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Akatswiri azachipembedzo amakonda kukoka kwa mafupa ochepa, ma gourmet okoma kwambiri, odwala odwala machiritso. Aliyense amapeza nsomba mumtundu wake womwe umawoneka bwino, womwe umawonjezera mtengo wa chakudya cha anthu.

Mbiri Yogulitsa ndi Geography

Ngalawa imakhala ku Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Indian, madzi aku Persian ndi madera ena a Gulf of Mexico, ku Pacific, Black, Yellow, Red, Mediterranean ndi Azov Seas. Palibe oimira amtunduwu ku Pacific Ocean, Melanesia, Polynesia, ndi Atlantic. Nsomba zochuluka zimapezeka pafupi ndi pakamwa pa mitsinje ikuluikulu, monga Orinoco, Amazon, Mississippi, Parana, Indus, Congo, Ganges.

Mbiri yakuwonekera kwa zabwino kuchokera kuphika sichikudziwika, komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti masiku ano nsomba iyi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chazamalonda zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yofunika yazakudya. Ena ochita masewera ena amaganiza kuti kunkhokwe ndimakoma. Chifukwa chazakudya zopatsa thanzi kwambiri, zopangira siliva ndizofunikira kwambiri pamalonda. Ili ndi mgodi la Indian Ocean, kugombe lakummawa kwa Africa, Australia, Abkhazia, Ukraine, Russia, ku zilumba za Philippines, pa Nyanja Yakuda. Oimira ena a banja la croaker samayang'ana kwenikweni, komabe, nawonso ndi zinthu zausodzi.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, minda amafamutsira nsomba izi m'njira zokumba. Amakhalamo khola mumiyala yosungidwa ndi madzi oyera kapena mchere. Tekinoloje imawonedwa kuti ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Mtsogoleri pa gawo la kusaka khola ndi Israeli. Dzikoli limamera mitundu yansomba yofiira komanso yasiliva kumafamu mumzinda wa Atlite. Pakupanga kwa croaker, mitundu ya 5-6 imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, China idakhala malo otchuka pakati pa opanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gibbionts. Mwa mafamu olandidwa ndi nsomba zakuthambo, pali mitundu iwiri yamakhwala. Ma famu akulu okhala ndi makhola ndi ma corrals amapezeka zigawo za Zhejian, Fujian, Hainan. Zotsatira zabwino za nsomba zomwe zikukula zapeza opanga kuchokera ku Brazil, Mexico, Australia. Poyerekeza ndi za obereketsa otchuka aku Russia, palibe chomwe angadzitamande. Mdziko muno, akukhulupirira kuti kulima ma slabs sikupindulitsa, chifukwa mtengo wa nsombazo udzakhala pafupifupi $ 10 kutuluka, ndipo ndizokayikitsa kuti angapeze wogula.

Mitundu ndi mitundu

Wokhota ndi membala wa banja la croaker. Zambiri, pali mitundu pafupifupi 250 ya nsomba ndi ma genera 56 am'madzi, pomwe atatuwa ndi madzi abwino, ndipo mitundu iwiri imakhala m'malo amchere. Anthu amatcha zopanda pake chifukwa cha phokoso laphokoso, lomwe anthu amapanga akakumana ndi minofu yolumikizidwa ndi mpweya kuwira ndikuchita ngati chipinda chopanda kanthu. Msika waku Asia, umadziwika kuti croaker, ku America ngati corvina (Spanish tanthauzo la mawu oti humps) Dzina loyambirira la nsombazo lidachitidwa chifukwa cham'mbuyo chokhota.

Mbira zamdima komanso zowala, zomwe zimapezeka mu Nyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda, nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa pamashelefu apakhomo. Anthu okhala kum'mawa amapezeka mosavuta ndi mtundu wamtundu wachikasu. Imapezeka ku South China Sea. Kudera la India, usodzi wamalonda umachitika kuti nsomba zofiira. Chiwombankhanga chimakhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa Spain, Morocco, ndi Portugal. Mitundu yopyapyala kapena imvi imapezeka m'mbali mwa gombe la US. Ng'ona zasiliva zimakumbidwa ku zilumba za Philippines, ku Africa, Russia, Australia.

Nsomba zimabwera m'mashelefu pafupipafupi ndimatumbo okonzedwa kumene a b / g kapena mutu wa nyama yonse. Itha kukhala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake. Kukula kwa anthu kumatengera malo okhalamo, mitundu ya nyama ndi kuperekedwa kwa chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, khungubwe kakang'ono kachikasu komwe kumakhala ku Nyanja Yachikuda kumakhala kotalika pafupifupi 35cm ndikulemera pafupifupi 1 kg, nsomba yofiira kuchokera ku Indian Ocean kapena South China Sea imakula mpaka 90 cm ndipo imalemera makilogalamu 6-7. Chochita chapadera komanso chofunikira pamsika ndi nyama yasiliva. Ili ndi kakulidwe kapamwamba komanso zopatsa thanzi, imakula kutalika kuyambira 40 cm mpaka 2 m, ndipo imapeza kulemera mpaka 55 kg. Cholembedwerocho chimalembedwa ndi kukula kwake (7+, etc.), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zili mgululi.

Nsomba za Croaker

Msodzi wa croaker (Pareques acuminatus), malinga ndi gulu la asayansi, ndi a banja la a Gorbylev, omwe ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 275. Kuphatikiza pa dzina lasayansi komanso lovomerezeka, golidi amatchedwa drummer, ochepa, melakopia, komanso grungler kapena corvina. Ngakhale banja la Gorbylev limaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri, oimira awiri okha ndi omwe ali ponseponse m'mitunda yathu - wakuda ndi wowalaza.

