus padzenje lakuthirira (fanizo la Wikimedia Commons). Koma ngati tikufuna kumveketsa bwino zomwe zimachitika posachedwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti vuto lalikulu limakhalabe lalikulu la nyama zomwe zikusowa, zomwe mafupa okha ndi omwe amakhalapo, kupatula nthawi zonse. Ntchitoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Njira zingapo zowerengera misa zimalimbikitsidwa, zomwe zimatsogolera pazotsatira zambiri.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano chikufotokozera kuyesanso kwina, ndi sauropod yayikulu kwambiri, Argentinosaurus, yomwe ikuwonetsetsa kwambiri (onani kanema pansipa). Malinga ndi zotsatira za kusaka mafupa athunthu, mafupawo adazunguliridwa ndi mafupa am'madzi - iyi ndi imodzi mwanjira zosavuta kwambiri zowerengera kuchuluka kwa dinosaur, kenako misa. Njira ija idayesedwa pazinyama zamakono ndipo zidapereka zotsatira zabwino. Mwina matani 85 omwe akuArgentina adapatsidwa nthawi iyi, sakhala patali ndi chowonadi.
Musangiwale kuti mafupa awa enieni ndi makanema apakompyuta okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhudzana ndi sauropods, chifukwa kuArgentinosaurus amadziwika ndi zotsalira zomwe zidatsala. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe sauropod wamkulu m'modzi yemwe adavutika kuti atumize mafupa athunthu munthawi yathu, kotero kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ma dinosaurs amenewa kumakhalabe vuto.
Mutha kuyesa kuzungulira mozungulira poyesa kuthamangitsa: pali chiyembekezo chowerengera unyinji malinga ndi mphamvu zomwe zidawapanga. Mosiyana ndi mafupa, mizera yama sauropod wamkulu kwambiri imayimiridwa bwino kwambiri. Kuyesa njira pa njovu kunasonyezanso kuti ndi zabwino.
Koma pakadali pano izi sizinachitike, chifukwa muyenera kudziwa zinthu zomwe zidalozi zinalowa, ndi momwe zimapundukira. Kodi inali yamtundu wanji komanso inali yamtundu wanji panthawiyo ndizovuta kudziwa kuchokera pamwala.
Monga mukuwonera, chinsinsi cha chimodzi mwazitsanzo zotchuka kwambiri pankhani yachilengedwe sichinathe. Komabe, ndizovuta kwambiri kuchita izi - kubwezeretsa "dzulo" kuzomwe zatsala lero.