Nyanja ndi nyanja ndizinthu zazikulu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala pafupifupi magawo atatu a dziko lapansi. Moyo padziko lathuli unachokera kunyanja, komwe ndi malo abwino kwambiri okhala. Madzi am'nyanja ali ndi mpweya wambiri ndi zinthu zina zofunika kuti ukhale ndi moyo.
Chingwe cha chakudya cham'nyanja chimayamba ndi plankton - mbewu zazing'ono kwambiri komanso nyama zomwe zimagwidwa pamadzi. Okhazikika kwambiri ndi 90 m pansi pa nyanja. Dzuwa ndi kutentha zimakalowabe pano. Koma m'madzi akuya am'nyanja, masauzande mamitala pansi pamtunda, mulinso moyo, pali nyongolotsi, maollamu, nsomba ndi zinthu zina zamoyo.
Ma dolphins
Ma dolphin, ngakhale amafanana ndi nsomba, ndi zinyama. Izi ndi nyama zamwazi wofunda zomwe zimasunga kutentha kwa thupi kosalekeza. Amakhala ndi mapapu omwe amapuma, ndipo amabereka ana akhanda omwe amamwetsedwa mkaka. Mitundu yoposa 50 ya ma dolphin nthawi zambiri amakhala munyanja ndi ma nyanja, koma mitundu 12 ya nyama zotere imakhala m'mitsinje ya South America ndi Asia.
Ma dolphin ndi nyama zotukuka komanso ochezeka. Panali nthawi zina pomwe ma dolphin amapulumutsa anthu omwe amira ndikumawateteza kwa asodzi. Ma dolphins amatha kuyankhula. Amapanga maphokoso osiyanasiyana mumtundu wa akupanga - kudina, kuliza mluzu, kubuula, komwe, kumawoneka ngati zopinga m'madzi, kuwalola kuti azitha kuyenda bwino m'malo. Ma dolphin ali ndi mawonekedwe akhungu lotsegula ngati mawonekedwe. Amasambira abwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kuzolowera moyo wamadzi. Akasambira pansi pamadzi, khungu lawo limakutidwa ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono mothandizidwa ndi madzi. Mafuta osunthika omwe amawateteza ku hypothermia ochulukirapo.
Albatrosses
Albatrosses amabwerera kumtunda panthaka yakukhwima kuti akole ndi kulera anapiye. Malo obadwira a albatrosses ndi madzi pakati pa mapiri a Antarctic ndi madera akumwera kwa Australia, South America ndi Africa. Timadzi tating'onoting'ono timeneti, pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde otenthetsera mpweya, timatha kuwuluka kwa maola ambiri pamwamba pamadzi popanda kukupiza mapiko. Albatrosses amadya nsomba, plankton, ndi crustaceans. Amatha kuthamangitsa zombo zazitali kwa nthawi yayitali kuyembekezera zinyalala za nsomba.
Kamba kachikopa
Akamba akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi akamba amachikopa. Amatha kulemera mpaka 725 kg ndikufika 2 m kutalika. Kamba wamtoto wachikopa amasankhidwa kunyanja pagombe lotentha komanso lotentha kuti angoyikira mazira. Usiku, zazikazi zimakwawa mpaka kufika pamlingo wamtali kwambiri, ndikukumba bowo ndi zokutira ndi kuyikira mazira mazana ambiri m'mudzimo. Pakadutsa milungu pafupifupi 7-10, makanda amabadwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo amathamangira kumadzi. Komabe, ambiri a iwo amafa panjira, pomwe agwidwa ndi mbalame zam'madzi zam'madzi.
Ma stingrays - Adilesi a Nyanja
Achibale apafupi ndi shaki - ma ray, amasiyana ndi omaliza, mwa zina, mwa ziphuphu zokulira za pison, m'mphepete mwake zomwe zimamera pamodzi ndi mbali za thupi ndi mutu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mapiko. Misewu yayikulu kwambiri ndi mdierekezi wapanyanja, kapena manta ray. Kukula kwa "mapiko" chovala chimphona chachikulu kuposa 6 m, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala matani 1.6.
Mantas ndi otchuka chifukwa chodumphadumpha modabwitsa, kutsatiridwa ndi kuwombera kuchokera pakukoka kwa thupi lamadzi. Samadya nyama yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe ingaganizidwe malinga ndi kukula kwawo, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi nyanga ngati zipsepse zamutu zolozera nyama pakamwa.
Oyendetsa sitimawo amakhulupirira kuti manty wokhala ndi mawonekedwe awo oyipa amawonetsa tsoka. Izi nsomba amatchedwanso stingrays ndi ziwanda zam'nyanja. Ma Octopuse amatchedwanso ziwanda zam'nyanja, zomwe siziri za nsomba, koma ndi gulu la mollusk.
Shaki Zoyipa
Shaki amadziwika kuti ndi anthu oopsa kwambiri panyanja. Zakale zawo zimawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro izi:
- Mulingo wapadera,
- kusowa kwa kuphimba kwa gill ndi minofu ya mafupa.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe osavuta, shaki amawoneka ngati makina abwino kwambiri olusa. Kukhala m'dziko lapansi zaka masauzande ambiri, adazolowera kukhala m'madzi akuya, chifukwa chomwe adaphunzirira kupikisana ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa ndi nsomba.
Chodabwitsa cha zinthuzi ndi kusakhalapo kwa kuponya kwa caviar. Amayikira mazira mu cornea, mitundu ina ndi viviparous. Shaki zazikulu kwambiri ndi anamgumi (20 m) ndi chimphona (15 m). Amadyera makamaka pa plankton.
Nyanja - okhalamo ambiri padzikoli
Zochitika zakale zimati makolo akale a anamgumiwo amayenda pamtunda wokhala ndi miyendo inayi. Pafupifupi mamiliyoni 50 apitawa, adakhala okhala m'madzi akuya amchere, nakhala zimphona zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa buluu wamtambo kumafikira 26 m ndi kulemera kwa thupi loposa matani 100.
Chodabwitsa cha zolengedwa izi ndikuti zimayenda m'mphepete mwa madzi mothandizidwa ndi mchira, pomwe pali masamba amphamvu. Ngati nsomba wamba zimasunthira mchira kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanzere ndikasunthika, anamgumi amapukusira uku ndi uku.
Nyama zimasiyana m'malo a zipsepse za mchenga kutsogolo mbali zonse ziwiri. M'mbuyomu, matupi awa adawathandiza kuyenda pamtunda. Pakadali pano amathandizira:
- kubweretsa ndi kuwongolera
- kuthana ndi ziwawa.
Zipsepse zamakutu sizoyenera kusambira. Njira yopumira imapezeka pamwamba pamutu. Kupumira kumatseguka kuti igwire mpweya pamene chinsomba chimakhala pamwamba pa madzi. Mapapu ndi akulu kukula, kupatsa mwayi wokhala pansi pamadzi mukamatsika kwa 500 m kapena kupitirira (anamuna ena amatsika 1 km).