Mitundu yokhala ngati mbira yowala imafika pamlingo wabwino. Kutalika kwa kambuku kansomba kumatha kufika mita imodzi ndi theka. Kumbuyo kwa mbira yam'madzi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wake wa bulauni, komanso kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yakuda. Woyipayo adalandira dzina lake loyambirira chifukwa champhamvu chakumbuyo chakumbuyo. Zikuwoneka kuti nsombayi yakula kwambiri.

Pali tinyanga tating'ono pachimake cha nsomba. Msodzi wa croaker amasiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe kake kamene kamakhala pansi, kamene kamagawika mbali ziwiri ndi mphako. Mbali yapamwamba ya nsomba zabwino kwambiri, kakhwalala kamakwera pamwamba kwambiri. Shrimp, nyongolotsi, nsomba zazing'ono, ndi ma mollusks ndizomwe zimapanga chakudya cha nsomba. Monga lamulo, nsomba za croche zimasankha pathanthwe komanso miyala kuti zizikhalamo.

Nsomba zocheperako komanso zakuda zam'madzi amtunduwu ndizofala ku Nyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda. M'mawonekedwe awo, wowala ndi wakuda wamdima kwenikweni samasiyana. Pazifukwa izi, zimakhala zovuta kuti amateur asiyanitse mtundu wina ndi wina. Kuphatikiza pa wowongolera komanso wakuda bii, pali mitundu inanso ya nsomba yomwe ili yofunikira pa malonda.

Mwachitsanzo, ku South China Sea kakhwalala kakang'ono kachikasu amawonjezerapo, ndipo mu Nyanja ya India - ofiira. Wotchedwa mphere wamtchire amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Morocco, Portugal ndi Spain. Mtundu waimvi kapena wamtambo, wolumala, ndi wamba pagombe la United States. Mitundu yasiliva ya nsomba zamkati zimapezeka kugombe lakummawa kwa Africa, komanso ku Australia ndi Islands Islands.

M'mayiko onse kumene nsomba zikumakololedwa, croaker amadziwika kuti ndiye amtengo wapatali. Nsomba zowotcha zimaphikidwa, kuwiritsa, komanso kukazinga, zouma komanso kupaka mchere. M'matayala athu, mumatha kuwona mbira zam'madzi mozizira.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nsomba yam'madzi ya nsomba imakhala ndi zinthu zothandiza pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zambiri zimawerengedwa ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizopanga zina. Malinga ndi zamankhwala, chakudya chofunikira kwambiri chokhacho ndi msuzi, womwe umakonzedwa kuchokera ku nsomba zoyambira.

Zopindulitsa

Mtengo wazopatsa thanzi ndi 104,53 kcal / 100 g. Nsombayi ili ndi 0,3 ga wa omega-3, 17,8 g wa mapuloteni, 56 mg wa sodium, 61 mg wa cholesterol, 1.1 g yamafuta owonjezera. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi potaziyamu, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe kazinthu zamagetsi zamkati, phosphorous, yomwe imafunika pomanga minofu, mafupa ndi ubongo, mkuwa, womwe umakhudza kapangidwe ka magazi ndi kagayidwe kazinthu zina. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimaphatikizapo mavitamini osiyanasiyana, mwa iwo A, B9, B12, PP, C. predominate.

Amadziwika kuti msuzi wa nsomba umalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwam'mimba, kumapangitsa kuti muzilakalaka. Mbaleyi imalimbikitsidwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi gastritis, atherosulinosis, ndi kusokonezeka kwa magazi.

Makhalidwe abwino

Nyama yaiwisi yaiwisi nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera, komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu wofiyira thupi amapezeka. Wokamba zolawa amakonda kukoma komanso kukoma. Kuguza kwake ndi kofinya, kofewa, kofanana ndi mwanawankhosa. Khungu la nsomba limatheka. Mbalambazi zilibe kukoma ndi "nyanja zam'madzi" zodziwika bwino, ndipo malinga ndi zomwe zimapangidwa pakudya ndizabwino zimakumbutsa anthu omwe amakhala m'mitsinje.

Ntchito Yophika

Pali maphikidwe ambiri opanga croaker. Imaphikidwa mu uvuni, yokazinga mu poto kapena yokaziratu, mchere, mafuta, kupaka mu sosipani, kukonzedwa m'njira zina.

Kodi kuphika nsomba?

Mwachangu buledi wophika kapena womenya.
• Sinthani "heh" onunkhira ndi masamba a sesame ndi letesi.
• Stew ndi masamba ophikira.
• Mwachangu entrecote kuchokera ku croaker.
• Wiritsani khutu lolemera.
• Kuphika nyama yomata ndi nsomba ndi mpunga.

Kodi silab imakaphatikiza ndi zinthu ziti?

Zinthu zaufa ndi ufa: chimanga, mpunga, ufa wa tirigu, mkate wopopera.
Dzira la nkhuku.
Zinthu zamkaka: mkaka, kirimu wowawasa.
Batala / Mafuta: canola, nandolo, batala, mafuta a masamba, margarine.
Zonunkhira / zokolola: tsabola wa cayenne, curry, oregano, mpiru, tsamba la bay.
Mitundu / Mizu: parsley, nyemba nyemba, anyezi, ginger, seaweed, letesi, nthangala za sesame, katsabola.
Zipatso: mandimu, lalanje, laimu.
Masamba: daikon, anchovy, anyezi, kaloti, mbatata.
Mbale: mpunga, mapira.
Suzi: soya, phwetekere, kirimu wowawasa.

Kupha anthu kumayamikiridwa ndi anthu aku Asia, makamaka olemekezedwa ndi aku Korea. Kutchuka kwake m'misika yakum'mawa ndikubwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafupa ndi zazikulu zazing'ono zomwe zimakulolani kuphika nsomba zonse. Mphezi yambiri imakhala yokongoletsedwa kwambiri kapena "heh" yokonzedwa ku nyama yaiwisi.

