Chisa chimapangidwa kuti chiteteze mazira ndi anapiye kuti asatenthe kwambiri ndi hypothermia. Pakati pa mazira oswidwa, zimathandizira kusunga kutentha kwa makolo. Chifukwa cha chisa, ankhandwe mu nthawi yodalira kwathunthu makolo awo amakula mu mtendere ndi chitetezo.
Mbalame zambiri, zazimuna zimasankha malo okhala chisa m'dera lake, ndipo zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimagwira nawo ntchitoyo. Ntchito zomangamanga ndizofala kwambiri.
Wamphongo amatola zinthu zomangira nkhunda, ndipo wamkazi amamanga chisa. Akakhwangwala, onse awiri amatenga zinthuzo, koma mkazi amakhala akugwira ntchitoyi. Pamakola nkhuni ndi ma kingfisher, onse awiri amatulutsa dzenje mumtengo. Swans ndi mbalame zodya nyama zimapanganso zisa awiriawiri.
Kwa mbalame zambiri, mbewu ndizomwe zimamanga chisa. Kutchire kumapereka chisankho chofutukuka - kuchokera kumitengo yayikulu mpaka nthambi zoonda, mizu ndi mikwingwirima ya makungwa. Ma Hummingbird amagwiritsa ntchito lichens. Zomenyera nkhondo zaku Asia, zodziwika kuti ndi telala, zimatola masamba akuluakulu kunthambi imodzi, zimakhazikika m'mphepete mwake ndikupanga chisa mkati. Nyimbo zonotrichia ndi bobolink nesting mu meadows kapena minda imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima ndi kutchiritsa zitsamba. Waterfowl - ma dives, ma coot, ma grebes - sonkhanitsani mbewu zamadzi zisa.
Mbalame ndizopangidwa mwachilengedwe mokhudzana ndi zida zina zambiri, zachilengedwe komanso zopanga. Ubweya, nthenga ndi ma cobwebs amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Swallows ndi flames zimapanga zisa kuchokera ku dothi. Chingwe chofukirira chimasunga chisa pansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito malovu. Zisanza, mapepala, pulasitiki nthawi zambiri zimatha moyo wawo mu zisa za mbalame.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mbalame zakhala pakati pa anthu. Amayesedwa kuti ndi zachikhalidwe kuti maudzu amapanga zisa pa chimneys. Swows amakonda mapipi kuti recesses mu zachilengedwe. Nkhunda zakhala zikudziwika bwino mpaka kalekale. Ng'ombe zimakhala m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale, zomeza - pansi pa milatho ndi padenga nyumba.
Nyumba zopikira mbalame zimapereka chitetezo kwa mbalame zodyera m'maenje, kuphatikiza sialia, nuthatch, komanso ngakhale abakha ena (bakha wa Carolina nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makatani). Nyumba zanyumba zimayamikiratu "mphatso" za anthu: zimakhalira paliponse chopanda kanthu - tini yadzimbiri, poto wamaluwa wopanda kanthu, buti yakale. M'mbuyomu, m'midzi yaku India, nkhalango yofiirira imametsedwa m'matumba opanda mabotolo opachikidwa pamitengo. Masiku ano, mtunduwu ndi umodzi mwazovuta kwambiri - wokhala wolandirika m'mizinda ndi m'midzi ku North America. Amakhala m'nyumba zopangira mbalame za mitundu yambiri zomwe zimakhala pamitengo yayitali.
Nyumba yamatenti
Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya chisa imaphikidwa. Ndimakonda mbalame zakuda, mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi mbalame zina zing'onozing'ono pamtunda. Zisa zoterezi zimapezeka ndi zinthu zomangira. Mphalapala wamkazi zimamanga chisa chokha, ngakhale champhongo chimamuthandiza pomubweretsa. Popeza tapeza malo abwino - nthambi yolima molunjika, foloko mumtengo kapena mzere wosavuta - mbalameyo imayamba kugundana mozungulira mozungulira. Nthawi zina malo angapo amayesedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mulomo ndi miyendo, wamkazi amapanga maziko a chisa chamtsogolo kuchokera ku nthambi ndi masamba a udzu. Atayimirira pakati, adadzitchingira pansi zofunda, nkupanga makhoma, kenako nkupukutira, ndikuzungulira namayo ndi chifuwa ndi mapiko, kotero kuti mbale yolowamo ili. Zitatha izi, zinyalala zimapangidwa ndi dothi komanso udzu, ndipo pamapeto pake, kuchokera mkati, chisa chimakhala ndi lamba wouma komanso wofewa. Ntchito zonse zomanga zimatenga masiku 6 mpaka 20.
Magulu a mbalame
Kuposa 95% ya nsomba zonse zam'nyanja - kuchokera ku ma penguin ndi ma giya kupita kwa ma petrel ndi zopukutira - ndipo pafupifupi 15% ya chisa chotsala m'malire. Moyo wachikoloni umakondera kulumikizana pakati pa omwe ungagone nawo. Kulira ndi zochita za oyandikana nawo amalimbikitsa mbalame kuti zizimangirira, kukwatirana komanso chisa nthawi imodzi kapena kuchepera. Chifukwa cha izi, anapiye onse amabisala kwakanthawi kochepa, kotero kuti owononga sangadye aliyense ndikuwonongeka pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, mu njuchi mungathe kupeza m'malo mwa mnzakeyo ndikufotokozera zakomwe chakudya. Kukongoletsa atsikana amakulolani kuteteza limodzi.
