Mu nthano za mayiko osiyanasiyana, nyama zimalankhulirana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Ndipo amalankhula bwanji? Funsoli lidafunsidwa ndi akatswiri ambiri azikhalidwe - ofufuza za nyama. Kodi nyama zimakhala ndi chilankhulo? Zowonadi, kuyang'ana gulu la anyani, mutha kuwona kuti anthu angapo sakudya, koma amayang'anitsitsa modekha. Pangozi yochepa kwambiri, amapereka chizindikiro kwa abale awo. Ndipo gulu lonse limayamba. Kodi chikwangwanicho chingasonyeze kuti mbawala zili ndi lilime? Kapena kodi pali anthu ena omwe ali m'gululi amene akuchita mantha ndi otumizidwawo? Asayansi adaganiza kuti azitsatira chizindikiro cha mitundu yonse yazipangidwe zachilengedwe - anyani, ma dolphin, anamgumi. Munkhaniyi, tinafotokoza mwachidule kuyesera kwa nyani wakunyumba. Awa ndi anyani, orangutan, gorila ndi mitundu ina yopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Kodi anthu adakwanitsa kuyankhulana nawo, amawerenga pansipa.

Zokumana nazo zoyambirira

Amakhulupirira kuti chilankhulo ndi mtundu wofunikira kwambiri womwe umasiyanitsa munthu ndi nyama. Koma kodi abale opanda mawu ngati amenewa ndi abale athu ochepera? Poyamba anthu ankakhulupirira kuti mawu ake amafotokoza za nyama. Chifukwa chake, kubera galu kumatanthauza kuwopseza, kukhazikika kumatanthauza kuwonekera pang'onopang'ono, kulira - kuwawa, kupweteka - pempho, ndi zina. Mwini aliyense amamvetsetsa galu wake kwambiri kapena pang'ono. Koma zizindikiro zomveka zimapereka kutengeka kwambiri kuposa chidziwitso. Koma chilankhulo ndi mwayi wokambirana. Kodi nyani amasinthana zambiri? Kuwayang'ana, titha kunena kuti nyamazo zimalumikizana bwino. Mukabisa chinthu china kuti munthu wina adziwe komwe ali, ndiye kuti nyani winayo, woyamba kudziwitsidwa, adzamupeza. Koma amafalitsa bwanji zambiri? Poyamba, asayansi adaganiza izi pomveka. Ndipo adayamba kuwaphunzira. Zotsatira zake, buku lotanthauzira mawu lidapangidwa.

Chigamulo chosakondera

Buku lamafotokozedwe koyamba lidalembedwa mu 1844 ndi wasayansi waku France, piercon de Gembloux. Munali ndi mawu ofupikira ambiri. Koma sizinali zidziwitso, koma m'malo mwake malingaliro. Wasayansi wawo analemba pomwe anali kuyang'ana anyani aku South America.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX, pulofesa wochokera ku USA L. Garner adachitanso chimodzimodzi. Pakuphunzira kwamawu adathandizidwa osati kalekale ndi galamafoni yomwe adayipangira. Katswiriyu anaika chipangizocho mokhazikika ndi nyani. Galamafoni inalemba momwe amalumikizirana. Posamutsitsira khola limodzi, mwamunayo amaloledwa kumvetsera zonena za mkaziyo. Ndipo anachita ngati amva zambiri. Phokoso lopangidwa ndi anyani ndilovuta kwambiri kulilemba. Kujambula komwe kunapangidwa ndi galamafoni kunalola Garner kuti azilankhulana ndi nyama. Wasayansi uja akuti mitundu ya anyani ikakhala kuti ilipo, ndiye kuti chilankhulo chawo chimalankhula bwino. Komabe, wasayansiyo adazindikira kuti mawu a nyama ndi osowa. Ndipo katswiri wazinyama a Alfred Brem adateteza malingaliro akuti nyama zimapanga phokoso, kufotokoza momwe zimakhalira ndi malingaliro ake, komanso osatumiza chidziwitso.

