Mu Epulero 1993, kuphulika kunachitika ku Siberian Chemical Plant, pomwe zida za plutonium ndi uranium zowonongeka zinawonongeka kwambiri. Zambiri mwa plutonium ndi zinthu zina zamafuta ndi ma radio radio zidalowa mumlengalenga. Madera oyandikana nawo adakhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwanyanjayi: nkhalango zachuma, nthaka yolima, madera oyandikana nawo. Pafupifupi anthu 2000 adawululidwa, makamaka omwe amatenga nawo mbali kuti azimitsa motowo ndikuchotsera zotsalazo.

Makampani opanga mankhwala amaika zoopsa zachilengedwe, thanzi la munthu komanso moyo. Mavuto azadzidzidzi owopsa pazomera zamankhwala ndi m'malo, komanso zotsatira zake. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa cha vuto la munthu. Izi zitha kukhala kusayang'anira njira zachitetezo, kuphwanya njira zaumisiri, zida zolakwika ndi / kapena moyo wopitilira ntchito, zolakwika pakupanga kapena kuyika, kusasamala kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zimayambitsa zimatha kukhala zachilengedwe komanso masoka achilengedwe, komabe, gawo lalikulu la ngozi limachitika chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu.

Nthawi zambiri milandu imachitika panjira zoyendera, kulowererapo, kukonza ndi kutaya mankhwala oyipa ndi zinyalala. Zimadziwika kuti kukonza ndi kusalowerera kwa mankhwala si ntchito yosavuta yomwe imafuna ndalama zambiri, chifukwa chake, kutulutsa mpweya osavomerezeka m'mlengalenga, kutulutsidwa kumadzi oyipa, komanso kutaya zinyalala wamba kumakhala wotsika mtengo kwambiri kwa mabizinesi, ndipo akuyenera kukhala. Zowonongeka zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kuphwanya kotereku ndizazikulu. Mpweya wa Atmospheric umakhala wakupha, nsomba zochuluka zimafa m'matupi amadzi, nthaka imataya zinthu zake zoyambira. Mavuto amtunduwu samapezeka mumakampani amakankhwala okha.

Epulo 27, 2011 pa chomera cha Khimprom mu mzinda wa Novocheboksarsk padachitika ngozi atatulutsa magesi a electrochemical m'sitolo yamagetsi ndi kuvomerezedwa pambuyo pake kumalo opangira zida. Zotsatira zake, anthu 5 adalandira poizoni.

Pa Seputembara 29, 1957, m'tawuni yotsekedwa ya Chelyabinsk-40 pamalo opangira zida zamankhwala a Mayak, kuphulika kwa tank kunachitika ndi ma metro 80 metro zinyalala zowopsa kwambiri, zomwe mphamvu zake zinali makumi a matani a TNT ofanana. Pafupifupi ma miliyoni 2 a ma radioactive oponyedwa pamtunda wa 2 km. Anthu 270,000 anali mdera loipitsidwa mchigawo cha Sverdlovsk, Tyumen ndi Chelyabinsk.

Epulo 26, 1986 mdera la Russian SSR lodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamphamvu ya nyukiliya (malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka zomwe zinayambitsidwa, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anafa ndi kuvulala komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha ngozi yomweyi ndi zotsatira zake) - ngozi yaku Chernobyl (tsoka). Anthu mazana angapo anachita nawo zithandizo pakagwa masoka. Chifukwa cha kuphulika m'gawo 4 lamphamvu zamagetsi champhamvu zamagetsi, zinthu zambiri zama radio zinagwera m'malo: isotopes of uranium, plutonium, strontium-90, cesium-137, iodine-131. Kuphatikiza pa omwe amadzimadzi pangoziyo, anthu ambiri omwe anali m'malo owipitsa anavutika, koma palibe amene ali ndi data yolondola. Amadziwika kuti ku Europe masauzande ambiri a zofooka mwa akhanda, komanso matenda a oncological a chithokomiro.