Ndikofunikira kuti mbalame iliyonse iziteteza anapiye ake kuti asamadye. Choyamba, ntchito yosankha malo a chisa chamtsogolo imagwira ntchito. Mitundu yambiri imadalira zobisika, monga kuphimba chisa ndi masamba kapena kumangapo. Kulephera kuonekanso ndi mwayi. Pamwamba pa mtengo wamtali, thanthwe la m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chilumba chayekha chidzakutchinjiriza kwa omwe amadyera. Mitembo yokhala otentha imapachika zisa, zokhala ngati zisa pamiyala ya nthambi zoonda, ndikusiya njoka ndi zilombo zina zapoizoni popanda chilichonse.
Zisa zamuyaya
Ikapindidwa, chisa chowoneka bwino kuchokera kumbali zonse chimakhala chokopa alendo kwa zaka zambiri. Anthu osiyanasiyana adzakhalamo kwa zaka makumi angapo, zomwe, chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwachilengedwe, zimathandizanso kuti chuma chambiri chisungidwe. Makulidwe a nsanja adzakula chaka ndi chaka, nsanja yake idzasandulika kukhala nsanja yosangalatsa.
Chisa chotchuka cha chiwombankhanga pafupi ndi Vermilion ku Ohio (USA) chinali mikono 2.5 kutalika ndi kupitirira 3 mita kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi matani awiri. Mwinanso, uku ndiko kupanga kwakulu kwambiri kwa mbalame zonse zomwe popanda kutalikitsa kumatha kutchedwa kuti chisa, chopangidwira kubereka ana ngati banja. Ndi ochepa okha omwe ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi zisa zam'madzi za Pacific Steller za ku Kamchatka. Khosi lakuda la khosi lalitali limafanana ndi gudumu lolemera kuchokera pamalonda olemera kwambiri, ndipo limafikira mainchesi awiri mpaka pafupifupi mita. M'makoma ake, pogwiritsa ntchito mtendere wamakamu, mabanja athunthu a mbalame amaikidwa omwe amalolerana wina ndi mnzake.
Zida zomangira zisa
Mbalame zambiri zimagwiritsanso ntchito njira yofananirayi. Zosunga mozungulira zotchingira madzi, zinthu sizampanda, koma zidutswa zingapo zam'madzi zam'madzi. Zinthuzo zimayikidwa m'malo onyowa, pomwe zouma, zimapatsa nyumbayo mphamvu zowonjezereka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza zidutswa.
Mu mbalame zazing'ono zokhala ndi zisa zazing'ono, ma cobwebs ndi amodzi mwa zinthu zomwe amakonda kwambiri, ndipo amatha nthawi yambiri akuzifufuza. Pokhala yomata komanso yolimba, imagwira ntchito ngati simenti, ikukhazikitsa udzu wouma, ndipo imawonetsetsa kuti zisa zikhale zolimba ku nthambi za mtengo.
Ziwawa Zam'madzi Otentha
Zisa zam'madzi otentha zimakhala zachilendo kwambiri ndipo zimadziwika mosavuta pakupanga kwawo. Mwa mitundu yambiri, nyumbayo imawoneka ngati peyala yayitali kwambiri yopendekera kumapeto kwa nthambi yopyapyala kapena kuyimitsidwa kunja kwa tsamba la kanjedza kapena nthochi. Kumunsi kwakula kwa "peyala", chipinda chotseka chotseka chimakonzedwa ndi khomo laling'ono lophweka, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi nsonga yaying'ono pamwamba. Kapangidwe kake ndi kakang'ono kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kamwana ka nectarina sikamalowa mkatikati, kotero kuti mutu wa nkhuku yokhala ndi mulomo wokuluka wopindika umakhala nthawi zonse umaonekera kunja. Zida zomangira zazikulu ndi zomata, zokhomedwa ndi matamba ambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupachika zisa.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma tchubu omwe amasunthika ndi dzuwa, zisa zamtundu wina zimawoneka zokongola kwambiri ndikufanana ndi zoseweretsa Khrisimasi, zomwe, mwangozi, zimathera pamtengo wamtundu wa kanjedza. Pazonse, chikondi cha timathandizo pa intaneti chimakhala chachilengedwe - ogwiritsa ntchito kangaude wa Russia, ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ena oimira gulu la mbalamezi, asinthidwe kukhala okonda kangaude. Zolemba zina sizimamanga zisa konse. Popeza adapeza ukonde wabwino pakona yosabisika mu korona wa mtengowo, iwo amawupeza mosavuta pamalo amodzi ndikuyika mazira mu thireyi.
Zisa za mabango
Chofunika kutchulapo ndi zisa za mabango, zokhazikitsidwa mwaluso pamitu yokhazikika. Zomwe zimayambira zimadutsa m'makoma am'mbali mwa chisa, chomwe chimamangidwa pamathandizo makamaka chifukwa cha kukangana kapena "kuthinitsidwa" ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi silika komanso matope. Kapangidwe ka bango kakufanana ndi cylinder kapena mpira wokhala ndi timiyala tating'ono, tokhotakhota kuchokera ku udzu ndi masamba abango. M'mphepete mwa thireyi nthawi zonse mumalimbikitsidwa, mkati mwake nthawi zina "amapangika" ndi matope omwewo, omwe amawuma, amapanga mawonekedwe osalala. Nthawi zina mabango amalumikiza chisa kuti chizikhala, timitengo tambiri, meadowsweet kapena tiyi, ndipo mwezi womwe wadutsa kuyambira nthawi yomwe nyumbayo idakhazikitsidwa kuti anapiye, nthawi zina imakwera pafupifupi theka la mita. Chidacho chimaphatikizika ndi mabango a mabango ammbali.
