Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Thupi ndi kukula kwake ndi zofanana ndi za Redstart wamba. Kulemera 11 - 20 g, kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi masentimita 15. Mapulogalamu akuda amadziwika ndi mchira wogwedezeka amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira.

Kufotokozera. Ku gawo la Europe Russia, mbalame zam'mitundu iwiri zimakumana ndi chisa. European Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. gibral-tariensis) Yaimuna imayang'aniridwa ndi imvi yakuda, pafupifupi mtundu wakuda, yokhala ndi "nkhope" yakuda ndi chifuwa. Nthenga zakumaso zakunja kwa nthenga zachiwiri ndi madigiri opanga zitatu zimapanga malo oyera kumapiko opindidwa, koma malowa amatha kuwonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana, mpaka pakalibe chifukwa choti malire a nthenga amapanga. Yaikazi imakhala yakuda kwambiri, yofiirira, yosiyana ndi yaikazi yofiyira yokhazikika pakakhala kuti pali matani ofiira pachifuwa komanso kutukuka kwawo pang'ono kumbuyo, imatha kukhala ndi kuwala pamwaso wachiwiri wa nthenga, zopangidwanso ndi malire opepuka.

Tizilombo tating'ono tating'onoting'ono ta nthenga timakhala tofanana ndi chachikazi, koma ndi mawonekedwe otchuka pamwambawo, ndimasiyana ndi anyamata wamba wamba pamtundu wakuda komanso popanda mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pamwamba. Mchira wa mbalame zonse ndi wofiyira, ngati chingwe wamba. Caucasian Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. ochruros) Colours ndikusintha. Amuna ambiri amasiyana ndi amuna aku Europe a chernushka chifukwa cha kutalika kapena nthenga zazing'ono pamimba, koma abambo ena ali ndi utoto wofanana ndi amuna amtundu wa ku Europe. Amuna ena amakhala ndi galasi loyera pamapiko. Mbalame zazikazi ndi zazing'ono zojambulidwa zofanana ndendende ndi zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe. Mu nthawi yophukira, mtundu wa mbalame zamtunduwu zonse umakhala wofanana ndi kasupe woyamba ndipo umapangidwa pang'ono ndi malire amtambo pamthenga. Wamphongo wa chernushka amasiyana ndi wamwamuna yemwe amayamba kwambiri pakukweza kamvekedwe kakuda pachifuwa.

Voterani. Nyimboyi ndi yachikale komanso yovuta kwambiri, yopangidwa ndi mawu okokomeza, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza pang'ono mwachidule. Maliro a nkhawa ndi kuphatikiza kulira "fie"Ndi kuwonekera"chatekinoloje". Amawoneka ngati kulira kwa redstart wamba, koma pang'onopang'ono.

Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Redstart redstart European amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kum'mawa pafupifupi ku Urals, nesting imadziwika kum'mawa kwa Tatarstan, kumwera kwa dera la Perm, imaganiziridwa kumadera ena a Urals. Malire akumpoto a tsambalo pang'onopang'ono akusunthira kumpoto. Chikwangwani chakumaso kwa Caucasus chili ponseponse m'mapiri a Caucasus ndi mayiko a Middle East; mkati mwa Europe Russia, chimakhala kumpoto kwa Caucasus. Nyengo kum'mwera kwa Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Africa.

Moyo. Malo okondweretsa okondedwa ndi malo okhala ndi miyala yamiyala, makamaka amakhala pamalo omanga pafupi ndi mzinda. Mu "zakutchire" zomwe amakhala mkati mwa miyala, iyi ndi njira yayikulu yokonzera chisa cha mabungwe a ku Caucasus. Chisa chimakhala poyera kapena theka-poyera - mu niche, pa cornice, pamphepete ndi m'malo ena ofananako. Monga momwe nesting zinthu, udzu, moss, mizu, nthenga, ubweya, komanso thonje, thonje, nsanza, mapepala ndi zina zotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu clutch 4-7, nthawi zambiri mazira 5, mitundu yawo imakhala yoyera. Yokhayo ndi yomwe imalowetsa chakudya kwa masiku 12 mpaka 13, mbalame zonse zazikuluzo zimadyetsa anapiye. Chingwe chimachoka chisa ndili ndi zaka 12-18. Chapakati pakatikati pa Europe, 2 komanso 3 zomangamanga zimakonda nthawi yamnyengo.