Pokonzekera lipoti la mutu "Anthu okhala kunyanja", ziyenera kudziwika kuti ana a nkhono amaphatikizika ndi amayi awo akabadwa. Pambuyo pazaka zingapo, amasintha moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mwana wang'ombe wangotuluka kumene amayenera kuwuluka mofulumira ndikupumira mpweya, momwe mayi wongobadwa kumene amamuthandizira. Zozungulira zimaperekedwa ndi phokoso lapadera lomwe siligwidwa ndi khutu la munthu. Ubongo wa whale umatenga phokoso lomwe limawonetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana pansi pamadzi ndipo limazindikira mtunda waiwo.
Mahava amadyera ana a crustaceans ndi nsomba. Atatsegula pakamwa pawo, amasefa madziwo pamlomo wapamwamba. Pomaliza, pafupifupi 450 kg ya chakudya amachedwa tsiku lililonse.
Maulendo odabwitsa
Ma stingrays ndi nsomba za ma cartilaginous. Zojambula zawo zimatha kutchedwa kuti zipsepse zamakina, zomwe zimasungidwa ndi mutu, ndikupanga thupi lathyathyathya. Ma stingrays amapezeka munyanja ndi matupi amadzi oyera. Kupaka utoto (wopepuka kapena wakuda) zimatengera malo.
Ma stingrays amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo Antarctica ndi Arctic Ocean. Koma nthawi zambiri anthu amakumana nawo pagombe la Australia, komwe amakumana pakati pamatanthwe a coral. Stingrays ndi abale a asodzi, chifukwa matupi awo sakhala mafupa, koma a cartilage.
Njira yopumira ya anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja ndi m'madzi am'madzi inali chifukwa cha moyo wosiyana. Mosiyana ndi nsomba, zikaviikidwa mkati mwakuya, zimadetsa ziwalo zamkati ndi mchenga ndi silt. Ma stingrays amalandira okosijeni pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti yopopera yomwe ili kumbuyo ndipo yokutidwa ndi valavu yapadera yoteteza. Tizilombo tachilendo tikalowamo, cholengedwa chimatulutsa mtsinje wamadzi, ndikuchotsa zotsalira za mbewu ndi mchenga.
Mbedza zam'maso
Swordfish kapena lupanga ndi yekhayo woyimilira wa lupanga, ali gawo la gulu lofanizira. Kutalika kwa anthu akuluakulu kumafika ku 4.5 m ndikulemera mpaka 500 kg. Chowoneka ndi kukhalapo kwa njira ya xiphoid, yomwe imalowa m'malo mwa nsagwada yapamwamba. Mapangidwe a nsombafish amaimiridwa ndi madzi am'malo otentha komanso otentha, pang'ono amapezeka munyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda. Nsomba zimachita malonda, zimatha kuthamanga kuposa 100 km / h.
Swordfish ndi imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri posambira pakati pa oimira nyanja yakuya. Kuthamanga kwakukulu chifukwa cha kapangidwe kapadera ka thupi. Chifukwa cha lupanga, kukoka kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndikofunikira posuntha m'malo amadzi. Pokonzekera nkhaniyi yokhudza nyama zam'madzi mu biology, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti nsomba zokhala ndi lupanga wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mkondo wopanda mamba. Maphala amakhala ngati injini ya ndege. Kutuluka kwamadzi kosalekeza kumadutsa pakati pawo, kuthamanga kwake kumayendetsedwa ndi kutsika kapena kukulira kwa gill.
Pokonzekera lipoti la moyo wam'madzi, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kutentha kwa nkono kwafishfish ndi madigiri 15 kuposa madzi am'nyanja. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nsomba, zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri chifukwa chothawa kwa adani kapena kukasaka. Njira yodya nyama yomwe imadutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja imawonedwa poponya mazira. Ndiwosungulumwa ndipo samalowetsa gulu, nthawi zambiri limakhazikika pafupi ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba zazing'ono.
Siponji
Masiponji ndi zolengedwa zosavuta kwambiri zamitundu mitundu zomwe zimakhala, monga lamulo, m'madzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja, kuchokera pansi kwambiri mpaka pagombe. Nyama zam'madzi izi zimamatirira pansi kapena pansi pamiyala. Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya siponji. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimakonda kutentha, koma pali ena omwe adatha kuzolowera nyengo yovuta ya Antarctic ndi Arctic.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masiponji am'nyanja: ena ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana (siponji ya lalanje yam'madzi), ena amafanana ndi galasi, ndipo ena ndi tubules. Osati mawonekedwe a siponjiyo mosiyana, komanso mtundu wawo, amatha kukhala ofiira, achikaso, abuluu, lalanje, obiriwira ndi zina zotero.
Ena mwa masiponji am'nyanja akhala akukhala zaka masauzande.
Thupi la zolengedwa izi silimasiyanasiyana, kubooleredwa ndi mabowo ambiri, motero ndikosavuta kung'amba. Madzi amayenda kudzera m'matumba a siponji, omwe amabweretsa chakudya ndi mpweya ndi iwo. Nyama izi zimadya pazinthu zazing'ono za planktonic.
Ngakhale milomo sichinthu chomwe sangathe kusambira, samatha kuyenda, akadali odekha. Zidazi sizikhala ndi adani ambiri, chifukwa mafupa awo amapangidwa kuchokera ku singano zambiri, zomwe ndi chida chawo choteteza. Ngati chinyama chodabwitsachi chimagawidwa m'magawo ambiri, ngakhale m'maselo, amalumikizana, ndipo chinkhupule chikhala moyo. Mukuyeserera, milomo iwiriyo idagawika magawo awiri, pakapita nthawi, gawo lirilonse limalumikizana ndi ake, ndipo milomo yonse idatulukiranso.
Pali mitundu masauzande angapo a siponji zam'nyanja.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa nyama zam'madzi izi ndizosiyana. Masiponji amadzi oyera samakhala nthawi yayitali - miyezi ingapo, ena amakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 2, koma pali ena okhala m'madzi omwe amakhala zaka 50.
Zokongoletsa zapamwamba
Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha octopus ndi kuchepa kwa mafupa olimba, thupi lam'madzi lopanda pansi limagwada mbali zosiyanasiyana. Dzinalo limachokera ku thupi lake, momwe mahema asanu ndi atatu amachokera. Amakhala ndi makapu oyamwa omwe amakhala m'mizere iwiri. Ndi thandizo lawo, wokhala pansi pamadziyo amagwiritsitsa miyala ndi kugwirako.
Octopuse amakhala pansi m'mapanga ndi m'mapanga obisika ndi kamvuluvulu. Ngati ndi kotheka komanso pakagwa ngozi, amatha kusintha mtundu, kuphatikiza ndi nthaka. Nsagwada zoyipa zokha zomwe zimawoneka ngati mulomo ndizolimba. Octopus ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimagwira usiku ndipo zimagwira. Samasambira kokha, komanso amasunthira pansi.
Octopus nyama ndi nkhanu, nkhanu, nsomba ndi nkhanu. Zimawakhudza ndi poyizoni wopangidwa ndi tiziwalo tamadontho. Mlomo wake wogwira ntchito umakhala wolimba kwambiri kotero kuti umatha kupirira mosavuta ndi zipolopolo za mollusk ndi zipolopolo za arthropod. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti octopus amathamangitsa nyama mosabisa ndikuikhazikitsa. Anthu ena ali ndi poizoni kotero kuti amatha kupatsira anthu matenda.