"Oumba mbiya" - zisa zadothi
Dothi losapsa limalembedwanso pamndandanda wazinthu zomangamanga. Kubetcha kwakukulu pamtengowo kunapangidwa ndi mawala, miyala yamatenda, mikanda yam'magazi ndi ena a m'banjali omwe ali ndi dzina labwino kwambiri la mbalame ija. Zisa za Stucco ndi zina mwazinthu zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri zokhala ndi mbiya. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi laling'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, kotero kuti mwa kuchuluka kwa ma tubercles mutha kuwerengetsa molondola kuti ndi zinthu zingati zomwe zidayikidwa pomanga.
Magpie Lark
Magogo a Magpie ndi mbalame zazing'ono, zokongola za motley zomwe zimakhala kumadera lakutali ku Australia. Mosiyana ndi dzinalo, kuchokera pakuwona kwa chisinthiko, zimakonda kukhala mbalame zamakung'udza ndipo zikufanana ndi michira makumi anayi ndi theka. Amakhutira ndi zisa zosavuta kupanga chikho zotseguka kuchokera kumtunda, zoyikika panthambi za mitengo komanso makwangwala ambiri. Kusiyanitsa kokhako ndikuti zisa zam'manda zimapangidwa dongo. Izi zimapatsa mwayi umodzi wokha - kuthekera kuti timange nthambi zopingasa, "kumamatira" nyumbayo, pomwe zisa za zinthu “zokhazikika” zomwe zilibe simenti, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana foloko m'mayowo kapena kuwalimbikitsa pafupi ndi thunthu. mbawala kapena njoka imatha kukwera.
Niedatch Rocky Nuthatch
Chisa cha thanthwe lalikulu lamiyala chimawoneka ngati mbiya yopindika-pansi. Khosi la mbiya, ndiko kuti, khomo la chisa, limalunjikitsidwa pansi ndi mbali. "Jug" yotere nthawi zambiri imakhala yolemera kilogalamu 4-5, koma pali nyumba zazikulu kwambiri. Makulidwe a khoma amafika masentimita 7, ndipo mphamvu zake ndizoti simungathe kuthyola chisa ndi manja anu. Monga matope a simenti, anthiyati amagwiritsa ntchito mbozi za mbozi zosaponderezedwa, kafadala ndi agulugufe, ndikuzisunthira kosafunikira kumtunda, zomwe patapita nthawi apa ndi pomwe zimakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe okongola kuchokera kumapiko a otsutsidwa mwatsoka.
Zisa zam'madzi
Zisa zofanizira zam'meza zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Maonekedwe osavuta ndikumanga kwa m'midzi yamagetsi yotseguka kuchokera kumtunda - theka lomwe linadulidwa bwino bwino chikho, lomwe linatseguka pang'ono ndi chotsekera kukhoma, motsimikizika pansi pa chivundikiro cha visor china - chimanga kapena poyambira. City imameza chisa chomwe chatsekedwa mbali zonse ndi khomo laling'ono. Nthawi zambiri, nyumba yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikuyandikira kotala la mpira womata kuchokera kumtunda ndi kumbuyo kwa mapulani awiri omenyanira - nthawi zambiri khoma ndi mawonekedwe a padenga.
Chisa cha chimeza chofiira cha lumbar chimasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo chake chachikulu. Imaduladula theka m'mphepete mwamtsuko ndi khosi lalitali ndipo imagwira molunjika padenga.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zimamanga zisa kuchokera ku dongo?
Clay imakhala yabwino pakumanga ndipo imapatsa mphamvu zambiri pomanga nyumba zomalizidwa. Kodi chifukwa chiyani zabwino izi zidafunidwa ndi "zomangamanga" za mbalame pamlingo wocheperako? Kugwiritsa ntchito dongo pomanga zisa za mbalame kumalepheretsedwa ndi kusuntha kwanyengo, kutengera nyengo. Kwamuwotcha kwambiri, ndipo amawuma, nthawi zambiri kukakamiza kwa nthawi yayitali kuti ayimitse ntchito yomwe yayamba kale. Izi, mmalo mwake, ndizonyowa kwambiri, ndipo zadongo zomwe zangoikidwa kumene zimakana kuuma ndi kuumitsa, zomwe zimaphatikizanso kupuma kosakonzekera.
Kuphatikiza apo, zisa zadongo ndizofunikira kumanga pamthunzi. Kamodzi padzuwa, zimatha kuuma ndikuwonongeka, ndipo anapiye omwe ali mu "chofunda" chadothi lofiira amakhala. Chifukwa chake, chimameza chikondi kukhazikika pansi pamadenga a nyumba, olemba mankhwalawa amapewa kumanga zisa pamiyala yakum'mwera ndikumadzibisa nthawi zonse pamakoma a miyala, ndipo opanga masitovu amakonda kuyikira mazira awo koyambirira kwamyezi, mpaka dzuwa litapeza mphamvu.