Kulankhula nyani

Panalinso asayansi omwe amapita kukambirana ndi anyani mosiyanasiyana. Sikuti anthu ayenera kuphunzira chilankhulo cha nyani, koma mosemphanitsa. Ngati mbalame zina zitha kutchula mawu, bwanji osayambira? Koma njira yophunzitsira anyani akuluakulu ku chilankhulo cha anthu idalephera. Mu 1916, W. Furniss anaphunzitsa orangutan kuti azitchula mawu awiri: kapu ndi bambo. Koma mosiyana ndi mbalame, anyaniwa sanagwiritse ntchito mawuwo popanda zifukwa, koma zogwirizana ndi zinthu. Katswiriyu wasonyeza kuti orangutan ndi mawu omwe amaperekedwa bwino pakulankhula komwe lilime ndi milomo sizimakhudzidwa. Mu 50s ya zaka za zana la makumi awiri, asayansi adachita zoyeserera zingapo momwe kamwana ka chimpanzee kakang'ono, Vicki wamkazi, adaleredwa ndi anzawo aanthu. Ndipo pothetsa mavuto ena omveka, anyaniwo adasiyira ana kumbuyo. Koma pakulankhula kwa mawu, Vicki adatha kuphunzira mawu anayi okha.

Kodi nyani amalumikizana bwanji?

Kuyenda bwino kwa chimpanzee chodabwitsa pankhani yokonzekeretsa zinthu kumapangitsa asayansi kuganiziranso lingaliro lakale lomwe kuti nyama sizachilendo pachilankhulo. Mu 1966, banja la a Gardner, akatswiri azamisala aku United States, adawonera kanema wonena za Vicki ndipo adawona china chake chomwe chimasowetsa chidwi ndi akatswiri a zoology. Chiwombankhanga, pofotokozera mawu ophunzirawa mosamala, anatsagana nawo ndi manja. Poona anyani akulankhulana, a Gardners adazindikira kuti sizinali zofunikira kwambiri pakulankhula kwa nyama. Banjali lidapeza chimpanzee wina wotchedwa Washo ndipo adayamba kumphunzitsa chilankhulo cha ogontha. Iwo adamuwonetsa iye kena kake ndikukulunga zala zawo m manja, ndikuwonetsa pa Amslena. Washo adawonetsa luso lodabwitsa. Sanaphunzire kokha mawu zana limodzi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, komwe adachita bwino polankhulana ndi anthu. Adayamba kuphatikiza mawu. Mwachitsanzo, atawona wopepuka ndikumvetsa momwe imagwirira ntchito, adapanga njira yatsopano yopangira mawu: botolo lofananira.

Maphunziro Akulankhula

Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana kwa a Gardners, asayansi adapitilizabe kuyesa mitundu yoyambira ya humanoid. Mu 1972, nyani khumi ndi awiri anaphunzitsidwa ku Amslena ku University of Oklahoma. Kuyesaku kunachitika ndi mitundu yamitundu yambiri - gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobos. Nyani anawonetsa zotsatira zosangalatsa. Bonobo Kanzi wamwamuna adagwira ntchito momasuka ndi mawu oposa 160 (ndipo adazindikira zoposa 3,000). Anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa chopanga zida. Nthawi ina akufuna kuti atsegule chitseko chomulekanitsa ndi khola la bwenzi lake, chimpanzee chaching'ono Tamuli. Koma fungulo silinali ndi wofufuza S. Savage Rambo. Iye anati: “Tamuli ali ndi kiyi. Andipatse ine, nditsegule. ” Kanzi adayang'anitsitsa Tamula ndikupanga mawu pang'ono. Pambuyo pake, chimpanzee chocheperacho chinapereka fungulo kwa wofufuzayo. Poona momwe anyani amalankhulirana, titha kunena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito nkhope, manja ndi zizindikiro zomveka nthawi imodzi.

Mawonedwe anzeru

Mwachiwonekere, kokha kapangidwe ka zida zapakhosi kamene kamalepheretsa magulu oyamba a humanoid kudziwa bwino mawu olankhula ndi anthu. Koma ichi sichizindikiro kuti alibe chilankhulo, kapena kuti ubongo wawo sungakhazikitse zinthu zina zomveka zomwe anthu amazindikira. Nyama za humanoid zimatha kupanga ziganizo ndikupanga ma neoplasms amawu. Poona momwe anyani amalumikizirana, zikuwonekeratu kuti ali ndi nthabwala. Chifukwa chake, gorilla Coco, ataona munthu wadazi, anati: "Mutu wa Barefoot." Mwachilengedwe, anyaniwa amasintha tanthauzo la sentensi kuchokera pakukonzanso mawu ("Ndimakudyetsani" ndi "Mumandidyetsa"). Wotchuka kwambiri anali mitundu yachikazi ya bonobo, yomwe idamuphunzitsa ana ake chilankhulo chamanja, popanda kudziimira payekha.