Amadyetsa ndikudyetsa anapiye ndi tizilombo tina tating'ono tating'ono, timadya zipatso.

Blackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)

Maonekedwe a redstart redstart

Mbendera yakuda kwambiri imafanana ndi mpheta yaing'ono kukula. Kulemera kwa thupi 11 - 20 g, mapiko 23 - 26 cm, kutalika kwa thupi 13 - 14,5 cm.

Miyendo yochepa kwambiri ndiyakuda. Mlomo wozungulira pamunsi ndi wakuda bii. Mchira wopakidwa utoto wofiirira ndi chingwe chakuda pakati, ndipo nadhvost ndi ofiira. Chifukwa cha utoto uwu, mbalameyi idatchedwa "Redstart". Mtundu wina wonse wa akazi ndi amuna amakhala osiyana kwambiri. Mitundu yakuda imalamulira mtundu wa chifuwa komanso thupi lapamwamba la amuna. Msana wawo ndi wakuda, ndipo pamwamba pamitu yawo ndi imvi. Oyimira anthu aku Asia ali ndi zamimba pamimba, komanso imvi zopepuka mu mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Europe.

Komanso amuna amuna ku Europe ali ndi malo oyera oyera kumapiko. Akazi a nigella ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi akazi achikazi chofiyira, komabe, alibe mawonekedwe ofiira kumbali ndi chifuwa. Thupi la akazi ndi loyera ndipo limakongola kuposa amuna. Achichepere mawonekedwe ake amafanana kwambiri ndi achikazi. Mwa akazi, monga amuna, amuna amtundu wa iris amapaka utoto wakuda.

Blackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros).

Nthito Redstart Habitat

Mwachilengedwe, zisa za nigella zimapezeka kumapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi Europe.

Malire akum'mawa audindo ndi 111 ° C. e. Central China kumpoto kwa chipululu cha Ordos. Zoyipa zomwe zimakhala kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa dera lino ndizophatikizidwa kwambiri ndi mapiri a Southern Siberia, Southeast Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia. Awa ndi mapiri ngati Khangai, Altai, Tien Shan, Western Sayan, Ulytau ndi Dzhungarsky Alatau.

Mchigwa cha Irtysh, chinsalu chotchedwa blackstart chisa mpaka kiwango cha 51 ° C. sh., pa Yenisei mpaka 52 ° c. w. Gawo lakummwera chakum'mawa limadutsa mu Hindu Kush, malo otsetsereka a Himalayas, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Tibet ndi mapiri a Sino-Tibet. Kudera lamapiri la kumapiri a Turkmenistan ndi Uzbekistan, chernushka sikhala, koma kumadzulo kwa madera kumawonekeranso m'malo otsetsereka a Elbrus, Kopetdag ndi mapiri a Greater Caucasus. Kummwera kwa Iran, mbalame zochepa zajambulidwa m'mapiri a Zagros.

Redstart redstart imatha kupachikika mlengalenga kwakanthawi, ngati chinyontho cha hum humb.

Ku Europe, redstart redstart inafalikira patali kuposa mapiri. Tsopano amakhala kumwera kwa Sweden, ku Latvia, kumwera kwa England, kumwera-kumadzulo kwa Finland. Mbalame zachikazi zinajambulidwa m'dera la Poltava kumphepete kwa Mtsinje wa Dnieper. Ngakhale kugawidwa kumeneku, kuchuluka kwa mapiri kumakhala kokwanira kwambiri kuposa zigwa.

Ziwawa za Blackstart Redstart

Malo okhala mbalame zamtunduwu ndi osiyanasiyana. Mkati mwa Western Palaearctic, mtundu wokhawo ndi mtundu wokhawo womwe umapezeka kudera lililonse, kuyambira mapiri mpaka mapiri. Mbalameyi siimakhala pamwamba pa mzere wa chipale chofewa. Chernushka imamva bwino kwambiri m'midzi komanso m'mapiri okhala ndi chinyezi komanso kouma.