Pomaliza, zisa zadongo ndizovuta kwambiri. Kuti mumange chisa chanu chaching'ono chokhala ndi nyengo yabwino komanso zida zonse, zimbudzi zingapo zam'mizinda ziyenera kutulutsa dongo kuchokera 700 mpaka 1500 (kupatula kutaya), zomwe zimatenga masiku osachepera khumi. Chitofu ndi nuthatch ndi zisa zawo zazikulu zimafunafuna pafupifupi 2000, ndipo zomangirazi, zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yopumira, zimakhala milungu ingapo. Ophika achikale samabisa zisa kuchokera ku dzuwa motero amakakamizidwa kuwonjezera unyinji wawo momwe angathere kuti achepetse kutentha kwawo komanso kuchepetsa kutentha.
Koma ndi zoperewera zonse, zisa zoumbidwa komabe zidatsegula njira yatsopano yothetsera vuto lazachitetezo. Malupanga ndi ana oyenda pansi ali ndi mwayi "wopukutira" nyumba zawo pamiyala yothina yopendekera pamitsinje yam'mapiri kapena kugwera kuphompho, pansi pamapanga ndi m'matanthwe osamveka bwino komanso kutontha kwamuyaya, pamawu, m'malo omwe olusa sangathe kufikira . Kuphatikiza apo, zisa, zopangidwira mawonekedwe amchipinda chotseka mbali zonse ndi khomo lopapatiza, zimateteza ana bwino, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, makolo ku mvula ndi kuzizira.
Mothandizidwa ndi dongo loumbika, mutha kuchepetsa kukula kwa cholembera kulowa, chifukwa nuthatch wathu wamba walowa. Amakhala m'mabowo mwa mitengo yayikulu-yamawangamawanga yomwe ili ndi mainchesi pafupifupi mamilimita 50-60, pomwe mamilimita 35 ndi okwanira kukwawa. Nutatch imachotsa kusiyanako pomanga bwino chilimwe ndi dongo, silika kapena manyowa.
Izi zachitika mwachilengedwe. Ngakhale nutatch ikakhala ndi kakhoma kakang'ono ndi kanjere kakang'ono, iye amawofesabe dothi pamakungwa a mtengo kuzungulira khwekhweli.
Zilombo Zachangu
Malingaliro a tsitsi akumata kwa zisa zawo atha kufotokozedwa ngati "osapatsa madamu". Zida zazikulu zomanga nthawi yakumanga ndi malovu ake, omwe amatha kuwuma nthawi yomweyo m'mlengalenga.
Swift ndiye mbalame yabwino kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse. Amakhala pa ntchentche - amasaka tizilombo, kuthetsa ludzu, kusewera ukwati, kupumula, kugona ndi zina zotero.
Woimira wotchuka kwambiri wam'madzi, ali ndi mitundu 58, ndiye msombero wakuda - wokhala m'makomo okhala ndi nyumba zam'makomo. Mawonekedwe ake zisa zake zimatengera chipinda chodyeramo, kupezeka kwazinthu zosakhalamo. Kwenikweni, chisa chake chimawoneka wamba komanso ndi mtundu wa keke wokhala ndi m'mphepete ngati msuzi.
Ponena za mawonekedwe ake komanso mtengo wake womanga, Cayenne Swift, yemwe amakhala ku Central ndi South America, amamanga chisa chovuta kwambiri komanso chotenga nthawi.Nyumbayo imayimitsidwa kuchoka pamwala wopingasa ndipo imawoneka kwambiri ngati icicle yopindika. Potengera kapangidwe kake, zitsulo ndi chubu yokhala ndi khomo kuchokera pansi. Ikhathamira ndi zisonga zakuthwa, imakonda kukwera kukhoma lamkati, komwe dzira limagona. Pamwamba pa chubu pali khomo lina labodza, lomwe limathera kumapeto. Kutalika kwa "icicles" kumapitilira masentimita 60, komwe kutalika kwake kumakhala kokwanira kumanga. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ntchitoyi imatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo imafunika kuleza mtima ndi kutsimikiza kuchokera kwa mbalame. Kutsanulira ulusi wam'madzi ndi nthenga mumlengalenga, ndipo, kupangira malovu okwanira kumakwanira sikophweka.
Mothandizidwa ndi malovu, kusuntha amatha kumata mazira m'malo mwa makulidwe - izi zimawalola kuti adutse ndi zisa zazing'ono kwambiri ndikupangitsa clutch m'malo abwino kwambiri.
Chisa chothamanga
Chisa cha kanjedza, chofalikira kumadera otentha a Eastern Hemisphere, chimafanana ndi supuni yopanda chogwirizira komanso kukula kwake. “Supuni” imeneyi imamatirira kunsi kwa tsamba la kanjedza lomwe linali pafupi. Mazira, inde, nawonso amamatira - popanda iwo, nthawi yomweyo amagwera pansi. Anapiye "akhanda" akhwangwala amalimba zolimba m'makhalidwe awo achikale ndikupachika kwa milungu ingapo makolo awo atapachikika patsogolo pawo.
Chisa cha mgwalangwa chimasuntha tsamba la kanjedza kuchokera kumvula yotentha. Mbawala zazingwe zimadzidalira zokha kuteteza zisa zawo ku mvula. Poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake, amapanga zisa zazing'ono kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zonse.
