Beetle ndi mbalame yokhala pagulu la Falconiformes, banja la mtundu wa nyama. Chikumbu ku chisa ku Europe ndi Asia.
Mbalamezi zimakhala pafupifupi ku Europe konse - ku Spain, Italy, France ndi maiko ena a Eastern Europe. Kumpoto, malo okhalamo mbalamezi ndi ochepa ku Scandinavia ndi Great Britain. Ku UK, kuchuluka kwa kafadala kumawonedwa ku New Forest. Dera lakumwera kwa England ladzalanso ndi msipu, nkhalango komanso malo owonongeka.
Osoed (Pernis apivorus).
Ku Asia, kachilombo ka kachilomboka kamagona m'chigawo cha Russia mpaka ku Altai. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalamezi zimakhala ku Africa yotentha, komanso madera akumwera kwa Sahara. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimafika kumapeto kumwera kwa Africa.
Maonekedwe a kachilomboka
Njuchi ndi yayikulu. Kutalika kwa mbalamezi ndi masentimita 52-60. Mapiko m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana amakhala pakati pa masentimita 135-150.
Ku Russia, kachilomboka ndi anthu wamba.
Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Mutu wa mbalame ndiung'ono, mchira wake ndi wautali.
Zowonjezera kumaso ndizofiirira. Mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yowala ikusinthira pamimba. Mapiko akuuluka ali otuwa pang'ono ndi mikwaso yakuda. Malangizo a nthenga ndi akuda, pafupifupi akuda. Mchira wake ndi wopepuka, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Iris ndi chikaso. Mlomo ndi wakuda. Mapapu ndi achikasu ndi mikanda yakuda. Amuna, maula kumutu amakhala ndi imvi yokhala ndi imvi, ndipo mwa akazi - a bulauni. Chikumbuchi chimawuluka mothamanga kwambiri komanso chosavuta kuyendetsa.
Chikumbu ndi mbalame yamadyedwe.
Khalidwe chizolowezi ndi zakudya
Mbalamezi zimawulukira pansi. Kudumpha kuchokera kunthambi kupita kunthambi, kachikumbu kakuwombera mapiko awo, ndikupangitsa thonje kukhala mokweza. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimawunjika mitu yawo mbali ina kapena mbali ina.
Zakudyazi ndizapadera kwambiri. Mbuluzi zimadya mphutsi za mavu, njuchi ndi njuchi. Mbalamezi zimakumba zisa zawo ndi zibwano zawo ndikuyamba kugwira nyama. Mphumi kuchokera ku mbola ya njuchi imateteza kunthenga wamphamvu kwambiri. Zovala ndizowongoka pang'ono, chifukwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popangira zisa.
Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe amadya njuchi amadya tizilombo - nsikidzi zazikulu ndi mbozi. Zimadyanso nyama zazikulu - achule, makoswe, njoka, ndi abuluzi.
Pouluka ndikuwonetsa zazikulu zonse za kachilomboka.
Kuswana
Mbalamezi zimamanga zisa pamitengo pamphepete mwa nkhalango. Chidacho chili pamtunda wamamita 3 mpaka 15 kuchokera pansi. Yaikazi imayikira mazira kuyambira Meyi mpaka June. Kusintha kumakhala ndi mazira ofiira okwana 2-3.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatha mwezi umodzi. Zonsezi zazimuna ndi zazimuna zimayambitsa mazira. Mbadwo watsopano ukukula msanga, pausinkhu wa miyezi 1.5, anapiye ayamba kale kuuluka. Kummwera, kachikumbu kakuuluka mu Ogasiti-Seputembala, koma nthawi zina amatha kuuluka pambuyo pake - koyambirira kwa Okutobala.
Kachilomboka kakuononga zisa za mavu.
Chiwerengero
Kuchuluka kwa anthu sikokwanira. Madera okongoletsa amakhala patali kwambiri kuchokera kwina. Kukula kwa mitunduyo kumatengera kupezeka kwa tizilombo, pomwe pali mavu ndi njuchi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumachulukana. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha kachilomboka kumachitika mvula ikagwa. Mu zaka zambiri zopezeka ndi chakudya, ma scavenger amakhala ndi chisa ndipo kuchuluka kwawo amakhala.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Ara parrot
Dzina lachi Latin: | Pernis apivorus |
Chizungu: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Ufumu: | Nyama |
Mtundu: | Chordate |
Gulu: | Mbalame |
Kufikira: | Zosakhala ngati zakuba |
Banja: | Hawk |
Chifundo: | Nyumbu zenizeni |
Kutalika kwa thupi: | 52-60 cm |
Kutalika kwa mapiko: | 38.6-43.4 cm |
Wingspan: | 135-150 cm |
Kulemera: | 600-1000 g |
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Beetle ndi chilombo chachikulu chokhala ndi mchira wautali ndi mapiko ake. Pamphumi ndi pafupi ndi maso ali ndi nthenga zazifupi, zolimba, zofanana ndi mamba. Mesh flaps kuphimba nsanja. Kumbuyo kwa mbalame zachikulire ndi zofiirira zakuda, tummy imayambira bulauni mpaka kuwala yokhala ndi mtundu wakuda wotuluka kapena mtundu wautali. Nthenga zake ndi zofiirira, zakuda pamtunda, zoyera pansi, ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pa nthenga za mchira pali mikwingwirima yatatu yakuda yopingasa - iwiri kumunsi kwa mchira ndi m'modzi pamwamba. Pali anthu ena omwe amapangira utchi wofiirira wofiirira. Iris ndi chikasu kapena lalanje. Bill ndi wakuda, miyendo yake ndi yachikaso yokhala ndi zibwano zakuda. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mutu wowala komanso malo owala kumbuyo.