Mlingo wa IQ

Palibe nzeru kugwirizanitsa kukula kwa nzeru ndi mawu a munthu. Kupatula apo, anthu adapanga mayeso ambiri ndi ntchito kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa IQ. Makompyuta atangooneka, asayansi adayamba kuchita zoyeserera kuti adziwe momwe nyani amalankhulira pogwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi ndi mbewa. Mwana wamwamuna wa bonobo Kanzi yemwe watchulidwa kale ndife aphunzira luso latsopano. Lexigrams (zizindikiro za geometric) zimayikidwa pa kiyibodi. Kuchokera pamawu ake olemekezeka, Kansi adagwira ntchito ndi zizindikiro mazana asanu. Malinga ndi mayeso, mitundu yomwe yatukuka kwambiri ndi chimpira cha Bonobi pygmy. Mulingo wake umafanana ndi mwana wazaka zitatu. Pafupifupi anzeru ndi gorilla. Kumbukirani Coco, yemwe anali ndi zaka pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi.

Chifukwa chiyani pali kuyimitsidwa chitukuko?

Akatswiri azamisala omwe amayang'ana momwe anyani amalankhulirana, akuwona kuti mu machitidwe amtunduwu nyama zimangokhala ana. Amakonda kusewera, kusewera. Pankhani yopeza chakudya, anyani amawonetsa luso komanso luso, kusiya ana awiri azaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Koma pofunafuna chidziwitso, ana aanthu amakhala achangu kwambiri. Ndipo izi ndizofunikira pakukula kwamunthu aliyense. Ana amakula, ndipo limodzi nawo msinkhu wa IQ yawo. Ndipo anyaniwa amakhalabe ana kwa moyo wonse.

Kodi chilankhulo cha anyani ndi chochepa motani?

Monga mukuwonera, anyaniwa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu polankhula. Koma bwanji, polumikizana wina ndi mzake, amangogwiritsa ntchito mawu ocheperako pang'ono? Asayansi amati pamlingo wakutukuka kwa madera awo, kulumikizana sikumafunikira zochulukirapo. Chizindikiro cha ngozi yomwe ikubwera, malipoti a chakudya chapafupi, kuyitanitsidwa kuti asonkhane kapena kusamukira kudera lina - ndiye kusinthanitsa kwa chidziwitso. Komabe, pali malingaliro ena. Munthu samamvetsetsa bwino momwe kulumikizirana kwa anyani. Ngati muphunzira chilankhulo cha anyani mosamala, ndiye kuti mutha kupeza njira yoti mumvetsetse.

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Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zina, makamaka anyani, zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawu achikhalidwe cha makolo athu. Izi ndi chifukwa cha kuthupi ndi mawonekedwe a kufotokozera, komanso zikhalidwe ndi kulumikizana pakati pa gulu.

Phokoso lamalingaliro limakhudzana ndi komwe kuyambira. Zizindikiro zakuthupi za anthu ndi zinyama zimaphunziridwa ndi akatswiri amisala, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala komanso akatswiri a zilankhulo, ndipo maphunzirowa amatsimikizira kufanana kwa chilankhulo chomveka cha nyani komanso kuwonetsa kwa mawu pakulankhula kwa anthu. Koma chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika ndipo asayansi akupeza bwanji izi?

Kuyankhulana bwino

Phokoso, phokoso lofunikira ndilofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa moyo padziko lapansi, popeza limagwira ngati njira "yopatsa chiyembekezo" kwambiri yopatsira anthu zinthu padziko lapansi, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndikuti mawu abwino ndi kuzindikira zimawonekera mwa anthu. Ngakhale kuti nyama sizilankhula pakati pathu pakumvetsetsa kwathu, chilankhulo chamawu ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yolumikizirana. Tsopano palibe amene akukana kuti kulumikizana koyenera, limodzi ndi njira zina, ndizofala mu ufumu wa nyama, ndipo zochitika pamalingaliro, ngakhale zosavuta, sizodziwika ndi anthu okha, komanso nyama zambiri, osanenanso za anyani. Kulankhula kwa nyama kuli ndi chisinthiko chake: Mwachikhalidwe, mawu akumveka opita patsogolo kuchokera ku mawu "othandizira" kupita ku mawu "owona" ogwiritsira ntchito mtsinje wamlengalenga.