Koma osati kuchokera ku moyo wabwino, koma kuti chisa chikhoza kutsekedwa kwathunthu kuchokera kumvula ndi thupi lake lomwe.
Pakadali pano, m'malo omwe mbalame zimakhalira m'malo otentha, kumagwa mvula tsiku lililonse, monga momwe idakonzedweratu - ndikatha nkhomaliro, ndipo imatha kukhala yolimba mpaka itatha. Nyumbayi ndi yaying'ono yaying'ono yamakungwa angapo omwe amaphatikizidwa pamodzi, ulusi wazomera ndi mafulusito opindika m'mbali mwa nthambi yanthambi. Pali malo okwanira testu limodzi lokha: mbalame yomwe ili ndi nkhungu ikuyenera kukhala pa nthambi, chifukwa mashelufu ake sangathe kuyimitsa. Chifukwa chake, nthambi yomwe chisa chake chagona siyenera kukhala yopyapyala kuposa chala - apo ayi sindiri kudula zala zanga kuti ndigwire. Wokhala pansi pamvula yamvula yotentha, mkati mwa bingu wamkuntho, wolimba mwachangu amayenera kukhala chizindikiro cha kudzipereka kwa makolo.
Zomera za Woodpecker
Ndi mbalame zokhazi zomwe sizinachite bwino kufunafuna zisa zawo zabwino! Ena mpaka adachita luso la ukalipentala komanso zojambula. Maluso awa onse awiriwa ndi okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso chida chogwira ntchito chomwechi - mulomo wawo wamphamvu, womwe, kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chisel kapena m'malo mwa fosholo. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya ukalipentala ndi wokweza mdziko la mbalame m'malo moyanjana.
Mitundu 200 yamatabwa oyendayenda padziko lapansi ndi okhala m'nkhalango zokhazokha, ndipo alibe nzeru zofanizira mitengo. Pamene "wopala matabwa" wamkulu - wachikasu - alowa chisangalalo ndikuyang'ana nkhaniyi mozama, tchipisi totalika masentimita khumi ndi asanu timawulukira mozungulira "malo omangawo" ndi kasupe. Zhelna ndiye wamkulu kwambiri wamatabwa athu, pafupifupi kukula kwa khwangwala, motero amafunika nyumba yopanda. Kuzama kwa dzenje kukafika masentimita 40, mulifupi wamkati ndi 25 cm.
"Zomangirazo" zimachitidwa ndi onse awiri, ndipo kawirikawiri sizitenga milungu iwiri. Ntchitoyi imagwira ntchito motalika osachepera 3 metres kuchokera pansi, ndipo awiriawiri amakwera pafupifupi 15 metres. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mpaka udzu utamera, mtengowo, wosankhidwa ndi chikasu, umapereka kuchokera kumtunda tchipisi tambiri tambiri tambiri totalikirana mita 900 kuchokera pa thunthu. Bowo lamtunduwu - lomwe limasiyidwa nthawi yayitali ndi "omanga", silovuta kudziwa mawonekedwe a notch - nthawi zambiri silizungulira ngati mitengo ina yamatabwa, koma ellipsoid, ndipo nthawi zina imakhala yamkati, itali m'mphepete mwa thunthu.
Wopanda nkhuni wakale
Ambiri opanga nkhuni amapangira "nyumba" yatsopano chaka chilichonse.kusamutsa chakalecho ku “msika wachiwiri” ndikuchita ngati opindulitsa enieni poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina zomwe sizifunikira mayenje. Kubowo kwa nkhwangwa yayikulu yamawangamawanga, "mmisiri wamatabwa" wambiri komanso wodziwika bwino wa m'nkhalango za ku Russia, kumakhalamo ambiri ndi mbalame zazing'ono zamtundu - flytraps, redstart, and tits. Amakhutira ndi chipinda chokhala ndi mainchesi 14-15 ndi kuya kwa 20-25 sentimita. Koma ndizofunikira kwambiri komanso zofunikira kwambiri kwa mbalame zamtchire, zochitika ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa mabowo awo otentha amapezeka m'malo otetezeka kwa mbalame zazikulu monga kadzidzi, njiwa, mergansers ndi gogol.
M'nkhalango zamakono, mitengo yakale ya zakale itatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka, motero nkosatheka kupeza mabowo okhala ndi kadzidzi, nyama zobisika, ndi ma clintouches. Mosiyana ndi opanga mitengo, akufuna kusintha malo awo okhalamo chaka chilichonse, akufuna kukhalabe ndi nyumba zazitali, zomwe sizimamuletsa konse, kumapeto kwa nthawi yopanga zatsopano - "posungira".
Ndi uhule wonse, mitengo yamatabwa samayesabe kuyika mphaka mumtengo wolimba wa mtengo wathanzi kuyambira koyambira mpaka kumapeto. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi mitengo yonse yamatabwa imaganiza kuti ndi ma spen, ndi mtengo wake wofewa, womwe umapangidwa ndi zowola zapakati, mtengo womwe umakonda womwe umapitilizidwa. Ndikotheka kuti pogogoda thunthu lisanayambike "kumanga", Woodpecker amasankha khutu ngati kuli koyenera kuyamba kugwira ntchito pamtengowu kapena ngati kuli bwino ayang'ane ina.