Mawonekedwe

Mitundu itatu ya kakhwala imakhala mu Black Sea, kudera lotetezedwa ndi Anapa, nthawi zambiri awiri okha amapezeka.
Woyala pang'ono kapena Umbrina, malinga ndi asayansi - Umbrina cirrosa, wamkulu kwambiri munyanja yathu. Popita nthawi, nsombazo zimatenga thupi lokwera, loponderezedwa pambuyo pake. Mutu ndi wokulirapo komanso manyazi ngati mkamwa; pakamwa pamakhala mozungulira thupi. Dorsal wamkulu fin ndiyosagwirizana ndi notch yosiyana. Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za kuwala konyenyerera ndi kamodzi kakang'ono pa nsagwada yam'munsi komanso m'mphepete mwamdima zamatumbo.
Khalidwe la wokhotakhota wamtunduwu ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yavy yomwe ikuyenda pakona mpaka mchira. Zingwe zachikasu zokhala ndi m'mbali zakuda zimawonekera bwino pa thupi la woluka ndipo zimakhala zonyaditsa bwino. Thupi lam'munsi ndilopepuka; zipsepse zamkati zimawoneka bwino pamenepo. Mphepete mwa mapiri opopera popanda mphako, pafupifupi owongoka. Korona wamkulu wakuda amatha kufikira, ali pamtunda wa mita ndikulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 30.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa nsomba zamtundu wa Anapa ndizovutira zakuda (Sciaena umbra). Zochepera mchimwene wake, mawonekedwe, maukondewa adakumana ndi masentimita 60 ndi kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu anayi. Kumbuyo kwa woyimilira wam'madziyu kuli mozungulira mozungulira, wofanana ndi hump, pomwe rhinestone imatha ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi mphuno yozungulira. Pathupi, mutha kuwona mzere wozungulira womwe umafika kumapeto kwa caudal. Chochititsa chidwi ndi ndalama ya caudal, yomwe imakhala ndi mawonekedwe, ozungulira. Maluso a dorsal ndi osakanikirana ndipo mchira wake umakhala wachikasu.

Kutengera ndi malo omwe akukhalamo, khumbi lamdima limakhala ndi mithunzi yosiyanasiyana ya thupi. Ku Anapa, kuli nsomba zomwe zimakhala ndi mbali zasiliva komanso m'mimba wopepuka. Zipsepse zimakhala zakuda kwambiri kuposa thupi.

Zizolowezi

Pali mbira yakuda komanso yopepuka m'malo ena, monga miyala yamiyala, zitunda zamiyala, m'mapanga apansi pamadzi. Amakonda kuya kwakuya kuyambira mamitala atatu ndi kupitilira. Choyamba, ng'ona yowala imawala; imakonda kwambiri kuzizira; Mbira yakuda imadikirira kutentha kwanyengo mpaka madigiri 19-20 ndipo nthawi yachilimwe imabowola. Kumera kumakhala nsomba zam'deralo; zazikazi zimayikira mazira molunjika mumtsinje. Kenako mphutsi zimafalikira pansi ndikudikirira nthawi yakukhwima. Zosangalatsa pang'ono patsiku lachinayi la kukhalapo kwawo zimayamba kudya zokha ndikulemera. Zakudya zomwe amakonda kwambiri za nsomba zakale za Anapa ndi shellfish, crustaceans, ndi nyongolotsi zam'madzi. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zimapita kukuya komwe kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kosasintha.

Family Croaker (Sciaenidae), kapena Crockers

Dzinalo la banja Gorbylevye (Sciaenidae), kapena Crockers, lidayikidwa ndi tanthauzo losiyana la amtundu wawo ndiopepesa a binominal nomenclature mu biology. Monga mukudziwa, woyambitsa chiphunzitso chogwirizana cha binomial (binary) nomenclature ndi kukhazikitsidwa kopambana pakati pamagulu (a taxonomic) anali wasayansi wachilengedwe waku Sweden Karl Linnaeus (Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778gg). Mu 1758, Karl Linney anali woyamba kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe akunja a banja la a Gorbylevye, powapatsa dzina lofananalo lolingana ndi gawo lawo lalikulu lodziwikiratu - protruding, arched protrusion kumbuyo. Koma dzina la banja la Sciaenidae, Crokers, lomwe lili ponseponse ku Europe ndi America, linagawidwa mu 1860 ndi Dutch ichthyologist Peter Bleeker (Pieter Bleeker 1819-1878), yemwe, atamaliza kutuluka kwawo, adapanga malo ofotokozera ofotokoza mitundu isanu ya 511 yatsopano ndi 1925 yatsopano mitundu, kuphatikiza banja la a Gorybyly. Ndizosangalatsa kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, dzina laling'ono la asayansi "Crockers" lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochita malonda ndi malonda asodzi, kukhala dzina lodziwika bwino. Liwu la Chingerezi Сroaker, lomwe linadzakhala dzina la banja lonse la nsomba, limakhala ndi matanthauzidwe angapo, tanthauzo lake lomwe limakhala "nyama yokhota" (lingaliro lachigiriki limatanthawuza kukhazikika, kubuula kapena kupindika). Dzinali limaperekedwa ku banja la a Gorbylev chifukwa chakutha kupanga mawu mothandizidwa ndi chikhodzodzo chokhala ndi minofu yotukuka kwambiri, yomwe imakhala gawo la resonator panthawi yamisempha yodzikongoletsa minofu. Monga lamulo, akhwangwala oyendayenda amapanga mawu osiyanasiyananso osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe a mtundu, ofanana ndi akhwangwala, opukusa, okonda ngakhale khwangwala. Ma Crockers amapanga mawu awa akafufuza zakudya kuchokera maola 21 mpaka maola 2 ausiku, amamva pakakhala bata kuchokera kumadzi pamtunda wamamita 15-30 kuchokera kwa wowonerera. Nthawi zambiri ku China, komwe kuli malo ambiri owedza (Pseudosciaena crocea) mu Nyanja ya Yellow, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimapezeka mothandizidwa ndi ma buar apadera omwe m'mbuyomu anali atatopa kale.