Mothandizidwa ndi kusintha kwamawu (mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya masinthidwe amadziwika - matalikidwe, pafupipafupi komanso gawo) nyama zitha kuyika zambiri pazinthu zomwe zimapanga ndikupanga voliyumu yake yayikulu m'njira zazifupi. Mwachitsanzo, A. A. Nikolsky 2012 m'mawu omveka a zolengedwa zam'mimba adapeza mitundu isanu ya matalikidwe amplitude: kusakhalapo kwake, kosalekeza, kosagawika, kosakanikirana ndi multilevel. Mitundu imodzimodzi ya kusinthira kwa matalikidwe amtunduwu imatha kuchitika limodzi motsatizana ndi mawu operekedwa ndi oimira magulu osiyanasiyana a anyani. Komanso, mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana imapezeka muzizindikiro zomwe zimagwira ntchito yomweyo.

Nthawi yomweyo, mu nyani wamakono, njira zolumikizirana ndi kulumikizana zimasiyanitsidwa osati ndi kusiyanasiyana kwawo, komanso ndi kutchula kwawo ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito yolimbikitsira yomwe ikufuna kusintha machitidwe a abusa. Fabry, 1999 Nyimbozi zimakhala ndi tanthauzo linalake, monga momwe kafukufuku wa N.I. Zhinkin amalumikizidwe omveka bwino a anyani ku nazale ya anyani a Sukhumi. Pobisala kumbuyo kwa mwala wawukulu mu mlengalenga waulere, Nikolai Ivanovich amapanga mawu ngati "lilime la nyani". Kukhala chete kwa anthu okhala pamalopo posachedwa kunayamba kusokonezedwa ndi kubwezera, kapena nyama zinathawa. Izi zimatanthawuza kuti phokoso lomwe munthu amapanga limamveka, ndiye kuti, kulumikizana kumakhazikitsidwa. Zima, 2001

Zimadziwikanso kuti, kumlingo wina, mawu awa amadzidalira okha komanso amawonekera molondola ngakhale pazosungidwa. Chitsanzo choterechi nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa. Morozov, 1987 Patsiku lowala kwambiri, gulu la anyani likuthamangira kumalo osungirako. Mwadzidzidzi mtambo unabwera mwadzidzidzi ndipo kunayamba kugwa chimvula. Amphongo akulira mofuula obisidwa pansi pa denga. Phokoso lamawu awo linajambulidwa pa tepi yojambulira. Patsiku lina lotentha, pomwe kunalibe mvula nkomwe, zojambulazo zamatepi zidapangidwanso ndi anyani okwera pansi. Zotsatira zake, anyani, pakulira kulira kwawo, adathamanga pansi pa denga. Koma kodi ziyenera kunenedwa pamenepa, ngati NI Morozov, kuti mu "mawu" a lilime la nyani winawake pamamveka mawu oti "mvula"? Morozov, 1987 Kapena ndi chenjezo chabe lomwe limakupangitsani kubisala? N.I. Tikh amakhulupirira kuti, mosiyana ndi anthu, anyani ali ndi njira yolumikizirana: mawu ndi mayendedwe a thupi alibe ntchito zamiyendo chifukwa chake samagwira ngati chida choganiza. Fabry, 1999

Makhalidwe a Monkey Sound Communication

Kuyankhulana ndi nyani wamkulu sikwachilendo: Zizindikiro zamawu sizosadziwika, ndipo ziwonetsero zamachitidwe zimachepetsedwa. Friedman, 2012 Chitsanzo cha kusalankhula bwino kopanda tanthauzo ndimomwe amadziwika kuti "kulira" kwa Ceylon macaques (Macaca sinica) Momwe kulira kumakhudzidwira, mtundu wa chisangalalo chomwe chimalimbikitsidwa ndi zopezeka zatsopano kapena mitundu yazakudya. Chitsimikizo cha kusadziwika kwa chizindikirocho ndikuti kusiyanasiyana kwakumodzi kwa macaques kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ntchito zamawu komanso kuchuluka kwa mawuwo. Kuphatikiza apo, zizindikilo za chizimba sizimadalira mawonekedwe enieni azakudya, ndiye kuti, chizindikiro cha chakudya cha macaques chilibe tanthauzo lodziwika bwino. Kulira kosakhala kotereku kumakhalapo njira yabwino yolankhulirana komanso yodalirika. Mokwanila, kulirako kunalembedwa mu milandu 154 mwa 169. Khalidwe labwino la anthu ena kulira lidapezeka mu 135 mwa 154. Mamembala a gulu lankhosa omwe adamva kulira kwawo akuthamangira komwe kuli mtunda wa mamita 100 Dittus, 1984