Woodpecker wamtchire akhazikitsidwa bwino - m'modzi mwa oyimira ochepa kwambiri opala matondo, omwe amakhala m'nkhalango za bamboo za Himalayas ndi Indochina. Thunthu la bamboo ndiloboweka mkati ndipo limagawika m'magawo. Ndikukwanira kwa mbalameyo kukhomekera khoma la thunthu 10-20 masentimita pamwamba pa internode - ndipo ili ndi chipinda chogona chokhazikika.
Mbambo yokhala ndi mutu wofiirira wokhala mdera limodzilo sikhala wopanda bowo, koma imawonetsa anapiye mkati mwa nyerere zazikulu za mitengo yayikulu, yotchedwa "moto" chifukwa chokhala ndi chidwi komanso kufunitsitsa kuyambitsa nsagwada zamphamvu ndi mbola.
Zomwe zimamangidwira nyererezi ndizosakhazikika ndipo ndizolimba "makatoni", opangidwa ndi ulusi wamatabwa kutafuna mosamala ndikusakanikirana ndi malovu. Woodpeckers amapanga dzenje pafupifupi masentimita asanu mulifupi mwa nyemba ya nyerere ndipo amaikira mazira pakati pa chipinda cha tizirombo. Chinsinsi cha kukhulupirika kwa nyerere, chomwe nkhanza zake ndizodziwika bwino zimadziwika kwa onse okhala m'nkhalangoyi, sichinadziwikebe pankhani yokhudza nkhuni, makamaka popeza malo okhala ndi zovala sakhala odzichepetsa ndipo amadya pupae pafupipafupi, popanda kusokoneza kulowetsedwa.
Zotupa za Common Kingfisher
Asodzi akufumu ambuye akuluakulu popanga mabowo. Amakumba ndi milomo yawo, ndipo amakumba pansi panthaka ndi manja awo, ndikubwerera kukhomalo, mosasamala kuti dothi ndi mchenga umatuluka mu dzenjelo. Kusankha malo abwino, mbalame zambiri zimayala mabowo angapo nthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri pamtunda woyenera wina ndi mnzake. M'mawa, kingfisher amagwira ntchito pathanthwe limodzi, chakudya chamasana chimalowa kumzake, ndipo madzulo, mukuwona, kale dongo lachitatu limatsanuliridwa.
Kukumba mabowo kumafuna kulimbikira ndipo kulimbikira kwambiri. Koma apabanja amfumu ogwira ntchito amagwira ntchito mwachidwi, ndipo okwatirana sikuti amangopewa ntchito, koma amayesetsa kupereka gawo lofunikira kwambiri pantchito yomanga ndipo akuyembekeza nthawi yawo mtsogolo.
Bowo lomalizidwa ndi ngalande yopapatiza kuyambira masentimita makumi atatu kufikira atatu kutalika, yomwe imayenda molunjika kapena yotsetsereka pang'ono. Khomo la dzenje limayang'anana ndi mtsinje nthawi zonse, ndipo mwakuya kwake ndi chipinda chocheperako chofanana ndi apulo. Uwu ndi malo oti ana asanu atha kupangika mwaulere.
Mwa mbalamezo pali mitundu yambiri yomwe sizimadzivutitsa ndi ukalipentala kapena matope, koma mofunitsitsa igonere m'maenje ndi zomangira. Nzika zamtundu uliwonse zimapeleka zofunidwa ku nyumbayo. Mwachitsanzo, ma tini akuluakulu amakhala mumabowo amdima kwambiri komanso ozama kwambiri ndipo samalekerera ming'alu m'mizere yochita kupanga. M'malo mwake, owuluka ntchentche, omwe adadziperekanso malo okhala m'makola, sakonda mdima, chifukwa chake kukopa mbalame kumapangitsa chidwi cha "kukalamba". Chofunikira chake ndikuti mabulogu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwa kwambiri amakhala ndi mabokosi omwe adamangidwa posachedwa ndi makhoma owala, koma samakhala malo ambiri, omwe akhala zaka zambiri, omwe makoma awo amakhala oduwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Koma ndikokwanira kuphimba zisa izi mkati, zimakhalanso zokongola.
Kukwaniritsidwa kwa "ntchito yoluka"
Zowonetsera zodabwitsa kwambiri mu Museum of bird Architecture zimaperekedwa ndi "zojambula zoluka". Amisiri apamwamba ogwira ntchito kuno, omwe amatchedwa oluka mwachindunji, pafupifupi onsewo ndi ochepa kuposa mpheta kukula. "Ogwira ntchito" ndi mitundu yoposa 100 yaaluka, pafupifupi onse amakhala m'misasa ndi m'nkhalango za ku Africa. Nthambi yaying'ono ya "workshop" ili ku Southeast Asia - mitundu 7 yokha ndi yomwe imagwira ntchito pano. "Malo ogulitsira" onse, omwe ndi gawo la banja la anthu owolokawo, amagawika m'magulu angapo, omwe amasiyanasiyana kwambiri mwa anthu ogwira ntchito komanso mawonekedwe a ukadaulo.
Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yokha ndiyomwe imayesedwa ngati passerines. Sanathe kukonza bwino bizinesi yoluka, koma izi sizinalepheretse aliyense wa iwo, ngakhale mwa kuyeserera pamodzi, kupanga chiwonetsero, chomwe mu zomangamanga za mbalame zili ndi chifukwa chomveka chodziwikirira kuti ndi chovuta kwambiri kupanga komanso chimodzi mwazida zopanga kwambiri.