Mwachilengedwe, mbalameyi imakonda malo otseguka popanda udzu wandiweyani. Pamtunda pali malo okhala miyala, kapena nyumba zomangira njerwa kapena miyala.

Redstart imadya ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono omwe amafika pansi ndikuuluka, komanso mphutsi ndi zipatso zake.

Pamiyala ndi nyumba, mbalameyi imakonza zisa ndi maudzu. Mbalame zimakhazikika m'malo otseguka kwa chaka chathunthu. Mu theka lachiwiri la chaka, mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mabanjawa zimayendera malo olima omwe ali pafupi. Makamaka amakonda minda ya chimanga komanso malo "pansi pamadzi." Bango lakuda bii limapewedwa ndi chernushki, ngakhale pali tizilombo tambiri komanso chakudya china m'malo awa.

Kudya Redstart

Chakudyacho chimachokera ku tizilombo tosiyanasiyana komanso tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono. M'dzinja ndi chilimwe, zakudya zamasamba, makamaka zipatso, zimawonjezedwa pamenyuyi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ochokera m'mabanja opitilira 50 timatengedwa ndi nigella. Awa ndi ma arthropod osiyanasiyana, nkhono, arachnids ndi nyama zina zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi. Redstart nyama imakhala ndi kukula kwa mamilimita 2 mpaka 8 mamilimita. Komabe, nthawi zina mbalame zimadya nyongolotsi ndi mbozi, zomwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufika masentimita 7. Asanadye nyama yayikulu chotere, chernushka imang'ambika mbali zazing'ono.

Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino, chifukwa chomwe mbalameyo ili ndi dzina lotere - chingwe chofiira kwambiri ndi mchira womwe umapindika nthawi zonse.

Mukasaka padziko lapansi, redstart imadikirira yemwe akukhudzidwa paphiri lililonse la malo: mwala, wokwera padenga, mwala, nthambi. Nyama ikangopezeka, mbalameyo imangodumphira pansi, ndikugwira nyamayo ndi mulomo, ndipo imanyamuka ndi liwiro la mphezi. Kuphatikiza pa njirayi, chernushka nthawi zambiri amasankha kusaka ntchentche. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njira zosaka, komanso zakudya za Redstart, ndizosiyana kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, mbalameyi imasinthasintha ndipo imatha kusintha ngakhale kusintha kwamphamvu mu chakudya.

Kubala Redstart Redstart

Kukula mwakugonana kwa mbalame kumabwera ndi kutha kwa chaka choyamba chamoyo. Monga lamulo, nigella amakhala amwano, koma nthawi zina wamwamuna mmodzi amatha kukhala ndi akazi awiri. Amphongo amayambira kupita kumalo osungira nyama, ndipo zazikazi zimafika pakadutsa masiku angapo mpaka milungu iwiri zitatha. Pofika nthawi ya anyaniwa, aliyense wamwamuna amakhala ndi malo ake achitetezo.

Wamphongoyo ndi gawo la chisa chamtsogolo, amakhala pachimake ndikutsitsa nyimbo. Kukula kwa malo okhala nesting kungakhale kuchokera pa 0,35 mpaka 7 ha. Wampikisano wamwamuna akaonekera m'chipinda chodyeracho, mbalameyo imalira, kukuwombera pafupi ndi mdaniyo ndipo nthawi zina imathanso kuimenya.

M'masiku 10 oyamba, anapiyewo amachulukitsa nthawi zopitilira 10, ndipo masiku 11 atabadwa amakhala ndi kuchuluka.

Nthawi zambiri chisa chimakhala chotseguka kapena chobisika. M'maderamo, chisa chimamangidwa pazinyumba zingapo. M'mapiri, chisa chimakhala ndi ming'alu, pakati pamiyala, pamiyala kapena poyala. Chisa cha kubwezeretsa kwa chernushka ndi kapangidwe kakakulu ngati kapu. Zomangira za iye makamaka ndizitali zazitali za udzu wa chaka chatha.

Mkati mwa chisa muli mizu, moss, ndere, thonje, pepala ndi thawulo. Pansi pamakhala nthenga ndi ubweya. Pomanga nyumba yamphongo, amuna ndi akazi amatenga nawo gawo limodzi. Nthawi zina, chisa chopangidwa chaka chatha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba.