Chifukwa chake, munthu amatha kuzindikira kuwonetsa kwakukulu komanso njira zingapo zomveka zolumikizirana ndi nyani (makamaka, anyani onse amphwayi, phokoso limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulankhulana), komanso kufanana kwawo kwamawu ndi njira zolankhulirana mwa anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, vuto lotanthauzira mawu a nyamayo ndi yotsalirabe: Kuzindikiridwa koyenera kwa munthu ndi kutengera “luntha lake” komanso kutanthauzira kwake pazochitikacho (zomwe sizingafanane ndi malingaliro a zomwe zaperekedwa ndi nyama). Komano, kodi tanthauzo la kuzindikiridwa moyenera ndi molondola ndi munthu wamalingaliro a nyama ndi kulira kwake limatanthauzanji? Mwinanso kungokhala kosavuta kwa magulu olira ndi zochitika zomwe adapangidwa ndi iye molingana ndi malingaliro ake (zomwe ndizofunikanso), koma osati kulumikizana kwamalingaliro omwe nyama zimayenera kukhala nazo ndi zomwe munthu angamve pamkhalidwe uno.

Ndiye kuti, limakhala kuzungulira koyipa pomwe maxi oyamba omwe munthu amatha kufotokozeranso zochitika ndipo mawu ofananirana nawo pamtundu wa zomwe amapanga amapezeka mawu - izi zomwezi zimadziwika ndi nyama. Funso limakhala lotseguka mpaka njira yakhazikitsidwa yofanizira mawu omwe ali ofanana ndikuwonetsa ngati mtundu wa malingaliro a anthu ukufanana ndi mawu omveka awa. Ndipokhapo pokhapokha ngati ndizotheka kutsimikizira kufanana kwa mawonekedwe amtundu wa anthu ndi nyama ndikutsimikizira zomwe anaikira C. Darwin 2001 pokhudzana ndi mgwirizano wamunthu ndi nyani.

Ponena ndi luso la kuyankhula kwa mitundu yamoyo ya anyani, kuthekera kwakukuru kwa kuphunzira chilankhulo chawo kwatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza. Fabry, 1999 Kodi zingatheke bwanji kuti munthu akhale ndi mawu ngati amachokera kwa makolo wamba ndi anyani? Ndi chiyani chomwe chimayenera kusintha mwa munthu kuti akhale ndi luso lotha kulankhula? Kapena zomwe zidatayika ndi mitundu yamakono ya anyani, chifukwa cha zomwe adataya mwayi wotere?

Zokhudza kutulutsa kokweza kwa anyani ndi anthu

Poyerekeza ndi anthu, larynx imakhala yolemera kwambiri nyani (makamaka, chimpanzee). Zhinkin, 1998, Lenneberg, 1967 Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa zimakupatsani mwayi wokudya komanso kupumira pafupifupi nthawi imodzi. Malo otsika a larynx amatsegulira mwayi wotchulira bwino mawu a chilankhulo cha anthu. Mu makanda aanthu, larynx, ngati ya chimpanzee, ndi yayitali (izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzitha kuyamwa komanso kupuma nthawi yomweyo). Pafupifupi zaka zitatu, larynx imatsika, ndipo zimafanana ndi nthawi yokwanira yolankhula bwino bwino kwa lilime. Mwachilungamo, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mawonekedwe a larynx sakukhalabe osasinthika m'moyo wonse osati mwa anthu: malinga ndi gulu la asayansi aku Japan, kutsika kwina kumayambikanso ndi chimpanzi. Burlak, 2011