Banja la Gorybylovye limaphatikiza nsomba ndi thupi lalitali lomwe limapanikizika, wina wamkati womaliza womwe umagawidwa ndi notch wozama kulowa mkati ndi mkati mwa ziwalo zofewa komanso ma spines a 1-2 mu anal fin. Mitundu ina (U. cirrosa) kumapeto kwa nsagwada yam'munsi imakhala ndi buluzi laling'ono, lalifupi, lotchedwa cirro (masharubu achi Latin). Mano a nsomba zamtunduwu ndi ang'onoang'ono, owoneka ngati beru, m'mitundu ina kunsi kwa nsagwada zamphamvu. Kumapeto kwa kufalikira, nthawi zina ma pores opangidwa bwino amapezeka pachibwano.

Banja la Barbies (Sciaenidae)

Banjali lili ndi mitundu ya mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya 56 ya mtundu wa nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndikupita kukapeza chakudya pansi. Mitundu itatu yokha ya ma genera (Aplodinonotus, Pachyurus, Pachyrops) ndi madzi abwino komanso mitundu iwiri (Plagioscion ndi Johnius) imangokhala mmbali mwa mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Pafupifupi, pali mitundu 16 yamadzi oyera pakati pa kakhola, pomwe wina amakhala ku North America, ndipo 13 amakhala m'malo okhala ndi madzi ku South America ndipo mitundu iwiri imakhala pachilumba cha Indonesia ndi Peninsula ya Malacca. Ma genera awiri (Pareters ndi Pachypops) amakhala mdera lamiyala yamchere mu Indian Ocean.

Mitundu yonse yamakhwala imakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja zotentha komanso zam'madzi otetezeka a Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian Ocean, ndi mitundu 11 ya banja imatha kupezeka m'malo omwe amakhala ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mitundu ina ya banja la a Gorbylevye imalowa mu Suez Canal kuchokera ku Mediterranean kupita ku Nyanja Yofiyira, ndikupanga ochepa khola pamenepo. Matenda ochokera ku genus Atrobuk (Atrobucca geniae) amakhala ku Eilat Bay ya Red Sea.Palibe choluka m'nyanja ya Pacific pafupi ndi Seychelles, ku Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia komanso ku Atlantic pafupi ndi Azores. Kwenikweni, awa ndi nsomba zazikuluzikulu (mitundu ya Black Sea 3 ya croaker simapanga timagulu tambiri), yambiri yomwe imakhala yayikulu kukula ndipo imagwidwa mokulira mothandizidwa ndi misonzi yakuya, misampha ya pansi panyanja ndi maukonde oyenda.

Nsomba zonse zamkati zimakhala ndi moyo wabwino, wokhala m'madzi ammphepete mwa nyanja, okhala ngati ma benthophages, nthawi zina owopsa a pelagic. Ena, (genera Otolithes, Cynoscion), kutengera nthawi ya zaka komanso zaka, amatha kukhala ndi moyo wapansi komanso wotsika. Gorbylovye pafupifupi sanapeze kunja kwa alumali, ali ochulukirapo pafupi ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu ya mitsinje ikuluikulu: Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, Mississippi, Kongo, Indus, Ganga ndi ena, komwe amachitikira kwambiri pamalo osazama (osakwana 100 m) m'matope, nthawi zina madzi osafunikira, kupeza chakudya chochuluka m'matope a nyongolotsi ndi mapira. Ochuluka a nsomba ya banja la a Colcker amakhala ndipo amakhala m'mizere yakuya, kuyambira 5 mpaka 80 metres, ndipo ndi gawo laling'ono lokha lomwe limapanga magulu ambiri ozama mpaka mamita 350.

Malingana ndi mtundu wa chakudya, mwa mitundu ya mitundu ya akhwangwala, nsomba zonse zomwe zimadya komanso nsomba zamtendere zimapezeka, zimangodya ma benthos okha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma mollusks, crustaceans ndi mphutsi. Asodzi a nsomba zam'madzi am'madzi amakhala ndi chakudya chosakanikirana - m'magawo akakhala nsomba zazing'ono zomwe amakhala (anchovies, atherin, sardines, etc.), amalosera, koma ngati palibe nsomba yomwe ingakhale chakudya, amasinthana ndi mtundu wa chakudya.

Zinyama zomwe zimakonda kudya ndi mitundu ya amtunduwu Pseudotolithus(Woyendetsa woyendetsa). Oimira onse amtunduwu ali ndi thupi lalitali lofanana ndi pike pang'onopang'ono. Mano amphamvu, owoneka ngati ma fangali amapezeka pa nsagwada. Pakamwa pake pamakhala chomaliza, chachikulu. Mtundu nthawi zambiri ndi siliva, nthawi zina golide. Kumbuyo ndikuda, m'mimba mwayera. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi mizere yamiyala yakuda mbali zawo, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza kukhala mizere ya wavy. Mitundu yamtunduwu imakhala yofala kumapiri a kum'mawa kwa Atlantic, Indian ndi Pacific.

Senegalese croker, chinangwa

Malingaliro akulu ndi wamkulu woyendetsa bwalo (Pseudotolithus typus) amakhala m'mphepete mwa West Africa. Imafika kutalika kwa 1 m ndi kulemera kwa 15 kg. Palinso "atsogoleri" ochepa - kakhitchini kakang'ono (P. brachygnathus) ndi Senegalese crocker cassava (P. senegalensis), kutalika kwake, monga lamulo, sikudutsa 40 cm, koma nthawi zina mpaka 80-90 cm.