Mverani mawu a choyambirira

Ku Central Europe, mbalame zimapanga mitundu iwiri mpaka itatu pachaka. Yoyambira koyamba nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi mazira anayi mpaka 7 (avareji ya 5). Pakuyika mobwerezabwereza, kuchuluka kwa mazira, monga lamulo, sikupitirira 4. Chipolopolo cha dzira nthawi zambiri chimakonzedwa ndi utoto wonyezimira, nthawi zina ndimatenthedwe amtambo. Yaikazi imayamba kulowa mkati mwa dzira loyamba. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 12 mpaka 17. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imatuluka mu chisa ndipo sikuwoneka.

Ziphuphu zimatuluka mazira mosinthana ndi maola ochepa. Pochita chibwenzi komanso kudyetsa anapiye, makolo onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali. M'masiku 10 oyamba amoyo, kulemera kwa anapiye kumawonjezera nthawi 10. Pazaka 10, nthenga zoyambirira zimayamba kudutsa anapiye. Pakatha masiku 13 - 19, anapiye amadziwa kale kuuluka movutikira, koma amakhala mchisa kwa milungu iwiri, pambuyo pake amawuluka ndipo satabweranso, kuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa thupi 140 mm, mapiko 80-90 mm, mchira 60-65 mm, mulomo 13.5-15 mm. Utoto wa amuna akuluakulu ndi amtambo wakuda pamwamba, wokhala ndi nthenga zakumbuyo yakumbuyo, mchira ndi matalala ali ofiira, pakati pake mchira wake ndi wakuda komanso wamtambo wakuda, nthenga zake ndi zakuda, mawonekedwe akunja akumbuyo wakumbuyo kooneka bwino , chingwe chopyapyala pamwamba pa mulomo, chotseka khutu, khosi ndi pakhosi kumakhala chakuda, chotchinga ndi chifuwa chakuda chokhala ndi nthenga m'maso, mmbali, m'mimba ndi mkati mwake ndizotuwa zopepuka, mkati mwake mumakhala kofiyira, pakati pamimba pankayera, matumbo amaso ake amakhala atakutidwa. s kukwawa ndi bere zikusowa. Mlomo, miyendo - chakuda, chofiirira chakuda.

Kuonera zolaula kumapangidwa. Akazi ndi amtundu wamtambo wonyezimira utoto pamwambapa ndi pansi, mchira komanso mchira wake ndi wofanana ndi amuna. Achichepere opanda timawu, tating'ono tating'ono ta nthenga ta pamwamba, ambiri amawoneka ngati achikazi. Khungubwi lachiwiri ndi lalifupi kwambiri kuposa lachisanu ndi chiwiri kapena lofanana ndi la chisanu ndi chiwiri, chowonera chakunja chimakhala chaching'ono lachitatu, lachitatu, lachisanu ndi chisanu.

Carnivore Charnushka (kale - Carnivore Charnushka)

Gawo lonse la Belarus

Drozdovye wa Banja - Turdidae.

Ku Belarus - Ph. o. gibraltariensis.

Kuswana wamba, kusamukira komanso kusamutsa mbalame zosamukasamuka. Mtundu wamtundu waku Mediterranean, udakhala m'dera la Belarus m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Ku Belarus, idapezeka koyamba mu 1956 m'boma la Stolin, pomwe idalowa mcholowera kumpoto komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kuchokera kumadera a Carpathians, Zhytomyr ndi Kiev. Pofika mu 1961, idafika ku mtunda wa Minsk, ndipo idagawika m'dziko lathu lonse.

Chopepuka pang'ono kuposa redstart wamba. Mphumi yaimuna, masaya, pakhosi ndi chifuwa ndi zakuda, kumtunda kwa mutu, kumbuyo ndi mapiko ake ndi otuwa, mbali zina za ntchentche zazing'ono zimakhala zoyera. Mchira, wofanana ndi wa redstart wina, ndi wofiira kwambiri - mchira wowala bwino, awiri awo akuda ndiuda. Bill ndi wakuda, miyendo ndi yofiirira. Mtundu wachikazi ndi wotuwa wonyezimira, mchira wake ndi wofiyira. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizofanana ndi zazikazi, koma zowala kumbali yakumbuyo ndi pachifuwa. Mwachilengedwe, chernushka imawoneka yakuda, ngakhale yoyera kutsogolo. Kulemera kwake kwamphongo ndi 14-21 g, wamkazi ndi 12-19 g. Kutalika kwa thupi (amuna ndi akazi onse) ndi 15-17 masentimita, mapiko ndi 24 cm cm.