Matalala
Ma coral kapena coral polyps ndi invertebrate nyama zam'madzi zamtundu wamatumbo. Polyp imakhala yochepa komanso yofanana ndi mpunga ndi mpunga. Polyp iliyonse imakhala ndi mafupa olimbitsa thupi otchedwa corallite. Polyp ikafa, mimbulu imapanga ma corallites, ndipo ma polyp atsopano amakhala pa iwo. Umu ndi momwe mibadwo imasinthira. Chifukwa chake, matanthwe amakula.
Ma korali amapanga malo osaiwalika pamadzi.
Mathanthwe a Coral ndi okongola kwambiri, nthawi zina minda yamadzi yamadzi pansi pawo imapangika. Pali mitundu itatu ya matanthwe:
- Mwala wamiyala yamiyala yamiyala yam'malire amiyala ndi momwe miyala yamiyala imapangidwira.
- Ng'ombe zamatchire, zotchedwa gorgonia, zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku equator mpaka kumapiri,
- Ma corals ofewa.
Ma coral ambiri amakhala ndi madzi otentha, momwe matenthedwe samatsikira pansi + 20 madigiri. Ndiye chifukwa chake kulibe miyala ya matalala mu Nyanja Yakuda.
Pali mitundu 500 yamakorali.
Masiku ano, pali mitundu 500 ya ma coral polyp amene adzipatula, kumene amachokera kuti miyala. Ambiri amapezeka m'madzi osaya, koma 16% ya misa yonse imakhala pakuya pafupifupi mita 1000.
Ngakhale matanthwe a coral ndi olimba kwambiri, ma polyp enieniwo ndi zolengedwa zosalimba komanso zosalimba. Ziphuphu zimamera munjira za mitengo kapena tchire. Amatha kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana: ofiira, achikaso, ofiirira ndi mitundu ina. Kutalika, amafika pafupifupi mamita awiri, ndipo m'lifupi - mpaka 1.5 metres.
Ma polyp a coral amakhala m'madzi oyera. Chifukwa chake, sakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe madzi ndi matope amachokera. Komanso, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wa ma polyp. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu minofu ya ma polyp mumakhala michere ya microscopic, mothandizidwa ndi momwe ma coral polyps amapumira.
Ma korali ali ngati mbewu. koma kwenikweni ndi nyama.
Zinyama zam'nyanja izi zimadyanso plankton yaying'ono, yomwe imatsatira mahema awo. Nyama ikagwidwa, polypyo imakakoka kukamwa ndipo imadya.
Ngati pansi pa nyanja pakwera chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha chivomezi, ndiye kuti matanthwe am'mwamba amakwera pamwamba pa madzi ndipo chilumba chimapezeka. Pang'onopang'ono, zomera ndi nyama zimawonekera. Anthu amakhalanso pazisumbu zotere, mwachitsanzo, kuzilumba zam'madzi.
Starfish ndi hedgehogs
Starfish ndi nyama yachilendo yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a thupi, yomwe pamwamba pake imakutidwa ndi ma spikes olimba kapena ma warts. Machitidwe asanu ofunikira a manja amachoka pakatikati pa thupi. Starfish ndi mafoni, amasuntha mosavuta m'mbali mwa nyanja mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yaying'ono.
Pofufuza mwatsatanetsatane pansi pa makina oonera tinthu tating'ono, nyama zimawonetsa mafupa ataliitali omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za forceps kapena lumo. Ndi njirazi, nyenyezi yam'madzi imadziyeretsa ngati tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Chakudya chachikulu chimayimiriridwa ndi maolloll.
Ma urkin am'madzi otetemera komanso osatetezeka ali ndi singano zokulirapo thupi. Mwamuna woponda nyama yam'madziyi amadziika pangozi. Mapeto olimba amadula minofu yofewa ndikukhwimitsa kwambiri. Masingaliro a poizoni ndi zida zotchingira ku adani (starfish).
Hedgehog amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zankhosa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Njira zazing'ono zimawoneka ngati zoyamwa. Zofunikira pa:
- kusuntha kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina.
- kukwawa pamalo otsetsereka
- zophatikizika ndi dothi, miyala.
Chingwe chilichonse chokhala m'madzi akuya panyanja, chimangamira pansi. Chifukwa chake amakwaniritsa kukhazikika kofunikira.
Ma clams ang'ono
Mwa anthu okhala pansi pamadzi, maollamu amakhala ndi niche yayikulu kwambiri ndipo amagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kusenda pang'onopang'ono, kuyenda kwambiri, komanso osasuntha. Mwana yemwe ali mu nkhani yake ya kalasiyo atchulapo zidziwitso kuti zolengedwa zonse zoterezi zimakhala ndi chipolopolo kumbuyo kwake. Amakhalanso ndi mapapu komanso mapapu omwe amatha kupumira pansi komanso pamadzi.
Thupi lofewa la mollusk lomwe lili mu chipolopolo, lili ndi mutu ndi mwendo umodzi. Amafunikira miyendo kuti aziwoneka pansi pa mchenga pansi pa dziwe, kusunthira ndikumangirira pazomangira miyala. Pansi pa lakuya pali chovala chofunda. Polemba uthenga wokhudza moyo wam'madzi, ziyenera kudziwika kuti popanda keratinized wosanjikiza, thupi la mollusk limatha kuwonongeka mosavuta.
Pofotokoza za moyo wam'madzi, wophunzira amatha kujambula tebulo ndikufanizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi nsomba. Amatha kusaka mfundo zosangalatsa pamutuwu pazinthu zapaintaneti ngati Wikipedia. Zambiri zitha kutsitsidwa kwaulere pamalopo.
Pamalo 10 okongola kwambiri okhala m'madzi ndi nyanja zamchere
- Jellyfish Atoll ndiye wokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
- Clam Blue malaika - wosakhazikika utoto.
- Zeze chimbudzi ndi mtundu wodabwitsa.
- Octopus Dumbo - mawonekedwe okongola.
- Sea slug - kukongola kwa mawonekedwe ndi mitundu.
- Chinjoka cham'madzi cham'madzi - zipsepse zamankhwala.
- Ribbon moray eel ndi wokongola wokhala panyanja.
- Nsomba za Mandarin - mitundu yowala.
- Bangà Cardinal nsomba ndi mawonekedwe achilendo.
- Turtle wanyanja yobiriwira - zithunzi zodabwitsa.
Jellyfish Atoll - kukongola kwakuya kwambiri
Jellyfish Atoll ndi cholengedwa chokongola kwambiri. Zolengedwa zonse zamtunduwu zimawoneka bwino, koma Atoll imawoneka yokongola kwambiri. Jellyfish imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a belu kapena maambulera. Matupi awo amakhala ndi minyewa ngati madzi osefukira. Chifukwa cha izi, zimawoneka ngati chipewa cha akazi okongola kapena nyali yosadziwika usiku.