Ponena za malo otsika kwambiri a larynx, pali malingaliro angapo. Malinga ndi zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizomveka, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri polankhula momveka bwino, chifukwa zimalola lilime kuti lisunthire mkati mwa kapangidwe ka mawu, mokhazikika komanso mokhazikika, komwe, kumakupatsani mwayi wopanga mawonekedwe amkamwa ndi pharynx mosasamala komanso potero kukulitsa phokoso ngati ma phonem othekera, mosiyanasiyana momwe phokoso limapangidwira ndipo mmalo mwake, limasokonekera. Kutsika kwamtunduwu kumapangitsa kuti nyimbo zizikhala zochepa. Chifukwa chake, malo otsika a larynx amatha kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha mitundu - iyi ndi imodzi mwa zida zolankhulira mawu omveka. Burlak, 2011

Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwaku, Barulin, 2012 ikhoza kutchulidwa ponena za kusapezeka kwa ma diastem achilengedwe mwa anthu (kusiyana pakati pa mano komwe ma fangs amapezeka, mwachitsanzo, mu chimpanzee), komanso nyani wa Lenneberg, 1967, womwe umasiyana ndi minofu ya nkhope yaumunthu, ndipo ndi yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi Heidelberg munthu, paleoanthropic ndi neoanthropic m'mimba mwake mwa thoracic dera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusowa kwa kuthekera kolamulira bwino kayendedwe ka mpweya kumka ku zingwe zamau, i.e.kusowa kwa sp pagulu, njira zopumira polankhulira nyani. MacLarnon, Hewitt, 1999 Ndikofunikanso kuti anyani omwe ali ndi chitonthozo chofanana apange mkokomo ndi mpweya wa Kelemen, 1961, Lenneberg, 1967, Deacon, 1997, pomwe chidwi cha anthu chimasinthidwa adatha kugwira ntchito pa exhale Lenneberg, 1967, Deacon, 1997.

Zikumveka m'mawu ndi anthu: onse komanso osiyana

M'mitundu ina ya anyani, kuphatikiza anthu ndi chimpanzi, kuwonjezera pa mawu owona, pali zingwe zingapo zabodza zam'mawu, zomwe zimakhala zopanda mphamvu. Nthawi yomweyo, chimpanzee, mosiyana ndi anthu, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito magulu awiriawiri a zida zopanga mawu pomayimira pawokha, ngakhale kuti kuyambitsa kwawo kumafunikira kuthamanga kwa mpweya. Lenneberg, 1967 Mwa anthu, zingwe zolankhula zabodza zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa pulogalamu yapadera yophunzitsira, mwachitsanzo, ndi kuyimba kwammero kapena chifukwa chothandizira kwa othandizira olankhula, pamene zingwe zowona zimalephera. Ma Hominoids onse, kupatula anthu, ali ndi matumba otchedwa pakhosi (kapena laryngeal) de Boer, 2011, omwe amapanga mawonekedwe ochulukirapo otsika pakupanga kamvekedwe, chifukwa chomwe ma frequency amtundu woyambira amasinthidwa ndikuyandikira, zomwe zimakhudza kusiyanitsa kwamawu ndikutayika kwa nthawi.

Kapangidwe kolondola ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida zamagetsi sikungakhale kofunikira pakupanga kalankhulidwe, komanso kaonedwe kake. Kusagwirizana pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana owoneka bwino komanso kukhazikika kwa kuzindikira kwa zinthu zamatchulidwe ndi mawu a munthu kunapangitsa kuti apange mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lingaliro lamoto la mawu. Sorokin, 2007 Lingaliro lakuti mukazindikira kulankhula mwa njira inayake imagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha kapangidwe ka malankhulidwe, zimatengera luso la munthu pophunzira kuyankhula. Gawo lina linachitikanso ndi chodabwitsa cha zomwe zimadziwika kuti zolankhula mkati, kutanthauza kuti, nthawi zina “kutulutsa mawu” mwakachetechete. Kuyang'anira kubwezeredwa kwa kusokonezeka kwachilengedwe ndi kwachilengedwe pokonzekera maphunziro kapena malingaliro olankhula nawonso amasonkhana.