Mu nyanja ya Indian ndi Nyanja ya South China, kuli kofala wopindika woyenda (Otolithes ruber), mawonekedwe ake omwe ndi awiri okha mwa zigawo zapamwamba pa nsagwada yapamwamba, kutalikirana kwambiri. Mtunduwu umafikira kutalika kwa 90 cm ndi kulemera kwa 7 kg. Chachikulu kwambiri mu Indian Ocean, chofunikira ndi kuwedza mtundu wa otolites (Otolithes) - woyimbira siliva (Otolithes argenteus). Zinyalala za silvery zimakhala makamaka pagombe la Western India; zimapezeka zochepa kugombe lakummawa kwa Africa, ku zilumba za Philippine komanso kugombe la Australia. Oimira ena amtunduwu ali ndi malonda otsika kwambiri, komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama yawo, amayamikiridwa m'misika yam nsomba yamayiko onse.

Morphologic ofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Otolithes, mtundu womwe amakhala makamaka kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic American sloppy croaker (Cynoscion). Ofufuzawo ena amakhulupirira kuti ma genera amenewa ndi ofanana. Kuchokera pagombe lakummawa kwa United States kuchokera ku Nova Scotia kupita ku Gulf of Mexico imvi (Cynoscion regalis), nsomba yofunika kwambiri ya trawl ku Western Atlantic. Awa ndi nsomba zazikulu, mpaka 90cm komanso kutalika kwa 9 kg. M'mphepete mwa South America, kuchokera ku Venezuela kupita ku Argentina, pali mtundu wina waukulu wamalonda - zingwe zopota kapena peskadiliya (Cynoscion striatus), yomwe ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakusodza kwa Uruguay ndi Argentina ku Gulf of La Plata. Cynoscion imapezekanso ku Pacific Ocean. Chifukwa chake, kutali ndi gombe la California, lalikulu yoyera yoyera (Cynoscion nobilis).

Mu Indian Ocean, mtundu wokhala pafupi ndi miyala yamwala umakhala Otolithoidids (Otolithoides). Mmodzi mwa mitundu yake ndi broker croker (Otolithoides biauritus) ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri wabanja lankhondo. Kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri kumapitirira 2 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 80 kg. Imafanana ndi "oyang'anira" mawonekedwe a thupi, koma, mosiyana ndi iwo, alibe mano owongoka pakhungu pake. Mtundu wina - kotkh (O. brunneus) ndiwo maziko a nsomba yaku India yamtundu wamtchire, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kutumizira kunja, ndipo posachedwa, chinthu chofunikira chachilengedwe cham'madzi.

M'madzi aku Russia, omwe ndi Nyanja Yakuda, nthumwi zoyimira mtunduwu zikukhala Zithunzi (Sciaena) mtundu Siliva amaponya (Argyrosomus) ndi mtundu Umbrina (Umbrina). Kutengera kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ichthyological ndikuwunikira kwa usodzi m'madzi aku Ukraine, Russia ndi Abkhazia, magulu onse atatu a banja la a Gorbylevy amapanga zocheperako padera la alumali, zomwe ndizovuta kuzigwira mothandizidwa ndi zozama zosiyanasiyana zakuya. Zambiri pazokuta kwa akamba am'madera osiyanasiyana a Nyanja Yakuda ndizosawerengeka kuchuluka, mitundu, ndi zaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asamafune kusodza. Komanso, m'zaka khumi zapitazi, chifukwa cha zovuta zina zamagetsi komanso chilengedwe, komanso kusefukira kwa madzi, mu Nyanja Yakuda, kuchuluka kwa oyamba amdima (Sciaena umbra) adayamba kutsika kwambiri. Magulu ena awiri a banja la a Gorbylevy, omwe ndi European silver croaker (A. regius) ndi umber (U. сirrosa), pang'onopang'ono amachoka m'malire a Turkey, Adzharia ndi Abkhazia kupita kugombe la Russia, kukulitsa malo omwe amakhala. Komanso, potengera Buku Lofiyira la Krasnodar Territory, croaker wakuda (S.umbra) ndi maambulera kapena oyatsira oyala (U. cirrosa) amaletsedwa kusodza ndipo amakhala ndi zoletsa zina pakusodza kosangalatsa ndi masewera. Mu Epulo 2010, utsogoleri wa AzNIIRKh. Federal Agency for Fisheries and the Azov-Black Sea Territorial Administration, yasankha kusintha mawu a mundime 20.1, 32.1, 37.1, ndi 44.1, dongosolo la Federal Agency for Fisheries la Seputembara 8, 2008 ndi 149. "Povomerezedwa ndi Malamulo Akuwedza asodzi ya asodzi a Azov-Black Sea" ndikuchotsanso nsomba zamtundu wa amateur ndi masewera woyimbira, kuti achite nawo mpikisano wa osewera wapamadzi. Ngwazi zopepuka (U. cirrosa), pamtundu womwewo, zimaletsedweratu kuti asodzi azigulitsa, asodzi amateur, komanso masewera olimbitsa.