Jellyfish imayenda ndikusintha makoma a gululi. Nthawi yomweyo, thupi lonse limayenda bwino, lomwe kuchokera kumbali limawoneka lokongola kwambiri. Jellyfish Atoll ndi amodzi mwa anthu okongola kwambiri am'nyanja zam'badwo wa medusoid. Thupi lake limakhala ndimtundu wofiirira. Thupi limapatsidwa mphamvu yotulutsa kuwala kwa bioluminescent. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa thupi la puloteni wapadera - luciferin. Cholengedwa chokhala ngati chowala bwino chikuwoneka chodabwitsa munyanja yakuya. Itha kufaniziridwa ndi mwala wamtengo wapatali pamakonzedwe apamwamba. Komabe, mutha kusilira chiwonetserochi pokhapokha ngati kanema kapena chithunzi. Jellyfish Atoll amakhala pamtunda wakuya pafupifupi mamitala 5,000, ndiye chifukwa chake chimakhala chosatheka kuti awone amoyo.
Clam Blue Angel - mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri
Cholengedwa chapansi pamadzi chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chowoneka bwino chotchedwa Blue Angel. Amakhala mokwanira mpaka dzina lake labwino kwambiri. M'mawonekedwe, zimawoneka ngati mbalame ya paradiso yokhala ndi maonekedwe osazolowereka. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mithunzi kuchokera ku buluu kupita pamtambo wamtambo wamtambo kumapangitsa kukhala kokongola modabwitsa. Kumuwonera kamodzi ndikokwanira kudabwitsidwa momwe chilengedwe chingakhalire aluso.
Angelfish ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma gastropod omwe amakhala munyanja yozizira ya North Hemisphere. Thunthu lawo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe, m'mphepete mwake momwe mumakhala njira zoonda za lamellar - parapodia. Amapereka chowonera choyambirira. Parapodia amapangika ngati nyenyezi ndi milozi yosakhazikika, ina yomwe imakhala yifupi kuposa ina. Mkati mwake muli minofu yomwe imasuntha. Ndi chithandizo chawo, angelo abuluu amawoloka nyanja. Maonekedwe okongola a anthu okhala munyanja adadzipangitsa kuti azichita nawo zamasewera. Pamaziko ake, ena otchuka a anime achi Japan (Pokémon) adapangidwa. Ndi chinthu wamba popanga zikumbutso, zida.
Sea slug - mawonekedwe abwino
Ngakhale kuti ili ndi dzina losasangalatsa, nzika zam'madzi zam'nyanja ndi zamchereyi ndizowoneka bwino kwambiri. Zithunzi zake ndizosangalatsa. Dzina Lachilatini pamtunduwu ndi elysia chlorotica. Zimakhudzana ndi gastropods kapena nkhono. Nyama izi zimatha kuchita photosynthesis mwaiwo (monga mbewu). Pa njirayi, maselo apadera amafunikira - chloroplasts. Nyama za m'madzi sizimakhala nazo, motero zimakakamizidwa kuzitenga kuchokera kumtundu womwe zimadyetsa. Chifukwa chodya zipatso zamtchire, thupi la anyaniwo limapakidwa mumthunzi wodabwitsa wa emerald. Nthawi zina mtundu umasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwazakudya za chlorophyll. Chifukwa chake, ma slog a nyanja amatha kukhala ofiira, otuwa, amtambo amtambo.
Anthu pawokha amawoneka okongola, omwe thupi lawo limakutidwa ndi zidutswa zomwe zimayang'ana kutsogolo kwa mtundu wakuda. Chovala chimapereka chithumwa chapadera kwa nyamayo. Ichi ndi parapodi yosinthidwa yozungulira thupi la anyani atali kutalika konse. Slugs imatha kukupinda, ndikupinda m'mphepete ndi ma flounces, omwe amawoneka okongola mosadabwitsa. Kenako mollusk amafanana ndi chipolopolo chokongola chomwe chimayandama pansi pamadzi. Kukhazikika kwa malo osambira panyanja ndi madzi a Nyanja ya Atlantic m'mphepete mwa Canada, USA. Chosangalatsa cha ma mollusks ndi njira yodzipangira ubwamuna. Cholengedwa chilichonse chimapanga ubala ndi mazira. Akatha kubereka, amaphatikizidwa m'mbali zazitali. Kenako mollusk amwalira mwachilengedwe, omwe amatchedwa kuti kufa kwa dongosolo.
Chinjoka cham'madzi cham'madzi - chodzikongoletsera chokongola kwambiri
Chinjoka chakunyanja ndi cholengedwa chokoma ndi modabwitsa. Amawoneka ngati ali ndi timapepala tambiri tomwe timalumikizidwa ku torso. Akasambira, masamba amasambira, monga zimachitika mumitengo mumphepo. Dzina lake lina ndi zisanza, zomwe zimawonetsera bwino maonekedwe ake. Phiri ndi mtundu wa nsomba zokhomedwa ndi ray za banja la singano. Nsomba zokongola izi zimakhala m'madzi otentha a Indian Ocean, pagombe la Tasmania, Australia. Amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi miyala yamiyala, m'madzi osaya.
Wokhala m'madzi amayamba kutalika kwa 35 cm. Mwapangidwe, imawoneka ngati seahorse wamba, thupi lake limapindika m'njira inayake yamtunduwu, yomwe imawoneka bwino pachithunzichi. Kusiyanako ndikuti thupi lake lonse limakulungidwa ndi mbale zam'mphepete mwa wavy. Leaglets ndi chinsinsi kubisala kwa adani. Amapatsa nsomba kuti zifanane ndi algae. Zingwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimakonda skate. Amayenda mosalala pamafunde, osasunthika mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse. Mtundu wa seahorses uwu uli pangozi. Izi ndichifukwa chakulephera kwake kuzungulira nyambo panthawi ya chipwirikiti panyanja (monga momwe skate zina zimachitira). Chifukwa chake, pambuyo pa namondwe, zisanza zambiri zimafa.
Tangerine nsomba - mawonekedwe akunja
Nsomba za Tangerine ndi mtundu wina wa nsomba womwe umakopa chidwi chake ndi mtundu wake wowala. Nthawi zambiri imasanjidwa ndi cholinga chokongoletsera, monga momwe chidzakhalire kukongoletsa konse kwa aquarium. Bakha wa mandarin ndi wa banja la gulu la lyre Perch. Malo ake achilengedwe ndi gawo lakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean. Nsomba za Tangerine zitha kuwonekera pagombe:
- Philippines
- Indonesia
- Australia
Abakha a Mandarin amakhala m'madzi oyandikana ndi miyala yamchere, amakhala m'madzi otetezeka ku mphepo ndi mafunde. Kuthengo, mutha kuwona nsomba, koma kuziwona ndizovuta. Anthu okongola a kum'mwera kwa nyanjayi ndi ang'ono (mpaka 6 cm), motero pansi sizovuta kuwona. Mutha kuwasilira mu chithunzi kapena mu aquarium. Nsomba za Mandarin zimadya plankton, crustaceans yaying'ono. Chozizwitsa ichi chachilengedwe chimatchulidwanso kuti nsomba ya psychedelic chifukwa cha kapangidwe kosangalatsa kamene kamayikidwa mumtengo, mchira ndi zipsepse. Mandarin sanamuyitane ndi mtundu wa chipatso, koma chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo ndi zovala za motley za olamulira aku China - mandarins.