Akatswiri a zamitsempha ndi othandizira olankhula adziwa kalekale kuti ndi ma presis (ziwalo) zamkati mwamunthu kapena wamkati, mphamvu yolankhula siyingakhudzidwe. Mwachitsanzo, ndi maresi a minyewa omwe amawongolera kusunthika kwa nsagwada yapansi, mawu a labial amafotokozedwa chifukwa cha kutalikirana kwakukulu kwa milomo. Kuyambanso kuvala mano okhala ndi ululu wosakhazikika, nthawi zina, anthu adasungabe mawu awo. Nthawi zina odwala omwe amachotsa larynx omwe amawabwezeretsa mokwanira m'mayankhulidwe awo osati kusiyanitsa kokha pakati pa mawu osalankhula ndi ogontha, komanso kutanthauzira kolondola kwa Sorokin et al., 1998 ndipo amatha kuyimba. Pali umboni kuti kulocha lilime lochotsedwa ndi pulasitiki lolocha kumapangitsa wodwalayo kuti azilankhula momveka bwino. Sorokin, 2007 Mfundo zonsezi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kosintha kwamayendedwe olankhula ndi kukhazikika kwa kachitidwe ka kuzindikira ndi kam'badwo ka kalankhulidwe kawirikawiri.

Kodi malankhulowa amachokera kuti?

Chiphunzitso cha mtundu wamkati chomwe V. N. Sorokin 2007 chimagwirizanitsa ndi kapangidwe ka kalankhulidwe ndi malingaliro ndipo amatipangitsa kuti timvetsetse momwe zimakhazikika pofotokozedwa pamwambapa. Mtundu wamkati ndi gawo la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe, kuperekera kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera kwa kufotokozeredwa kwa kuphwanya kosiyanasiyana pothana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana: "proprioception - control" ndi "acoustics - control" Kuti muchite bwino, mtundu wamkati uyenera kutengera luso la zimango, ma aerodynamics, mapangidwe a kapangidwe ka mawu ndi mawu a mawu. Zinapezeka kuti ngati pali zidziwitso zamvekedwe, palibe chifukwa choyezera mawonekedwe athunthu a kaperekedwe - chidziwitso chokwanira pakayima milomo, nsagwada yakumaso ndi kutsogolo kwa lilime. Chifukwa chake, mukamathetsa mavuto okonza zokongoletsera kapena kubweza ngongole, zomwe zimafunikira kuti zikhale zolondola zimayendera limodzi.

Izi zimawonjezera mwayi kuti kachitidwe kogwiritsa ntchito mawu amatha kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana kuti athe kuwongolera bwino chizindikiro cha mawu ophatikizidwa ndikutsatira magawo a phonetic okhazikika pachilankhulochi. Sorokin, 2007 Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera, zinawonetsedwanso kuti mawonekedwe amtundu wa mawu, owululidwa pothana ndi vuto losagwirizana pogwiritsa ntchito deta yamapangidwe ndi mafotokozedwe, akugwirizana bwino ndi zotsatira zomwe zapezeka pamaziko a ziphuphu zokhazokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bungwe lotero la kuzindikira ndikubweretsa malankhulidwe enieni ndizotheka. Pochita maphunziro awa, zidapezekanso kuti kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito osati njira zokhazo, komanso buku lotchedwa codebook. Atal et al. 1978 Malingaliro ake ndi kuwerengera kale zilembo pakati pa ma velocor ophatikizidwa ndi magawo okhala ndi zotsatana za magawo a mimbayi. Titha kuganiza kuti kuyambira nthawi ya nthabwala, mtundu wamkati, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera ndi yolakwika, imayang'anira momwe angasinthire magawo a mawu ndi kusintha zomwe zili mu "buku la malamulo".

Zitsanzo za kubwezeretsa magwero a mawu mutachotsa larynx zimasonyezanso kupendekera kodabwitsa kwa kayendedwe kazolankhula, kosatha kungolondola zosintha zokhudzana ndi zaka zapakati pazotengera, komanso kusintha kapangidwe kake ka mtundu wamkati. Poterepa, gawo la mawu amtunduwu limaganiziridwa ndi sphincter, yomwe imapangidwa ndi esophagus ndi minofu-compressors ya pharynx, yomwe imafalitsa ntchito zabwino za minofu ya larynx yakutali. Sorokin, 2007 Zonsezi zimayimira mfundo yoti "ntchito", ndiye kuti, kufunikira kolankhula, ndizomwe zimayambitsa "kapangidwe" - njira yoyendetsera zida zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, mkangano wokhudzana ndi kusowa kwa nyani komanso mpaka penapake makolo athu a zida zamau ophatikizidwira mawu bwino. M'malo mwake, m'malo mwake, kusowa kwa kuyankhula ("ntchito") sikumabweretsa kusintha kwamachitidwe. Zikuwoneka kuti, kuyankhula kumatha kuyamba kupanga zisanachitike masinthidwe olimbitsa thupi, omwe akuwoneka bwino tsopano ndikumfanizira munthu ndi nyani osalankhula ndipo zomwe zimachitika kale (ndi chisonyezo) cha chitukuko cha malankhulidwe, osati mawonekedwe ake.