Zomwe zimayipitsa chilengedwe ndi makampani amafuta ndizosagwirizana ndi madera omwe ali ndi vuto, kuipitsidwa kwa dziko lapansi ndi madzi apansi, komanso kupezeka kwa mafuta amafuta m'mitundu mitundu. Izi zimadziwika ndi ngozi zadzidzidzi komanso zopangika kapena zamafuta a mafuta ndi mafuta. Udindo wofunikira wazachilengedwe umachitika ndi kulowerera kwa zinthu zamafuta m'madzi apansi, zomwe zimayambitsa kufalikira kwina kuchokera kochokera.

Zovuta zazikulu zachilengedwe za makampani amafuta, mwanjira iliyonse, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ngozi pakupanga, kukonza ndi kuyendetsa mafuta ndi zotumphukira zake. Chitsanzo “chowoneka bwino” ndi kuphulika pa pulatifomu yamafuta ya Deepwater Horizon yomwe idachitika ku Gulf of Mexico pa Epulo 20, 2010. Kutaya kwa mafuta komwe kwachitika ngoziyi akuti ndikokulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya US. Malinga ndi koyamba deta, kuchuluka kwa tsiku lililonse komwe kunabadwa kunali pafupifupi migolo 1000, pafupifupi mwezi umodzi pambuyo pake chiwerengerocho chinali migolo 5000 patsiku. Kutalika kwa kutsanulira kwa mafuta kunali masiku 152. Dera lamalowo linali mafuta makilomita 75,000; mu Meyi 2010 anali owoneka bwino pazithunzi kuchokera pamlengalenga. Zowona zopeza nyama zakufa, mbalame, akamba am'madzi, zinsomba, dolphin zidadziwika. Kuchulukitsa kwa nyama zomwe zidaphulika zikwizikwi. Makampaniwa akuwononga kwambiri zachilengedwe za ku Arctic.

Mavuto a makampani amalaala ndi kuchuluka kwamadzi opanda ntchito, kuwononga chilengedwe, kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzi, kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi nthaka, kutulutsa kwa mlengalenga mu mlengalenga, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuphuka kwa nthaka ndi nthaka. Chowoneka cha mafakitale amigodi ndi malasha ndikuti pambuyo potseka bizinesiyo, mavuto azachilengedwe samatha, koma m'malo mwake, pali zaka zina khumi kapena kuposerapo.

Ntchito zopangira nkhuni, zopangira kuwala komanso chakudya zimadziwika chifukwa chopanga zinyalala zambiri zowononga chilengedwe. Vuto lalikulu mu malonda a nkhalango amakhalapo chifukwa cha kudula mitengo - othandizira zachilengedwe okosijeni, makamaka kuwonongeka kwa mitengo yachilengedwe mothandizana ndi ogwira ntchito otchipa, zimapangitsa kuti bizinesiyi ikhale yopindulitsa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, chilengedwe chokhazikika chomwe chimadwala, kupangika kwa nyama ndi kapangidwe ka nyama zikusintha.

Makampani ndi malo achilengedwe: Kodi kuthana ndi vutoli ndi kotani?

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mavuto azachilengedwe adayamba kukambidwa padziko lonse lapansi m'ma 1960 ndi 70s. Mavuto azachilengedwe adayamba kukula, monga zikuwonekera ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe cha anthu, chomwe sichingathenso kuthana ndi zinyalala za ntchito za anthu.

Masiku ano, zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kutetezedwa kwachilengedwe kuchokera kumalo opangira mafakitale omwe amawononga zochulukirapo zachilengedwe ndipo ali magwero amphamvu a kuipitsa.

Zoyambitsa zachilengedwe

Potengera zomwe zachilengedwe zikuwonongeka, kupanga mafakitale kumakhala ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu ndi ukadaulo wakale wa ntchito yopanga ndi kupangika kopitilira muyeso m'gawo limodzi kapena mabizinesi amodzi. Mabizinesi akuluakulu ambiri alibe njira yoteteza chilengedwe kapena ndi yosavuta.