Bangai Cardinal Fish - Kukongola Kochepa
Chimodzi mwa nsomba zokongola kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'madzi osaya panyanja ndi nsomba ya Bangai Cardinal. Imapezeka kokha pagombe la zilumba za Bangai (Indonesia).
Zinyama zam'madzi izi zimakonda zimbudzi zamadzi zobisika m'matanthwe a coral. Amatha kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kwa madzi pafupi ndi gombe la Bangai kuli pafupifupi madigiri 30. Makadinala ndi mawonekedwe otchuka pakati pa asodzi am'madzi omwe amawakonda chifukwa cha mitundu ndi zipsepse zake zachilendo.
Ribbon moray eel - Kuwala kwapamadzi kozama kwamadzi akuya
Ribbon moray eel ndi amodzi a nsomba zomwe zimapezeka munyanja ndi munyanja. Ndilo gulu lakelo. Kunja, nsombayo imafanana ndi riboni wautali wopaka utoto wonyezimira, wowala.
Mukasuntha, imagwada, ndikupanga njoka. Chimawoneka chokongola kwambiri, chamoyo komanso pachithunzichi. Chizindikiro cha anthu okhala munyanjayi ndi kusintha kwamtundu uliwonse. Nsomba zazing'ono zimakhala ndi tint yakuda, kenako zimasinthidwa kukhala zamtambo, zobiriwira, zachikaso. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala ndi mithunzi ingapo nthawi imodzi.
Green Sea Turtle - zithunzi zokongola kwambiri
Kamba wamtchire wobiriwira ndi mtundu wokongola kwambiri wamadzi amtundu uliwonse. Zishango za Carapace zimapakidwa utoto wamarimu, maolivi, zobiriwira zobiriwira. Mitundu imatha kuwonedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu chithunzi. Palinso mawanga a bulauni, achikaso, amtambo, omwe amaphatikiza mogwirizana ndi mtundu waukulu.
Mbali yakumbuyo ya chigombacho imapakidwa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, akamba obiriwira ali ndi maso okongola opangidwa ndi amondi. Anthu okhala m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amakhala okha, koma nthawi zina mumatha kukumana ndi magulu awo ang'onoang'ono. Gulu la akamba obiriwira, akusambira pansi penipeni pa nyanja, ndimawonekedwe odabwitsa.
Octopus Dumbo - octopus wokongola kwambiri
Octopus Dambo (grimpotevtis) ndi wozama wokhala kunyanja. Imapezeka pakuya mpaka 5000 metres. Nthawi zina amakwera mamita 100 pamwamba. Mu chithunzicho amawoneka wokongola kwambiri kuti akuwoneka ngati chidole chokongola.
Ichi ndi cholengedwa chofewa cha gelatinous chokhala ndi maso akuda ndi zipsepse zofanana ndi makutu. Chovala chake chimakhala chomata, kupaka thupi. Tsoka ilo, mutha kungosilira mu chithunzi, chifukwa kuya kwa nyanja ndi 100 mamita kuposa kosambira wamba.
Nyama za m'madzi
Asayansi apeza mitundu yoposa 125 ya zinyama - anthu okhala kunyanja. Zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- Ma Walruse, zisindikizo za ubweya ndi zisindikizo (gulu lophinikizana).
- Ma dolphin ndi anamgumi (gulu la cetacean).
- Manatees ndi dugongs (kuchotsedwa kwa herbivores).
- Zoyesa zam'nyanja (kapena ma otters).
Gulu loyamba ndi limodzi lalikulu kwambiri (anthu opitilira 600 miliyoni). Onsewa ndi zilombo ndipo amadya nsomba. Ma Walruse ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri. Anthu ena amafikira kulemera kwa matani 1.5 ndikukula mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 4. Kukula kwake ndi kusinthasintha kwa ma walrus ndizodabwitsa paz kukula zoterezi, amasuntha pamtunda komanso m'madzi mosavuta. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kameneka, pharynx imatha kukhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja ndipo singamire, ngakhale itagona. Khungu lofiirira lofiirira lokonda kumera limakhala lowala, ndipo ngati mutha kuwona pinki, ngakhale yoyera, walrus, mukudziwa - ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 35. Kwa anthu awa, uku ndi kukalamba. Walrus samasokonezedwa ndi chidindo kokha chifukwa cha chizindikiro chawo - ma siki. Kuyeza kwa imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri kunawonetsa pafupifupi 80 cm kutalika, ndi kulemera - pafupifupi 5 kg. Ziphuphu zakumaso za walrus zimatha ndi zala zawo - zisanu pachilichonse.
Zisindikizo zimakhala ku Arctic ndi Antarctic, chifukwa chake zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri (mpaka -80 ° C). Ambiri aiwo alibe ma auricles akunja, koma amamva bwino kwambiri. Ubweya wosindikiza ndi waufupi koma wokulirapo, womwe umathandiza nyamayo kuyenda pansi pamadzi. Zisindikizo pamtunda zikuwoneka zachilendo komanso zopanda chitetezo. Amasunthidwa mothandizidwa ndi kutsogoloku ndi cham'mimba, miyendo yawo yakumbuyo siyikulidwe. Komabe, amayenda mothamanga m'madzi ndikusambira kwambiri.
Zisindikizo za Fur ndizosusuka kwambiri. Patsiku amadya nsomba 4 - 5 kg. Kambuku yam'nyanja - magulu angapo osindikizidwa - amatha kugwira ndikudya zina zing'onozing'ono zazing'ono kapena ma penguin. Maonekedwe ndimafanana ndi ambiri mapini. Zisindikizo zazing'onoting'ono ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa mamembala anzawo, motero zimawombera kumtunda ndi miyendo yonse inayi. Maso a anthu okhala kunyanja awa ndi okongola, koma zimadziwika kuti sawona bwino - myopia.
Ma dolphin ndi anamgumi ndibale pakati pawo. Ma dolphin ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zachilendo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zawo:
- Kusakhalapo kwa makutu, mphuno, maso ang'ono ndipo nthawi imodzimodzi kukonzekera kwapadera komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa malo omwe ali zinthuzo m'madzi.
- Thupi lopanda maliseche, lopanda zizindikiro zaubweya kapena mamba, lomwe limasinthidwa nthawi zonse.
- Mawu ndi chiyambi cha kuyankhula, kulola ma dolphin kuti azilankhulana wina ndi mnzake mu paketi.
Zinsomba ndi zimphona pakati pa zinyama. Amadyetsa plankton kapena nsomba zazing'ono, amapumira mothandizidwa ndi dzenje lapadera lotchedwa "mpweya". Mukamapumira, kasupe wa mpweya wonyowa wochokera m'mapapu mumadutsamo. Mahava amayenda m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse, kukula kwake komwe kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Nyama yabuluu ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idakhalako padziko lapansi.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri yam nsomba zam'nyanja
Gulu lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri la anthu okhala m'madzi ndi monga mitundu ili:
- Cod (whiting whiding, cod, safironi cod, hake, pollock, pollock ndi ena).