Kufika kumapeto kwa theka zoyambirira - pakati pa Epulo. Chimawonekera kumwera kwa republic kumapeto kwa Marichi. Spring iigratsiya Chernushki imachitika motsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yayitali kuyambira maola 12 mpaka 16 pamtengo wa kutentha kwapazaka khumi pamitundu yokwanira 2.3. + 10,3 ° C. Ngati kutentha kwapakati masiku khumi kumachoka pa masiku 10 apitawa ndi 5 ° C kapena kupitirira kochepera, nthawi yakufika ndi masiku 5-7.

Kuyimba kwamphwayi ndi kaphokoso, kaphokoso, koyerekeza mawu a mbalame zina komanso phokoso lanyumba.

Imakhala chikhalidwe chokhazokha. Zoweta m'mizinda (kuphatikiza zazikuluzikulu zamafakitale), m'matauni akumidzi, m'midzi ndi m'midzi mwa nyumba zatsopano, pamalo omanga, m'malo opangira mafakitole. Malo omwe mumakonda kukhala m'mizinda ndi nyumba zosanja zambiri zomangidwa, koma nyumba zakale kwambiri zosiyidwa kapena zosakhala, m'midzi - m'minda. Pafupifupi, corynus redstart amakonda malo okhala ndi dothi, milu yamiyala, zida zomanga, i.e, malo omwe akufanana ndi malo ake okhala - malo amwala.

Ikangofika, mbalame zimakhala m'malo okhala zisa ndikuyamba kupanga chisa. Zoweta awiriawiri. Zoyesa zimayikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, niches, recesses ndi ming'alu m'minyumba, m'makatani, pansi pa matanda, kumbuyo kwa masipika, m'zipinda zamkati, nthawi zina pamulu wa miyala kapena njerwa. Imatha kukhalanso ndi zisa zotseguka zokhala m'malo obisika, nthawi zina imakhala zisa zomwe zameza.

Chisa chimakhala chomasuka kwambiri komanso chosasamala kuposa cha wamba, chimakhala ndi mizu yambiri, masamba a herbaceous, ndi udzu. Zolocha zochulukirapo zimaphatikizapo tsitsi, ubweya, nthenga. Mu zisa zomwe zimapangidwa m'mizinda, zinthu zomangira zazikulu zimamveka, zopindika, ulusi wamakina ndi zinthu zina zofananira. Mkazi amamanga chisa. Kukula kwakakulu: mainchesi awiri 5.0-6.8 masentimita (6.0 pakati), kutalika kwa chisa 5.0-6.8 masentimita (6.0 pakati), mainchesi mainchesi 5.1-7.2 cm ( average 6.6), tray kuya 4.0-5.0 cm (average 4.6).

Mu clutch yathunthu 5, nthawi zambiri mazira anayi kapena 6 (mazira pafupifupi 4,9). Chipolopolocho chimakhala chonyezimira pang'ono, choyera bwino komanso chosalala bwino, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi madontho ofiira. Kukula kwa dzira 2.2 g, kutalika 18-20 mm, mainchesi 14-15 mm.

Monga lamulo, redstart redstart nthawi zambiri imakhala ndimakani awiri: yoyamba imapezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo - mu Meyi, yachiwiri mu June - Julayi. Yaikazi imagwiruka kwa masiku 12-14.Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus, kuchuluka kwa anapiye omwe adalowetsedwa chisa kuchokera pa 3 mpaka 6, avareji ya 4,4, kuchuluka kwa ana m'mazira anali kuyambira 1 mpaka 5, ndipo avareji ya 3.2.

Makolo onsewa amadyetsa anapiye. Anapiyewo amachoka chisa ali ndi zaka 12-16 masiku, osadziwa kuuluka, pambuyo pake mkaziyo amanganso chisa chatsopano, ndipo awiriwo amapitanso kumalo ena. Makolo amadyetsa ana ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa chisa kwa sabata limodzi.