Anthu ochulukirapo mu Nyanja Yakuda, kumtunda kuchokera ku Anapa kupita ku Adler, komwe kumakhala kosagonjetseka kwambiri ndi kuipitsa (pulasitiki) ndi kuchuluka kwa omber kapena light croaker (U. cirrosa), komwe kumatsogolera moyo wambiri m'madzi osaya, kutali ndi kukamwa kwa mitsinje yamapiri. Kutumphuka kwamatope a mitsinje yamapiri, kumabweretsa chakudya chochuluka komanso zotsalira zambiri zachilengedwe, zomwe zimawola pansi pazonse, zomwe zimapezeka monga malo achitetezo a epibenthos (zolengedwa za benthic zomwe zimakhala pansi) ndi endobenthos (zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka). Umbrina, kwenikweni, ndi nsomba ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja yosaya, yomwe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chakudya m'mphepo zamiyala ndi zopusa, zimakula msanga, mosiyana ndi siliva wofiyira (A. regius), wolusa wamba komanso wokhala m'madzi am'madzi amphepete komanso wakuda wakuda (S. umbra), ikuyang'ana chakudya m'makatani akuya, pakati pa nkhokwe za cystozira. Lalamulo Na. 31 la State Committee for Fisheries la 01.29.03 "Pa kayendedwe ka usodzi mu beseni la Azov-Black Sea", banja la a Gorbylev omwe amakhala ku Black Sea sakusodza, ndipo zisonyezo zazing'ono zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito trawls zakuya ngati asodzi a nsomba ndi flounder-kalkan, nthawi zambiri samajambulidwa bukhu lolembe. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku KP Bukhta LLC (mudzi wa Vesyoloye, Nizhne-Imeretinskaya bay), omwe asodza chaka chilichonse kusaka anchovies, zikwangwani, malovu, mitundu yamadzi ndi ena kumadzi aku Russia a Nyanja Yakuda, kuchuluka kwa anthu amdima kwachepa kwambiri pazaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwirizi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo. mphete zowala ndi siliva zomwe zikugwera mu ukonde, pogwidwa, kugwa kwa Putin. Komanso kulemera kwa kambukuko kunatsika kuchoka pa 1.5-3 makilogalamu kufika pa 0.300-1,5 kg, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa banja la a Gorbylev m'dera loti asodzi akhazikike mu Black Sea.

Mbira zam'madzi zam'nyanja

HBlaker wakuda amakhala kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic (kuchokera ku Cape Verde kupita ku Bay of Biscay), Nyanja Zamchere ndi Pacific. Nsomba iyi ndi yayikulu mpaka 70 cm, ili ndi dzina la mtundu wake wakumbuyo wakuda. Kumbuyo kwa kambuku kumakhala kwakuda, monga lamulo, lakuda ndi ubweya wofiirira kapena wofiirira, thankiyo ndiyopepuka ndipo imakhala ndi golide wagolide. Gawo lofewa la dorsal fin ndi caudal fin ali ndi malire akuda.

Ngakhale kuti mtunduwu ndiofalikira zachilengedwe, wobowola mdera alibe kulikonse kukwera. Nsomba zocheperako komanso zakuda zam'madzi amtunduwu ndizofala ku Nyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda. M'mawonekedwe awo, wowala ndi wakuda wamdima kwenikweni samasiyana. Pazifukwa izi, zimakhala zovuta kuti amateur asiyanitse mtundu wina ndi wina. Kuphatikiza pa wowongolera komanso wakuda bii, pali mitundu inanso ya nsomba yomwe ili yofunikira pa malonda.

Mbawala yakuda ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zokongola kwambiri zomwe zimakhala mu Nyanja Yakuda; Mbira yakuda kwambiri nthawi zambiri imakhala ya buluu yokhala ndi mtundu wamkati wagolide, paphiri ndipo kumapeto kwake kumapeto kwa dambo pamalire amdima, owala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana pamene kuwala kulowa m'thupi mwake kumapangitsa kuti mitundu iyi ya nsomba za Black Sea ikhale yabwino kwambiri komanso yosazolowereka.

Pansi pa Nyanja Yakuda, kuyambira pa 10 mita mpaka 40, pali zifaniziro za kakhitchini yopitilira mita, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi masukulu ang'onoang'ono (mabanja), kakhola amabisala zolakwika zamiyala yam'madzi, sitima zosefukira ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa kwa croaker zomwe zimamupatsa nyumba ndi pogona. Zoyala zonse zakuda ndi zoyera zimadya shrimp ndi crustaceans, nsomba zazing'ono ndi mitundu ina ya seaweed.

Wokamba wakuda walembedwa mu Red Book ngati mtundu wosowa, chifukwa chake, usodzi suchitika makamaka mu usodzi wamafakitale ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito asodzi, komabe wowombayo adagwidwa muukonde komanso kwa asodzi omwe amakonda kupota kambukuyo madzulo ndi usiku, mwachindunji kupulupudza , zonse pa shiri yakuda ndi nyambo yokumbira - mtundu wocheperako. Ndipo kotero osaka pansi pamadzi amakonda kumusaka. Kuwotcha mawu kumakhala kofala kwambiri pakati pa osaka pansi pamadzi.

Woyala pang'ono wamtundu wachilendo kwambiri, nsomba zam'banja la woluka ku Nyanja Yakuda - zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso mawonekedwe osinthika a zipsepse zapamwamba ndi mchira (pakuwunikira - yoyera yoyera simungathe kuwona ngati zipse zamkati zam'maso ndi mchira) ndipo imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana - pa mchenga wamchenga pansi, onse munyanja Yakuda komanso Nyanja ya Azov.

Tinyanga yayitali komanso yaying'ono yokhala pachinjacho imisiyanitsa ndi kakhola ena. Zoyala zamtunduwu ndi za anthu okhala pansi panyanja ndipo zimakonda kwambiri mchenga. Amamva bwino pamatope, pamwala komanso pamiyala yamiyala yamiyala.

Mitundu ina ya achikulire oyera ya buluzi yoyera imafika kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka ndi kulemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 30, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu ya nsomba zamtunduwu ikhale nyama yabwino osati nyama osati asodzi amateur okha, komanso owombelera apansi pankhondo. Mbira yakuda ndi nsomba yodziwika bwino m'malo omwe amakhala m'madzi a Anapa, kupumula m'malo okongola ngati Big Utrish - aliyense amene amatha kupota usiku amatha kuyesa kugwira nyama yolusa.