- Mackerel (mackerel, tuna, mackerel ndi nsomba zina).
- Flounder (chopendekera, halibut, dexist, embassicht, ndi zina).
- Hering (Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, Baltic herring, herring Pacific, European sardine, European sprat).
- Sargan-ngati (sargan, medaka, saury, etc.).
- Asodzi aku nyanja.
Mitundu yoyamba imakhala m'madzi a Nyanja ya Atlantic, malo abwino kwa iwo ndi 0 ˚ С. Kusiyana kwake kwakunja ndi masharubu pachibwano. Amakhala pansi, amadya ku plankton, koma mitundu yodya nyama imapezekanso. Cod ndiye woimira ambiri amtunduwu. Amaswana ambiri - pafupifupi mamiliyoni 9 mazira pakangotuluka kamodzi. Ndizofunikira kwambiri pamalonda, chifukwa nyama ndi chiwindi zimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri. Pollock ndi chiwindi chachitali mu banja la ma cod (amakhala zaka 16 - 20). Chimakhala m'madzi ozizira, ndi nsomba yakuzama panyanja. Pollock imagwidwa kwambiri.
Mackerel samakhala ndi moyo wotsika. Nyama yawo imakhala yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zakudya, zakudya zamafuta ndi mavitamini ambiri.
Mu maso a flatfish amakhala mbali imodzi ya mutu: kumanja kapena kumanzere. Amakhala ndi zipsepse zozungulira komanso thupi lathyathyathya.
Kugawa nsomba ndi mpainiya pakati pa nsomba zamalonda. Zosiyanitsa - palibe kapena mano ochepa kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi onse alibe mamba.
Samawonekedwe okongola a Sargan okhala ndi mawonekedwe ataliitali, nthawi zina nsagwada za asymmetric.
Shark - imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi. Shaki ya whale ndiyo yokha yomwe imadya pa plankton. Kuthekera kwapadera kwa asodzi ndi lingaliro lawo la kununkhiza ndi kumva. Amatha kununkhira kwa makilomita mazana ambiri, ndipo khutu lamkati limatha kunyamula ma ultrasound. Chida champhamvu cha Shark ndi mano akuthwa, omwe amang'amba thupi la wozunzidwayo. Chimodzi mwamaganizidwe olakwika ndi malingaliro akuti nsomba zonse ndi zoopsa kwa anthu. Mitundu inayi yokha ndi yomwe imabweretsa ngozi kwa anthu - ng'ombe zamphongo, zoyera, akambuku, mapiko atali.
Ma eel Morry ndi adani am'madzi ochokera kubanja la eel, omwe thupi lawo limaphimbidwa ndi mafupa oyipa. Kunja kofanana kwambiri ndi njoka. Sakuwona, akungoyang'ana m'malo ndi fungo.
Algae ndi Plankton
Uwu ndiye mtundu wambiri wa moyo. Pali mitundu iwiri ya plankton:
- Phytoplankton. Imakoma pa photosynthesis. Izi makamaka algae.
- Zooplankton (nyama zazing'ono ndi mphutsi za nsomba). Amadya phytoplankton.
Plankton imaphatikizapo algae, mabakiteriya, protozoa, mphutsi za crustacean, ndi jellyfish.
Jellyfish ndi chimodzi mwazakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mitundu yawo yodziwika siyodziwika. Mmodzi mwa oimira wamkulu ndi “galu wamtundu wa Mkango” (kutalika kwa mahema ndi 30 m). "Mapiri aku Australia" ndi owopsa kwambiri. Kukula kwakang'ono kumawoneka ngati ma jellyfish owoneka bwino - pafupifupi 2,5 cm.
Nyanja zozama
Anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndi ambiri, koma kukula kwake ndi kwakukulu. Awa ndi, zinthu zosavuta kwambiri kuzimva, zam'mimba, nyongolotsi, crustaceans, ndi ma mollusks. Komabe, mumadzi akuya, pali nsomba komanso jellyfish, zomwe zimatha kuyatsa. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti pansi pa bwalo lamadzi simdima wathunthu. Nsomba zomwe zikukhala kumeneko zimadyera nyama, zimagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kukopa nyama. Chimodzi mwazachilendo komanso zowopsa, poyang'ana koyamba, ndi howliod.Uyu ndi nsomba yaying'ono yakuda yokhala ndi ndevu zazitali pamlomo wapansi, mothandizidwa ndi momwe imayendera, komanso mano ataliitali.
Zomera zam'nyanja ndi nyanja
Zomera zam'madzi zimakhala ndi chlorophyll, pigment wobiriwira. Ndi iyo, mphamvu ya dzuwa imadziunjikira. Madzi amagawika mu okosijeni ndi hydrogen, kenako hydrogen imalowa m'mayendedwe amtundu wa mpweya ndi kaboni dayoksidi kuchokera kumadzi ozungulira. Pambuyo pa izi, mapangidwe a wowuma, shuga ndi mapuloteni.
Pakuya kopanda, pali maluwa ambiri. Anthu okhala munyanja yakuzama mu "mead nyanja" awa ndikupeza zofunikira pamoyo.
Chimodzi mwazambiri zomwe zimakonda kwambiri ndi kelp, kutalika kwake kumatha kufika mita sikisi. Ndikutengera chomera ichi kuti ayodini amapezeka, ndipo amawagwiritsanso ntchito ngati feteleza m'minda.
Nthenga zam'madzi zamchere zakhala nyumba za zolengedwa zambiri zam'madzi
Mmodzi mwa anthu owala kwambiri m'madzi am'nyanja ndi munyanja (makamaka madera akumwera) ndi nyama zam'madzi, zomwe zimatchedwa ma coral. Koma osasokoneza iwo ndi mbewu, izi ndi nyama zenizeni. Amakhala m'madera akuluakulu, omwe amakhala pamiyala.
Ziphuphu zimadabwitsa m'malingaliro athu ndi kukongola kwa maluwa ndi mawonekedwe.
Zomera zimafunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa, kotero mbewu zimapezeka osachepera 200 metres. Pansi pokha amakhala anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja zomwe safuna kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Zolengedwa zam'nyanja
M'mbuyomu, anthu amakhulupirira kuti palibe amene amakhala pansi pamtunda wamakilomita asanu ndi limodzi chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa madzi omwe amapezeka pazamoyo. Koma asayansi adachita kafukufuku wakuzama panyanja, zomwe zidatsimikiza kuti izi ndizosiyanasiyana pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo (crustaceans, nyongolotsi, etc.).
Anthu ena okhala munyanja zam'nyanja ndi ma nyanja nthawi zina amakwera mpaka mamita pafupifupi. Pamwambapa, samadzaza, chifukwa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe, kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa madzi kumawonedwa.
Grebnevik akumva bwino kwambiri mumdima wamadzi am'nyanja
Zolengedwa zambiri zakuya panyanja zomwe zimakhala moyo wawo wonse pansi sizimawona. Koma ziwalo zina za matupi awo zimakhala ndi nyali zapadera. Zimafunikira kupulumutsa kuchokera kwa olusa komanso kukopa omwe angatenge.