Kuchulukitsa kwa nestling Redstart kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus kumachitika. Makolo amabweretsa chakudya kwa anapiye nthawi 6-30 pa ola limodzi. Panali mapaundi awiri odyetsa: m'mawa - pakati pa 6: 00-9: 00 ndi madzulo - 18: 00 - 20: 00.

Zomwe zimachitika nyengo zimakhudza njira yodyetsera: mumphepo yamkuntho ndi yamvula, pafupipafupi kudyetsa kumachepetsa. Dera la malo osaka nyama loyambitsidwanso kale lomwe lili mdera loyambira maphunziro a Orkhovo (Brest district) nthawi yakubzala ndi 6-3,000 m².

Ana a ndege, limodzi ndi mbalame zachikulire, amakhalabe m'dera lodyerako nthawi yayitali.

Kuchulukana kwa chilimwe kwa anthu obwerera kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yayitali m'mitundu yambiri kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus kuyambira pa 2.7 ac / km² m'malo okwera a Brest mpaka 30,5 ap./km² m'midzi yapakati m'chigawo cha Brest. Mu 1980s m'midzi ya Belovezhskaya Pushcha, 8.5 os / km² anawerengedwa, kuyambira 1 mpaka 5 awiri a nigella okhala m'mudzi pafupifupi uliwonse. Kuchulukana kwa Redstart Redstart mu 1982-2014 osiyanasiyana m'mudzi wa Tomashovka mkati mwa 12-44 ind./km², m'dera la kanyumba Lesnianka - mkati mwa 8-32 ind./km².

Chakudya - ngati poyambiranso. Kudyetsa kumasonkhanitsidwa pansi ndi nthambi zamitengo, tizilombo zazikulu zimagwidwa ndikuuluka. Maziko azakudya ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso arachnids. M'mimba za mbalame ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha, mabowo a kachilomboka masamba, kachilomboka pansi ndi nyerere.

Kunyamuka ndi kudutsa - kuyambira mwezi wa Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala; anthu ena amapezeka mu Okutobala. Kusunthira kwa Autumn kumachitika ndi kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi yotalika masana kuyambira maola 14 mpaka 10 motsutsana ndi maziko a kutentha kwapakati pa 1416.7. + 7.6 ° C.

Chiwerengero cha kubwezeretsanso kwa chernushka ku Belarus chikuyerekezedwa ndi awiriawiri - 20 mpaka 35,000, chiwerengero chikuwonjezeka.

Omwe adakwanitsa kulembedwa ku Europe ndi zaka 10 miyezi iwiri.

1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "Ufumu wa nyama ku Belarus. Vertebrates: zolembalemba. Manual" Minsk, 2013. -399 p.

2. Nikiforov M.E., Yotesky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Mbalame za ku Belarus: Buku Lotsogolera la Nied ndi Mazira" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.

3. Gaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I V. "Zachilengedwe zam'madzi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.

4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. "Mbalame za ku Belarus". Minsk, 1967. -521s.

5. Abramova IV, Gaiduk V. Ye. "Ecology of the blackstart Phoenicurus ochruros (Turdidae, Passeriformes) kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus" / Baikal Zoological Journal. Na. 1 (18) 2016. Irkutsk, 2016. S.7-10

6. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) Mndandanda wazaka zazitali za mbalame zaku Europe.

Voterani

Nyimboyi ndi yakale kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo atatu, kuyambira 2 mpaka 4 masekondi. Poyamba, mbalameyi imatulutsa mawu oseketsa a "jir tititi," pomwe voliyumu imayamba kukula. Pambuyo pakupuma kwachiwiri, kumatsata trill yayitali kwambiri yopanda pake, theka lachiwiri kukhala gawo lachitatu loyesedwa, china ngati "chier-cher-cher-cher-cherr". Nyimbo ikhoza kubwerezedwa kangapo motsatizana, magawidwe amitundu nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa. Gawo lomaliza limatha kukhala ndi zosankha zingapo, onse m'magawo okhala ndi anthu pawokha. Mwachitsanzo, mu mbalame zochokera ku Central Asia, kuyimba kumakhala kofanana - magawo oyamba ndi omaliza amakhala ndi mawu ofanana.