Njira Yomanga
Zovala zonse zoluka ndizosintha pamutu umodzi. Awa ndi chipinda chowoneka bwino kapena chaching'ono chatsekedwa mbali zonse ndi khomo lopapatiza kuchokera pansi kapena kuchokera kumbali. M'mitundu yambiri, chubu cholowera kapena chocheperako chimatsogolera chisa, chomwe chimapangitsa nyumbayo yonse kukhala ngati bulb kapena retort. Njira yoluka ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, sizimanga zopachika, koma zopachika zisa.
Choyamba yambani kumeta. Kuchita ndi mulomo, mawondo, kumayandama kuzungulira nthambi yofunikira, mbalameyo imatha kukulunga bwino kwambiri ndi zida zochepa zomanga. Kenako nthambi imodzi yoyandikana nayo idakulungidwa, ndipo mbalamezo zimalumikizana ndi inzake ndi zokutira zokulira kuchokera pansi ndi pamwamba. Kufanana kwa mphete, zomwe pamapeto pake zimasandulika kukhala dengu kenako chiphika, - m'mawu, kukhala nyumba yomalizidwa.
Oluka amagwira ntchito yomanga amuna okha, ndipo ambiri a iwo samadandaula kukaona zisa zomwe zimamangidwa kamodzi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, kupatula, ntchito yonse yomanga yomwe aganiza kuti azigwira panja popanda kukwera mkati mchipindacho. Kufika ndi Mzere wotsatira, yamphongo nthawi zonse imagwiranso ntchito - pamlingo wakumbuyo wamphete, ndi mulomo wake kukhoma lakutali la chisa ndikubwerera kukhomo lakelo. Chifukwa chake, wovalayo akuwongolera pomanga “kwa iye” ndipo kukula kwa nyumbayo kukukulirakulira, pansi pa "kukwiya" kwake, amakakamizidwa kuti abwerere mobwerera m'mbuyo, atakhazikika mwamphamvu atagwira malo ake oyambira. Kuti amalize kumanga ndi kupempha mkwatibwi kuti ayang'ane nyumbayo, akuyenera kutembenukira kumunsi, ndiko kuti, atapachika kumbuyo kwake ndikugwira zigwiriro zake kumbuyo kwa pakhomo la nyumbayo.
Zida Zovala Zovala Pamodzi
Tsopano tinyamuka kuchokera ku East Africa, m'misika yomwe mitundu yambiri yazovala zenizeni imakhala, kupita ku chipululu cha Namib, chomwe chimadutsa mzere wa Atlantic kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kutsukidwa ndi kuzizira kwa Benguelan. Dera lamderali limadziwika ndi nyengo yovuta komanso osati yolemera ndi mbalame.
Koma ndi katswiri uti wamatsenga amene angakane mwayi wokayendera dziko losapezekali, lotchedwa Skeleton Coast? Kupatula apo, pali pano kuti mutha kuwona chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zodabwitsa za makampani opanga zovala okhala ndi tsitsi - chisa cha anthu owomba nsalu wamba.
Zotsatira za kuphatikiza kophatikizika zimawonekera kuchokera kutali ndikufanana ndi msipu wawukulu, womwe umasesedwera pamalo omwe wina alibe, koma korona wa mtengo. Makamaka nthawi zambiri, "mapira" oterewa amapezeka pamaluwa amitengo yamatabwa okhala ndi mitengo yayikulu kwambiri (yokoma), yomwe imasunga chinyontho, komanso mutu wozungulira wamtunda wamfupi komanso wopanda mafupa. "Kopna" imayikidwa nthambi zabwino kwambiri ndipo imakhala ngati udzu wouma wopanikizika kwambiri, wokutidwa ndi nthambi zamiyala yolimba komanso yolimba yopanga ngati denga.
Zida Zovala Zovala Pamodzi
Zipinda zogona zogona zimakhala m'malo otsika a zinthu zofewa. Makomo awo akuyang'ana pansi ndipo ali pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake, kotero kuti akaonedwa kuchokera pansi, chithunzicho chimakumbutsa uchi. Pamwamba kuchokera ku zisa zokhala pazipinda zingapo ndi zisa zakale, zomasiyidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi zodzaza ndi zisa.
Kutalika kotalika (kapena makulidwe) a zisa zophatikizana zimafika mita imodzi, malo ozungulira ndi 3-4 mamita. Mibadwo yambiri ya owomba nsalu akugwira nawo ntchito yomanga nyumba zokhala zazikuluzi zokhala ndi zaka zana limodzi; mpaka anthu 500 amakhala pamodzi zisa zazikulu nthawi imodzi. Atakwaniritsa cholinga chake, "chodabwitsa" chija chimaphwanya thandizo ndikugwa pansi.
Kupereka ndi kulongedza zinthu zomwe anthu am'derali amakhudzidwa chaka chonse. M'nyengo yozizira, owomba sakonda pang'ono m'munsi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala padenga, pomwe masamba owuma ndi maudzu owuma komanso osalala amawoneka bwino. Aliyense amawonekera kuti amaika zopereka pamwamba kuposa enawo, ndichifukwa chake padenga limakhala ngati pabwino.