Maonekedwe a monkfish ndiwokayikitsa kwa aliyense, kupatula chibadwa cha amayi, amawoneka okongola
Nyama zam'nyanja ndi nyanja zam'madzi zimamva bwino m'malo awo, zambiri siziyenera kuzolowera kusintha kwanyengo.
Octopus - woimira wanzeru kwambiri wa cephalopods
Udindo wapadera m'miyoyo ya anthu ambiri okhala m'madzi umaseweredwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, zotchedwa plankton, zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi zomwe zilipo. Amadyanso nsomba zambiri zomwe zimasunthira pambuyo pawo. Ndi kuya kwakuchulukirapo, kuchuluka kwa plankton kumachepa kwambiri.
Kwa zaka zambiri asayansi atsimikizira kuti anthu okhala m'madzi ndi nyanja zamchere amakhala m'malo onse amadzi. Nyama ndi mbewuzi zimadziwika ndi mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu, komanso mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosadziwika. Mutha kusilira mpaka kalekale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, zigamba, ma coral ndi ena okhala m'madzi amitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe imawoneka ngati alendo ochokera ku pulaneti ina ndikusilira kuyera kwachilengedwe.
Fizalia kapena bwato la Chipwitikizi sikuti lokongola, komanso lakufa
Pomaliza, ndikuwuzani filimu yosangalatsa yodabwitsa yopangidwa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana am'madzi ndi nyanja zam'madzi yotchedwa "Nyama zowopsa kwambiri. Kuya kwamadziwe. " Onani, zidzakhala zosangalatsa!
Ndipo mwatsatanetsatane, ndi oimira chidwi padziko lapansi pamadzi, zolemba izi zikufotokozerani izi:
Nyama zina zam'nyanja
Brownie Shark
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Mako Shark
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Mbambo ya nkhandwe
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Hammerhead shark
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Silika shaki
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Mzere waku Atlantic
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Shaki za ku Bahamian shark
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Nyanja ya buluu
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Bowhead whale
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Grey whale
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Wumpback Whale (Humpback)
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Finwal
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Sayval (Saidyan (Ivassev) whale)
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Minke whale
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South whale
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Sperm whale
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Khwangwala umuna
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Beluga whale
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Narwhal (Unicorn)
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Msodzi wakumpoto
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Wamtali botolo
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Moray eel
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Bottlenose dolphin
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Fulu lokongola
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Grinda
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Phula
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Killer whale
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Killer whale
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Ma dolphin okhala ndi zilembo zazitali
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Ma dolphin Akuluakulu
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Chisindikizo cha Ross
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Nyalugwe wanyanja
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Njovu Yam'nyanja
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Nyanja
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Walrus Pacific
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Atlantic walrus
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Laptev walrus
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Mkango wanyanja
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Manatee
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Okutapasi
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Cuttlefish
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Sikwidi
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Kangaude
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Lobusitara
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Spiny lobster
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Hatchi Yanyanja
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Jellyfish
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Mollusks
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Kamba wam'nyanja
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Ringed emidocephalus
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Dugong
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Pomaliza
Nyama zapamadzi zosowa ndizapamba. Ngakhale kuti zokwawa zambiri zimakhala pamtunda kapena zimakhala nthawi yambiri m'madzi oyera, pali mitundu ina yomwe imakhala m'madzi. Zodziwika kwambiri mwa izo ndi akamba am'nyanja. Amakhala zaka zambiri, amakula. Nyanja, akamba akuluakulu alibe mdani, amayenda mwakuya kuti apeze chakudya kapena kupewa ngozi. Njoka zam'nyanja ndi mtundu wina wamadzi amchere amchere.
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Nyama zam'nyanja ndi gwero lofunika la chakudya cha anthu. Anthu amapeza chakudya kunyanja payekha komanso pazombo zazikulu zam'nyanja, nsomba zam'madzi ndizokoma, zathanzi komanso zotsika mtengo kuposa nyama ya nyama yamagazi ofunda.
Ma urchine wanyanja, nyenyezi ndi maluwa
Zamoyo zam'nyanja zonsezi ndi oimira mtundu wa echinoderms, omwe ali ndi zosiyana zamagulu amtundu wina. Ma Echinoderms amafunika madzi amchere kuti akhale ndi moyo, chifukwa chake amangopezeka munyanja ndi nyanja zamchere.
Urchin wapanyanja.
Maulalo apanyanja amatha kukhala ndi 5 mpaka 50 raise. Pamapeto pa mtengo uliwonse pali diso laling'ono lomwe limazindikira kuwala. Mtundu wa urchins zam'nyanja ndi wowala: wofiira, lalanje, wachikasu, wobiriwira, wofiirira komanso wabuluu. Kukula kwa ma urchins am'nyanja kumatha kufika mita imodzi, koma pali zolengedwa zazing'ono zomwe sizidutsa mamilimita ochepa.
Starfish imayenda pang'onopang'ono, mu ola limodzi sagonjetsanso 10 metres.
Nyenyezi za kunyanja.
Ngakhale kuti zolengedwa izi ndizochedwa kwambiri ndipo zilibe mano, ndizidyera. Starfish imadyera nsomba, ma oyster, nkhanu ndi urchins zam'nyanja. Zosangalatsazi zimadya chilichonse panjira. Iwo akumeza zigamba za nkhono zonse. Ngati nkhalangoyi ndi yayikulu, ndiye kuti mbalameyo imakutira m'mphepete mwake ndikuwulula mapiko ake. Ngati izi sizikuyenda bwino, ndiye kuti nyenyeziyo ipeza njira yotuluka - imatha kugaya chakudya kuchokera kunja, cholengedwa chodabwitsachi chimakhala ndi mpata wa mamilimita 0,2 okha kukankhira m'mimba mwakemo. Starfish imaponyera m'mimba mwa nsomba zamoyo, kwakanthawi nsomba zimasambira ndi nyenyezi ndikugaya pang'onopang'ono.
Kakombo wa kunyanja ndi cholengedwa chokongola modabwitsa.
Ma urchine am'nyanja ndi nyama zodabwitsa; zimatha kudya nkhono, nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba zakufa, nkhono, algae, ngakhalenso abale awo. Ma urchine am'nyanja amakhala m'matanthwe a basalt ndi granite, ndipo amapanga okha okha mothandizidwa ndi nsagwada zawo zamphamvu.
Maonekedwe, maluwa am'nyanja ndi ofanana kwenikweni ndi maluwa. Amakhala pansi pa nyanja. Maluwa akuluakulu a kunyanja amakhala ndi moyo wopanda mayendedwe. Pafupifupi mitundu 600 ya maluwa am'nyanja apadera, ambiri aiwo osapindika.
Jellyfish
Jellyfish ndi nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja ndi nyanja zamtundu uliwonse. Monga lamulo, ali ndi matupi owoneka bwino, popeza 97% ya zolengedwa izi amapangidwa ndi madzi.
Jellyfish.
Ana aang'ono otchedwa jellyfish sakhala ngati akuluakulu. Jellyfish imayikira mazira, ndipo mphutsi zimapangidwa, pomwe polyp imakula, yofanana ndi chitsamba. Pakapita kanthawi, nsomba zam'madzi zimachokera pachitsamba, pomwe anthu akuluakulu amapezeka.