Kuphatikiza pa nyimbo ya malo, nthawi zambiri imafalitsa whists whists "fiat" ndikudina "tech", nthawi zambiri ndikuphatikiza mosiyanasiyana. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pakati pa mbalame, pakukongola, kapena ngati alamu. Kufuula mokweza komanso kwakanema kwa ukadaulo wamakono nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa njira yomwe munthu amadyera.

Ku Central Europe, kuyimba kofewa kwa mbalame kumamveka m'mawa kwambiri mu Marichi kapena June, nthawi zambiri kumayamba ola, nthawi zina awiri dzuwa lisanatuluke. Chifukwa chake, kuyambiranso kwamtundu wakuda kumadzuka nthawi yofanana ndi maofesi akuda, ndipo ku Alps kokha kuyimba kwa heater wamba kumatha kumveka ngakhale ola loyambirira. Popuma pang'ono, kuyimba kumapitirirabe mpaka nthawi yamadzulo, zomwe zimadziwika makamaka kuyambira nyengo yakubzala. Nyengo yabwino, mbalameyi imakhala maola pafupifupi 6 patsiku ikuimba, kwinaku ikubwereza vesi limodzilimodzi ndi zosiyana mpaka nthawi 5,000. Nthawi zina, kuyimba kumamveka usiku.

Khalidwe

Mabungwe azoyanjanitsidwa ndi omwe akhazikitsidwanso kwina sakusonyezedwa, ndipo ngakhale kunja kwasanabadwe nthawi zambiri amapeza chakudya chawo ndipo amapezeka ali okha. Pokhapokha nyengo yovuta kapena nthawi yayitali ya tizilombo m'malo amodzi, monga m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, pomwe timagulu tating'ono tingati mbalame. Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, anthu payekhapayekha samalumikizana ndipo amakhala motalikirana kwambiri.

Masana, chernushka nthawi zambiri imatenga dzuwa, kukhala pansi kwinakwake, makamaka munthawi yosungunuka. Samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, ndipo pokhapokha pokhapokha mukaona mbalame ikusambira m'fumbi.

Kusamukira

Mbalame zambiri zochokera kumpoto ndi Central Europe zimangoyenda mtunda waufupi komanso nthawi yozizira kumadera oyandikira Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kumpoto kwa Sahara ndi Peninsula ya Sinai. Malire a kumpoto kwa nyengo yozizira pafupifupi amayenerana ndi mzere wa isotherm ya Januwale + 7.5 ... + 10 ° C. Poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina zosatetezeka, chernushka imasiya zisa zawo mochedwa kwambiri ndikubwerera koyambirira: mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo chapakati cha Europe, amuna oyamba amapezeka mchaka choyamba cha Marichi, ndipo kunyamuka kwakukulu kumachitika kumapeto kwachiwiri kwa Okutobala, ku Carpathians, mbalame zimafika kumapeto kwa Marichi ndi kumayambiriro kwa Epulo ndikuuluka kupita kuyambira Okutobala.

Anthu okhala kumadzulo ndi Kumwera kwa Europe, monga lamulo, amakhala moyo wongokhala kapena wosunthasunthika, akutsika kuchokera ku dera la Alpine kupita kuchigwa chapafupi nyengo yozizira. Ku Central Asia ndi kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Himalayas, nigella ndi mbalame zosamukira kwawo; misasa yawo yozizira ili kumapeto kwenikweni kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India, Pakistan, kumwera kwa Iran, Peninsula ya Arabian, komanso kumapiri ku Ethiopia ndi Somalia. Kuchokera mmalo otsetsereka a kum'mawa kwa Himalayas, Tibet ndi kumadzulo kwa China, redstart amasamukira kumpoto kwa Myanmar ndi kumwera kwa India.