Zinyalala zambiri zakumafakitale zimabwezeretsedwa m'malo zinyalala ngati zinyalala. Pazinthu zomalizidwa, 1-2% ya zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zotsalazo zimaponyedwa mu chilengedwe, zimadetsa zigawo zake.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa

Kutengera mtundu wa zovuta zamakampani pazachilengedwe, maofesi opanga mafakitale amagawidwa m'magulu:

• mafuta ndi mphamvu,
• zitsulo
• nkhalango yamakemikolo
• nyumba

Kuipitsa kwakukulu mumlengalenga ndi gaseous sulfure dioxide. [Dziwani]

Mpweya wa sulufule ndi mpweya wophatikizika wa sulufa ndi mpweya. [/ Chidziwitso]

Ntchito yomaliza pamutu womwewo

Kuipitsa kwamtunduwu ndikuwononga. Pakumasulidwa, sulfuric acid amadziunjikira m'mlengalenga, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mvula ya asidi. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa kwakukulu ndi zinthu zamagalimoto zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito makalafi a sulfure, mafuta ndi gasi pantchito yawo.

Kuphatikiza apo, zachilengedwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zitsulo zachabechabe komanso zopanda fayilo, zomwe zimapangitsa makampani opanga mankhwala. Chifukwa cha mpweya wotopetsa, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyipa kukukulira chaka chilichonse.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, gawo la zinthu zovulaza ku United States ndi 60% ya kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse zovulaza.

Kukula kwa zokolola ndizovuta kwambiri. Chaka chilichonse, kutukuka kumabweretsa kwa anthu mitundu yatsopano yatsopano yomwe imathandizira mafakitale. Tsoka ilo, njira zodzitetezera sizokwanira kuti muchepetse vutoli.

Kuteteza Masoka Achilengedwe

Zowopsa zambiri zachilengedwe zimachitika mwina chifukwa chonyalanyaza anthu, kapena chifukwa chakuchepa kwa zida. Ndalama zomwe zimatha kupulumutsidwa ku ngozi zoletsedwa nthawi imodzi zitha kupita ku ntchito yomanganso mafuta ndi magetsi. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zachuma.

Kuwongolera chilengedwe kwachilengedwe kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Pofuna kuphatikiza njira zofunika zopewa kuipitsa, ndikofunikira, poyamba, kulumikiza zotsatira za ntchito zachuma ndi ntchito zachilengedwe za zinthu, ukadaulo wopanga.

Kuchokera pakupanga, chochitika ichi chimafuna ndalama zambiri, zomwe ziyenera kuyikidwa pazomwe zakonzedwa. Kampaniyo iyenera kusiyanitsa mtengo m'magawo atatu:

• mtengo wopanga
• mtengo wazachilengedwe
• mtengo wopangira malonda kukhala abwino malinga ndi chilengedwe kapena m'malo mwake mumakhala mtundu wochezeka kwambiri.

Ku Russia, bizinesi yayikulu ndikupanga mafuta ndi gasi. Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pakadali pano kumatsika, mafuta ndi zovuta zake ndizomwe zimapangitsa kwambiri kuipitsa kwa mafakitale. Mavuto azachilengedwe amayambira kale pa siteji ya kuchotsa zinthu zopangira ndi zoyendera.

Chaka chilichonse, ngozi zopitilira 20,000 zimachitika chifukwa cha kuthira kwa mafuta komwe kumalowa m'madzi ndipo kumakhala limodzi ndi kufa kwa maluwa ndi nyama. Kuphatikiza pa ngozi iyi, palinso kuchepa kwakukulu kwachuma.

Pofuna kupewa kufalikira kwa tsoka lachilengedwe momwe zingathere, mayendedwe amafuta ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yogawa mapaipi.