Jellyfish imatha kukhala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu. Kutalika, amatha kufikira mamilimita angapo, ndipo amatha kukula mpaka mamita 2.5. Mahema awo nthawi zina amafika masentimita 30. Tizilombo timeneti timatha kukhala pansi pakuya pafupifupi mamitala 2000 ndi pansi panyanja.
Ma jellyfish ambiri amatha kupweteka kwambiri pakhungu.
Ma jellyfish ambiri ndi okongola kwambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti zolengedwa zowoneka bwinozi zilibe vuto lililonse, koma nsomba za jelly ndizizilombo zolusa. Mu jellyfish, makapisozi apadera amadziunjikira mkamwa ndi pazitseko, zomwe zimaletsa womenyedwayo. Pakati pa kapisozi pali ulusi wamtali wautali. Wovutikayo akafika, ulusi wokhala ndi poizoni wam'madzi umatayidwa. Ngati crustacean akagwira nsomba ya jelly, imangomamatira kumahema, kenako ulusi wapoizoni umaliramo, yomwe imawumitsa.
Njoka za jellyfish zimatha kukhudza anthu mosiyanasiyana. Anthu ena amakhala otetezeka kwathunthu, pomwe ena amawopseza. Chovuta kwa anthu ndi jellyfish krestovichok, yomwe siili wamkulu kuposa ndalama senti zisanu kukula. Pa maambulera achikasu obiriwira achikasu pali mawonekedwe amdima. Chifukwa cha njirayi, nsomba iyi ya poyizoni idadziwika. Pakukhudza mtanda pang'ono, munthu amayamba kupsa kwambiri, kenako amasiya kuzindikira, kenako amayamba kugundana. Ngati thandizo siliperekedwa panthawi, wovulalayo amwalira pomwepo.
Jellyfish - zolengedwa zomwe zimawoneka zopanda kulemera.
Jellyfish amasambira chifukwa chochepetsa ambulera yomwe ili m'manja. Mbalame ya jellyfish imapanga maulamuliro pafupifupi 140 ndi ambulera pamphindi, motero imatha kusambira mwachangu kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri nyamazi zimakhala pamwamba pamadzi.
Mu 2002, nsomba yayikulu ya jelly idapezeka munyanja ya Japan, maambulera ake opitilira 3 metres kukula kwake, ndipo anali kulemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 150. Iyi ndiye nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mtundu wa jellyfish wamtunduwu pafupifupi mita 1 kukula unayamba kupezeka masauzande. Asayansi sangamvetse chifukwa chomwe nsomba izi za jelly zimawonjezeka kukula, koma akukhulupirira kuti adachititsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi.
Amayi
Kuphatikiza apo, zinyama zambiri zimakhala m'nyanja, nyanja ndi madzi abwino. Mwachitsanzo, zinyama monga ma dolphin zimakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi. Ndipo ena amamizidwa m'madzi pokhapokha akafuna chakudya, mwachitsanzo, otter. Zamoyo zonse za m'madzi zimatha kusambira kwambiri, ndipo zina zimatha kulowa m'madzi akuya kwambiri.
Kukula kwa nyama zapadziko lapansi kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zothandizira kulemera, ndipo m'madzi kulemera kwa thupi kumacheperachepera, ma whale ambiri amakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu.
Nyanja otter - nyanja yaster.
Pali magulu anayi a zolengedwa zoyamwitsa munyanja ndi nyanja:
- Cetaceans - anamgumi ndi ma dolphin,
- Ma Sirens - ma dugong ndi ma manatees,
- Nthonje - zisindikizo ndi ma walanje,
- Zoyesa zam'nyanja.
Pinipendi ndi ma ottery a nyanja amasankhidwa pamtunda kuti apume ndikupanga ana, ndipo ma sire ndi ma cetaceans samasiya madzi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mollusks
Mmodzi mwa oyimira odziwika bwino a dongosolo la mollusk ndi squid. Amakhala munyanja nthawi yabwino komanso yozizira. Kuzizira kwamadzi, kumayambitsa mtundu wa squid. Kusintha kwa mitundu yamagetsi kumadaliranso pamagetsi amagetsi. Anthu ena ali ndi mitima itatu, motero ali ndi kuthekanso kusinthanso. Ammadzi ndi nyama zolusa, amadya ochepa crustaceans ndi plankton.
Oyster, mussels, scallops amakhalanso a gulu losiyanasiyana. Oimira awa ali ndi thupi lofewa lomwe limatsekeredwa pazigamba ziwiri. Sangoyenda, amadzikwirira m'miyala kapena amakhala m'mizere yayikulu, yomwe ili pamiyala ndi pansi pa miyala.
Njoka ndi akamba
Akamba am'nyanja ndi nyama zazikulu. Zimafika kutalika kwa 1.5 m ndipo zimatha kulemera mpaka 300 kg. Ridley - wocheperako pakati pa akamba onse, samalemera kuposa makilogalamu 50. Kutsogolo kwa akambuku kumapangidwa bwino kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Izi zimawathandiza kusambira mtunda wautali. Amadziwika kuti pamtunda zam'madzi zam'madzi zimawonekera pobala. Carapace ndimapangidwe amfupa okhala ndi scums. Mtundu wake umakhala wowoneka wobiriwira mpaka wobiriwira wakuda.
Kupeza chakudya chawo, akamba amasambira akuya kwa mita 10. Kwenikweni, amadya nkhono, nyemba komanso nthawi zina.
Njoka zam'madzi zilipo mitundu 56, yolumikizidwa mu 16 genera. Amapezeka m'mphepete mwa gombe la Africa ndi Central America, mu Nyanja Yofiyira komanso kutali ndi gombe la Japan. Anthu ambiri amakhala ku South China Sea.
Njoka zakuya kopitilira 200, njoka sizimayenda, koma zimatha kukhala kwa maola awiri popanda mpweya. Chifukwa chake, kupitilira 5-6 km kuchokera pamtunda, okhala pansi pamadzi samasambira. Crustaceans, shrimp, ma eel adakhala chakudya chawo. Oimira otchuka a njoka zam'madzi:
- Ringed Emidocephalus ndi njoka yokhala ndi mano owopsa.
- Microcephalus ndi njoka yaying'ono (70 - 80 cm) yokhala ndi mutu waching'ono, msana wakuda ndi masikelo akulu akulu atatu omwe amaphimba thupi lonse.
- Dubois ndi njoka yam'nyanja yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa Australia. Chifukwa cha mtundu wa bulauni wowala wokhala ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono, umasenda bwino. Imawopseza anthu am'deralo komanso osiyanasiyana momwe poizoni wake angafanizidwe ndi mphamvu ya chifuwa.
Njoka sizikhala nthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri zimapanga masango akuluakulu.
Anthu okhala kunyanja, chithunzi chawo chokhala ndi mayina, malo okhalamo komanso zozizwitsa zachilengedwe ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kwa asayansi ndi akatswiri. Nyanja ndiye Universal yonse, zinsinsi zomwe anthu akadali ndi zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi kuti aphunzire.