Zolemba Pazakudya
Tizilombo ta uchi timadya mphutsi, pupae, ndi hymenoptera wamkulu: njuchi, mavu, bumblebees, ndi ma horne. Mbalame imadyanso tizilombo tina, monga nyongolotsi ndi akangaude. Imathanso kusaka achule, abuluzi, makoswe, anapiye a mbalame zina. Komanso, ngati kuli kotheka, mbalameyi imadyetsedwa ndi zipatso zamtchire ndi zipatso.
Mbuluzi sizikhala ndi nthawi yambiri zikuuluka, zikamadya pansi kapena zikakhala panthambi, zimayang'anira malo omwe tizirombo timatuluka. Mwanjira imeneyi, chikumbuchi chimapeza khomo la chisa chapansi panthaka, chimatsikira pansi ndikukumba mphutsi ndi mapanga ake ndi mulomo. Zisa zomwe zimapachika nthambi zamitengo, wolandirayo amapezanso ndikuziwononga. Chikumbuchi chimafunanso tizilombo touluka mozungulira mozungulira. Asanadye kachilombo, kachilomboka kamaulutsa mbola yake.
Tizilombo ta uchi timadyetsa tiana ta tizilomboto tambiri tokhala ndi matenda a Hymenoptera, omwe ali ndi mapuloteni ambiri.
Patsiku la chakudya choyenera, kachilomboka wina wamkulu amadya zisa za mavu 5, thonje limafunikira mphutsi pafupifupi 1000, ndichifukwa chake mbalamezi, kupatula tizilombo, nyama zodyedwa, achule, abuluzi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi mbalame, kafadala ndi ziwala.
Kufalikira kwa mbalame
Malo okhala chisa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sweden kupita ku Ob ndi Yenisei ku Siberia komanso kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian m'malire ndi Iran. Mbalameyi ndi mbalame yosamukira ndipo imapita kumadzulo komanso kumadera apakati a Africa kukazizira. Kumapeto kwa Ogasiti komanso kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, oweta njuchi amasonkhana pagulu lalikulu ndikukonzekera kuyenda mtunda wautali kupita kumalo otentha. Otsatira amafika kumalo osungira zakudya mu Epulo-Meyi. Kuuluka, kumagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amlengalenga, koma kumapewa madzi ambiri, kuyesera kuwuluka kupita kumalo ochepera, mwachitsanzo, ku Gibraltar.
Amakonda kukhala m'malo otetezeka m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango zonyowa komanso zowala kwambiri zomwe zimakhala pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 1000, komwe mungapeze chakudya chokwanira. Tizilomboti timakhalanso m'malo odziyanika ndi malo okhala zitsamba, zitsamba ndi dambo. Koma nyama zodyerazi zimapewa malo okhala komanso malo olimapo.
Crested kapena Oriental Beetle (Pernis ptilorhynchus)
Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kukula, koma yayikulu kuposa kachilomboka. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 59 kufika pa 66 cm, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 0,7 mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu, mapikowo ndi masentimita 150-170. Kumbuyo kwa mutu, nthenga zazitali zimapanga mawonekedwe owongoka, chifukwa chomwe nyamayo idatipatsa dzina. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira kapena kwamtundu wakuda, mzere wopyapyala wakuda umakhala pakhosi loyera. Thupi lonse limachita imvi. Amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi utawaleza wofiira ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda pamchira. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda, mitu yawo ndi yofiirira, ndipo utawaleza ndi wachikasu. Pa mchira pali mikwingwirima 4-6. Mbalame zazing'ono zimawoneka ngati zazikazi.
Mitunduyi imakhala kumwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East; kumadzulo, magawidwe ake amafikira ku Altai ndi Salair. Tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono timakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zowola, pomwe pali malo otseguka. Amadya hymenopteran, makamaka mavu, komanso cicadas.
Chosakira chachimuna ndi chachikazi: kusiyana kwakukulu
Kugonana kwamisala sikuli kwa munthu wamba wakudya njuchi. M'mitundu yake yofananira - kachilomboka kakang'ono - chachikazi ndi chachimuna chimasiyana pamiyala pam mchira ndi mtundu wa utawaleza. Kuphatikiza apo, kwakukulu, zazikazi zamtunduwu ndizopakidwa zakuda kuposa abambo.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame
- Pakusala nyengo yozizira, odya kachilomboka amasankha madera omwe ali ndi mpumulo wofanana ndi wa nesting.
- Pafupifupi anthu 100,000 akhala akuwuluka ku Gibraltar chaka chilichonse, akuyenda nyengo yachisanu kupita ku Africa, ndipo enanso 25,000 akuwuluka pa Bosphorous. Oswedo amayenda pamagulu akuluakulu omwe amawola atafika.
- Pakusaka, kafadala ndimakhala pamitengo ya mitengo osasuntha. Akatswiri a zamankhwala m'mbuyomu adalemba wolemba njuchi, yemwe samakhala osayenda kwa maola awiri ndi theka.
- Akamakula, kachilomboka amapanga mphukira zawo kumakoko a uchi omwe makolo awo amawabweretsa ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayesa kuwononga zisa zawo nthawi zina.
- Masiku ano, kafadala amatetezedwa, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika pang'ono. Zouluka kum'mwera ku Europe, mitunduyi nthawi zambiri imakhala nyama yosakira.