Matanthauzidwe ndi chiyambi cha chilankhulo

Munthu yemwe alipo ndi nyani wapano amasiyana mu kapangidwe ka zida zamagetsi komanso kuthekera kwa kulumikizana bwino. Koma chilankhulo, kuyankhula kwa munthu ndi chiani, pomwe munthu adangoyima kunja kwa nyama? Kodi pali kusiyana kotani ndi kufanana pakati pa phokoso lomwe limapangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi nyama zamakono, zomwe ndizofanana kwambiri ndi anthu - anyani, kuchokera ku mawu a mawu a anthu? Funso la chiyambi cha chilankhulo limakhala mwa ambiri oganiza, koma adafunsidwa ndikuwathetsa mosiyana. Mwa malingaliro ambiri, munthu akhoza kutchula chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha kutengeka kwa chilankhulo ndi malingaliro omwe akupitilira. Kholo la chiphunzitsochi anali a Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). M'nkhani yake yokhudza chiyambi cha zilankhulo, Rousseau 1998 analemba kuti chilankhulo choyambirira cha munthu, chilankhulo chodziwika kwambiri, cholankhula kwambiri komanso chokhacho, ndikulankhula kwachilengedwe. Popeza kulira uku kudayambika mwa munthu kokha mwa mphamvu ya mtundu wanthawi zadzidzidzi muzochitika zofunikira kupempha thandizo pakagwa ngozi yayikulu kapena ndikuzunzika kwakukulu, sizinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, komwe kumangolingalira kwambiri.

Malingaliro amunthu atayamba kukula ndi kukhala wovuta, pamene kulumikizana kwabwino kukhazikitsidwa pakati pa anthu, amayesetsa kupeza zizindikilo zambiri komanso chilankhulo chatsopano. Anawonjezera kusintha kwamawu ndi mawu owonjezera omwe amawoneka mwachilengedwe komanso omwe tanthauzo lake silodalira mphamvu yake. Rousseau, 1998 Malingaliro okhudzika a Rousseau adakhazikitsidwa ndipo adadziwika kuti chiphunzitso cha zosakanikirana. M'modzi mwa omwe amalimbikitsa chiphunzitsochi, wolemba zilankhulo zaku Russia D. N. Kudryavsky (1867-1920) amakhulupirira kuti zosokoneza ndi mtundu wa mawu oyamba a munthu. Matembenuzidwe anali mawu otengeka mtima kwambiri pomwe anthu oyambirirawo amaika matanthawuzo osiyanasiyana kutengera ndi zochitika zina. Stepanov, 1975 Malinga ndi Kudryavsky, polumikizana mawu ndi matchulidwe ake anali ogwirizana. Kenako, magawo atasinthidwa kukhala mawu, mawu ndi matanthauzidwe osiyidwa, ndipo kusintha kumeneku kukhala mawu kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonekera kwa mawu. Stepanov, 1975

Chilankhulo cha makolo

Komabe, chilankhulidwe cha kutengeka kwa nyama zamakono, kuphatikiza anyani ndipo, mwachiwonekere, makolo aumunthu, ndizokwanira kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto awo azokambirana pagulu, kuphatikiza tsiku ndi tsiku, osafunikira kupsinjika kwakukulu. Kusiya funso la zomwe zimayambitsa kapena kusunthika kwa kusintha kwa chilankhulo komwe kunapangitsa kuti anthu azilankhula, tiyeni tibwererenso ku lingaliro la njira ndi "luso" lakapangidwe kamalankhulidwe kabwino. Kodi munthu wateteza njira yoyambirira yolankhulirana mwamphumphu mokhulupirika, ndikupitilizabe kukhala ngati njira yosonyezera malingaliro, mogwirizana ndi njira yodziyimira payokha yolankhulira? Pakulankhula kwawonekera kwa anthu amakono, gawo logonekera limawonekera bwino. Zikomo kwa iye, zimamveka ngati wokamba nkhani ali wokondwa kapena wakwiya, wakwiya, wachita mantha, wodabwitsidwa, zina zoterezi zitha kuunikiridwa ngakhale ngati kuli kovuta kufotokozera mawu pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.