Mbira ndi nsomba yomwe imatha kugwiritsa ntchito mokweza mawu mothandizidwa ndi chikhodzodzo. Udindo wawo wachilengedwe ndi kukopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo, kupereka ma alarm, kuitana thandizo, ndi zina zambiri. Wokamba ndi nsomba wam'banja limodzi. Mtunduwu ndiwofalikira komanso wafala padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi mitundu iwiri yokha ya mitundu yake yomwe imakhala m'madzi a dziko lathu: amdima komanso owala. Asodzi ali ndi dzina losiyana ndi izi m'madzi am'madzi: grumbler, drummer, umber, ochepera, melakopia, corvina ...

Wotchuka kwambiri mu banja lalikululi ndi wobweya wakuda. Amakhala Nyanja Yakuda ndi ya Mediterranean, komanso kum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean. Kukula kwa nsomba kumafika masentimita 70, ndipo kulemera kwakukulu kuli pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 4. Dzinalo limachokera ku mtundu wamdima wakumbuyo, womwe umasinthika kuchokera ku mtundu wakuda wamtambo kukhala utoto wofiirira kapena ngakhale ubweya wofiirira. M'mphepete mwa wowaka ndi tint golide.

Nsomba zamtunduwu zimayimiriridwa mwachilengedwe, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu kumagawidwa mosiyanasiyana, pali malo omwe kuchuluka kwa nsomba kuli ndi malire. Ng'angayo imakhala pafupi ndi gombe, imakonda ma jetties, mchenga ndi dothi la chipolopolo komanso m'miyala. Woyendetsa boti wakuda ndiyovuta kugwira, ndichifukwa chake ndi msodzi wofunikira kwa asodzi akudya. Nsomba imabisala m'miyala, motero nkovuta kuipeza, ili ndi zovuta kuzikana, imakhomeredwa m'mapanga, m'matanthwe, pansi pa miyala.

Wocheza wachikasu pang'ono amakhala ku Nyanja Ya Yellow. Ili ndi kuchuluka kwambiri komanso malonda. Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wocheperako, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 35 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi kumafika kilogalamu imodzi. Usodzi wamalonda umachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde okhazikika ndi oyendetsa maukonde.

Mu Indian Ocean ndi South China Sea, mtundu wina umakhala - wofiyira wofiyira. Kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 90, ndipo slabyo imalemera kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 7 kilogalamu. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi kupezeka kwa nsagwada ya kumtunda kwa kambuku kamtundu umodzi wokha wa canins komwe amakhala kutali ndi wina.

M'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Spain, Portugal ndi Morocco, malo ozama opha chiwopsezo amawonedwa. Kutalika kwakekotalika kumasiyana pakati pa 1-1,5 mita (ngakhale pali zochitika zomwe zimagwira munthu wamtali wa 2). Mlendo wokhala ndi ndodo wamtunda amakhala m'mphepete mwa South America. Ku Uruguay ndi La Plata Bay, imagwidwa pamsika.

Wapadera, mwanjira ina, ndiye wobata siliva. Imapezeka pamalo akuya kwambiri (pafupifupi mamitala 300), yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi ena onse pabanja lake. Nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimawonedwa pafupi ndi gombe la West Indian, pang'ono mitundu iyi yamakhwalala imapezeka kufupi ndi Pacific Islands, ku gombe la Australia ndi gombe lakummawa kwa Africa. Nyama ya siliva yokhala ndi siliva imayamikiridwa kwambiri pamsika wa nsomba padziko lonse chifukwa cha kukoma kwake kwapamwamba.

Msodzi wa croaker ndi thermophilic, kukazizira kumabwera, kumkafika patali kwambiri kuchokera pagombe. Katundu wina wodabwitsa ndikutha kutulutsa mawu amphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito chikhodzodzo. Udindo wachilengedwe wa mawu awa ndi kukopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi kapena kutulutsa ma alarm.Mutha kumva mawu awa popanda zida zapadera, mwa kungoika mutu wanu m'madzi.

Zakudya zamayiko ambiri, makamaka ku Mediterranean, zimapatsa zakudya zokhala ndi zowononga. Pamenepo umaphikidwa mu uvuni kapena wopaka. M'dziko lathu, gourmet order stew ndi masamba kapena khutu lakhola. Anthu a ku Peru amatumikira ceviche kuchokera pamenepo - nsomba imaphika ndi mandimu a ku Peru, tsabola tsabola ndi anyezi wofiyira. Mu zakudya za ku Korea, mbale yomwe imatchedwa "heh" imakhala pamalo ake oyenera - iyi ndi nsomba yaiwisi yodulidwa mzidutswa, kuphatikizapo kakhola. Malinga ndi kukoma ndi kunenepa kwa nyamayi, kambakayo amathanso kukhala analogue ya dorada yodziwika bwino ya ku Mediterranean. Chifukwa chake, ndikothekanso kuphika mofananamo ndikuwuphika kapena kuphika chopaka chakuda mu msuzi wowoneka bwino.