Mayendedwe amtunduwu samaphatikizapo njira yamapaipi okha, komanso malo opopera, ma compressor ndi zina zambiri.

Ngakhale kuti utsogoleri wa chilengedwe ndi kudalirika kwa dongosololi silikugwira ntchito popanda ngozi. Popeza pafupifupi 40% yamagetsi oyendetsera mapaipi atopa ndipo moyo wautumiki wapita nthawi yayitali. Pakupita kwa zaka, zolakwika zimawoneka pamapipi, kuwonongeka kwazitsulo kumachitika.

Chifukwa chake chimodzi mwazowopsa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa ndikuphulika kwa mapaipi. Izi zachitika chifukwa cha ngoziyi, mafuta pafupifupi matani 1000 atapezeka ku Mtsinje wa Belaya. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, dziko la Russia chaka chilichonse limakumana ndi zovuta 700 zakukhesa mafuta. Ngozizi zimayambitsa njira zosasinthika zachilengedwe.

Kupanga mafuta ndi zida zokumba kumagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta. Kuchulukitsa, ma tuli, mphamvu yamagetsi, kutsika kwakukulu kumayambitsa kuvala zida.

Chisamaliro chachikulu chiyenera kulipidwa pamakina osagwiritsa ntchito kale. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu a multiphase kumawonjezera chitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso kugwirira ntchito kwachuma. Kuphatikiza apo, zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito gasi wotsatirayo m'njira zachuma komanso zachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, gasi amawotcha kuchitsime, ngakhale kwa mafakitale amafuta awa gasi ndiwofunika kwambiri.

Malinga ndi asayansi, pazaka zingapo, zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zakula chifukwa cha 2-3. Madzi akumwa akuchulukirachulukira, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza popanga mafakitale ndi ulimi.

Vuto lamadzi oyera liyenera kukhala lalikulu kwambiri pakadali pano la chitukuko cha anthu kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa madzi kumayambitsa kukula kwa mafakitale komanso kukula kwa mizinda.

Ngakhale kunanenedweratu zakhumudwitsazi, mayiko a mayiko omwe akutukuka adayang'anitsitsa kwambiri kuyeretsa ndikuwunika chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Zopangira zatsopano sizilandira popanda kukhazikitsa ndi kuyamba malo othandizira.

Pankhani zachilengedwe, vuto lalikulu lalamulo la boma likufunika.

Zowononga chilengedwe

Ogwira ntchito zamigodi akuphatikiza njira zingapo zamafakitale kuti azisanthula, azichotsa mchere m'matumbo apadziko lapansi ndikuwonjezera kwake (kupangira).

Masiku ano, migodi ikukulira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chozama mwakuya, malo ovuta a migodi komanso zotsika za zinthu zofunika mwala.

Kuchulukitsa kwamakono kwa migodi kumadziwika osati kokha ndi mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za mafakitale, komanso zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe.

Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mabizinesi amigodi pazachilengedwe:

1. Scale. Kudera lamigodi, minda imachotsedwa pakufalikira, nkhalango zimadulidwa, kukhulupirika kwa nthaka ndi matumbo am kuphwanyidwa, ndipo malo atsopano amapangidwe.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale akuluakulu kumafuna mphamvu zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, gasi wachilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri, mafuta amafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu zamafuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe amfuti ndi madzi otentha. Kutentha kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyaka kwawunjika kwamafuta. Gawo lalikulu lamafuta amafuta ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi magetsi.
3. Zinyalala. Kukonza kwa ore kumayendera limodzi ndi mwala wambiri womwe umayikidwa kuti usungidwe ndikuchotsa. Kuyika kwa granite ndi mchere kumayendera limodzi ndi kupanga mapangidwe akulu - milu. Mukakonza zinthu zochotsedwa, kuwombera zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zopangidwa, kuphulika ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zida, zinyalala zimamasulidwa mumlengalenga - nthawi zina mpaka 2% ya misa yonse. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mpweya woipa komanso fumbi.