Kuchulukitsa

Redstart redstart idayamba kufotokozedwa koyamba mwasayansi mu 1774 ndi a zachilengedwe achijeremani a Samuel Gmelin omwe anali mu Russia. Dzina generic Phoenicurus adachokera ku mawu awiri achi Greek: φφῖῖ ξξ ("phoenix" - utoto wofiirira kapena carmine) ndi iiὐρά ("oura" - mchira). Chifukwa chake, wolemba adatsimikiza mchira wowala kwambiri wa mbalameyo - chinthu chomwe chimadziwika mu zilankhulo zambiri zaku Europe, kuphatikizapo Chirasha. Onani dzina ochruros Amachokera ku Greek adjective ὠχρός (ок okros '- pale), yomwe imagogomezera kusiyana ndi mitundu ina ya ku Europe - redstart wamba, yomwe ili ndi mchira wowala.

Mpaka posachedwapa, redstart mwachikhalidwe chake anali a banja la thrush. Komabe, kafukufuku awiri omwe adziyimira pawokha omwe adachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa - kusanthula kwa DNA hybridization ndi cytochrome mitochondrial DNA gene b - adazindikira kuti mtundu Phoenicurus zogwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchentche (Muscicapidae) kuposa ndi zovala zakuda. Wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa chernushka amamuwona ngati wokhazikika m'munda yemwe amakhala ku Tibet (Phoenicurus hodgsoni) Mitundu ina yokhudzana nayo ikuphatikizidwa ndi chuma chomwecho ndi chernushka - Siberian (Phoenicurus auroreus), wokhala wofiyira (Phoenicurus erythrogastrus) komanso mwina Alashan (Phoenicurus alaschanicus) Kuyambiranso. Cholembedwera wamba, ngakhale chikufanana, sichiri chifupi ndi mtunduwo. Mitundu yonseyi imasiyana pazachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe. Ngakhale milandu ya haibridi imadziwika, koma ma hybrids omwe amakhalapo amodzi amapezeka kuti ndi opanda chonde.

Malinga ndi ntchito za Ertan, kugawa kwa mitundu yatsopano m'mitundu yamakono kunayambika ku Late Pleistocene pafupifupi zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo, ndikugumuka ku Europe konse ku Middle Miocene zaka pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo.

Pali mitundu ingapo yamtundu wakuda, yomwe imasiyana kwambiri mitundu yaimuna. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a morphological, biogeography ndi deta ya sequotide ya gentochrome gene b mitochondrial DNA subspecies yonse itha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• Gulu phoenicuroides Zimaphatikiza mitundu yoyambira ku Central ndi East Asia, yomwe idasiyana ndi kholo ndikuyamba kufalikira pang'onopang'ono kumadzulo (zaka 3 - 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo). Akazi ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zowoneka bwino.
  • P. o. phoenicuroides (F. Moore, 1854)
  • P. o. kudandaula Fedorenko
  • P. o. rufiventris (Vieillot, 1818)
  • P. o. xerophilus (Stegmann, 1928)
• Gulu ochruros kuphatikiza mafomu ochokera ku West Asia ndi ku Europe omwe adzipatukana ndi gululi gibraltariensis zaka 1.5-0,5 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ya akazi ndi mbalame zazing'ono ndizapakatikati poyerekeza ndi magulu amtunduwu phoenicuroides ndi 'gibraltariensis.
  • P. o. ochruros (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)
  • P. o. semirufus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
• Gulu gibraltariensis imagwirizanitsa anthu aku Europe ndi ku Africa omwe adapanga subspecies panthawi yachisanu chazira chomaliza. Zachikazi ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda.
  • P. o. gibraltariensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
  • P. o. aterrimus (von Jordans, 1923)

Molting

Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono timene timatulutsa timaluwa tating'ono mu Ogasiti - Seputembala, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono - maula ambiri, mapiko ang'onoang'ono ndi apakati, ndi mapindikidwe atatu amkati mwa mapiko osintha. Mu mbalame zazikulu, molt wathunthu amapezeka mu Ogasiti - Seputembala.

Zovala zamalimwe zimapezeka popanda kukhetsa, chifukwa chowonekera kumapeto kwa nthenga. Nthawi zina anyamata achichepere nthawi yoyamba moyo amakhala ofanana ndi achikazi (ndi kubereketsa chovala ichi), nthawi zina, atatha molt, amakhala ofanana ndi amuna akuluakulu, koma amasiyana nawo ndi ma flewheels ndi maudule otchinga zovala.

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