Nyama ya nsomba zam'madziyi ili ndi mafuta komanso mapuloteni ambiri. Muli zinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu, potaziyamu (zimakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ma electrochemical mu minofu yosiyanasiyana ndi minofu yamtima), phosphorous (yomwe imayang'anira kukhazikika ndi kulimba kwa minofu yamafupa), mkuwa (umathandizira kuti magazi azikhala bwino

amathandizira kukonza kagayidwe). Mwa zina, slab imakhala ndi calcium, magnesium, sodium ndi selenium.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kuthekera kwa nsomba kutulutsa mawu mwamphamvu ndi chikhodzodzo, ndichinthu chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndikuwona gawo lalikulu la nsomba kukhala choluka. Zizindikirozi zimatha kutchedwa mtundu wa chilankhulo chomwe nsomba zamkati zimalumikizana. Msodzi wa croaker ali ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso amakhala wathanzi. M'mayiko onse kumene nsomba zikumakololedwa, croaker amadziwika kuti ndiye amtengo wapatali. Nsomba zowotcha zimaphikidwa, kuwiritsa, komanso kukazinga, zouma komanso kupaka mchere. M'matayala athu, mumatha kuwona mbira zam'madzi mozizira.

Kuswana

M'madzi aNyanja Yakuda, khungubwi limayamba kutuluka chilimwe. Monga lamulo, nthawi imeneyi imayamba pakati pa Juni ndipo imatsitsidwa kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Poterepa, madziwo akuyenera kuwotenthedwa pamwamba pa madigiri 19. Nthawi zambiri nyanja zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zimasankhidwa kuti zitheke. Kubereka kwa akazi kumatengera kukula kwake. Avereji yaanthu amatulutsa mazira oposa 6,000. Komabe, anthu otere amabwera omwe amatha kusesa mazira oposa 513,000. Kwenikweni, zochulukirapo zimachitika usiku.

Gorbylya caviar ndi wopepuka komanso woyandama, womwe umathandiza chilimwe chonse kusambira mazira m'mbali mwa gombe pafupi ndi madzi. Mphutsi zamalonda zimakula msanga pambuyo pomenyera. Kale pa tsiku la 4 ayamba kudya zakudya zakunja. Mbawala zazing'ono zimakonda kunyamula zoweta, kumene zimasambira m'mbali mwa nyanja. Mphutsi zimatha kupita kumadera am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi ma bays. Nsomba iyi ili ndi mayina ambiri osangalatsa. Amadziwikanso kuti drummer, ochepa, melakopia, kung'ung'udza ndi corvina. Nsomba imakhala ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri komanso yokoma, chifukwa chake imakhala kutali ndi malo omalizira.

Khalidwe

Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ndi kakhofi kwamdima, komwe kumakhala Nyanja Yakuda ndi Mediterranean. Kukula kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 70-80 cm, kulemera kumafikira makilogalamu 4 okha. Mu chithunzi cha woluka mutha kuwona chowongola chakumaso, chomwe chimagawidwa ndi chachikulu ndikufanana ndi crest - chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe chimathandiza kudziwa zamtunduwu.

Woyala wowongoka amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi antenna wautali, womwe umapezeka patsaya. Komanso chachikulu kukula, mawonekedwe amafikira mita imodzi m'litali, kulemera - kuchokera 30 mpaka 40 kg.

Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi chimodzimodzi - kukweza, kukakamira pang'ono, ngati mutayang'ana mbali. Mutu umafanana ndi mulomo wa mbalame yayikulu, kamwa limakhala mozungulira mpaka m'mimba. Mchira wowongoka, ulibe mawu.

Kuwonekera kwa wokhota kumakhazikitsidwa ndi mtundu wake wachilendo.

Woyala wowala amakhala ndi mafunde achikasu omwe amayenda pamafunde, motero padzuwa milingo ya nsomba imayamba kunyezimira. Mumdima wakuda, ma caudal fin amawoneka pang'ono, nsomba ndizapakatikati, palinso chowonda chakumbuyo, koma sichisiyana ndi chachikulu. Mtundu wa pamwamba ndi wachikaso.

Komwe kumakhala

Woyendayenda mu Nyanja Yakuda ndiofala. Asodzi odziwa zambiri amalankhula za m'mphepete mwa Anapa, pomwe pali mtundu wakuda womwe umapezeka nthawi zambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha nyengo yanyengo, nsomba imakhala ndi mbali zasiliva. Zipsepse zake ndi chikasu chowala.

Nsomba zimakonda malo amodzi - m'miyala yamiyala. Imakhala mozama osachepera mita 3, nthawi zambiri imabisala m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono. Nsomba nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'masukulu ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zimadya ma crustaceans ndi nyongolotsi zam'nyanja.

Monga tanena kale, croaker ikhoza kupezeka mumzinda uliwonse waku Europe. Ku England, dzina loti Crocker lazika mizu, lomwe limamasulira kukuwa kapena kukuwa. Mwa njira, mawuwo amatuluka pogwiritsa ntchito chikhodzodzo.

Zosangalatsa

Popita kumayiko ena, alendo ambiri amawona m'misika yama nsomba ndi m'malesitilanti ofanana ndi Anapa croaker. Nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapezeka kutali ndi Nyanja Yakuda; nsomba izi zimagwidwa m'mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Crocker, dzinali lazika mizu ina. Mu croaker croaker wamkulu, minofu yamtundu wa mpweya imapangidwa bwino. Chifukwa cha malo ake, kakhwalala amatha kupanga mawu ofanana ndi mawu osokosera, akuti: "croc-croc". Kuti akhale ndi mwayi wapadera wamawu, nsombayo idalandira dzina laulere "Crocker". Komanso mawu achingerezi akuti crak - mutha kumasulira Wheezing, squash kapena chopindika.

Kawonani ku Anapa

Chophonya ku Anapa si nsomba yamasewera. Nthawi zina akhwangwala am'deralo amabwera pamaneti asodzi kenako nsomba zosowa zitha kugulidwa m'misika ya Anapa. Nyama ya Gorbylya imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazakudya zamderali. Kusaka nyama panyanja kumawona kuti mbendera ndi njira yabwino. Chifukwa chake, nsomba yotchuka imatha kuwoneka pa ophika a Anapa akuwombera.

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