Pofika kumapeto kwa mvula, chidwi cha mbalame chikuyamba kusunthira "pamimba" panyumbayo, kutanthauza kuti m'munsi mwake. Atapeza malo pano ndikulendewera kumbuyo kwake pamiyendo yake, wothayo amawutenga ndi mulomo wake kuti asunge mosamalitsa komanso mwanjira yake udzu womamatira kunjaku. Ntchito iyi, mwachidziwikire, imafuna chipiriro. Mapeto ake, dzenje limakhala pansi pamunsi pofewa, kameneka, pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzimodziyo yopweteka, imakulitsa ndikukula mpaka ifikire kuchuluka kwa chipinda chocheperako.
Nthawi yomweyo, panthawi ina, wopanga amayamba kubweretsa udzu wowonjezera ku "malo omangawo" ndipo, monga momwe amachitira nthawi zonse, amawayika m'zinthu kuzungulira dzenjelo. Chifukwa chake, zosanjikiza zake zimakulirakulira, ndipo chipinda chodyeracho chimadzilimbitsa mwachangu komanso mwachangu kulowa makulidwe. Chifukwa chake, kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwa oluka mabuluku kumawonjezeka pachaka chonse, koma nthawi yozizira imakula bwino, pomwe nthawi yakudyaku imakula.
Chisa chodabwitsa kwambiri chimamangidwa ndi malo a ku Africa: popeza chimafanana ndi chisa wamba, chili ndi makomo awiri. Kunja, khomo lolowera chakumaso limaonekera bwino, monga khomo lolowera m'malo a chisa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuwona, chifukwa chimakutidwa ndi chubu cholowera pofikira, chomwe sichosavuta kulowa ngakhale kwa omwe akuchititsa.
Ntchito yomanga pa Remezs imachitidwa ndi amuna okhaokha. Wamphongo wamwamuna amayala maziko a nyumbayo ndipo amakopa wamkazi mwa kuyimba. Ngati sichinakhalepo kwanthawi yayitali, yamphongo imamanga nyumba yatsopano pafupi ndikuyimba pafupi nayo. Ukadaulo wa zomangamanga ndiwodabwitsa.Kufika pamalo omanga ndi mtolo wazomera zofewa pamalomo, mwamunayo amawalimbikitsa ndi gawo limodzi pa nthambi yothandizira ndikuyamba kuyendayenda mozungulira mozungulira, ndikugwira zingwe zake ndikutsitsa ulusi kuzungulira maziko ngati ulusi wopera. Mu ola limodzi, "wopangayo" amabweretsa chakudya chambiri maulendo khumi. Atagwira ntchito kwa maola 3-4, mwamunayo amalumikiza nthambi zokhotakhota wina ndi mnzake ndi mtanda kuchokera pamulu wa udzu, kotero kuti maziko a chisa amapangika molingana ndi makona atatu kapena mphete. Tsopano yamphongo imayamba kuvala ulusi wa chomera, womwe umapita kukalimbitsa maziko a nyumbayo, komanso mitolo yayikulu yomwe imasokonekera m'malo osiyanasiyana pakati pa ulusi ndikupanga makoma a chisa.
Pamapeto pa tsiku loyamba lomanga, chisa chimakhala ngati chaching'ono komanso chaching'ono chabwino bwino chokhala ndi chogwirizira - chachikulu komanso chachikulu pamunsi. Pambuyo pake, m'mbali mwa dengu limakhala lokwera, mabowo amachepa ndipo pamapeto pake khoma latseka. Tsopano ikungolumikizira khomo lolowera mu mawonekedwe a chubu, ndipo chisa ndichokonzeka. Dziwani kuti njira zofananira ndendende, ngakhale mpaka zomwe zinachitika mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri, ndizodziwika bwino kwa owomba omwe atchulidwa kale, omwe amapanganso zisa, koma amagwiritsa ntchito zida zina ndiukadaulo wina kukhazikitsa.
Pakumanga, abambo amakakamizika kuteteza gawo loyandikira zisa zawo, chifukwa ngati nyumbayo ili yoyang'aniridwa, yosawonongeka ingathe kuwonongedwa ndi amuna ena omwe amaganiza kuti zogona zimasowa mlendo (komanso zosiyidwa chaka chatha) ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu.
Moyo wabanja wamadongosolo umawoneka wosadabwitsa, maubwenzi omwe ali mwa mbalamezi amakhala ophatikiza kwambiri. Awiriwo akapangika, abambo aamuna amamaliza msanga ntchitoyo (nthawi zina ndi kutenga nawo gawo wamkazi) ndipo mtsogolo amatha kudzipereka kuti apange masonry, kapena amatha kuuluka paulendo ndipo nthawi yotentha amapeza banja latsopano pamtunda wamakilomita 25-30 kuchokera kwa wakale.
Kapangidwe kameneka kamakhudza amuna ambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri amayesetsa ndi mphamvu zonse kumaliza chisa chopangidwa mwaluso, pomwe kumayambitsa kusasangalatsa komanso ngakhale kuzunza kwina kwa akazi, zomwe zimawonetsa mantha oyambira kuti asunge mazira. Nawonso azimayi ena amakhala ndi nthawi yopanga ndodo zitatu zazimuna zazimuna zosiyanasiyana pachilimwe. Amayi ena amasiya unyolo m'manja mwa amuna, ena amakhalanso otentha - okha kapena mothandizidwa ndi okwatirana. Amisoni ambiri amafa chifukwa makolo amakhala akukangana nthawi zonse, sakhoza "kuvomera" kuti ndani akhale nkhuku.